1. natural hazards & disasters
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UNDERSTANDING the NATURE of HAZARDS
and DISASTERS
UNDERSTANDING the UNDERSTANDING the
NATURE of HAZARDS NATURE of HAZARDS
and DISASTERSand DISASTERS
Lucille Rose C. del MonteGeologic Disaster Awareness and Preparedness Division
PHIVOLCS23 April 2008
School Teachers’ Seminar-Training on Natural HazardsAwareness and Preparedness
HAZARD
An event that brings danger which may cause damage to properties and can hurt man.
Types of Hazards
Natural Natural
•• earthquakesearthquakes
•• volcanic eruptionsvolcanic eruptions
•• droughtdrought
•• floodingflooding
•• typhoonstyphoons
Man MadeMan Made
•• industryindustry--related related
(oil spills, toxic waste(oil spills, toxic waste
contamination, contamination,
pollution, etc.)pollution, etc.)
What is a Natural Hazard?
- naturally-occurring process or event which has a potential threat to humans and their welfare
• threat to human-Injury-loss of life-disease and stress
• threat to human’s welfare-property damage-economic loss-pollution-loss of amenity
NATURAL HAZARDS
-- naturally occurring phenomenanaturally occurring phenomena which which
are potential dangers to life and propertyare potential dangers to life and property
-- cannot be prevented but occurrence cancannot be prevented but occurrence can
be be “anticipated”“anticipated” or or “predicted”“predicted”
-- adverse impacts can be avoided, prevented adverse impacts can be avoided, prevented
and mitigatedand mitigated
e.g. earthquakes, volcanic activities, tropical e.g. earthquakes, volcanic activities, tropical
cyclones and storm surges cyclones and storm surges
Tectonic setting and geographic location of the Philippines makes it prone to natural hazards
• Meteorological Hazards
– Thunderstorms– Drought– Heat wave/cold wave– Hail storms– Tropical cyclones (typhoon
(cyclone/hurricane)
– Storm surge– Heavy rains/floods– Tornadoes
Natural Hazards can be classified in many different ways and this is just one of the more popular ways in which hazards are classified:
• Hydrological Hazards- Flooding
Floods are the most common and widespread of all natural disasters
• Geologic Hazards
– Landslides• Soil creep, rockfalls, coastal erosion
– Earthquakes• earthquakes are dangerous because they
strike without warning
– Volcanic eruptions• more than 500 active volcanoes in the world;
More than half of these volcanoes are part of the "Ring of Fire," a region that encircles the Pacific Ocean
• in an average year around 20-30 volcanoes actually erupt world-wide
• 22 active volcanoes in the Philippines
• Biological hazards
Forest Fires
• A disaster can be defined as an occurrence of widespread severe damage, injury, or loss of life or property with which a community cannot cope and during which the society undergoes severe disruption.
• Natural disasters are caused by natural hazards that result to great loss of life and/or property and create severe disruption to human activities.
What is a disaster?
NATURAL DISASTER
-- result of the impact of a natural hazardresult of the impact of a natural hazard
on a socioon a socio-- economic systemeconomic system
Natural
Hazards
Elements at Risk:
People,
Infrastructures, etc+
DISASTERhuman casualties
damages (infrastructures)
displaced population
economic loss (loss of
agricultural lands)
Photos from Worcester, 1912Taal Volcano Island
1911: 1,300 deaths
1965: 200 deaths
Casualties mainly fromdirect impact of surges: by gas suffocation withaccompanying shock waves;injuries by burns caused by hot sand and ash
TaalTaal VolcanoVolcano
16 July 1990 Earthquake
Post-eruption laharsafter the June 1991 eruptionof Pinatubo Volcano
Effects of Disasters
Each type of disaster can have a number of disruptive effects. These in turn cause generally predictable problems and needs.
Environmental •contamination, pollution, destruction of natural
(and human-intervened) environment
Health•diseases, malnutrition, famine, casualties, psychological
Socio-economic•damage to critical facilities and lifelines•damage to agricultural land and properties •disruption of transportation (and isolation of resources)
SOUTH ASIA EARTHQUAKEMagnitude 7.6, Depth = 10 km, 95 km NNE of Islabamad(October 8, 2005; 8:50:38 Pakistan time)
Perspective of the South Asia Earthquake
• Recent examples of devastating earthquakes in Asia
1990, Luzon-Philippines ~1280 dead1990, Western Iran ~ 40,000 dead1995, Kobe, Japan ~ 6,000 dead, damage $100 billion1999, Izmit, Turkey ~ 17,000 dead, 50,000 injured, damage
$12 billion1999, Taiwan ~ 2,300 dead, 8,700 injured2001, Bhuj, India ~ 20,000 dead, 167,000 injured,
$10 billion2003, Bam, Iran~ 30,000 dead2004, Sumatra, ~ 300,000 dead (TSUNAMI affected Indonesia,
Indonesia Thailand, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, India,Myanmar, Maldives)
2005, South Asia ~80,000 dead (Pakistan, India)
SOME DESTRUCTIVE EARTHQUAKES IN THE PHILIPPINES
0.515
($10 million)
22,45243083Nov 1994
MindoroEarthquake
(+Tsunami)
12.226
($244 million)
227,9182,7861,283Jul 1990
Luzon Earthquake
0.276
($5.5 Million)
12,0008,0003,700Aug 1976 Moro Gulf Earthquake
(+ Tsunami)
COST OF DAMAGE
(Billion PhP)
FAMILY
AFFECTED
INJUREDDEADDATE
Earthquakes may cause significant impact to life, property and economy
risk assessments, plans, risk assessments, plans,
arrangements, training & arrangements, training &
exercisesexercises
disaster / disaster /
emergencyemergency
situation situation
stabilizedstabilized
no longer direct threat to no longer direct threat to
life/safety and propertylife/safety and property
“healing”, repair, “healing”, repair,
reconstruction & reconstruction &
recoveryrecovery
mostly back mostly back
to normalto normal
hazard/risk hazard/risk
analysisanalysis
reduce risk, reduce risk,
vulnerability & vulnerability &
hazardhazard
vulnerability vulnerability
reducedreduced
Mitigation
Rehabilitation Response
NDCC EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORKNDCC EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
Preparedness
MITIGATION
Structural and non-structural measures undertaken to limit the adverse impact of natural hazards, environmental degradation and technological hazards
NON-STRUCTURAL
�HAZARD/RISK IDENTIFICATION & ASSESSMENT
�ENFORCEMENT
�INTEGRATING/MAINSTREAMING
�DEVELOPING EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS
STRUCTURAL
�BUILDING DIKE
�BREAKWATER/SEA WALLS
PREPAREDNESS
Activities and measures taken in advance to ensure appropriate and effective response during and following the impact of hazards
�PLANNING
�ADVOCACY
�EDUCATION & TRAINING
�RESOURCES
RESPONSE
Provision of assistance or intervention during or immediately after a disaster to meet the life preservation and basic subsistence needs of those people affected
�EARLY WARNING
�NOTIFICATION
�SEARCH AND RESCUE
�THE “GOLDEN HOUR” PRINCIPLE
REHABILITATION
Measures taken to restore affected communities/areas to their proper or normal level of functioning or actual condition prior to the occurrence of the disaster or calamity
SHORT TERM
�Restoring necessary lifeline systems (power, communication, water & sewage, transportation, etc.)
�Providing for basic human needs (food, clothing, shelter)
�Monitoring law and order
LONG TERM
�Restoring economic activity
�Rebuilding community facilities and housing
Thank you Thank you Thank you Thank you
ForForForFor
listening!listening!listening!listening!
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http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph
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