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ON-ORBIT MAINTENANCE, A PERSPECTIVE Walbert G. McCoy // - 1 Senior Logistics Manager HQ U S SPACE COMMAND Peterson AFS, Co 80914 ABSTRACT The capability to deploy, retrieve, service, and repair satellites in space has been successfully demonstrated. In the near future, NASA will build a permanent orbiting space station. The June 1984 Air Force Study on Spacecraft Maintenance identified areas where potential payoffs exist for repair, servicing or preventive maintenance of satellites. This study was further amplified by Undersecretary Aldridge's Sep 84 memo on Spacecraft Maintenance, the Sep 84 Air Force Spacecraft Maintenance Policy, the Oct 84 HQ USAF/CV L e t t e r o n Application of Spacecraft Maintenance Concepts and the Sep 86 Space Logistics Architecture Studies. NASA has a l s o evolved concepts and policies to enhance and extend the life and operational capability of spacecraft through satellite servicing and repair. These policies affect both man's role in space and spacecrafb supportability programs within the Air Force. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST), The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTFIr the Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF), and the Space Station (SS) plus the potential satellites required by the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) are on the growing list of spacecraft with planned on-orbit maintenance and servicing capability. These requirements have prompted a need to develop cost effective on-orbit assembly, maintenance and servicing. The development and availability of a logistics base and infrastructure are essential to support future long term unconstrained operations in space. This paper addresses requirements and events leading to the establishment of a space assemblyr maintenance and servicing capability. INTRODUCTION Although space technology is still in its infancy, emerging capabilities will enable us to consider new ways to maintain our satellite systems. Space logistics has been around for less than a decade, however, we believe the corner has been turned on recognizing the need for establishing a logistics infrastructure to support reusable and repairable space systems. Space systems designers must consider on-orbit maintenance and servicing of space-based systems -and design habitability, accessibility, standardization, modularity, and system flexibility into future space systems. Long term unconstrained space operations will depend on an adequate logistics base and infrastructure. Integral to this supportability requirement is the establishment of a space assembly, maintenance, and servicing capability. ASSEMBLY Assembly equates to the gathering of parts t o make a whole. In a space environment, assembly can be accomplished by remote rendezvous/dockingt by robotic/telerobotic systems, or on-site by utilizing extra- vehicular activity (EVA). Following the assembly task is a verification task in which adjustments, alignments and calibrations are completed, and confirmation of system/subsystem performance is obtained. Space assembly must include such obvious applications as the assembly of the Space Station and some SDI-type spacecraft. Perhaps no less important in the light of limited Shuttle launches would be the final assembly of satellite payloads with pre-positioned upper stages on-orbit. In this way, larger satellites requiring transportation to geosynchronous orbit could still be accommodated with current launch systems. The effectiveness of operations in space assembly requires advancement in the technologies related to the EVA equipment support and task design, manned workstation configurations, hardware interface definition, tele-robotic or remote systems, and assembly utility integration. In preparation for permanent space construction/assembly NASA managed and developed the 1985 Shuttle 61B mission in which two structures: 1) Experimental Assembly of Structures in Extravehicular (EASE) Activity and 2) Assembly Concept

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Page 1: [American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2nd Space Logistics Symposium - Costa Mesa,CA,U.S.A. (03 October 1988 - 05 October 1988)] 2nd Space Logistics Symposium - On-orbit

ON-ORBIT MAINTENANCE, A PERSPECTIVE

W a l b e r t G . McCoy / / - 1 S e n i o r L o g i s t i c s Manager

HQ U S SPACE COMMAND P e t e r s o n AFS, Co 80914

ABSTRACT

The c a p a b i l i t y t o d e p l o y , r e t r i e v e , s e r v i c e , and r e p a i r s a t e l l i t e s i n s p a c e h a s been s u c c e s s f u l l y d e m o n s t r a t e d . I n t h e n e a r f u t u r e , NASA w i l l b u i l d a p e r m a n e n t o r b i t i n g s p a c e s t a t i o n . The J u n e 1984 A i r F o r c e S t u d y on S p a c e c r a f t M a i n t e n a n c e i d e n t i f i e d a r e a s where p o t e n t i a l p a y o f f s e x i s t f o r r e p a i r , s e r v i c i n g o r p r e v e n t i v e m a i n t e n a n c e o f s a t e l l i t e s . T h i s s t u d y was f u r t h e r a m p l i f i e d by U n d e r s e c r e t a r y A l d r i d g e ' s S e p 84 memo on S p a c e c r a f t M a i n t e n a n c e , t h e S e p 8 4 A i r Force S p a c e c r a f t Main tenance P o l i c y , t h e O c t 84 H Q USAF/CV L e t t e r on A p p l i c a t i o n of S p a c e c r a f t M a i n t e n a n c e C o n c e p t s and t h e S e p 86 Space L o g i s t i c s A r c h i t e c t u r e S t u d i e s . NASA h a s a l s o e v o l v e d c o n c e p t s a n d p o l i c i e s t o e n h a n c e a n d e x t e n d t h e l i f e a n d o p e r a t i o n a l c a p a b i l i t y o f s p a c e c r a f t t h r o u g h s a t e l l i t e s e r v i c i n g and r e p a i r . These p o l i c i e s a f f e c t b o t h man's r o l e i n s p a c e a n d s p a c e c r a f b s u p p o r t a b i l i t y p r o g r a m s w i t h i n t h e A i r Force .

The Hubble Space T e l e s c o p e (HST), The Space I n f r a r e d T e l e s c o p e F a c i l i t y (SIRTFIr t h e Advanced X-Ray A s t r o p h y s i c s F a c i l i t y (AXAF), and t h e S p a c e S t a t i o n (SS) p l u s t h e p o t e n t i a l s a t e l l i t e s r e q u i r e d by t h e S t r a t e g i c Defense I n i t i a t i v e (SDI) a r e o n t h e g r o w i n g l i s t o f s p a c e c r a f t w i t h p l a n n e d o n - o r b i t m a i n t e n a n c e and s e r v i c i n g c a p a b i l i t y . These r e q u i r e m e n t s have p r o m p t e d a need t o d e v e l o p c o s t e f f e c t i v e o n - o r b i t a s s e m b l y , m a i n t e n a n c e a n d s e r v i c i n g .

The d e v e l o p m e n t a n d a v a i l a b i l i t y o f a l o g i s t i c s b a s e and i n f r a s t r u c t u r e a r e e s s e n t i a l t o s u p p o r t f u t u r e l o n g term u n c o n s t r a i n e d o p e r a t i o n s i n s p a c e . T h i s p a p e r a d d r e s s e s r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d e v e n t s l e a d i n g t o t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a s p a c e a s s e m b l y r m a i n t e n a n c e a n d s e r v i c i n g c a p a b i l i t y .

INTRODUCTION

A l t h o u g h s p a c e t e c h n o l o g y is s t i l l i n i t s i n f a n c y , e m e r g i n g c a p a b i l i t i e s w i l l e n a b l e u s t o c o n s i d e r new ways t o m a i n t a i n o u r s a t e l l i t e s y s t e m s . Space l o g i s t i c s h a s been a r o u n d f o r l e s s t h a n a d e c a d e , however , w e b e l i e v e t h e c o r n e r h a s been t u r n e d on r e c o g n i z i n g t h e need f o r

e s t a b l i s h i n g a l o g i s t i c s i n f r a s t r u c t u r e t o s u p p o r t r e u s a b l e and r e p a i r a b l e s p a c e s y s t e m s . Space s y s t e m s d e s i g n e r s mus t c o n s i d e r o n - o r b i t m a i n t e n a n c e a n d s e r v i c i n g o f space-based s y s t e m s - a n d d e s i g n h a b i t a b i l i t y , a c c e s s i b i l i t y , s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n , m o d u l a r i t y , a n d s y s t e m f l e x i b i l i t y i n t o f u t u r e s p a c e s y s t e m s . Long term u n c o n s t r a i n e d s p a c e o p e r a t i o n s w i l l depend o n a n a d e q u a t e l o g i s t i c s b a s e a n d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e . I n t e g r a l t o t h i s s u p p o r t a b i l i t y r e q u i r e m e n t is t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a s p a c e a s s e m b l y , m a i n t e n a n c e , and s e r v i c i n g c a p a b i l i t y .

ASSEMBLY

Assembly e q u a t e s t o t h e g a t h e r i n g o f p a r t s t o make a whole. I n a s p a c e e n v i r o n m e n t , a s s e m b l y c a n be a c c o m p l i s h e d by r e m o t e rendezvous /docking t by r o b o t i c / t e l e r o b o t i c s y s t e m s , o r o n - s i t e by u t i l i z i n g e x t r a - v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y (EVA). F o l l o w i n g t h e a s s e m b l y t a s k is a v e r i f i c a t i o n t a s k i n w h i c h a d j u s t m e n t s , a l i g n m e n t s a n d c a l i b r a t i o n s a r e c o m p l e t e d , a n d c o n f i r m a t i o n o f s y s t e m / s u b s y s t e m p e r f o r m a n c e is o b t a i n e d .

S p a c e a s s e m b l y mus t i n c l u d e s u c h o b v i o u s a p p l i c a t i o n s a s t h e a s s e m b l y o f t h e Space S t a t i o n and some SDI-type s p a c e c r a f t . P e r h a p s no l e s s i m p o r t a n t i n t h e l i g h t o f l i m i t e d S h u t t l e l a u n c h e s would b e t h e f i n a l a s s e m b l y o f s a t e l l i t e p a y l o a d s w i t h p r e - p o s i t i o n e d u p p e r s t a g e s o n - o r b i t . I n t h i s way, l a r g e r s a t e l l i t e s r e q u i r i n g t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o g e o s y n c h r o n o u s o r b i t c o u l d s t i l l be accommodated w i t h c u r r e n t l a u n c h s y s t e m s .

The e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f o p e r a t i o n s i n s p a c e a s s e m b l y r e q u i r e s advancement i n t h e t e c h n o l o g i e s r e l a t e d t o t h e EVA e q u i p m e n t s u p p o r t a n d t a s k d e s i g n , manned w o r k s t a t i o n c o n f i g u r a t i o n s , h a r d w a r e i n t e r f a c e d e f i n i t i o n , t e l e - r o b o t i c o r r e m o t e s y s t e m s , and a s s e m b l y u t i l i t y i n t e g r a t i o n .

I n p r e p a r a t i o n f o r p e r m a n e n t s p a c e c o n s t r u c t i o n / a s s e m b l y NASA managed a n d d e v e l o p e d t h e 1985 S h u t t l e 61B m i s s i o n i n which t w o s t r u c t u r e s : 1) E x p e r i m e n t a l Assembly of S t r u c t u r e s i n E x t r a v e h i c u l a r (EASE) A c t i v i t y a n d 2 ) Assembly Concept

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f o r C o n s t r u c t i o n o f E r e c t a b l e S p a c e S t r u c t u r e s (ACCESS) w e r e a s s e m b l e d i n s p a c e by a s t r o n a u t s J e r r y Ross and Woody S p r i n g . These e x p e r i m e n t s w i l l l e a d d i r e c t l y t o t h e a s s e m b l y o f t h e S p a c e S t a t i o n i n t h e 1990s.

M a i n t e n a n c e is t h e c o r r e c t i v e or p r e v e n t i v e a c t i o n r e q u i r e d t o a s s u r e m i s s i o n s u c c e s s , i n c r e a s e s y s t e m r e l i a b i l i t y , a n d / o r change m i s s i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s t h r o u g h t h e exchange o f a n O r b i t a l R e p l a c e m e n t U n i t (ORU). An ORU is a n e q u i p m e n t a s s e m b l y con£ i g u r e d t o p e r m i t i t s r e m o v a l o r r e p l a c e m e n t on o r b i t e i t h e r by a n EVA crewmember o r by m e c h a n i c a l means. On-orb i t m a i n t e n a n c e p r e s e n t s new c a p a b i l i t i e s a n d new c h a l l e n g e s f o r s p a c e l o g i s i t i c i a n s . When i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e d e s i g n o f a s a t e l l i t e , t h i s f e a t u r e e x t e n d s t h e v e h i c l e ' s u s e f u l l i f e a n d a l l o w s s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n i c a l h a r d w a r e u p g r a d i n g . U t i l i z i n g t h e S h u t t l e , t h e S p a c e S t a t i o n , o r a s p a c e a s s e t s u p p o r t s y s t e m a s t h e m a i n t e n a n c e p l a t f o r m , ORUs c o u l d be r e p l a c e d on o r b i t . The i n t e r f a c e r e q u i r e d t o u n l a t c h t h e modules t o t h e s p a c e c r a f t b u s mus t b e o p e r a b l e by b o t h EVA c r e w s a n d t e l e o p e r a t e d o r r o b o t i c r e m o t e methods. T h i s r e q u i r e m e n t f a c i l i t a t e s b o t h a manned m a i n t e n a n c e c a p a b i l i t y a n d r e m o t e m a i n t e n a n c e a c t i o n s . A d d i t i o n a l c o r r e c t i v e a c t i o n s may i n c l u d e appendage o v e r r i d e , c a b l e h a r n e s s r e r o u t i n g , a n d m i n o r r e p a i r s r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e m a i n t e n a n c e e v e n t .

D u r i n g t h e S p a c e S h u t t l e m i s s i o n 41C, a m a i n t e n a n c e / r e p a i r f u n c t i o n was a c t u a l l y a c c o m p l i s h e d on t h e S o l a r Maximum M i s s i o n s a t e l l i t e i n 1984. T h i s r e p a i r i n v o l v e d n o t o n l y t h e r e p l a c e m e n t o f a Modular A t t i t u d e C o n t r o l S y s t e m s p e c i f i c a l l y d e s i g n e d f o r o n - o r b i t r e p l a c e m e n t b u t a l s o t h e r e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e Hard X-Ray E x p e r i m e n t ' s Main E l e c t r o n i c Box w h i c h was n o t d e s i g n e d f o r a c c e s s o r r e p l a c e m e n t . M i s s i o n 51A's r e c o v e r y of t h e WESTAR a n d PALPA-I1 s a t e l l i t e s d e m o n s t r a t e d c a p a b i l i t i e s f o r r e t u r n i n g s a t e l l i t e s t o a " d e p o t " r e p a i r . R e p a i r a n d r e d e p l o y m e n t o f t h e Hughes L e a s a t F 3 s a t e l l i t e d u r i n g m i s s i o n 511 d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e v i a b i l i t y o f o n - o r b i t r e p a i r .

SERVICING

S e r v i c i n g i s t h e s u p p l y , r e s u p p l y , a n d r e p l e n i s h m e n t o f c o n s u m a b l e s a n d e x p e n d a b l e s . Many s p a c e c r a f t r e q u i r e p r o p e l l a n t t o m a i n t a i n t h e i r p o i n t i n g s t a b i l i t y o r t o p e r f o r m a g i l e o n - o r b i t o p e r a t i o n s . O t h e r s p a c e c r a f t r e q u i r e c r y o g e n i c c o o l i n g o f s e n s o r s y s t e m s , a n d s t i l l o t h e r s may r e q u i r e r e p l e n i s h m e n t o f weapon c o n s u m a b l e s . T h e s e c o n s u m a b l e s are s i z e d t o t h e p r o j e c t e d m i s s i o n r e q u i r e m e n t . The r e p l e n i s h m e n t o f t h e s e c o n s u m a b l e s is a c r i t i c a l f a c t o r t o i n c r e a s e s p a c e c r a f t m i s s i o n l i f e . The

s e r v i c i n g c o n c e p t h a s a l r e a d y been p r o v e n w i t h t h e NASA's L a n d s a t s e r v i c i n g m i s s i o n . Dur ing S h u t t l e m i s s i o n 41G, a s t r o n a u t David Lee tsma s e r v i c e d t h e s a t e l l i t e w i t h h y d r a z i n e , u s i n g t h e g r o u n d s e r v i c i n g f i l l and d r a i n c o n n e c t o r s . S t a n d a r d i z a t i o n o f s e r v i c i n g c o n n e c t o r s s u c h a s t h e s e w i l l d r a m a t i c a l l y i n c r e a s e t h e e a s e and s a f e t y o f s u c h o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e f u t u r e .

Because i t i s s o e x p e n s i v e t o b u i l d , l a u n c h a n d o p e r a t e s p a c e c r a f t , t h e s t o r a g e o f r e f u e l i n g c o n s u m a b l e s a t o n - o r b i t l o c a t i o n s c a n be a c c o m p l i s h e d t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f b i p r o p e l l a n t t a n k e r and c r y o g e n i c t a n k e r s y s t e m s . S e r v i c i n g d e s i g n o b j e c t i v e s s h o u l d i n c l u d e m o d u l a r i t y t o g a i n f l e x i b i l i t y i n t a n k e r s i z i n g , maximized u s e o f e x i s t i n g h a r d w a r e , a n d low o p e r a t i o n c o s t w i t h s h o r t t u r n a r o u n d time. T h i s t e c h n o l o g y a r e a r e q u i r e s f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t i n s u b s y s t e m s s u c h a s p r o p e l l a n t a n d c r y o g e n i c t r a n s f e r , i n t e r f a c e mechanisms, r e m o t e o p e r a t i o n s a n d c o n t a m i n a t i o n c o n t r o l . These s y s t e m s w i l l complement and b u i l d upon t h e c o n c u r r e n t NASA a n d A i r F o r c e p r o g r a m s t o d e v e l o p f u l l y r e l a t e d t e c h n o l o g i e s .

Remote r e s u p p l y w i l l u s e r e m o t i n g t e c h n i q u e s w i t h man-in- the-loop f o r c o n t r o l a n d o p e r a t i o n s o v e r r i d e . EVA r e s u p p l y w i l l u t i l i z e a f u l l y s u i t e d EVA crewmember a s t h e p r i m a r y method f o r s e t u p , c o n n e c t ion , o p e r a t i o n , m o n i t o r i n g , c f o s e o u t , a n d s y s t e m management o f r e s u p p l y . W o r k s i t e s c a n be l o c a t e d w i t h i n t h e s h u t t l e c a r g o bay, some d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e s h u t t l e , on a s p a c e s t a t i o n o r a t e v e n h i g h e r a l t i t u d e s a n d i n c l i n a t i o n s , s u c h a s GEO/BEO s a t e l l i t e l o c a t i o n s . T y p i c a l l y , a c r e w p e r s o n l o c a t e d i n t e r n a l t o t h e S h u t t l e , s p a c e s t a t i o n , o r a t a p r e s s u r i z e d v o r k s i t e would o p e r a t e a r e s u p p l y command a n d m o n i t o r p a n e l i n s u p p o r t o f t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s . The r e s u p p l y s y s t e m s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d t o e n s u r e t h e s a f e t y o f t h e c r e w a n d o f o t h e r o r b i t a l e l e m e n t s . S a f e t y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s a t e l l i t e b e i n g s e r v i c e d s h o u l d be a p r i m e c o n s i d e r a t i o n .

SPACE ASSET SUPPORT SYSTEM (SASS) -- When s e r v i c e / m a i n t e n a n c e m i s s i o n s o r i g i n a t e from s p a c e s t h e y w i l l depend o n t h e p r e s e n c e o f a SASS t h a t i n c l u d e s one o r more Space Based S u p p o r t P l a t f o r m s (SBSPs) o r b i t i n g t h e e a r t h . These p l a t f o r m s c o n t a i n i n v e n t o r i e s o f c o n s u m a b l e s a n d ORUs t h a t a r e t r a n s p o r t e d f rom t h e SBSP t o t h e s a t e l l i t e s u s i n g p l a t f o r m - b a s e d t r a n s f e r v e h i c l e s . The c o n s u m a b l e s a r e t r a n s p o r t e d i n t a n k e r s t h a t g e n e r a l l y have s u f f i c i e n t c a p a c i t y f o r r e p l e n i s h i n g more t h a n o n e s a t e l l i t e . R e p l a c e m e n t o f s a t e l l i t e ORUs is a c c o m p l i s h e d r e m o t e l y u s i n g F l i g h t T e l e r o b o t i c S e r v i c e r s (FTSs). For c o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s , SBSPs need t o be d e p l o y e d i n t h e same o r b i t a l i n c l i n a t i o n a s t h e s a t e l l i t e s b u t a t a h i g h e r o r l o w e r o r b i t

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and a l l o w t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l n o d a l r e g r e s s i o n r a t e s t o b r i n g t h e two o r b i t s i n t o p e r i o d i c a l i g n m e n t . I n t h i s way, a s i n g l e SBSP c o u l d s e r v i c e a number o f s a t e l l i t e c o n s t e l l a t i o n s . Consumable r e p l e n i s h m e n t a n d / o r ORU r e p l a c e m e n t p r i o r t o f a i l u r e c a n be s c h e d u l e d e s s e n t i a l l y i n d e p e n d e n t l y o f o r b i t a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . ORU r e p l a c e m e n t s u b s e q u e n t t o f a i l u r e c a n be s c h e d u l e d a s soon a s m i s s i o n p l a n n i n g w i l l a l l o w . I f a t i m e c r i t i c a l s e r v i c i n g m i s s i o n was needed b e f o r e t h e o r b i t a l a l i g n m e n t was a c h i e v e d , a d i r e c t l a u n c h f r o m t h e ground c o u l d b e u s e d , however , t h i s would be v e r y e x p e n s i v e . The t i m e r e q u i r e d t o p e r f o r m a s e r v i c i n g m i s s i o n f rom a SBSP is m i n i m i z e d by p l a c i n g t h e SBSP i n t h e same o r b i t a s t h e s a t e l l i t e . However, t h i s would be c o s t p r o h i b i t i v e d u e t o t h e number o r SBSPs r e q u i r e d .

SPACE SUPPORT STUDIES -- A S p a c e Assembly, l M a i n t e n a n c e a n d S e r v i c i n g (SAMS) s t u d y was i n i t i a t e d by S p a c e D i v i s i o n t o f o c u s o n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s t o e s t a b l i s h a s p a c e a s s e m b l y , m a i n t e n a n c e , a n d s e r v i c i n g c a p a b i l i t y by t h e mid-1990s a n d a f u l l y o p e r a t i o n a l c a p a b i l i t y e a r l y i n t h e 2 1 s t c e n t u r y . T h i s s t u d y a l s o i d e n t i f i e d . i m p a c t s on s p a c e c r a f t d e s i g n a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and t h e u t i l i z a t i o n a n d op t imum mix o f manned and r e m o t e c a p a b i l i t i e s . A f u r t h e r p u r p o s e o f t h i s e f f o r t was t o p r o v i d e a c o s t - b e n e f i t s a n a l y s i s a s a t o o l i n d e c i s i o n m a k i n g f o r e m p l o y i n g SAMS a s a n a l t e r n a t i v e t o t h e c u r r e n t p h i l o s o p h y of s p a c e c r a f t r e p l a c e m e n t . T h i s s t u d y was used a s a b a s e o f r e f e r e n c e f o r t h i s p a p e r .

Some c u r r e n t s t u d i e s u n d e r way i n c l u d e : 1) t h e Comprehens ive O p e r a t i o n a l S u p p o r t E v a l u a t i o n Model f o r Space (COSEMS) by S p a c e D i v i s i o n which w i l l p r o v i d e a q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s c a p a b i l i t y f o r e v a l u a t i n g a l t e r n a t i v e l o g i s t i c s s u p p o r t c o n c e p t s f o r t h e space-based s e g m e n t o f t h e S t r a t e g i c Defense S y s t e m , 2 ) t h e On- O r b i t Main tenance and S e r v i c i n g S t u d y by H e a d q u a r t e r s USAF t h a t d e t a i l s t h e I n t e g r a t e d L o g i s t i c s S u p p o r t i m p l i c a t i o n s o f p u r s u i n g t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f a n on- o r b i t m a i n t e n a n c e p o l i c y , 3) t h e S p a c e Based I n t e r c e p t o r S u p p o r t Concept by M a r t i n M a r i e t t a and Rockwel l t o d e t e r m i n e t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f o n - o r b i t s u p p o r t .

A l l o f t h e t h e s e s t u d i e s , s i m u l a t i o n s , a n d p r o j e c t i o n s show t h a t o n - o r b i t s e r v i c i n g a n d m a i n t e n a n c e a r e f e a s i b l e a n d c o s t e f f e c t i v e . An o n - o r b i t m a i n t e n a n c e a n d s e r v i c i n g c a p a b i l i t y w i l l be i m p l e m e n t e d t o s u p p o r t Phase 1 B a l l i s t i c M i s s i l e O e f e n s e (BMD) s p a c e s y s t e m s a s p r a c t i c a l b a s e d upon s p a c e s y s t e m numbers , o v e r a l l P h a s e 1 l i f e c y c l e c o s t a l t e r n a t i v e s , a n d o t h e r r e l e v a n t o p e r a t i o n a l a n d l o g i s t i c s c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . T h i s c a p a b i l i t y s h o u l d be augmented by some c o m b i n a t i o n o f o t h e r s u p p o r t t e c h n i q u e s ( s p a r i n g / n e r l a u n c h e s )

where r e q u i r e d . T h i s o n - o r b i t s u p p o r t c a p a b i l i t y s h o u l d a l s o be p l a n n e d a n d programmed f o r more c o m p r e h e n s i v e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n i n f o l l o w - o n p h a s e s . We c a n s a v e money by t h i s method. P r e c i s e i y how much i s n o t known, b u t t h e f i g u r e s v a r y from l e s s t h a n t e n p e r c e n t ( 1 0 % ) t o more t h a n f o r t y p e r c e n t ( 4 0 % ) . The key is i n t h e l o n g t e r m l i f e c y c l e c o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s .

A NASA/DoD S a t e l l i t e S e r v i c i n g I n i t i a t i v e Working Group was formed d u r i n g t h e s p r i n g of 1988. T h e i r t a s k i n g is t o p r o v i d e a n I n t e g r a t e d F l i g h t D e m o n s t r a t i o n n o t l a t e r t h a n FY94. T h i s d e m o n s t r a t i o n s h o u l d p r o v e t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o r o u t i n e l y do autonomous r e n d e z v o u s a n d docking , f l u i d s r e s u p p l y and ORU changeout .

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The s p a c e l o g i s t i c s i n f r a s t r u c t u r e mus t be a d d r e s s e d a s o n e c o n s o l i d a t e d g r o u p of r e q u i r e m e n t s t o d e f i n e a u n i f i e d s p a c e l o g i s t i c s i n f r a s t r u c t u r e which t a k e s i n t o a c c o u n t t h e common r e q u i r e m e n t s and p o t e n t i a l s u p p o r t a b i l i t y o v e r l a p i n i n d i v i d u a l m i s s i o n s . T h i s a g g r e g a t e a n a l y s i s w i l l l e a d t o c o s t s a v i n g s i n b o t h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d o p e r a t i o n a l a s p e c t s o f s e v e r a l p r o g r a m s . Al though i t would be a p r o g r a m r i s k t o r e l y o n s y s t e m s s u c h a s t h e N a t i o n a l A e r o s p a c e P l a n e (NASP) f o r s p a c e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o r s o l a r s a i l s f o r o r b i t t r a n s f e r , t h e s e t e c h n o l o g i e s s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d b e f o r e s t r i c t a d h e r e n c e t o t h e c u r r e n t s t a t e o f t h e a r t .

Many l o g i s t i c s r e l a t e d s t u d i e s c o u l d e n h a n c e a s s e m b l y , m a i n t e n a n c e , a n d s e r v i c i n g c a p a b i l i t i e s o n - o r b i t . A l o g i s t i c s f a c i l i t i e s s t u d y would a n a l y z e and c o n s o l i d a t e f a c i l i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r s p a c e s y s t e m s , i n c l u d i n g c a p a b i l i t i e s needed t o s u p p o r t b o t h Do0 and NASA programs . A n o t h e r c o m p l e m e n t a r y t e c h n o l o g y would be t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a f a c i l i t i e s d e c i s i o n t r e e which would i d e n t i f y f a c i l i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s due t o h a r d w a r e s u p p o r t n e e d s o f s p a c e b a s e d a s s e t s , a i r b o r n e s u p p o r t e q u i p m e n t , a n d s p a c e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m s . T h e r e i s a l s o t h e r e q u i r e m e n t t o d e v e l o p a l o g i s t i c s s y s t e m which a d d r e s s e s p a r t s s u p p l y i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e s p a c e w o r k s t a t i o n a n d s p a c e c r a f t c o m p a t i b i l i t y s t u d i e s . One o f t h e mos t i m p o r t a n t l e s s o n s t o b e l e a r n e d is t h a t l o g i s t i c s s u p p o r t o f s e r v i c e a b l e s p a c e c r a f t is a n a c t i v i t y t h a t r e q u i r e s d i f f e r e n t knowledge , p e r s o n n e l s k i l l s , a n d management p r o c e d u r e s t h a n NASA and DoD have needed h e r e t o f o r e . An i n s t i t u t i o n a l l o g i s t i c s s u p p o r t b a s e w i l l r e q u i r e a c o m b i n a t i o n o f management g u i d a n c e , a s s i g n m e n t o f o r g a n i z a t i o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s a t v a r i o u s l e v e l s , a n d a n u c l e u s o f t r a i n e d p e o p l e who c a n i m p l e m e n t l o g i s t i c s p o l i c y a n d p r o c e d u r e s . T h e r e is a n i n c r e a s i n g a w a r e n e s s o f t h e r o l e a n d meaning o f s p a c e l o g i s t i c s , a n d

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we must c a p i t a l i z e f u r t h e r on t h i s t r e n d a 3

The t h r u s t o f a l l t h e s e f u n c t i o n s - - - a s s e m b l y , m a i n t e n a n c e , s e r v i c i n g - - - i s t h e same: t o u s e a n d m a i n t a i n o u r c a p i t a l a s s e t s i n s p a c e . S a t e l l i t e s e r v i c i n g a n d m a i n t e n a n c e a r e t h e key t o g a i n i n g t h e mos t v a l u e f r o m t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s . R a t h e r t h a n a c c e p t f a i l u r e s t h a t c o n v e r t s o p h i s t i c a t e d s p a c e c r a f t i n t o e x p e n s i v e junk , we must a d a p t a n d r e p a i r o u r a s s e t s . F u r t h e r , t h e f o c u s m u s t be on s p a c e r e p a i r o p e r a t i o n s w i t h g round r e t u r n a s a l a s t r e s o r t . T h i s w i l l h e l p t o a v o i d s u b j e c t i n g t h e f l i g h t e q u i p m e n t t o t h e h o s t i l e e n v i r o n m e n t o f a round t r i p back t o s p a c e , a v o i d n o n - e s s e n t i a l r e p a i r s , a n d p r o v i d e maximum l e v e r a g e i n c o m p l e m e n t i n g t h e war f i g h t i n g f o r c e s .

DISCLAIMER

T h i s p a p e r r e p r e s e n t s t h e v i e w s o f t h e a u t h o r s a n d d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y r e f l e c t t h e o f f i c i a l o p i n i o n o f ARINC R e s e a r c h C o r p o r a t i o n , U n i t e d S t a t e s Space Command o r t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f t h e A i r Force.

REFERENCES

1. S p a c e Assembly, Main tenance a n d S e r v i c i n g S t u d y , c o n d u c t e d by USAF S p a c e D i v i s i o n , F i n a l R e p o r t , J u n e 1987

2. Comprehens ive O p e r a t i o n a l S u p p o r t Model F o r S p a c e P a p e r , Advanced Technology I n c , 6 A p r i l 88

3. Bubble S p a c e T e l e s c o p e S e r v i c i n g : E x p e r i e n c e Base f o r a New Year by J a m e s C- Welch a n d W i l l i a m W. Brown, Undated