discuss expected progeny differences (epds). discuss genetic engineering and its effect on animal...

REPRODUCTION AND BREEDING

OBJECTIVES Discuss Expected Progeny Differences

(EPDs). Discuss genetic engineering and its

effect on animal agriculture. Label the major parts of male an female

reproductive systems. Identify animals by gender. Identify methods used in artificial

insemination of animals.

WHY? Why is genetic engineering important to

know about? Why should we be able to ID animals by

gender? Why should we know about

reproduction? Why should we know about artificial

insemination?

WHAT? What is expected progeny difference?

What is genetic engineering?

What are different methods of AI?

EXPECTED PROGENY DIFFERENCE

A prediction of future progeny performance of one individual compared to another individual within a breed for a specific trait.

For registered animals. In BW the lower the number the better.

EPDSBull A Bull B DIFFERENCE

BW (Birth Weight)

-2 +3 5 LBS.

WW (Weaning Weight)

40 70 30 LBS.

MA (Milking ability)

27 10 17 IBS.

OTHER EPDS

STAY STAYABILITY IN MARKET

CED CALVING EASE

YW YEARLING WEIGHT

EPDS Ex) MA: Milking ability

Daughter of Bull A are expected to wean calves which weigh 17 pounds heavier than calves of the daughters of Bull B.

GENETIC ENGINEERING The direct human manipulation of an organism's

genome using modern DNA technology. Involves the introduction of foreign DNA or

synthetic genes into the organism of interest. The introduction of new DNA does not require

the use of classical genetic methods, however traditional breeding methods are typically used for the propagation of recombinant organisms.

An organism that is generated through the introduction of recombinant DNA is considered to be a genetically modified organism.

1973• First organisms genetically engineered were bacteria

1974• Mice genetically engineered for insulin.

1982• Insulin-producing bacteria were commercialized.

1994• Genetically modified food start being sold commercially.

1997• Vacanti mouse was first introduced.

GMO Science, mice, and patents

The most commonly genetically modified animal is almost certainly the mouse. It is small, short-lived and sufficiently similar to humans to be an almost ideal laboratory animal. As a result, mice have not only been cloned and modified, they have led to an actual industry in the production of "knockout mice," that is, mice with a particular gene or set of genes inactivated for research purposes.

Trans Genic Inc asserts, "Currently, we are able to produce almost 1,000 strains of Knockout

GMO "Pharming"

Cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, rabbits and pigs have been genetically modified with the aim of producing human proteins that are useful, generally as medicines. The gene transfer process is typically very inefficient, and cloning is seen as another way of propagating the GM animal.

A 1999 USDA report cited estimates that there was a $24 billion market for human proteins, and theoretically 600 transgenic cows could supply the worldwide demands for some drugs. In practice, however, several companies that have pursued this line have gone bust, and the profit potential seems less than it once did.

Genetic modification of animals in order to improve the prospects of organ transplants is also being investigated.

GMO Genetically modified fish as pets

A tropical fish genetically modified to glow in the dark went on sale in Taiwan in 2003 for about $17 each. A different variety of zebrafish, called "GloFish," which were created in Singapore, reached the United States market in January 2004. The distributor says that GloFish were originally developed to fluoresce only in the presence of pollutants, but that is not the form in which they are being sold. They cost about $5 each, and are intended to live in aquariums, but can breed and, in the right conditions, live in the wild.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the sale without ceremony. A coalition led by the Center for Food Safety filed suit against the decision, but sales went ahead. In California, the Fish and Game Commission initially banned the fish but later agreed to hold hearings at the request of the distributor.

GMO Allergy-free cats?

A company called Transgenic Pets, in Syracuse, NY, was widely reported in 2001 to be working with scientists at the University of Connecticut to "remove the allergen gene" from cats. The company hoped to raise $2 million and sell the modified animals for $1,000 each. Funding problems ended the project.

REPRODUCTION The process by which new organisms

are derived normally involving the union of the male and female sex cells.

Female sex cells: Egg or ovum

Male sex cells: Sperm

MALE

Testicles - produce spermatozoa & male hormone Testosterone

Scrotom - sack which carries testiclesfunctions as a heat regulator

Monorchid - one fertile testicle Cryptorchid - both testes remain in body

cavity (sterile) Castration - removal of testicles

lack sex drivegain weight quicker

Epididymis - tube connects to testes storage of spermatozoa (200

billion at a time) spermatozoa mature as they

migrate through Vas Deferens - tube connects to

epididymusif removed, can't reproduce = vasectomy

Urethra - begins at bladder and continues through penis

Sigmoid Flexure - "S" shape in urethra allows for extension of penis outside of body for reproduction

FEMALE

Vulva - exterior portion of reproductive tract

provides visual signs of heat Vagina - between vulva & cervix

Cows & Ewes: semen is deposited hereMares & Sows: semen is deposited in the

cervix

Cervix - "Mouth of the womb" opening into uterus at birth cervix stretches to allowbaby

to pass (most painful part) during pregnancy cervix becomes

blocked with a mucous plug to prevent infection

Uterine Horns - two branches of uterus Fallopian Tube - uterine horn

becomes a small tubelined with cilia which aid in egg

migration

OVARIES located at end of fallopian tubes possesses large number of eggs in all

stages of development this is all the eggs she will ever have,

unlike the male very few eggs reach maturity if not fertilized, the egg is reabsorbed by

the body

WHAT DOES "IN HEAT" MEAN? Heat is the time when a female is

receptive to the male and will allow breeding to take place

Heat is actually divided into 4 phases of the cycle.

ESTROUS CYCLE:Proestrus: ovary is about to release an

eggEstrus: female receptivityMetestrus: uterus prepares for pregnancy

fertilized egg attaches to uterus

Diestrus: longest period of cycleinactive

Estrous Cycles stop after conception, and begin soon after Parturition (birth)

CATTLE Mature Male (not castrated) Bull

Mature Female Cow

Young Male Bullock

Young Female Heifer

Newborn Calf

Male (Castrated) Steer

Group Herd

Act of Parturition Calving

Duration of heat 14 hours

Length of Estrous cycle 12; 18-24 days

Time of ovulation in (days) relation to heat

10-14 hours after end of estrous

Gestation period 281; 274-291

Age at puberty (months) 8-14

SWINEMature Male (not castrated) Boar

Mature female Sow

Young Male Boar3

Young Female Gilt3

Newborn Pig

Male (Castrated) Barrow

Group Herd, drove, or sounder

Act of Parturition Furrowing

Duration of heat 2-3 days

Length of Estrous 21; 18-24 days

Time of ovulation in (days) relation to heat

18-60 hours after estrous begins

Gestation Period 113; 111-115

Age at Puberty 5-7

3. Shoat refers to a young pig of either sex under one year of age.

SHEEP Mature Male (not castrated) Ram

Mature female Ewe

Young Male Ram Lamb

Young Female Ewe Lamb

Newborn Lamb

Male (Castrated) Wether

Group Flock

Act of Parturition Lambing

Duration of heat 30-35 hours

Length of Estrous 16; 14-20 days

Time of ovulation in (days) relation to heat

1 hour before end of estrous

Gestation Period (days) 150; 140-160

Age at Puberty (months) 4-8

POULTRY

Chickens Turkeys

Mature Male (not castrated)

Cock Tom or Gobbler

Mature female Hen Hen

Young Male Chick Jake

Young Female Chick Jenny

Newborn Chick Poult

Male (Castrated) Capon

Group Flock Flock

Act of Parturition NA NA

Duration of heat NA NA

Length of Estrous NA NA

Time of ovulation in (days) relation to heat

NA NA

Gestation Period (days)

21 Day Incubation 28 Day Incubation

Age at Puberty (months)

4-6

ONE EGG It takes 25-27 hours for a chicken to

produce one egg

DOGS (CANINES)Mature Male (not castrated) Dog

Mature female Bitch

Young Male Puppy Dog

Young Female Puppy Bitch

Newborn Pup

Male (Castrated) Castrate

Group Pack

Act of Parturition Whelping

Duration of heat (6-12 avg) 2-21 days

Length of Estrous 3.5-13 Months; (6 month avg)

Time of ovulation in (days) relation to heat

Usually 1-3 days after first acceptance of male

Gestation Period (days) 63; 58-68

Age at Puberty (months) 5-24

CATS (FELINES)Mature Male (not castrated) Tom

Mature female Queen

Young Male NA

Young Female NA

Newborn Kitten

Male (Castrated) Gib

Group Bevy

Act of Parturition Littering

Duration of heat 6-7 days

Length of Estrous 18; 14-21 days

Time of ovulation in (days) relation to heat

Stimulated by male

Gestation Period (days) 63; 62-64

Age at Puberty (months) 4-18 (breed variability)

GOATSMature Male (not castrated) Buck

Mature female Doe

Young Male Buck Kid

Young Female Doe Kid

Newborn Kid

Male (Castrated) Wether

Group Band

Act of Parturition Kidding

Duration of heat 42 hours

Length of Estrous 21; 15-24 days

Time of ovulation in (days) relation to heat

Near end of estrous

Gestation Period (days) 151; 140-160

Age at Puberty (months) 4-8

HORSESMature Male (not castrated) Stallion

Mature female Mare

Young Male Colt

Young Female Filly

Newborn Foal

Male (Castrated) Gelding

Group Herd

Act of Parturition Foaling

Duration of heat 6 Days

Length of Estrous 21; 16-30 days

Time of ovulation in (days) relation to heat

1-2 days before end of estrus

Gestation Period (days) 336; 310-350

Age at Puberty (months) 10-12

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

Process by which sperm is placed into the reproductive tract of a female for the purpose of impregnating the female by using means other than sexual intercourse or natural insemination.

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION Pros

Quality Sires: AI makes superior sire semen to be available to hundreds of female cows. Artificial insemination

in dairy cattle, leads to sires of inheritance for butter fat and milk production. Prior to AI, only few cows could

have the advantage of good bulls.

Decreased Costs and Increased Safety: Bulls are bigger and stronger than cows and generally quite difficult to

handle around the farm. AI eliminates the need to have a bull on the farm, as semen can be easily transported.

They can also be stored for a long period of time. Since maintaining males costs quite a bit, AI decreases the

overall costs on the farm.

Reduction in Disease Transmission: The transfer of venereal diseases is quite likely to happen during natural

mating. Certain pathogens can be transferred via the semen into the female, during AI as well, however, the

screening done after semen collection prohibits this transfer.

Genetic Selection Improvement: Since one male's semen is more than enough to produce hundreds of

offspring, the best few males can be selected for breeding. This helps maintain the vigor of the cattle breed.

Artificial insemination in beef cattle helps maintain the genetic pool, thereby obtaining the right strain of beef

cattle, required for meat production. Bulls of high genetic merit are available with AI.

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

ConsArtificial insemination in cattle requires

dexterity, patience, knowledge, experience, as well as specialized equipment.

Improper sterilization of equipment,

unsanitary conditions, etc.

Preservation of semen sometimes difficult..

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

REVIEW

What is expected progeny difference?

What is genetic engineering?

What are different methods of AI?