1 active assailant. 2 performance objectives by the end of this training, you will be able to: 1....
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Active AssailantActive Assailant
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Performance ObjectivesPerformance ObjectivesBy the end of this training, you will be able to:By the end of this training, you will be able to:
1.1. Describe two past Active Assailant incidents Describe two past Active Assailant incidents and their outcomeand their outcome
2.2. Explain how past Active Assailant incidents Explain how past Active Assailant incidents led to current law enforcement policies led to current law enforcement policies regarding Active Assailant responseregarding Active Assailant response
3.3. Define Active AssailantDefine Active Assailant
4.4. Describe characteristics of an Active AssailantDescribe characteristics of an Active Assailant
5.5. Explain how Active Assailant deployment Explain how Active Assailant deployment differs from the deployment needed at a differs from the deployment needed at a hostage/barricade situationhostage/barricade situation
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Performance Objectives Performance Objectives 6.6. Define the primary objective of response Define the primary objective of response
to Active Assailantto Active Assailant7.7. Identify who can initiate an Active Identify who can initiate an Active
Assailant deploymentAssailant deployment8.8. Name intelligence sources when initiating Name intelligence sources when initiating
Active Assailant deploymentActive Assailant deployment9.9. Explain importance of Incident Command Explain importance of Incident Command
SystemSystem10.10. Explain the role and function EMS plays in Explain the role and function EMS plays in
response to Active Assailantresponse to Active Assailant
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Performance Objectives Performance Objectives 11.11. Identify tactical considerations for off-Identify tactical considerations for off-
duty/plainclothes officers during Active duty/plainclothes officers during Active Assailant incidentsAssailant incidents
12.12. Identify tactical considerations when Identify tactical considerations when executing Active Assailant deploymentexecuting Active Assailant deployment
13.13. Explain the importance of initiating Explain the importance of initiating SWAT/Tactical Team responseSWAT/Tactical Team response
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Performance Objectives Performance Objectives 14.14. Define Element positions and Define Element positions and
responsibility of each positionresponsibility of each position
15.15. Explain when to cease Active Assailant Explain when to cease Active Assailant deployment & switch to building clearing deployment & switch to building clearing by responding officers or SWATby responding officers or SWAT
16.16. Demonstrate the ability to properly Demonstrate the ability to properly complete the skills exercises inclusive of complete the skills exercises inclusive of three, four and five officer movement and three, four and five officer movement and clearing techniquesclearing techniques
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OverviewOverviewGrowing trend of mass violence by Growing trend of mass violence by individualsindividuals
May not be “shooter” – hence the change May not be “shooter” – hence the change to “assailant”to “assailant”
Traditional containment & negotiation not Traditional containment & negotiation not appropriate tactic in these incidentsappropriate tactic in these incidents
Shift in tactics providing authority & Shift in tactics providing authority & capability to respond prior to SWAT arrivalcapability to respond prior to SWAT arrival
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School ShootingsSchool Shootings• Not a New Phenomenon
• Disagreements Settled With Weapons
• 1960’s Survey of School Problems
• No Geographic Region is Excluded
About School Shootings
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JULY 26, 1764
“The Enoch Brown School Massacre”
Franklin County, Pennsylvania
Nine children were killed
EARLIEST RECORDED SCHOOL KILLINGS
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School Shootings & Stabbings 1996 - School Shootings & Stabbings 1996 - 20062006
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University of Texas at AustinAugust 1, 1966
Former Marine, barricaded self inUniversity’s 27 – story towerCharles Whitman killed his mother & wife the night beforeWhitman killed 14 people and wounded 30
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Dunblane, Scotland Dunblane, Scotland March 13, 1996March 13, 1996
Anxious parents await word of their children – 15 of whom, ages 5 and 6, were slain, along with their teacher, in less than 3 minutes. Their murderer, 43-year-old Thomas Hamilton, committed suicide at the scene.
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Springfield, Oregon – May 20, 1998Springfield, Oregon – May 20, 199815-year-old Kip Kinkel bragged to 15-year-old Kip Kinkel bragged to fellow students about torturing fellow students about torturing animals (he had cut the heads off animals (he had cut the heads off cats and mounted them on sticks, cats and mounted them on sticks, mutilated a cow, bragged about mutilated a cow, bragged about killing small animals and of stuffing killing small animals and of stuffing lighted firecrackers in cats' mouths.) lighted firecrackers in cats' mouths.)
He also had a fascination with guns He also had a fascination with guns and a quick temper that led him to be and a quick temper that led him to be expelled from school twice in one expelled from school twice in one week for acts of violence against week for acts of violence against fellow students. His classmates fellow students. His classmates voted him "Most Likely to Start voted him "Most Likely to Start World War III.”World War III.”
He said that “War would begin on He said that “War would begin on 5/20/98.”5/20/98.”
Kip’s parents
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At 3:30 PM, he shot his father in the back At 3:30 PM, he shot his father in the back of of his head in the kitchen of their homehis head in the kitchen of their homeAt 6:00 PM, he shot his mother twice in At 6:00 PM, he shot his mother twice in the head and once in the heart as she the head and once in the heart as she arrived arrived homehomeOn the morning of May 21, he drove his On the morning of May 21, he drove his mother’s car to school with four weapon mother’s car to school with four weapon and 1,127 rounds of ammoand 1,127 rounds of ammo2 dead and 22 wounded2 dead and 22 wounded
Springfield, Oregon - May 20, 1998Springfield, Oregon - May 20, 1998
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Columbine High School, Columbine High School, Littleton, CO 4/20/1999Littleton, CO 4/20/1999Eric Harris, Dylan KleboldEric Harris, Dylan Klebold
They fired a total of 37 12 gauge rounds, 151 - 9mm rounds, exploded 30 bombs and had another 46 unexploded bombs.
Within the span of 16 minutes, the gunmen killed 13 people and wounded 21 others.
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German School Mass Murder April German School Mass Murder April 26, 200226, 2002
Eighteen people died when an expelled former student went on a shooting spree at his school in the eastern German city of Erfurt. Masked and dressed in black, the gunman walked through classrooms killing 14 teachers, two schoolgirls and one of the first policemen on the scene before taking his own life.
A student’s note pleading for “Help”
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Reno, Nevada – March 14, 2006Reno, Nevada – March 14, 2006
Eighth Grader James Eighth Grader James Newman shoots two Newman shoots two classmates with handgun classmates with handgun outside cafeteriaoutside cafeteria
Teacher coaxes him to drop Teacher coaxes him to drop gun and “bear hugs” him gun and “bear hugs” him until police take him into until police take him into custodycustody
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U.S. School ShootingsU.S. School Shootings45 major U.S. school shootings in last 10 years 45 major U.S. school shootings in last 10 years (1997-2007)(1997-2007)
36 shootings in the eight years since Columbine HS 36 shootings in the eight years since Columbine HS (1999)(1999)
12 shootings this school year alone (2006-2007)12 shootings this school year alone (2006-2007)
VA Tech – April 2007, highest VA Tech – April 2007, highest number of victims number of victims of murder by firearm by one person at one time of murder by firearm by one person at one time (mass murder) in U.S. history(mass murder) in U.S. history
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Salt Lake City, Utah - February 12, 2007Salt Lake City, Utah - February 12, 2007
Sulejman Talović enters Trolley Sulejman Talović enters Trolley Square mall armed with a shotgun, Square mall armed with a shotgun, handgun and a backpack full of handgun and a backpack full of ammunition.ammunition.
Killed five and wounded at least Killed five and wounded at least four.four.
Ogden Police Officer Kenneth Ogden Police Officer Kenneth Hammond off-duty in mall with his Hammond off-duty in mall with his wife, exchanges shots with assailant wife, exchanges shots with assailant until on-duty officers arrive. until on-duty officers arrive.
Officers shoot and kill assailant.Officers shoot and kill assailant.
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Blacksburg, Virginia - 4/16/07Blacksburg, Virginia - 4/16/07
23-yr-old - VA TEC Student, Sun-Kyung Cho23-yr-old - VA TEC Student, Sun-Kyung Cho
Shot and killed 32 people
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VA Tech Victims…VA Tech Victims…
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Active Assailant DefinedActive Assailant Defined Armed person who has used deadly force Armed person who has used deadly force on other persons and continues to do so on other persons and continues to do so while having unrestricted access to while having unrestricted access to additional victimsadditional victims
One or more persons randomly or One or more persons randomly or systematically using deadly force on systematically using deadly force on others and based on available intelligence others and based on available intelligence will not stop aggressive hostile action will not stop aggressive hostile action without immediate and direct law without immediate and direct law enforcement interventionenforcement intervention
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Common Characteristics - Active AssailantsCommon Characteristics - Active Assailants
Focus on assaulting persons with whom they Focus on assaulting persons with whom they come into contactcome into contact Intention is usually an expression of hatred or Intention is usually an expression of hatred or rage rather than committing a crimerage rather than committing a crime Likely to engage more than one targetLikely to engage more than one target High body count is the goalHigh body count is the goal Presence not usually known until assault beginsPresence not usually known until assault begins Often goes to locations where multiple victims Often goes to locations where multiple victims are close at handare close at hand Schools, theatres, concerts, shopping mallsSchools, theatres, concerts, shopping malls May act as a sniper or engage multiple targets while on May act as a sniper or engage multiple targets while on
the movethe move
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Common Characteristics - Active AssailantsCommon Characteristics - Active Assailants
Containment and negotiation, normally Containment and negotiation, normally associated with standoff incidents may associated with standoff incidents may not be usefulnot be useful Often better armed than initial Often better armed than initial responding responding officersofficers May have planned attack to include May have planned attack to include sustained confrontation with policesustained confrontation with police Escape from police is usually not a priorityEscape from police is usually not a priority May employ some type of diversionMay employ some type of diversion
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Common Characteristics - Active AssailantsCommon Characteristics - Active Assailants
Usually suicidal, either by self-inflicted Usually suicidal, either by self-inflicted wound or by “suicide by cop”wound or by “suicide by cop”
Some degree of familiarity with the Some degree of familiarity with the location they choose for their attacklocation they choose for their attack
Event may turn from active to static and Event may turn from active to static and back againback again May become barricaded subject if access to May become barricaded subject if access to
victims is stoppedvictims is stopped
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What is NOT an Active AssailantWhat is NOT an Active AssailantBarricaded Suspect/Hostage TakerBarricaded Suspect/Hostage Taker In a position of advantage, is armed, and has In a position of advantage, is armed, and has
displayed violencedisplayed violence Suspect may or not be holding hostages and Suspect may or not be holding hostages and
there is no indication that suspect is causing there is no indication that suspect is causing death or serious bodily injury. A STATIC death or serious bodily injury. A STATIC SITUATIONSITUATION
Active Assailant deployment is NOT to be Active Assailant deployment is NOT to be used in this situation or similar situationsused in this situation or similar situations Traditional response (perimeter negotiation)Traditional response (perimeter negotiation)
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Intelligence en RouteIntelligence en Route
Number of suspect(s)Number of suspect(s)
Number of victims/witnessesNumber of victims/witnesses
Size and location of eventSize and location of event
How reliable is the informationHow reliable is the information
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Patrol Active Assailant DeploymentPatrol Active Assailant Deployment
Active Assailant incidents have common Active Assailant incidents have common elements but each is sufficiently uniqueelements but each is sufficiently unique
These procedures are not meant to limit These procedures are not meant to limit conventional police tacticsconventional police tactics
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Primary ObjectivePrimary Objective
Save livesSave lives
Capture or neutralize the assailantCapture or neutralize the assailant
Deny access to additional victimsDeny access to additional victims
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Who Can Initiate Deployment?Who Can Initiate Deployment?
One initial officer must take charge One initial officer must take charge
May be based on rank, expertise or May be based on rank, expertise or seniority, but MUST BE MADE seniority, but MUST BE MADE IMMEDIATELY IMMEDIATELY
May change to supervisor/commander May change to supervisor/commander after briefingafter briefing
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Intelligence/Situational AnalysisIntelligence/Situational Analysis
Continuously changes based on new Continuously changes based on new infoinfo
Is this an Active Assailant event?Is this an Active Assailant event?
Is immediate intervention necessary?Is immediate intervention necessary?
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SWAT/Tactical TeamsSWAT/Tactical Teams
SWAT must be activated immediately SWAT must be activated immediately for effective response but officers at for effective response but officers at the scene of an active assailant .the scene of an active assailant .DO NOT WAIT for SWATDO NOT WAIT for SWAT
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Incident CommandIncident Command ICS leads to successful conclusionICS leads to successful conclusion
Do not initiate unplanned response without Do not initiate unplanned response without control/command in placecontrol/command in place
At least one person with information on the tactical plan At least one person with information on the tactical plan should remain at command post to briefshould remain at command post to brief
Command personnel must be on scene and fully briefed Command personnel must be on scene and fully briefed before assuming incident commandbefore assuming incident command
Command personnel should anticipate media response Command personnel should anticipate media response and identify an area for media to stageand identify an area for media to stage
Command personnel should anticipate crowds of Command personnel should anticipate crowds of parents/relatives and have crown control/containment parents/relatives and have crown control/containment planplan
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Entry Team CompositionEntry Team Composition First responder intervention will be based on First responder intervention will be based on opportunity and sufficient resourcesopportunity and sufficient resources
Can be three, four or five man teamsCan be three, four or five man teams How many officers are on team is based on availability How many officers are on team is based on availability
of resources, intelligence on suspect(s) and necessity of of resources, intelligence on suspect(s) and necessity of immediate responseimmediate response
Larger team is more effective and safer for responding Larger team is more effective and safer for responding officersofficers
Each Contact Team operates independently of Each Contact Team operates independently of other teamsother teams
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Entry Team CompositionEntry Team Composition Communicate using plain English, easy to Communicate using plain English, easy to understand terms (no 10 codes) – your understand terms (no 10 codes) – your team may be made up of officers from team may be made up of officers from different jurisdictionsdifferent jurisdictions
May become containment team if assailants May become containment team if assailants dynamic actions cease or becomes a dynamic actions cease or becomes a barricaded subjectbarricaded subject
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Entry Team CompositionEntry Team Composition
Teams will have identified team leaderTeams will have identified team leader
Directs movementDirects movement
CommunicationsCommunications
Cover for entry officersCover for entry officers
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Entry Team CompositionEntry Team CompositionEntry Officer(s)Entry Officer(s)
Enters and clears roomsEnters and clears rooms
Engages threats if present in roomEngages threats if present in room
Notifies team leader when clear and Notifies team leader when clear and victim/civilian victim/civilian status status
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Entry Team CompositionEntry Team CompositionBreacherBreacher Opens doors for entry officer(s)Opens doors for entry officer(s)
If door is locked and there is not indication of If door is locked and there is not indication of active assailant inside, bypass dooractive assailant inside, bypass door
If door is locked and there is active assailant If door is locked and there is active assailant inside, you MUST breach that door – get in that inside, you MUST breach that door – get in that room somehowroom somehow
Can be additional entry officers in a five man Can be additional entry officers in a five man teamteam
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Entry Team CompositionEntry Team Composition
Remember,Remember, assignment on team may assignment on team may change at any time due to a variety of change at any time due to a variety of factors, so officers must be familiar with factors, so officers must be familiar with each position and its responsibilitieseach position and its responsibilities
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3-Officer Element3-Officer Element
One COVER/REAR GUARDOne COVER/REAR GUARD
Two ENTRYTwo ENTRY
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3-Officer Element – Closed Door Tactic3-Officer Element – Closed Door Tactic
Entry 1 will hold on the closed Entry 1 will hold on the closed door.door.
Entry 2 will hold on the closed Entry 2 will hold on the closed door.door.
Cover/Rear Guard will be called up Cover/Rear Guard will be called up to breach the closed door. If to breach the closed door. If needed, he can be called to assist needed, he can be called to assist in room clearing.in room clearing.
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4-Officer Element4-Officer Element
One COVER One COVER
Two ENTRY Two ENTRY
One BREACH/REAR GUARDOne BREACH/REAR GUARD
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4-Officer – Closed Door Tactic4-Officer – Closed Door TacticCover will pass the Cover will pass the closed doorclosed door
Entry 1 will hold on Entry 1 will hold on the closed doorthe closed door
Entry 2 will hold on Entry 2 will hold on the closed doorthe closed door
Breach/Rear Guard Breach/Rear Guard will be called up to will be called up to breach the closed breach the closed door. If needed, he door. If needed, he can be called to assist can be called to assist in room clearingin room clearing
INWARD OUTWARD
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4-Officer Element–Open Door Tactic4-Officer Element–Open Door TacticCover officer will flank Cover officer will flank either left or right, without either left or right, without exposing himself to the exposing himself to the open door.open door.
Entry officer will enter the Entry officer will enter the open door.open door.
Entry officer will enter the Entry officer will enter the open door.open door.
Breach/Rear Guard Breach Breach/Rear Guard Breach officer will act as rear officer will act as rear guard. If needed, he can guard. If needed, he can be called to assist in room be called to assist in room clearing.clearing.
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5-Officer Element5-Officer Element
One COVEROne COVER
Two ENTRYTwo ENTRY
One BREACHOne BREACH
One REAR GUARDOne REAR GUARD
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5-Officer Element-Closed Door5-Officer Element-Closed DoorCover officer will pass Cover officer will pass the closed doorthe closed door
Entry officers will hold Entry officers will hold on the closed dooron the closed door
Breach officer will be Breach officer will be the 3the 3rdrd entry officer entry officer into the roominto the room
Rear guard will Rear guard will provide cover to the provide cover to the rear of the elementrear of the element
OUTWARDINWARD
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Tactical ConsiderationsTactical ConsiderationsThings to expectThings to expect Total pandemoniumTotal pandemonium Frightened/confused victims who are not Frightened/confused victims who are not
responsive to officers’ direction (May grab onto responsive to officers’ direction (May grab onto officers)officers)
Difficult radio communicationsDifficult radio communications Fire alarm/sprinkler activationFire alarm/sprinkler activation Suspicious packages/devices (IED)Suspicious packages/devices (IED) Carnage – possibly of very young childrenCarnage – possibly of very young children Armed citizens trying to “help”Armed citizens trying to “help” Off-duty/plainclothes officersOff-duty/plainclothes officers
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Off-duty Category III Officer Tactical Off-duty Category III Officer Tactical ConsiderationsConsiderations
Contact 911 to initiate on-duty officer Contact 911 to initiate on-duty officer responseresponse Stay on line for real-time intelligenceStay on line for real-time intelligence
If challenged by a uniformed officer, they If challenged by a uniformed officer, they are in charge. DO WHAT THEY SAYare in charge. DO WHAT THEY SAY
DO NOT JOIN ENTRY TEAMDO NOT JOIN ENTRY TEAM
Be an excellent eye witnessBe an excellent eye witness
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Contact Team AssessmentContact Team Assessment
Communicate victim locations and Communicate victim locations and conditions – prioritizeconditions – prioritize
Suspicious devices/Improvised Suspicious devices/Improvised Explosive Device (IED) types and Explosive Device (IED) types and locationslocations
Suspect location and descriptionSuspect location and description
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Team Leader should assure that team:Team Leader should assure that team:Moves with 360 degree coverageMoves with 360 degree coverage
Stops assailant(s)Stops assailant(s)
Limits movement of assailant(s)Limits movement of assailant(s)
Prevents assailant(s) escapePrevents assailant(s) escape
Continues past victimsContinues past victims
Continues past suspicious devices Continues past suspicious devices Improvised Explosive when safe to do soImprovised Explosive when safe to do so
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Theatres/Auditoriums/WarehousesTheatres/Auditoriums/WarehousesChoose initial entry point(s) that provide the Choose initial entry point(s) that provide the best overall view of the area, ideally from an best overall view of the area, ideally from an elevated positionelevated position
Decide whether turning on overhead lights Decide whether turning on overhead lights will be an advantage of disadvantagewill be an advantage of disadvantage
Recognize cross fire threatRecognize cross fire threat
Don’t overlook closets and storage areasDon’t overlook closets and storage areas
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EMS ResponseEMS ResponseResponsibility of coordination with EMS falls to Responsibility of coordination with EMS falls to incident commander or designeeincident commander or designeeCreate staging/triage area in cooperation with EMS Create staging/triage area in cooperation with EMS commandcommand Consider proximity to assailant and and available Consider proximity to assailant and and available
cover/concealmentcover/concealment May be inside a building/room relatively close to May be inside a building/room relatively close to
assailantassailant If extra protective equipment available, provide to EMS If extra protective equipment available, provide to EMS
personnelpersonnel Law enforcement officer should be stationed in triage Law enforcement officer should be stationed in triage
area for security – assailant(s) may try to flee by leaving area for security – assailant(s) may try to flee by leaving with victimswith victims
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Ceasing Active Assailant DeploymentCeasing Active Assailant DeploymentReasons for stopping immediate Reasons for stopping immediate intervention:intervention: Neutralization/capture of suspectNeutralization/capture of suspect Becomes barricaded suspectBecomes barricaded suspect
If suspect is taken into custodyIf suspect is taken into custody Secure suspect & take back to Rescue TeamSecure suspect & take back to Rescue Team Contact team starts building searchContact team starts building search If there is another active assailant, leave one If there is another active assailant, leave one
Contact Team member with suspect while Contact Team member with suspect while remainder of team resumes searchremainder of team resumes search
5454
Change over to building searchChange over to building searchIf SWAT is on scene, they should take If SWAT is on scene, they should take command of building clearingcommand of building clearing
If first responders are clearing building, If first responders are clearing building, use established building clearing use established building clearing techniquestechniques
Remember before, during and after the Remember before, during and after the incident, the area is a crime scene – may incident, the area is a crime scene – may be very large and needs to be secured for be very large and needs to be secured for investigative unitsinvestigative units
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Room ClearingRoom Clearing2-OfficerAreas of Responsibilities
2nd Officer Areas of Responsibilities
1st Officer Areas of Responsibilities
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2-Officer
Areas of responsibilities
Overlapping
Room ClearingRoom Clearing
5757
Room ClearingRoom Clearing
3-OfficerAreas of Responsibilities
5858
3-Officer
Areas of responsibilities
Overlapping
Room Clearing
5959
SummarySummarySuspect(s) begin to shoot at people without Suspect(s) begin to shoot at people without warningwarningActive Assailants are likely to continue to use Active Assailants are likely to continue to use deadly physical force until intervention occurs or deadly physical force until intervention occurs or until the shooter decides to stopuntil the shooter decides to stopActive Assailant concept represents a shift in Active Assailant concept represents a shift in patrol response tactics, equipment needs, and patrol response tactics, equipment needs, and command protocolcommand protocolThese situations require the initial police These situations require the initial police responders arriving on the scene to have the responders arriving on the scene to have the authority and the capability to take action without authority and the capability to take action without waiting for command staff or for the arrival of waiting for command staff or for the arrival of specialty unitsspecialty units
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SummarySummaryIf you witness an active assailant incident, If you witness an active assailant incident, call 911call 911
Stay on the line and provide IntelStay on the line and provide Intel
Be an excellent eye witnessBe an excellent eye witness
Follow all directions from uniformed staffFollow all directions from uniformed staff
Do not join the entry teamDo not join the entry team
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