amoozemeter studies in kansas soils · saturated flow in soils-water moves at different rates...
TRANSCRIPT
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Amoozemeter Studies in Amoozemeter Studies in Kansas SoilsKansas Soils
Philip Schoeneberger,
NSSC, Lincoln
NRCS
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ObjectivesObjectives
Overview of Ksat
field studies in KS:
Background
Scope
Methodology
Results
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BackgroundBackground
1) Saturated vs. Unsaturated Flow.
2) Vertical vs. Multi-directional Flow.
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Saturated Flow in Soils
-
Water moves at different rates depending upon moisture content.
Darcy’s Law: Q = - k A I
outflow = (hydr. cond.) x (Area) x (gradient)
-
Maximum flow ( saturated conditions )
Darcy’s Law: Q = Ksat
A IKK
satsat
= A I / Q
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History
Ksat
is satisfactory for engineering, hydrology (septic loading rates, etc.) and
a convenient single condition to
use as an index (to compare soils).
Kunsat
is more desirable for irrigation, etc.
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Historical Approach to Water Historical Approach to Water Movement in Soils (in SSD)Movement in Soils (in SSD)
Vertical movement of water through soil.
- Consistent with the dominant view of soils
( point-centric ).
- Knew about deep percolation, baseflow
( imply lateral flow ) but oversimplified.
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Methods for vertical Ksat
Ex:-
undisturbed cores ( lab )-
double ring infiltrometers ( field )
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EvolutionEvolution
Multi-directional movement of water through soil.
Many uses: concern is how fast water moves away from application site (downward / lateral )
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ANISOTROPYANISOTROPY
LOAM ( BD 1.2 gm/cm3 )SAND ( BD 1.2 gm/cm3 )
DENSE TILL ( BD 2.0 gm/cm3 )
INFILTRATION
Downward Flow Is Controlled By The Most Restrictive Layer & Gravity
Flow Direction
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Anisotropy Anisotropy fine sandy loam Alfisol
6 % slope
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ANISOTROPYANISOTROPY Ex.: FOSSTON SOLID WASTE AREA, MN
VFSL
SCL
CL
FSL
Kv
= 1.5 x 10-7
Kh
= 1.2x10-3
Kh/Kv = 8000
Kh = HORIZONTAL FLOW.Kv = VERTICAL FLOW.
Saline soilsLand Fill
?
AQUIFER
AQUITARD
J.R. Richardson
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EvolutionEvolution
Multi-directional movement of water through soil.
Methods: field Ksat- percolation test (obsolete)- bore-hole permeameters
*
- disc infiltrometers- etc.
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Bore-hole Permeameters:
ex.: Amoozemeter (other devices on the market)
( + )
- Works in most soils
- Wide range of depths (10 m)
- Efficient: 1-2 sites / day
( 5 reps / layer ; 3-5 layers / site)
- Portable, ≈
easy to use.
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Other Methods
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Objective:Objective:
Acquire actual (measured) Ksat
data on major layers of benchmark and other important soils over the mid-term.
( Currently ≈
1/3 of Benchmark soils mapped in KS )
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Why? :Why? :
- Augment Type Location information.
- Incorporates / addresses real world conditions.
- Provide hard data ( not extrapolated estimates from cores, algorithms –
none address mineralogy or structure).
- Not programmatically burdensome. ( limited annual impact; efficiency on site ).
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Distribution of Textures
Clay (%) Silt (%)
Sand (%)Heitman et al., 2007
Results:Results:
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Seasonal Differences: Wet vs. DrySeasonal Differences: Wet vs. Dry
Bavaria Soil ( fine, smectitic, mesic,
Leptic
Natrustoll
)
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity
Ksat ( cm / hour )
Wet Season(5/6/98)
Dry Season (8/24/99)
SoilHorizon Depth
(cm)
FieldTexture
XC.V. (%)n = 3
XC.V. (%)n = 4
Ap + An 20 silty clay loam
0.122(102 %)
4.630(105 %)
Btny 46 silty clay 0.075(146 %)
0.262(43 %)
Btn 77 silty clay loam
0.060(135 %)
n = 4
0.108(87 %)
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Lamellae in sand dune
Schoeneberger
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Pratt Soil ( sandy, mixed, mesic Lamellic
Haplustalfs
)
Saturated Hydraulic ConductivityKsat
( cm / hour )
( S05KS155-001 ) XC.V. (%)
n = 5 ( unless otherwise noted )Soil
HorizonDepth(cm)
Texture
Ap 18 fine sand 13.218(50 %)
Bt 36 loamy fine sand
5.554(78 %)
E & Bt1 60 sand 9.553(42 %)
E & Bt2 100 sand 16.640(34 %)
C1 160 fine sand 18.953(30 %) n = 3
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PawneeS2006KS131-001Nemaha Co., KS
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity
Ksat ( cm/hour )
SoilHorizon
Depth(cm)
Lab Texture
XC.V. (%)n = 5
Ap 18 silt loam 0.092 (46 %)
Bt3 63 clay loam 0.021(107 %)
Btk 115 clay loam 0.008(47 %)
BC 150 clay loam 0.030(82 %)
Heavy textured soils.
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Limitations: Ex. : At / below water table
Thin layers (e.g. differentially hardened layers in sandy loam till )