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RadiationLaws

The average or bulk properties of electromagnetic radiation interacting withmatter are systematized in a simple set of rules called radiation laws. Theselaws apply when the radiating body is what physicists call a blackbodyradiator. Generally, blackbody conditions apply when the radiator has veryweak interaction with the surrounding environment and can be considered tobe in a state of equilibrium. Although stars do not satisfy perfectly theconditions to be blackbody radiators, they do to a sufficiently goodapproximation that it is useful to view stars as approximate blackbodyradiators.

Planck Radiation LawThe primary law governing blackbody radiation is the Planck Radiation Law,which governs the intensity of radiation emitted by unit surface area into afixed direction (solid angle) from the blackbody as a function of wavelengthfor a fixed temperature. The Planck Law can be expressed through the following equation.

The behavior is illustrated in the figure shown above. The Planck Law gives a distribution that peaks at acertain wavelength, the peak shifts to shorter wavelengths for higher temperatures, and the area under thecurve grows rapidly with increasing temperature.

Radiation Laws http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/radiation.html

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Stefan-Boltzmann Law The energy radiated by a blackbody radiator per second per unit area is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature and is given by

For hot objects other than ideal radiators, the law is expressed in the form:

where e is the emissivity of the object (e = 1 for ideal radiator). If the hot object is radiating energy to its cooler surroundings at temperature Tc, the net radiation loss rate takes the form

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Report Highlights!The report finds “it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.” The report further finds that greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and other human factors are likely responsible for all of the observed warming since 1951 and that these anthropogenic factors are likely countering and overcoming natural factors that would otherwise be cooling the climate.!Deforestation and agriculture have contributed heavily to the warming observed to date.!The fingerprints of climate change are now widespread, and climate change is amplifying weather disasters and wildfires.!The language describing the impact of climate change on the intensity of hurricanes is now much clearer. Decreases in sulfate aerosols together with increases in GHG emissions are found to be likely contributing to the intensity of hurricanes, however the relative size of these contributions is still an active area of research and debate.!The top-end of the “plausible” range for global sea level rise by 2100 has been lifted from 4 feet to 8 feet.!The U.S. is particularly vulnerable to rates of sea level rise, ocean acidification, and ocean deoxygenation greater than global rates.!A disturbing warming feedback loop has begun in the thawing of Alaskan permafrost.!The burning of fossil fuels is having an “unprecedented” impact on the climate and there may be “surprises” with consequences much harsher than currently projected.!Limiting global warming to twice the total of warming to date will require a sharp peak and sharp decline in total global carbon pollution before 2040 with pollution from the burning of fossil fuels eventually stopping entirely.

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