american studies ii midterm review. reconstruction the time period from 1865-1877 during which the...
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American Studies II
Midterm Review
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Reconstruction
The time period from 1865-1877 during which the South was rebuilt
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Conditions after the Civil War
• Land, factories, railroads and the economy was destroyed
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How did sharecropping result in many former slaves being in such
a bad situation?
No matter how hard they worked, many fell deeply into debt and remained trapped on the land
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Southern Economy
• Cotton prices decreased
• Money was worthless
• Banks failed
• Factories were forced to close
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Problems of the Black South
• Most couldn’t read or write
• They were not used to being on their own
• No concept of money
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Freedmen’s Bureau
• Established by Congress to help the freedmen to adjust to their lives
• Most important accomplishment was education
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Black Codes
• series of laws that severely limited the rights of African Americans
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Jim Crow Laws
• Made segregation legal
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carpetbaggersand scalawags
• Northerners that went South after the war
• Southerners that Supported the new government
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Iron Clad Oath
• Southerners had to take this oath to be able to vote saying that they had not taken part in the Confederate Army or government. Many could not so they lost their right to vote
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Reconstruction Plans
• Lincoln’s – Amnesty– 10% plan– Abolish slavery– Suffrage to all literate
African American males or those that serve in the army
• Radical Republicans– Punish the South– Abolish slavery– Pass the 13th, 14,
15th amendments
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Impeachment
• Formal charges to remove from office
• The House of Representatives impeaches and the Senate tries the impeachment
• Pres. Johnson was impeached by the House, but was not removed from office by one vote
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The Dream of Emancipation was not the Reality
• Violence-KKK
• Disenfranchised
• Jim Crow laws led to segregation
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13th, 14th, 15th
• Abolish slavery
• Made African Americans citizens
• African American suffrage
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Industrial Revolution
• Started in Great Britain
• By 1900 the United States became #1
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Factors that led to the Industrialization of the U.S.
• Natural resources• Capital• Entrepreneurs• Laissez-faire- gov.
kept their hands off business
• Railroads*
• Labor force• Loans and land
grants to railroads• Protective tariffs• Consumer demands• Capitalism• New technology
– Edison’s light bulb
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Labor force
• Immigrants
• Farmers
• Women
• Children
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Sherman Anti-trust Act
• Stated trust, monopolies, and interference with trade was wrong
• Ineffective because it wan not enforced
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Standardized Time Zone
• Established to help with railroad schedules
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Horatio Alger
• Novelist that wrote “rag to riches” stories
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Captains of Industry/Robber Barons?
• Captains– Created jobs– More consumer
products– Higher standard of
living
• Robber Barons– Low wages– Long hours– Dangerous working
conditions– bribery
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Effects of Industrialization
• Social– Population increase– Tenement housing– Urbanization– Discrimination
• Political– Lassize-faire– Sherman Anti-trust Act– Gov. usually sided with
Big Business– Protective tariffs
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Effects of Industrialization
• Economical– Low wages– Tenement housing– Higher standard of living– Availability of more consumer goods
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Trust
• Were one company/individuals controls an industry (ie; monopoly)
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Tariff
• Tax on imported goods to protect American industry
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Big Business
• Carnegie – Steel tycoon– Used vertical
integration then horizontal
• Rockefeller– Oil tycoon– Used horizontal
integration
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Company Town
• Town where everyone who worked for a company lived, worked, and shopped
• Usually paid in scrip money that could only be used in company stores
• Created a cycle of debt similar to sharecropping
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Corporation
• Investors would have a limited liability, only risking what they invested– Trusts– Pools/cartels– Holding companies
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Mass production
• Producing a product on a large scale
• Led to lower prices
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Social Darwinism
• Belief that only the fit survived applied to society
• Used to justify the techniques of big businesses
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Methods used
• Labor Unions– Strike– Boycott– Secondary boycott– Open shop
• Big Business– Scabs– Pinkerton’s– Federal troops– Injunctions– Lockouts– Blacklist
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Haymarket Square Riot
• Associated the labor unions with violence and anarchy
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Labor Unions
• Knights of Labor– Powderly– All workers
• American Federation of Labor– Gompers– Skilled workers
organized into crafts
– Most successful
•All Railroad workers
•American Railway Union
•Debs•Fell apart after Debs arrest
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Immigrants
• Old– Prior to 1850– Came from Germany
and Western Europe– Skilled workers– Settled in rural areas
• New– After 1850– Came from Eastern
and Southern Europe– Unskilled– Settled in urban areas;
ethnic neighborhoods
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Integration
• Horizontal– Integration of all
similar businesses– Creates a
monopoly/trust
• Vertical – Combination of
businesses used to make final product
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Working conditions in factories
• Unsafe
• Dark
• Hot
• Unventilated
• unsanitary
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Child labor
• Cheap
• Could fit into small places
• Easy to control
• Parents needed the money
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Economics
• Traditional– Hunters and gatherers– Found in preindustrial
societies
• Market– Based on the laws of
supply and demand– Individuals make the
decisions
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Economies
• Command– Government makes
most of the economic decisions
• Mixed– Decisions made by the
government and individuals
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Coming to American
• Push Factors– Religious and political
persecution– Famine
• Pull factors– Job– Free land– Political and religious
freedom– Better life– education
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Rural to urban migration
• Farmers moved to the cities for jobs because they were not needed on the farms anymore
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Immigrants
• Mixing Pot– Cultures mix together
to form something new and different
• Salad Bowl– Cultures are tossed
together but retain their cultural identity
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Ports of Entry
• Ellis Island– European immigrants– Usually waited a few
hours being inspected
• Angel Island– Asian Immigrants– Could wait for months
to be processed
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Mass culture
• Changed Americans way of life because Americans became more alike in their purchasing.
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• Nativism– Belief that native born
Americans are superior
• Discrimination– Immigrants were
discriminated because of their language, working for lower wages, their dress and their customs
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Immigrants contributions to the U.S.
• Fueled industrialization
• Music
• Language
• Food
• Customs
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Chinese Exclusion Act
No more Chinese immigration
Only immigrant group legally excluded
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New South
• 3 legs of industry: natural resources, labor, and capital
• The South was missing labor and capital
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Civil Rights Act of 1875
• Was negated by the Supreme Court ruling that public accommodation was the decision of local and State courts
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Plains Indians
• Nomadic following the buffalo
• Viewed the land as sacred
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Dawes Act
• Gave Native Americans 160 Acres on a reservation
• Real purpose was to break up tribes and destroy tribe loyalty
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Native American Leaders
• Chief Joseph– Was captured when
leading his tribe to Canada
• Sitting Bull– Leader of the Sioux – Killed at Wounded
Knee for allowing the Ghost Dance
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Plain Wars
• Little Big Horn– Native American
victory in a series of defeat
– Gen. Custer was killed– Brought the full force
of the Army
• Wounded Knee– Last battle of the
Plains wars– Sitting Bull killed along
with 190 unarmed Native Americans
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Assimilation
• Being absorbed into a culture
• Failed for the Native Americans, it went against their culture; some became trapped between 2 cultures
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Homestead Act
• Terms: 160 acres; must be 21; $10 to file, build a house, farm the land
• Wasn’t the best land and it was expensive to get started
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Cattle Kingdom
• Rise: easy profit; grazing land
• Decline: overproduction and barbwire
• Cowtowns– Located at the end of
the long drive at railroads to ship the cattle to markets in the north and east
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Challenges living in the West
• Isolation
• Weather
• Competition for land
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Genocide
• Systematic destruction on a race
• Was what happened to Native Americans genocide?
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Railroads
• Brought supplies and settlers to the west
• Encouraged development
• Transported finished goods to the market
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Removal of the Troops
• Allowed the White South to treat the African American as they wished
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African Americans
• Gains– 13, 14, 15th
Amendments– Education*
• Setbacks– White backlash– Violence– Un-enforced rights
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African American Suffrage
• African Americans were disenfranchised because of – Literacy test– White primaries– Poll tax– *grandfather clause
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African American Leaders
• Booker T. Washington– Believed education
was the key to equality– gradualism
• W.E.B. DuBois– Believed equality
should be demanded through suffrage
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Women
• Gains– Education– Property rights
• Setbacks– suffrage
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Federal jobs
• Spoil System– Government jobs
given to loyal party supporters
– patronage
• Civil Service System– Government jobs
given to those qualified for after taking a test
– Passed after Garfield’s assassination
– Established with the Pendleton Act
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Political Cartoonist
• Important because not everyone could read, but they could understand the cartoons
• Thomas Nast was a famous cartoonist, that exposed the greed of Boss Tweed
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Problems of Farmers and attempts to solve
• Problems– Overproduction– Debt– Overcharged (banks and
railroads)– No political power
• Attempts to solve– Looked to the
government, the Grange, and the Populist party to help
•Evaluation- Most attempts were unsuccessful
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Discrimination in the West
• Women
• Chinese –blamed for taking white jobs
• Mexicans- didn’t follow the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which allowed property rights
• African Americans
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Parties after the War
• Republican– Lincoln – Supported by
merchants, bankers– “waving the bloody
shirt”– Active involvement in
the government
• Democrats– Jefferson/Jackson– Supported by the
South, farmers – The government that
governs least it the best
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Social Studies Skills and Methods
• Primary/Secondary Source
• Generalization/Trends
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• Merry Christmas and Happy New Year
Mrs. Clark