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American Psychological Association (APA) 6th Edition

Don Conant, Ph.D.

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OverviewOver the next few slides, we will

Review APA citation formatReview how and when to cite a sourceReview APA reference formatReview APA style rules

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Citation Format

There are two ways to cite a source in the text of a sentence: You can use a parenthetical citation: There are not

many changes between the 5th and 6th editions of the APA Publication Manual (Rivers, 2009).

Or, you can use an in-text citation: Rivers (2009) indicated that there are not many changes between the 5th and 6th editions of the APA Publication Manual.

The latter is preferred as it demonstrates a higher involvement with the literature.

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Citation FormatSource with one author

Parenthetical: (Sinatra, 2007)In-text: Sinatra (2007)

Source with two authors Parenthetical: (Sinatra & Garland, 2007)

In-text: Sinatra and Garland (2007)Source with three to six authors

First parenthetical: (Sinatra, Garland, & Fitzgerald, 2007) Second and subsequent parenthetical: (Sinatra et al., 2007)First in-text: Sinatra, Garland, and Fitzgerald (2007)Second and subsequent in-text: Sinatra et al. (2007)

Source with seven or more authors Parenthetical: (Sinatra et al., 2007)In-text: Sinatra et al. (2007)

There is a table (Table 6.1) in the APA manual that demonstrates all variations of citation.

There are some variations on multi-author source citations if you have more than one source by the same authors. Check pp. 175-176 in the APA manual.

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Citation FormatPersonal communication

Parenthetical: (H. R. Marshall, personal communication, September 17, 2009)In-text: H. R. Marshall (personal communication, September 17, 2009)

Secondary source materialParenthetical: (Marshall, as cited in Cook, 2009)In-Text: Marshall (as cited in Cook, 2009)

Attributing an assertion to multiple sourcesParenthetical: (Paiste, 2004; Sabian, 2005; Zildjian, 2001)alphabetical (as they appear in reference list) and separated by semicolonsIn-text: Paiste (2004), Sabian (2005), and Zildjian (2001)

Multiple sources with same author and yearParenthetical: (Marshall, 2009a)…(Marshall, 2009b)…(Marshall, 2009c)In-text: Marshall (2009a)…Marshall (2009b)…Marshall (2009c)

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Citation Format Do not use footnotes or endnotes

Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names If referring to the title of a source in your paper, capitalize words that are

four letters or longer

After a colon or dash in the title, capitalize the first word

Use italics for the titles of books, periodicals, films, videos, TV shows, and microfilms publications (within text). In general, use italics infrequently

In cases of multiple authors, join the authors’ names with the word “and” if you are referring to them in the text; join the authors’ names with an ampersand (&) if you are referring to them in a parenthetical citation

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Scholarly TonePer APA (2010), if the first citation in the paragraph is in-text, as it is here, then subsequent in-text citations within this same paragraph do not need to carry a year. However, all parenthetical citations do (APA, 2010). The rule as APA described it is a bit different if the first citation of the paragraph is a parenthetical citation, as is demonstrated on the next slide.

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Scholarly ToneIf the first citation in the paragraph is a parenthetical citation, as it is here, then the first in-text citation must carry a year (APA, 2010). APA (2010) also indicated that all parenthetical citations with a paragraph, regardless of the number of previous citations within that paragraph, must carry a year. There are no exceptions to this rule (APA, 2010). In addition, APA has provided new guidelines for how often to cite a source in a paragraph, as is demonstrated on the next slide.

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Scholarly TonePer APA (2010), referents such as “the authors said” or “the

same author indicated” are no longer sufficient ways to cite a source. If the assertion you make does not refer to the author by name, you must provide a parenthetical citation. For example:

Marshall (2009) indicated that proper APA enhances a paper’s scholarly tone. The author also indicated that APA is easy to use if students familiarize themselves with the manual (Marshall, 2009).

If it does: Marshall (2009) indicated that proper APA enhances a paper’s scholarly

tone. Marshall also indicated that APA is easy to use if students familiarize themselves with the manual.

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Citation FormatWhen citing a direct quote, you need to cite the page or

paragraph number for where that quote appears in the original source. (Jones, 2009, p.6)

On occasion a page number is not available. When this is the case provide the paragraph number. (Jones, 2009, para. 6)

Use block style for quotes of 40 words or more.Periods and commas are placed inside quotation marks.

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Citation FormatIf citing two different authors with the same surname, use the authors’ first initial: M. King (2005) and W. King (2007) discovered King is a more common last name than typically thought.

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Reference FormatBook

Marshall, H. (2009). Best book ever. New York, NY: Publisher House.

Chapter in an edited bookTimmerman, B. (2009). Best chapter ever. In H.

Marshall (Ed.), Best book ever (pp. 14-27). New York, NY: Publisher House.

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Reference Format

Journal ArticleMarshall, H. (2009). Best article ever composed. Journal

of Good Things, 6(2), 199-207. doi:10.123456789If there is no DOI:

Marshall, H. (2009). Best article ever composed. Journal of Good Things, 6(2), 199-207. Retrieved from http://www.journalofgoodthings.com

Do not include retrieval dates unless material may change over time.

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APA Style Rules

Use the past tense when discussing the literature that you read:Percy (1935) found Mathieu (1955) argued Korrapati (1975) wrote Lynch (1995) discussed

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APA Style RulesWhen abbreviating a term, use the full term the first time you use it, followed immediately by the abbreviation in parentheses.American Psychological Association (APA)

Do not write out states and units of measure.NY, WA, ft, lb

Do not write out abbreviations that appear as words in the dictionary. IQ, REM, AIDS, HIV

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APA Style RulesDo not use periods or spaces in abbreviations of all capital letters, unless it is a proper nameMA, CD, HTML, APAP. D. James, J. R. R. Tolkien, E. B. White

Exceptions: Use a period when abbreviating the United States as an adjective (U.S. Marines or U.S. Senator)

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APA Style Rules

Use a period if the abbreviation is Latin abbreviation or a reference abbreviation:etc., e.g., a.m. or Vol. 7, p. 12, 4th ed.

Do not use periods when abbreviated measurements:cd, ft, lb, mi, min

Exceptions: Use a period when abbreviated inch (in.) to avoid confusion.

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APA Style Rules

APA Citation Abbreviations Book Part Abbreviationedition ed.revised edition Rev. ed.Second Edition 2nd ed.Editor(s) Ed. or Eds.Translator(s) Trans.No date n.d.Page(s) p. or pp.Volume(s) Vol. or Vols.Number No.Part Pt.Technical Report Tech. Rep.Supplement Suppl.

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APA Style Rules

Commas: use commas to:Separate elements in a series of three or more

Lions, tigers, and bears Set off nonessential information

the girl, who was a red head, ate all of my cookiesUse semicolons to separate series containing commas

The colors of the switch sets were red, green, and blue; orange, yellow, and red; and black, white, and orange.

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APA Style RulesIn general, words with prefixes such as non, semi, pre, post, anti, multi, and inter are not hyphenated: pretest, posttest, antibiotic, antisocial, nonprofit, semipro, multiphased, subsample

All self- compounds are hyphenated: self-esteem, self-efficacy

Proper nouns ending in s have an ’s added: Rogers’s

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APA Style Rules

Zuckerman (2008) advises against the use of block quotes in academic

writing. In fact, Zuckerman indicated:

Students love block quotations because they fill up a paper.

Sometimes they have not even read the entire quote

themselves. If they use too many their professors might not

give them the credit as writers and researchers that they

deserve. (p. 4)

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Headings

Oranges as Indicators for Progress [Title of Paper]

History of the Florida Citrus Industry [L1]

Herr Sunkist’s Arrival [L2]

Why apples didn’t work. [L3]

Dependable cheap labor. [L4]

Union busting in sunny Florida. [L5]

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NumbersExpress numbers 10 and above as numerals.Express numbers nine and lower as wordsExceptions

Use figures to representStatistical or mathematical functions Percentages – 6 percent or 6%Time and dates – 7:00 p.m., May 1, 2010, in 3 weeksAge – 3-year-oldspopulation size – 3 participants, n=3Scores – she scored 6 out of 9.Money - $5

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Seriation

The three preferred food choices of State Fair goers are (a) chocolate chip cookies, (b) bacon on a stick, and (c) deep-fried cheese curds (Timmerman, 2009).Where order is implied or preferred.

Timmerman (2009) concluded State Fair goers: 1. Consume more calories than they burn.2. Regularly suffer severe sun burns.3. Prefer bacon on a stick to plain bacon.

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SeriationWhen no order is implied or preferred:Timmerman (2009) indicated that the preferred food choices of State Fair goers are

• chocolate chip cookies,• bacon on a stick, and• deep-fried cheese curds.

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Third PersonTo avoid ambiguity, use a personal pronoun rather than the third person when describing steps taken in your experiment.Correct for one author:

I reviewed the literature.Correct for more than one author:

We reviewed the literature Incorrect:

This author reviewed the literature.These authors reviewed the literature.

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APA Style Rules Do not capitalize the names of models or theories (theory of learned

behavior).

Do not capitalize the names of disorders or diseases (bipolar disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], multiple sclerosis)

Express the word website as one word, lowercase

Double space the reference list Include the running head on every page. Running head is flush left and page

number is flush right.

Limit your use of the pronoun we to refer only to yourself and the coauthor(s) of a paper

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Questions