كتاب احياء
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7/16/2019 كتاب احياء
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öTÉ©dG q∞°üdGÖdÉ£dG ÜÉàc
á«æWƒdG ÒjÉ©ŸG ≈∏Y kAÉæH á∏°ù∏°ùdG √òg ä sóYoCG
ájQƒ¡ª÷G ‘ »©eÉ÷G πÑb Ée ΩÉ©dG º«∏©àdG ègÉæŸ
.ájQƒ°ùdG á«Hô©dG
¢Uôa ø u eDƒJh ,á«JÉ«M ∞bGƒe á∏°ù∏°ùdG √òg ìô£J
ÒμØàdG äGQÉ¡e º q ∏©àŸG iód » q ªæJh ,IÒãc º q ∏©J
º«≤dG ¬jód R uõ©o J ɪc á«JÉ«◊G äGQÉ¡ŸGh É«∏©dG
ÚH á«é¡æŸG §HGhôdG ºYóJh ,á«æWƒdGh á«YɪàL’G
∫ƒM QƒëªàJ á∏°ù∏°ùdG √òg .iôNC’G á«°SGQódG qOGƒŸG
.á«∏ª©dGh á«ægòdG ¬JGQób ᫪æJh º q ∏©àŸG
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www.khalil.sy
education@khalil.sy
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AÉ«MC’G ±É°ûμà°SG :¤hC’G IóMƒdG
∫hC’G π°üØdG
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. ( )
« »
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.
:
.( )
Cell Membrane ( ) :
)
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2-1 ÊÉãdG ¢SQódG
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Cytoplasm ( ) :
.
.
.
( )
( )
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Cell Organelles
.
.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
: . ( )
.
.
( )
Ribosomes
( )
.
( )
.
Mitochondria ( )
:
.
)
(
ATP
.
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Vacuoles
.( )
.
.
Plastids ( )
( )
.
.
Lysosomes ( )
.
.
Golgi Apparatus
.
Centrosome ( )
( )
( )
. ( )
( )
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Nucleus
( )
.
.
.
. ( ) ( )
. ( )
.
. ( )
:
. ( )
.
.
.
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( )
Plant and Animal Cells
.( )
.
.
.
. ( )
.
.
!
.
.
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Cell Theory
( )
Schleiden .
» Schwann
«
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.
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:
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( ) -
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.
AÉ«MC’G óæY ájƒ«◊G ∞FÉXƒdGájò¨àdG :∫hC’G Aõ÷G
ÊÉãdG π°üØdG
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± G ó gC ’ G
...
( ) .
. :
Energy from Sunlight
photosynthesis
.
( )
.
( )
.
( )
1-2 ∫hC’G ¢SQódG
:
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◀.
◀.
ڤ ( )
.
.
.
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.
.
( )
.
.
:
:
•
.( )
•
. cuticle ( )
•
( ) stomata
CO2
. ( )
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•
.( ) mesophyll
)
( -
.
.
•
.
.
Chloroplasts
.
grana stroma ( )
. thylakoid
.
( )
.
( )
.
.
.
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Mechanism of Photosynthesis
.
:
6CO2
+ 6H2O C
6H
12O
6+ 6O
2
.
(ATP)
.
( )
. . ڤ
: ( )
(O2) (H+)
.ATP NADPH :
ATP :( ) ڤ ( )
. NADPH
. CO2
.
.
.
.
( )
.
( )
.
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Light-Dependent Reactions
.
.( ) ( )
( )
(O2) (H+)
.
.
NADPH
. ATP
.
:
. ڤ
( ) ( )
( )
.
.NADPH NADP+
ATP ( )
ATP
ADP
).ATP (
( )
( ) ( )
.( )
.
.(O2) (H+)
( )
( )
.( )
(H+)
. ( )
( )
.
.
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( )
( )
( ) ( )
.electron transport chain ( )
( )
. (H+)
Calvin Cycle ( ) ڤ
.CO2
(NADPH, ATP)
ڤ
( )
.
ڤ
ڤ
NADPH ATP
.
.
: ( )
( )
.
CO2
( )
( ) CO2
( )
( )
.
: ( )
.
:( ) ( )
ATP
) NADPH
(
.
( )
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( ) ( ڤ )
CO2
NADPH
ATP
. CO2
( )
The Fate of Sugars
ATP .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
( )
.
)
(
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.
.
! (CO
2) :
(CO2)
(CO2)
. ( ) ( )
(CO2).
(CO2)
(CO2)
.
(CO2) .( ° -)
.
.
(CO2)
.
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.
(CO2)
(CO2) . (CO
2)
(CO2)
.
(CO2)
(CO2) .
.
.(CO2)
(CO2
)
(CO2)
. (CO2)
(CO2)
( )
.
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-
..
..
.. CO2 :
. :
.
.
.. CO2
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± G ó gC ’ G
:
◀.
◀.
.
( )
.
.
-
. -
The Digestive Process
digestive system.
nutrient .
.
.
:
.
.
.
( )
.
.
.
.
2-2 ÊÉãdG ¢SQódG
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:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
( ) ( )
.
.
.
( )
.
:Mouth and Pharynx .
beak
.
tongue salivary glands
saliva
.
( ) taste buds
. ( )
.chewing
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:Oesophagus and Crop .
crop
.
.
:Provennticulus ( ) .
.
pepsin
HCl
.
.
:Gizzard ( ) .
.
.
:Small Intestine .
. villi
:Large Intestine .
rectum ceca
- cloaca
. villi
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.
.( )
:Stomach .
.
:Intestine .
u
.
.
.
.
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.
( )
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AÉ«MC’G óæY ájƒ«◊G ∞FÉXƒdGìGôWE’Gh ¢ùØæàdG :ÊÉãdG Aõ÷G
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± G ó gC ’ G
:
◀.
◀.
◀.
◀.
.
1-3 ∫hC’G ¢SQódG
.
.
Gas Exchange in Animals
.ATP
. (O2)
. (CO2)
.
Gas Exchange Between Animals and the Environment
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
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.
Kind of Respiratory Processes
.
. .
internal cellular :
.external
.
.
.
.
Breaking Down food
.(C6H
12O
6)
.
ATP
.
) ATP ( )
(
.ATP
.
:
C6H
12O
6+ 6O
26CO
2+ 6H
2O +
:
6CO2
+ 6H2O C
6H
12O
6+ 6O
2
( )
.
.
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( )
.
.
.
.
.
Anaerobic Respiration
.
.
.
.
.( ) :
. ATP
. .
:
+ H+
+ CO2
+ NADH + NAD+
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(CO2)
.
.
.( ) gasohol
.( )
( )
.( )
( )
.
NADH + NAD + + ( )
( )
( ) . ( )
.
( ) :
. o
C6H
12O
6 2C
2H
5OH + 2CO
2+
( )
:
.
(C6H
10O
5)
n+ nH
2O nCH
3CH
2CH
2COOH +2nCO
2+ 2nH
2+
+
+ +.
.
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. :
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.
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.
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7/16/2019 كتاب احياء
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.
.
.
Function of Excretory Systems
.
.
( )
. -
(pH)
CO2
: .
± G ó gC ’ G
:◀.
◀.
◀.
◀.
◀.
◀.
.
2-3 ÊÉãdG ¢SQódG
.
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Excretion in Animals
( )
.
.
( )
.
.
.
( )
.
.
.
( )
.
.
.
.
.
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Excretion in mammals
.
.
( )
.
kidneys .
.
.
.
. (pH)
.
.( )
.
.
.
-
-
.
( )
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.
.
) .
( NH3-
.
.
.
.
. :
UREA -
. .( )
.
.
uric acid -
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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stomat
lenticels
.
.
.( - )
.
( )
.
.
:
.
:
.
.
..
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( )
• :
.
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.
.
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.
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.
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.
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.
.:
( ) ( )
..
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.
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.
.
. :
.
(
)
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AÉ«MC’G óæY ájƒ«◊G ∞FÉXƒdG¢ù◊Gh ácô◊Gh áeÉYódGh π≤ædG :ådÉãdG Aõ÷G
™HGôdG π°üØdG
-
-
-
°
.
.
.
.
.
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± G ó gC ’ G
.
.
.
Transport in Roots
.
turgor ( )
.
.
:
◀.
◀.
◀.
◀.
◀.
. ( )
1-4 ∫hC’G ¢SQódG
:
( )
.
:
( )
.
:( )
.
:
.
:
.
:
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.
:
( )
.
:
.
( )
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.
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. (
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.
. :
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. ( )
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
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.
.
Transport in Stems
:
.
.
.
:
.
:
.( )
.
.
.
( )
..
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( )
.
.
( )
.
.
:
.
. :
( )
.
.
.( )
.
.
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:
.
.
. .
. ( )
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
) .
. (
.
.
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Transport in leaves
.
.
.
The pressure-
flow hypothesis
.( )
.
.
( )
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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Internal transport in Animals
.
.
.
.
blood heart .
blood vessels
.
.
.
:.
.
.
:
.
.
.( )
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-
..
.
.
.
. :
.( )
..
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± G ó gC ’ G
:
◀.
◀.
◀.
◀.
◀.
◀.
.
2-4 ÊÉãdG ¢SQódG
.
Functions of Skeletons
.
. skeleton .
.
.
.
.
.
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Skeletons of Animals
. .
.
hydrostatic skeleton
.
.
exoskeleton .
.
.
.
.
.endoskeleton
.
.
.
.
.
. /
.
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!
)
(
.
. .
Functions of Muscles
.
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