AMERICANS JOIN THE ALLIESSEC. 23-3

Define: Convoy - Conscientious objector- armistice Identify: Gen. John Pershing – Alvin York

Explain major battles in WWI after America joins the war in 1917.

SUPPLYING THE ALLIES• US began to provide food – war supplies to Allied nations• US helped Britain find and destroy German submarines• Convoys –( teams of navy destroyers – group that travels with a

ship to protect it) –escorted merchant ships across the Atlantic

EASTERN FRONT• Russians & Serbians battled Austria-Hungary, Turks

and Germans.• At outbreak of war, Russian forces penetrated both

A/H and Germany.• Aug. 1914- Germans crushed invading Russians –

pushed back into Russia.• Russia short on food, guns, boots, blankets• Had large population to refill ranks of army.

Will tie up Germans at eastern front lines – Russians will lose over 1 million soldiers by July 1916. • Bulgaria will join Central Powers in Oct. 1915 to

defeat Serbia

OTTOMAN FRONT• Oct. 1914 – Ottoman Turks joined Central

Powers.• By Feb. 1915, British and French forces struck the

Dardanelles Strait (Black & Medit. Sea)- “Gallipoli campaign “.

• Allies hoped to open straits for much needed supplies to Russia. Failed after one year attempt.

• British later get help from Arab nationalists eager to revolt against Turkish overlords.

• Allied forces took control of Baghdad, Jerusalem, and Damascus.

SUMMARIZE• Vocab term that means a team of navy

destroyers that protects a ship headed to a trading port.

• Which country’s army was running low on food and supplies?

• Which country’s army could easily refill ranks due to large population?

• What country did Allies try to get supplies by opening up the Dardanelles Strait in the Black and Mediterranean Sea?

ITALIAN FRONT• May 1915 – Italy joined the Allied Powers• Italian army poorly equipped –public opinion

divided on whom to support• Italy diverted some Austrian forces from the

war in the east.• Allies promised to give Italy some of Austria-

Hungary after the war.

WAR IN ASIA AND AFRICA• Japan declared war on Germany shortly after

the war broke out.• Japanese quickly overran German possessions

in China and captured most of Germany’s Pacific island colonies

• In Africa, British and French armies conquered most of Germany’s possessions.

• Germany holds on to German East Africa ( today area of Tunisia)

RUSSIA WITHDRAWS FROM WWI• Dec. 1917 – V. Lenin pulls

Russia out • Focus on setting up new

Communist state• Mar. 1918 – Treaty of

Brest-Litovsk – Russia surrenders Poland ,Ukraine and other territories to Germany – Germans move thousands of troops from Eastern front to the Western front

SUMMARIZE• Which country was promised land from

Austria-Hungary being divided?• In China, Japan began to take what country’s

colonies?• In Africa, Britain & France took what country’s

possessions?• What country withdrew from the war in

1917?

AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR• Gen. John “Blackjack” Pershing commander of

American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)• Arrive in France with 250,000 troops a month• Fr. Gen. Marshall Foch used Americans to fill his ranks• German army was within 50 miles of Paris and

growing weaker every day• American troops reach Paris – July 4, 1917. They

brought freshness and enthusiasm to war front. Pershing believed AEF would be better fighting on own. Pushed Germans back – Germans will use “Big Berthas”-enormous guns hurling shells 75 miles.

BATTLES AT END OF WAR• Chateau-Thierry Belleau Wood –June 1918 – forest

– fought solid wall of German machine guns• 2nd Battle of the Marne – July-Aug. 1918 – Turning

point in the war• Saint Mihiel and Meuse Argonne – Sept. 1918

Americans faces miles of barbed wire – broke through Hindenberg line. Germans lost all territory it had gained since spring.

• American Hero – Alvin York (Tenn) – conscientious objector (opposed to war on moral ground) killed 25 Germans and captured 132 prisoners

FIGHTING ENDS• Allies won victories on all fronts in fall of 1918• Bulgaria surrendered Sept. 29th

• Ottoman Empire signed armistice ( peace agreement to stop fighting) on Oct. 30th

• A/H signed on Nov. 3rd.• German Kaiser Wilhelm fled to Holland – Nov. 9th

• Nov. 11,1918 – 11am – cease fire declared • End of WWI

RESULTS OF WWI• Nearly 10 million soldiers died• Over 21 million wounded – 10 million became

refugees• Over 10 million civilians died of starvation,

disease or exposure• 1918 – in US over 500,000 died from influenza

brought home from France• Historians believe the influenza virus killed as

many as 40 million worldwide.

SUMMARIZE• Who was commander of American

Expeditionary Forces?• Which battle was the turning point ?• Who was the American hero who captured

Germans as prisoners?• What is a conscientious objector?• What vocab word means a peace agreement to

stop fighting?• When did the WWI end?