© 2006 pearson education, inc. the three emperors league included all of the following except:...

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Three Emperors’ League included all of the following EXCEPT:

• Britain• Germany• Russia• Austria

25.01 Q

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Three Emperors’ League included all of the following EXCEPT:

• Britain• Germany• Russia• Austria

25.01 A

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

EXPLANATION:The Three Emperors’ League included all of the following EXCEPT:

1. Britain

Bismarck’s first move was to establish the Three Emperors’ League in 1873. The League brought together the three great conservative empires of Germany, Austria, and Russia.

25.01 E

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By the early 1880s, Bismarck had succeeded in isolating:

• Britain• Russia• France• Italy

25.02 Q

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

By the early 1880s, Bismarck had succeeded in isolating:

• Britain• Russia• France• Italy

25.02 A

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EXPLANATION:By the early 1880s, Bismarck had succeeded in isolating:

3. France

Bismarck’s policy was a complete success. He was allied with three of the great powers and friendly with the other, Great Britain, which held aloof from all alliances. France was isolated and no threat.

25.02 E

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The Triple Entente included all of the following EXCEPT:

• Germany• Britain• France• Russia

25.03 Q

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Triple Entente included all of the following EXCEPT:

• Germany• Britain• France• Russia

25.03 A

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

EXPLANATION:The Triple Entente included all of the following EXCEPT:

• Germany

The Triple Entente, an informal, but powerful, association of Britain, France, and Russia,ranged against the Triple Alliance.

25.03 E

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In 1908, Russia supported the Austrian annexation of:

• Albania

• Bosnia and Herzegovina

• Serbia

• Macedonia

25.04 Q

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In 1908, Russia supported the Austrian annexation of:

• Albania• Bosnia and Herzegovina• Serbia• Macedonia

25.04 A

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EXPLANATION:In 1908, Russia supported the Austrian annexation of:

• Bosnia and Herzegovina

In 1908, the Austrian and Russian governments decided to act quickly. They struck a bargain in which Russia agreed to support the Austrian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in return for Austrian backing for opening the Dardanelles to Russian warships.

25.04 E

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World War I was sparked by the assassination of:

• Otto von Bismarck• Archduke Francis Ferdinand• Emperor Franz Joseph II • Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg

25.05 Q

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World War I was sparked by the assassination of:

• Otto von Bismarck• Archduke Francis Ferdinand• Emperor Franz Joseph II • Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg

25.05 A

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EXPLANATION:World War I was sparked by the assassination of:

• Archduke Francis Ferdinand

On June 28, 1914, a young Serbian nationalist shot and killed Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife as they drove in an open car through the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo. News of the assassination produced outrage everywhere in Europe except in Serbia and was one of the final forces before the outbreak of World War I.

25.05 E

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The most common explanation of the root causes of World War I focuses on:

• France’s failure to accept the results of the Franco-Prussian War

• Britain’s refusal to accept Germany’s navy• German ambitions for a higher place in the

international order• Austrian intransigence

25.06 Q

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The most common explanation of the root causes of World War I focuses on:

• France’s failure to accept the results of the Franco-Prussian War

• Britain’s refusal to accept Germany’s navy• German ambitions for a higher place in the

international order• Austrian intransigence

25.06 A

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

EXPLANATION:The most common explanation of the root causes of World War I focuses on:

• German ambitions for a higher place in the international order

Although debate on the causes of the war continues, the most common opinion today is that German ambitions for a higher place in the international order under the new kaiser William II led to a new challenge to the status quo.

25.06 E

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Germany’s initial plan for winning World War I was known as the:

• Grosskrieg Plan• Siegfried Plan• Wilhelm Plan• Schlieffen Plan

25.07 Q

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Germany’s initial plan for winning World War I was known as the:

• Grosskrieg Plan• Siegfried Plan• Wilhelm Plan• Schlieffen Plan

25.07 A

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EXPLANATION:Germany’s initial plan for winning World War I was known as the:

• Schlieffen Plan

Germany’s war plan, was based on ideas developed by Count Alfred von Schlieffen (1833–1913), chief of the German general staff from 1891 to 1906.

25.07 E

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Churchill’s plan to knock Turkey out of the war was spoiled by:

• poor execution• a lack of support from the navy• a lack of support from the army• a lack of caution on the part of the officers

involved

25.08 Q

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Churchill’s plan to knock Turkey out of the war was spoiled by:

• poor execution• a lack of support from the navy• a lack of support from the army• a lack of caution on the part of the officers

involved

25.08 A

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EXPLANATION:Churchill’s plan to knock Turkey out of the war was spoiled by:

• poor execution

In 1915, the Allies tried to break the deadlock on the western front by going around it. The idea came chiefly from Winston Churchill (1874–1965), first lord of the British admiralty. This policy supposedly would knock Turkey from the war, bring help to the Balkan front, and ease communications with Russia. The success of Churchill’s plan depended on timing, speed, and daring leadership, but all of these were lacking. Worse, the execution of the attack was inept and overly cautious.

25.08 E

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When the tsar abdicated, the Russian government fell into the hands of:

• reactionary aristocrats• moderate socialists• Lenin’s allies in Russia• the Duma

25.09 Q

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When the tsar abdicated, the Russian government fell into the hands of:

• reactionary aristocrats• moderate socialists• Lenin’s allies in Russia• the Duma

25.09 A

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EXPLANATION:When the tsar abdicated, the Russian government fell into the hands of:

• the Duma

In early March 1917, strikes and worker demonstrations erupted in Petrograd. The ill-disciplined troops in the city refused to fire on the demonstrators. The tsar abdicated on March 15. The government of Russia fell into the hands of members of the Duma, who soon formed a provisional government composed chiefly of Constitutional Democrats (Cadets) with Western sympathies.

25.09 E

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Lenin made his way into Russia in 1917 with the help of:

• France• Spain• Germany• Austria

25.10 Q

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Lenin made his way into Russia in 1917 with the help of:

• France• Spain• Germany• Austria

25.10 A

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EXPLANATION:Lenin made his way into Russia in 1917 with the help of:

• Germany

The Germans, in their most successful attempt at subversion, had rushed the Bolshevik leader V. I. Lenin (1870–1924) in a sealed train from his exile in Switzerland across Germany to Petrograd. They hoped he would cause trouble for the revolutionary government.

25.10 E

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Russia’s participation in World War I came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of:

• Brest-Litovsk• Saint Petersburg• Moscow• Berlin

25.11 Q

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Russia’s participation in World War I came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of:

• Brest-Litovsk• Saint Petersburg• Moscow• Berlin

25.11 A

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EXPLANATION:Russia’s participation in World War I came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of:

• Brest-Litovsk

The Bolshevik government also took Russia out of the war, which they believed benefited only capitalism. They signed an armistice with Germany in December 1917 and in March 1918 accepted the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, by which Russia yielded Poland, Finland, the Baltic states, and Ukraine. The Bolsheviks also agreed to pay a heavy war indemnity.

25.11 E

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Germany’s defeat was made almost certain when:

• Austria made peace with the Allies• the United States entered the war• Italy made peace with the Allies• Spain entered the war

25.12 Q

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Germany’s defeat was made almost certain when:

• Austria made peace with the Allies• the United States entered the war• Italy made peace with the Allies• Spain entered the war

25.12 A

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EXPLANATION:Germany’s defeat was made almost certain when:

• the United States entered the war

In March 1918, the Germans decided to gamble everything on one last offensive. They had no more reserves, and the entire nation was exhausted. In contrast, the arrival of American troops in ever-increasing numbers bolstered the Allies. An Allied counteroffensive proved irresistible and the German high command knew the end was imminent.

25.12 E

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After the war ended, large parts of the Ottoman Empire were placed under the control of:

• France• Britain and France• Britain• the United States

25.13 Q

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

After the war ended, large parts of the Ottoman Empire were placed under the control of:

• France• Britain and France• Britain• the United States

25.13 A

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

EXPLANATION:After the war ended, large parts of the Ottoman Empire were placed under the control of:

• Britain and France

The peace treaty signed in Paris in 1920 between Turkey and the Allies dismembered the Ottoman Empire, placing large parts of it, particularly the areas Arabs inhabited, under the control of Britain and France.

25.13 E

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Wilson’s Fourteen Points set forth the right of nationalities to:

• economic independence• fight defensive war• self-determination• ethnic purity

25.14 Q

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Wilson’s Fourteen Points set forth the right of nationalities to:

• economic independence• fight defensive war• self-determination• ethnic purity

25.14 A

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

EXPLANATION:Wilson’s Fourteen Points set forth the right of nationalities to:

• self-determination

The Fourteen Points set forth the right of nationalities to self-determination as an absolute value; but in fact no one could draw the map of Europe to match ethnic groups perfectly with their homelands.

25.14 E