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Chapter 16 Absolutism and Constitutionalism
Section 1 Crisis and Rebuilding 17th Century: TORN AND REBUILT STRONGER
-Many crises in Europe help cause governments to become STRONGER.
European ECONOMIC CrisisPeasant Life
Western Europe Eastern EuropeIndependent Farmers
Small landowners and tenant farmers
Rural Workers/Laborers/Servants
MOST ALL ARE SERFS
Eastern European Peasants Are Not Allowed To Leave Land
Western Peasants Move and Obtain Land in Plague Stricken Areas
Daily Life-Diet of Dark Bread, Soup, Roots-MUST PAY stiff fees to use Lord’s Oven or Mill-Highlight was Killing Family Pig-Best Times: BARELY GETTING BY
Famines-Climate Change -> Low Harvests ->Loss of Population
-Malnutrition, Low immune system, Plague-Riots due to rising bread prices-Industrial Production drops
Serfdom in the East (Nobles Dominated Serfs)-Serf- lower class peasant who is legally tied to the land and performs required duties to Lord.
-Prohibited from moving/fleeing-Owns NO LAND-Heavy obligations- Forced to work for Lord up to six days a week FOR FREE
-Lord Control And Exploitation
Operated as Prosecutor, Judge, and Jailor (no one to complain to)
Surplus foods were sold overseas -Rich Netherlands and England
-skipped starving peasants and towns
30 Years War-Major religious conflict within H.R.E-Catholic League vs Protestant Union-Multiple Phases of 30 Years War
1. Bohemia Phase-civil war over who should rule-Catholics become victorious
2. Danish Phase -High Point for Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand trying to unify Holy Roman Empire-Catholic League wins again under Albrecht von Wallenstein -Edict of Restitution-Calvinism outlawed-All Catholic Land confiscated by Protestants is to be returned
3. Swedish Phase-Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus intervenes to support fellow Protestants-France even subsidizes the Swedish effort…………..WHY?-Gustavus is Killed in battle leading to French Phase
4. French Phase-Advisor Cardinal Richelieu involves France in war against Holy Roman Emperor/Catholics
-Declared war on HRE ally Spain
-VICTORY
TREATY OF WESTPHALIA-Recognizes the independent authority of German Principalities-Augsburg still emperor, only in name-Isolates Spain as HRE is basically dismantled-Recognizes existence of Calvinism in Germany
Lasting Effects-Weakened the HRE and the country side-trade, agriculture, people, all destroyed/damaged-Furthers the Crisis in Europe
State Building in response to Crisis: THE SCAR TISSUE
Absolutism:-Form of government in which all power rests in the hands of a single monarch.Divine Right Theory:-Monarchs receive their power directly from God!-Prior to 16th century, King shared power with Nobles
Monarchs gained power because:1. Feudalism Declined2. Authority centralized with growth of national
kingdoms3. Church authority broke down somewhat4. Writers influenced absolutism
i. Niccolo Machiavelli- The Prince, rulers can do no wrong when acting for the state.
ii. Jean Bodin- Power consists of making laws, taxing, administer justice, and foreign policy all without anyone’s consent.
iii. Bishop Jacques Bossuet- governments are ordained by God so humans can live in societies, Kings therefore are absolute because of God.
Challenges to Creating Absolutism1. Poor communication/information in Kingdom2. Local powers (Nobles, Churches, Guilds, Etc.) retained privileges and some power-Not even the best example of King Louis XIV of France was a pure absolutist.
Strides to forming Centralized Sovereign States1. Taxes increased2. Permanent Armies were created
a. Professional Standards Increasedi. Loyal Officers
ii. Discipline Soldiersb. Permanent
i. During peace and times of warii. May be used to enforce King’s decisions
c. Expensesi. Mainly paid for by Nobles
ii. Nobles even purchased military positions3. More centralized bureaucracy4. Increased required obedience of Peasants
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