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Building Pervasive Computing Applications on Sensor Networks
Rutgers, The State University of New Jerseywww.winlab.rutgers.edu
2IAB, May 13, 2004
Introduction: Sensor Networks
GlobalInternet(~2000)
Cell PhonesEverywhere
(~2000)
Telecom
Information Tech
DigitalMedia
Convergence(2000-2010)
Internet + Telecom
The Physical World virtualized via sensors & actuators
Global Internet fordata & telecom
The Virtual World
Wireless Sensor Nets
PervasiveComputing
(2015-)
datacontrol
3IAB, May 13, 2004
Future Wireless: Pervasive Systems
Mobile Internet (IP-based)
Overlay Pervasive Network Services
Compute & StorageServers
User interfaces forinformation & control
Ad-Hoc Sensor Net A
Ad-Hoc Sensor Net B
Sensor net/IP gatewayGW
3G/4GBTS
PervasiveApplication
Agents
Relay Node
Virtualized Physical WorldObject or Event
Sensor/Actuator
4IAB, May 13, 2004
(Frictionless Capitalism)**2 Find goods and services on your PDA as you walk through town Walk into your dept store and pick up what you need (no cashier!)
“Smart” Transportation systems get routed around traffic jams in real-time receive collision avoidance feedback, augmented reality displays be guided to an open parking spot in a busy garage
Airport logistics and security Walk on to your plane (except for physical security check) Find your (lost) bags via RFID sensors Airport authorities can screen passenger flows and check for unusual patterns
Smart office or home Search for physical objects, documents, books Migrate your electronic media and documents between devices Maintain a “lifelog” that stores a history of events by location know where your co-workers and family members are
Future Wireless: Pervasive Applications
5IAB, May 13, 2004
Sensors Tiny, low-power, integrated wireless sensors (hardware) Embedded OS and networking capabilities (software)
Ad-hoc wireless networks Self-organizing sensor networks Scalable, capable of organic growth Interface to existing 3G/4G cellular and WLAN Power efficient operation Congestion control
Pervasive computing software Dynamic binding of application agents and sensors Real-time orchestration of sensor net resources Robust, secure and failsafe systems Programming paradigm for sensor networks
Augmented reality, new displays, robotics, control, information processing...
Future Wireless: Key Technologies for Pervasive Systems
emerging computer hardwarecategory, optimized for size/power
new type of wireless network withoutplanning or central control
fundamentally different software model- not TCP/IP Windows or Unix!!
...beyond the scope of this talk
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Enabling Technologies for Pervasive Systems
7IAB, May 13, 2004
Integrated sensor/actuator + low-power microprocessor + radio
Single chip or compact moduleWireless networkingEnergy efficient design
Applications of sensors include:Verticals: factory automation, security, military, logistics, transportation, ..Horizontal market: smart office, home pervasive computingIntegrated wireless sensors are the “next microprocessor”...
MIT DVS
Crossbow Sensor
UC Berkeley MOTE
Sensor Technology: Hardware
8IAB, May 13, 2004
Sensor Technology: MUSE Prototype “Multimodal” wireless sensor hardware being developed with
NJCST funding... novel ZnO materials for tunable sensors integration with low-power wireless transceiver designs focus on an integrated system-on-package or system-on-chip integrated ad-hoc networking software (as outlined earlier) sensor applications, including medical heart monitors, etc.
Sensor Device
Modem, CPU, etc
RF
Sensor RF
Modem/CPU
ZnO SAW filter,MEMS, etc.
CMOSchip
MultimodalZnO device
Reduced functionality,optimized for low powerconsumption…
Embedded ad-hocwireless net software
2002-04 target: Multi-chip module for sub-802.11b Early medical applications at UMDNJ
2005-06 target: Single chip prototype Pre-commercial applications w/ partners
9IAB, May 13, 2004
Sensor Technology: Multimodal ZnO device
“Tunable” ZnO sensor developed
by Prof. Y. Lu’s group Can be “reset” to increase sensitivity, e.g. in
liquids or gas Dual mode (acoustic and UV optic) Applicable to variety of sensing needs
Gate voltageinput
REF.
2DEGmesa
SAWIDT
2DEGGround
Sensing device with chemicallyselective receptor coating
Sensoroutput
Mixer
2DEGmesa
Courtesy of: Prof Y. Lu,Rutgers U
10IAB, May 13, 2004
Sensor Networking: Congestion Alleviation Resource control schemes to alleviate transient congestions in
sensor networks Transient congestions are common Throttling traffic is not always an option (e.g., an heart emergency generates a large volume
of data within a short time frame) Sensor networks have elastic path capacity (e.g., variable transmission power, directional
antenna, etc) We can also use multiple routing paths to guarantee reliable event delivery Timely and accurate congestion level monitoring is the key
11IAB, May 13, 2004
Pervasive Computing: Software Model Ubiquitous or pervasive computing scenarios require a
fundamentally new software model (…not TCP/IP or web!!): Large number of context-dependent sources/sensors with unknown IP address Content-driven networking (…not like TCP/IP client-server!) Distributed, collaborative computing between “sensor clusters” Varying wireless connectivity and resource levels
Pervasive/UbiquitousComputing SoftwareModel
Pervasive Computing ApplicationPervasive Computing Application
Agent 2Agent 1
Agent 3
SensorCluster A
SensorCluster B
Run-timeEnvironment(network OS)
ResourceDiscovery
Ad-hoc Routing
OS/ProcessScheduling
Overlay Network for Dynamic Agent <-> Sensor
Association
12IAB, May 13, 2004
Pervasive Computing: System Model
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Sensors & Actuators
HierarchicalAd-Hoc Data Network
Content Network
Autonomous AgentsAffinityGroups
Courtesy of Prof. Max Ott
13IAB, May 13, 2004
Self Organizing Overlay
Content Network
Discovery/Messaging(Content-DHT/ Associative Rendezvous)
NeTS Applications (Autonomic Living, Ad hoc Control)
Opportunistic Interactions
Coordinate Flows
Ad Hoc RoutingSelf Configuration
OrbitTestbed
MeteorMiddlewareStack
ProgrammingModel
Security:
Ont
olog
y, T
axon
omy
Authorization
Authentication
Trust
Software Model: Pervasive Computing Stack
Wireless/Wired Infrastructure
Prof. Manish Parashar: Programming Model & Resource Discovery
14IAB, May 13, 2004
Pervasive Computing: Content Routing
“Content routing” method for association between sensor devices, end-users and application programs
Use of XML content multicast to dynamically find consumer/producer match XML multicast can be implemented as an overlay network on IP tunnels
Sensorcontentmulticast
data
XMLdescriptor
XM
L In
tere
st
Pro
file
XM
L
data
ApplicationPrograms
End-userdevices
NetworkInfrastructure
Radio ForwardingNode
Storage
Routing
Concept of Using Content Multicast for Data-Centric Software Model
15IAB, May 13, 2004
Pervasive Computing: Process Orchestration Programming ad hoc control systems – Coordinated Flows
Dynamic binding of application with sensors & actuators Orchestration of computing and network resources in real-time
Campus Parking Service
Data Center
Check registration,Deduct parking fee
Allocate closest available space
Check parking space availability
Incoming Car ( check ID: Registered student/faculty/staff, guest reservation? Fee
deduction)
Look for parking space: subscribe (plate-num, car-type, IAB guest)
Look for parking space subscribe (plate-num, car-type, student)
Monitorincoming car
Monitoravailable space
Parking Center
courtesy of Prof. Manish Parashar
16IAB, May 13, 2004
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Micro-level
Cluster interface
Pervasive Computing Platform: Scheduling & Network OS
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Micro-level
Cluster interface
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Micro-level
Cluster interface
Cluster I:• A cluster is formed because each sensor group provides certain data or functionality that is necessary to perform the specified task.•A sensor group can participate in multiple clusters•Work must be dynamically assigned to each group based on everyone’s energy budget, load, etc. •Each sensor group should schedule its work for different clusters according to other members in these clusters.
Micro-level scheduling issues:
• which sensor nodes should be active while others sleep?
• which sensor nodes should be sending back their readings?
• how to split a task between a group of sensor nodes?
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Mic
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