AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE MANUAL

• The style for referencing in all your works is APA, and the general format for listing references is as follows:

• Author’s surname followed by the initials, then date of publication, title of book (in italics), edition, place of publication, and publisher. For example:

• Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology (2nd ed.). New Delhi: New Age

• International Publishers.• • Only book and journal titles should be in

italics.

• Use single spacing to list the reference and double spacing between references as follows:

• • Single author• Smith, E. D. (2005). The art of communication.

New York: Boston Press.• Parenthetical reference (PR): (Smith,

2005)

• Two authors• Aronson, L., & Katz, R. (2000). Toxic waste

disposal methods. New Haven: Yale University Press.

• PR: (Aronson & Katz, 2000)• • Authors with Jr.• Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, T. S., Jr. (1997).

Three or more authors

• Provide the last names of the three authors the first time the work is cited and in subsequent mention use the first author’s name followed by et al.

• Fogle, S. L., Brown, B. A., & Smith, T. O. (1998). Hyperspace technology. Boston: Little Brown.

• PR: (Fogle et al., 1998)

Chapter in a book

• Smith, E. D. (2005). Communication feedback. In A. Rao, & G. Primrose (Eds.), Communication in the 21st century (pp. 25-40). London: Oxford University Press.

• PR: (Smith, 2005, p. 30)

Book with edition

• Fontana, J. B. (1999). Technology management: A handbook (3rd ed.). New York: American Management Association.

• PR: (Fontana, 1999)

• Book edited• Gibbs, J., & Oats, P. (Eds.). (2008).• PR: Gibbs & Oats• • Book with revised edition• Rosenthal, R. (2001). Metaphysics (Rev. ed.).

Oxford: Oxford University Press.

• Book with no date of publication• Winston, S. E. (n.d.). Women’s liberation:

Research findings.• (PR: Winston, n.d.)

• Associations / Institutions• American Psychiatric Association. (1994).

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington DC: McGraw-Hill.

• PR: (American Psychiatric Association, 1994)

• Dictionaries & Encyclopaedias• Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove

dictionary (6th ed.). London: Macmillan.• PR: (Sadie, 1980)• Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new

encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-• 508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.• Pr: (Bergmann, 1993)

Journal articles

• Dunlap, R. E. (2003). Defeating Kyoto: The conservative movement’s impact on U. S. climate

• change policy. Journal of Sociology, 34(3), 35-49.

• PR: (Dunlap, 2003)

Online Journal

• Midford, R. (2005). Australia and alcohol: Living down the legend. Journal of Addiction,

• 100(7),891-896. Retrieved November 19, 2010 from http://www.addictionjournal.org/

• PR: (Midford, 2005)

• Theses & Dissertations• Mushi, J. J. (2010). Media framing of

presidential candidates in Tanzanian multi-party elections

• of 1995 and 2005: A case of selected newspapers. Unpublished master’s thesis, Daystar University, Nairobi, Kenya.

• PR: (Mushi, 2010)

Magazine articles

• Kenji, M., & Tanako, K. (2003, February 13). The disability controversy. The New York Times Magazine, 22-23.

• PR: (Kenji & Tanako, 2003)

Newspaper articles

• Kinuthia, P. (2009, November 9). The review debate. The Daily Nation, p. 10.

• PR: (Kinuthia, 2009)

Unsigned newspaper articles

• The Mau eviction: Act now. (2009, November 10). The Standard Newspaper, p. 5.

• PR: (The Standard Newspaper, 2009)

Online references

• Wada, K. (2008). Illegal file sharing 101. Education Quarterly, 31(4), 18-25. Retrieved from http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/EQM844.pdf Online references

• Wada, K. (2008). Illegal file sharing 101. Education Quarterly, 31(4), 18-25. Retrieved from http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/EQM844.pdf

• Open web• Retrieved on November 11, 2009• http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf

*When you are reporting from the literature, you should say things like:

• According to Mugenda and Mugenda (1999),

population is…

• Population is…(Mugenda & Mugenda, 1999) • Mugenda and Mugenda (1999) argued that…

• Vary your verb of reporting. Use verbs such as : observed, suggested, remarked, stated, argued, recommended, believed, concluded, advised

• Vary your style also, for example.• According to…• In the words of Smith (1992), …• As Smith 91992) observed…• If what Smith (1992) concluded is anything to go

by…

• What Smith (1992) referred to as…• Judging from what Smith 91992) found out…• As stated by Smith (1992), ,…• There many advantages of…( Smith, 2005),

namely…