#1 what is geography? objectives: 1. define geography as a field of study 2. explain the difference...
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Part 1:
Principles of Geography
#1What is
Geography?Objectives:
1. Define geography as a field of study2. Explain the difference between physical and human
geography3. Identify examples of how geography is used in the world
around us
Geography is the study of the
earth’s surface Geo=world or earth Graphy=to study or write something or
describe something
#1What is Geography?
3 Big Questions: What?
What is an amusement park? What are humans doing there?
Where? Where are amusement parks typically located?
Why there? Why are amusement parks located in this particular part of
the US or in this part of Florida?
#1What is Geography?
Physical Geography is the study of
the natural features, the patterns, and processes that exist on the earth’s surface Landforms (mountains, valleys, canyons) Bodies of water (oceans, seas, lakes, rivers) Geological processes (plate tectonics,
weathering, erosion, climates, environments)
#1What is Geography?
Human Geography is the
study of human behavior – how humans interact with each other and the world around them Cultures, societies, value systems Cities, governments, economics
#1What is Geography?
Why study geography?
Geography helps us better understand the world around us
The better we understand the world around us and the people that inhabit the world, the better we can plan for future generations and ensure the continuity of mankind
#1What is Geography?
How is geography used:? Cartography: the art of mapmaking
Maps help us navigate around the world
Meteorology: study of the earth’s atmosphere and its weather conditions
Meteorologists help us predict & prepare for disastrous storms & climate change
#1What is Geography?
How is geography used:? Demography: the study of human
populations Demographers try to understand factor that
cause human populations to grow & decline Urban Planning: to plan for the future of
cities Urban planners use demography to plan for
future public spaces, transportation, electricity, & water systems
#1What is Geography?
Review:1. Define geography as a field of
study2. Explain the difference between
physical and human geography3. Identify examples of how
geography is used in the world around us
#1What is Geography?
#2 Understanding Geography
Objectives:1. Explore the 6 essential elements of geography2. Identify ways geographers use the 6 essential
elements of geography to interpret our world
1. The world in spatial terms:
Where things are located and how things are related to each other specifically
2. Places and Regions: Describe what places are like and figure out
how places can be grouped into distinct regions
#2Understanding
Geography
3. Physical Systems:
Examine & understand how the earth’s natural processes are changing and shaping the earth’s surface as well as how the earth’s environments are different from each other thunderstorms, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, hurricanes
4. Human Systems: Refers to everything that humans do in their
daily lives, where they live & why they settle there , and what types of cultures humans have created
#2Understanding
Geography
5. Environment in Society:
How humans affect & interact with the environment Use wood for building & paper, build wind turbines to
generate electricity = we’re adapting the land to meet our needs and wants
Wearing warm clothing & Police boats in Venice, Italy=we adapt to our environment
6. Uses of Geography: Study the past to better plan for the future
#2Understanding
Geography
5 Themes of Geography:1. Location2. Place3. Human-Environment Interaction4. Movement5. Regions
#2Understanding
Geography
Review:
1.Explore the 6 essential elements of geography
2.Identify ways geographers use the 6 essential elements of geography to interpret our world
#2Understanding
Geography
#3 Organizing Our World
Objectives:1. Understand the division of the earth into continents,
oceans, and hemispheres2. Identify the equator and Prime Meridian
3. Explain the concepts of latitude and longitude4. Describe the earth’s time zones and the International
Date Line
1. Earth’s surface is made of land
& water.2. The land masses are divided
into 7 continents: North America, South America, Africa,
Antarctica, Australia, Europe, Asia (largest)
#3Organizing Our World
3. The earth has ONE ocean, but
it’s divided into different parts. Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic, Indian, & Southern
(not recognized by National Geographic Society)
4. Cardinal Directions North, South, East, West
#3Organizing Our World
5. 4 Hemispheres
Equator divides earth into Northern & Southern Hemispheres
Prime Meridian divides earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres
6. Equator = 0’ latitude7. Latitude = imaginary lines that run west
to east, measure distance north/south of equator (0-90’ north or 0-90’ south)
#3Organizing Our World
8. Prime Meridian=0’ longitude9. Longitude = imaginary lines that run
north to south, measure distance east/west from the Prime Meridian (0-180’ east, 0-180’ west)
10. International Date Line 180’ opposite the Prime Meridian Determines which day it is, crossing this
line begins a new day!
#3Organizing Our World
11. Earth has 24 Time Zones
Because it takes the earth 24 hours to rotate on its axis (not revolution - revolution takes 1 year!)
12.UTC = Coordinated Universal Time
#3Organizing Our World
Review:1. Understand the division of the earth into
continents, oceans, and hemispheres2. Identify the equator and Prime Meridian3. Explain the concepts of latitude and
longitude4. Describe the earth’s time zones and the
International Date Line
#3Organizing Our World
#4 Getting FamiliarWith Maps
Objectives:1. Identify the purposes of map elements
2. Explore the uses for and characteristics of different types of maps
3. Understand what is meant by map projection4. Compare and contrast commonly used map projections
1. Map = a visual representation of the
earth’s surface2. Title = indicates the purpose of the
map3. Legend (or key) = helps us interpret
what is being shown on the map4. Compass Rose = gives us the cardinal
directions north, south, east, west
#4Getting Familiar with
Maps
5. Scale = a tool that helps us to
estimate distances6. Physical Map = shows the physical
shape of the earth’s surface such as landforms and bodies of water
7. Topographical Map = a type of physical map that uses lines to show both elevation and slope
#4Getting Familiar with
Maps
8. Political Map = maps that show
political borders and boundaries as well as capital cities and other cities
9. Special Purpose Maps (or thematic maps) = maps that show patterns happening across the earth’s surface
Population density, natural resources, climate zones, etc.
#4Getting Familiar with
Maps
10.There are combination political/
physical maps that show landforms, bodies of water, and political borders
11.Distortion = 2D maps are not 100% accurate because distances and shapes of the continents and oceans are distorted when the earth is made flat
#4Getting Familiar with
Maps
12.Mercator Projection
Created by projecting earth onto a cylinder Has perfectly perpendicular lines of longitude
and latitude Heavily distorted
13.Goode Equal-Area Projection Unwrapping earth like an orange peel Accurately illustrates the shapes and sizes of
the earth’s continents but the oceans are split apart
#4Getting Familiar with
Maps
14.Winkel Tripel Projection
Created using mathematical formulas to calculate distances so there are small amounts of distortion
Very visually appealing, but still distorted Official map projection used by the National
Geographic Society
#4Getting Familiar with
Maps
Review:1. Identify the purposes of map elements2. Explore the uses for and characteristics of
different types of maps3. Understand what is meant by map projection4. Compare and contrast commonly used map
projections
#4Getting Familiar with
Maps
#5 New TechnologiesIn Geography
Objectives:1. Describe how remote sensing helps geographers gather
information2. Explore how the global positioning system is used to map our
world3. Explain how geographic information systems help
geographers understand our world4. Apply new geographic technologies to plan for the future and
to find solutions to problems
1. Remote sensing allows
geographers to study something without actually being there
Answers the “what?” question3 types:
Radar Satellite imagery Aerial photographs
#5 New Technologies in Geography
2. Radar:
Type of remote sensing that uses radio waves to determine direction, distance, and height of objects
Operates in all types of weather Used by meteorologists to forecast weather
& natural disasters Used to measure elevation of different
landforms Used to control air traffic at airports
#5 New Technologies in Geography
3. Satellite Imagery:
Man-made objects (satellites) that orbit around the earth taking pictures (imagery)
Used to study environmental changes, calculate urban growth, track the scope of natural disasters, and create more accurate maps that are available to geographers
#5 New Technologies in Geography
4. Aerial Photographs
Photographs taken from the sky, typically from airplanes and helicopters
Show changes on the earth’s surface such as natural disasters, growth of cities over time, and changes in the environment (deforestation in Brazil)
Complement data from satellites
#5 New Technologies in Geography
5. GPS = Global Positioning System
Answers the “where?” question There are 24 satellites in the atmosphere
that send radio signals to receivers. We can find our exact location on the earth
(air, land, and sea) using GPS
#5 New Technologies in Geography
6. GIS= Geographic Information
Systems Computer software allows geographers to
take specific types of information and plot that information on a map. Then we can see the patterns that emerge.
Answers the “why there?” question
#5 New Technologies in Geography
Review:1. Describe how remote sensing helps
geographers gather information2. Explore how the global positioning system is
used to map our world3. Explain how geographic information systems
help geographers understand our world4. Apply new geographic technologies to plan
for the future and to find solutions to problems
#5 New Technologies in Geography
Part 2:
Social Studies Skills
#1 Making Inferences &
Drawing Conclusions
Objectives:
#2 Analyzing Date to Understand
ChangeObjectives:
#3 Common Issues Across Places &
Times
Objectives:
#4 Connecting the Past to Present
IssuesObjectives:
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