Manned Space Missions

American and Russian

Students will:1) Learn the history of manned space flight2) Be to state the objectives of important

space programs (Apollo, Soyuz, the Space Shuttle and the ISS (International Space Station)

Learning Goals

Students will show their understanding of Learning goals by:

1) Naming early Russian and American missions.

2) Stating the mission profile for the Apollo moon landing missions.

3) Stating the purpose of the Space Shuttle and Space Stations.

4) Discussing the Canadian contribution to the ISS.

Success Criteria

The Right Stuff – The development of the American Space Program and the Early Space Race with the Soviet Union.

Apollo 13 – A mission considered both the greatest failure and greatest triumph in the American space program at that time. Great insight into the Apollo space program.

Recommended Movies

Early Russian and American manned Space

Missions

Vostok 1 – Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin makes the first manned space flight on April 12, 1961

6 total missions prior to June 1963 Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in

space in Vostok 6. Single occupant spacecraft All missions are orbital flights Vostok 4 and 5 fly in formation in 1963 Vostok 5 spends 5 days in space Launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in what

is now Kazakhstan. Craft make landing on land in Kazakhstan.

Vostok Missions - USSR

The Vostok Spacecraft

Alan B. Sheperd becomes the 1st American in Space on May 5, 1961 (sub-orbital mission)

7 missions (5 are orbital) up to 1963 Cooper (in Mercury 9) makes 22 orbits in a

34-hour mission Single astronaut Launched from Cape Canaveral (Kennedy)

in Florida. Splash down in the ocean

Mercury Missions - USA

The Mercury Spacecraft

First missions with a multi-person crew October 12, 1964 Voshkod 1 enters space

with a 3-man crew. The spacecraft is so small the cosmonaut wear no spacesuits and experience “space sickness”

Voshkod 2 lands so far from its target it takes a 2-day rescue mission to find the 2-man crew. This is the last Voshkod mission.

The Russians do not return to space for 3 years after the Voshkod missions.

Voshkod Missions

Voshkod Spacecraft - USSR

2-man missions designed to prepare for the missions to the moon – docking procedures, spacewalks and long duration flights.

10 missions in 1965 and 1966. Most carry future Apollo astronauts

Ed White makes the first spacewalk in Gemini-Titan 4

Americans dock the Gemini spacecraft with the unmanned Agena craft and take missions of up to 13 days.

Gemini Missions - USA

Gemini Spacecraft

Has been used in over 60 missions since it was first developed in 1967

This spacecraft has gone through constant upgrades and includes 2 and 3 man craft

Cosmonaut Komarov becomes the first person to die in a spaceflight in Soyuz 1

This craft has docked with space stations and even made a docking with an Apollo spacecraft

Conducted long duration missions

Soyuz -USSR

Soyuz Spacecraft

Goal: Landing astronauts on the moon 3-man missions – 2 spacecraft – Command

Module (CM) and the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM)

Apollo 7 – 10 prepared for the first moon landing – tested the Saturn V rocket and the lunar module

Apollo 11 – first moon landing – July 20, 1969 - Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin (Michael Collins piloted the CM)

Apollo-12 - good 24 minute video. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FBhIDjWaByg

Apollo - USA

Apollo Spacecraft

Apollo Mission Profile

1) 3-stage launch to boosts the 3-man Apollo space craft into orbit.

2) The “Boost Protective Cover” is released and the Command Module (CM) docks with the Lunar Module (LEM) and pulls it from its protected location.

3) The Command Module (with the Service Module still attached for propulsion) propels both craft until they reach lunar orbit.

4) 2 astronauts enter the LEM, detach from the CM and land on the moon.

The Apollo Mission Profile

5) Astronauts exit the LEM and explore the moon. The Lunar Rover was unpacked from Apollo’s 15 to 17 for greater exploration.

6) The upper part of the LEM takes off from its base and meets the Service Module in orbit. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4S-_9WqwuRU

The Apollo Mission Profile

7) The 2 astronauts re-enter the Command Module and jettison the LEM.

8) The Command Module returns to Earth.

9) Before entering Earth’s atmosphere, the Command Module jettisons the Service Module and rotates to place its heat shield towards the atmosphere.

10) The CM enters the atmosphere, opens its parachutes and “splashes down” in the ocean.

The Apollo Mission Profile

Apollo Docking

Apollo Lunar Module

Apollo Lunar Rover

Apollo 16 Lunar Rover Footage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7o3Oi9JWsyM

Apollo Mission Diagram

Comparison of American Spacecraft

Modern Space Missions

1) With the objective of landing an astronaut on the moon conquered, NASA turned its attention to developing a spaceship that could land on Earth like a plane and be re-used for multiple missions

2) Another purpose of this Shuttle would be to launch satellites for commercial and military purposes and even to repair them if needed.

3) The Shuttle would be also be used to deliver astronauts and materials to build the largest orbital space station ever constructed - the International Space Station.

The Space Shuttle - Purpose

The first Shuttle was launched in 1981. Over the course of the next 30 years, there

were 135 launches using 5 different shuttles (Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavor).

Each Shuttle was designed for 100 missions. The Shuttles were used to deploy satellites,

fix satellites (including the Hubble Space Telescope), carry materials and personnel to the ISS and conduct scientific missions.

Due to the costs of the program, the Space Shuttles were decommissioned in 2011.

Space Shuttle

The “Space Plane” with its cargo bay doors open. The Shuttle could carry 7 astronauts, satellites and cargo and employed the original Canadarm.

The bottom of the Shuttle was coated with a heat-shield made of tiles that would protect the ship on re-entry into the atmosphere.

The Space Shuttle

LengthSpace Shuttle: 184 feetOrbiter: 122 feetHeight Orbiter on runway: 57 feetWingspan 78 feetLiftoff Weight* 4.5 million poundsOrbit 115 to 400 statute milesVelocity: 17,321 mph

Space Shuttle Design

The underside of the Space Shuttles were coated with heat-resistant tiles to protect the spacecraft from burning up on re-entry into the atmosphere. The picture at left gives an indication of the Space Shuttle upon re-entry.

Space Shuttle Tiles

Space Shuttle Mission Profile

Two of NASA greatest tragedies have occurred with the Space Shuttles. Both disasters caused the program to be delayed for over a year while changes wee made.

On January 28, 1986, Challenger exploded 73 seconds after take-off killing 7 astronauts. A seal in the external tank was to blame. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j4JOjcDFtB

On February 1, 2003 disintegrated on re-entry killing 7. Damage to the heat shield lead to the shuttles destruction. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oBTzbKx0jo

Shuttle Disasters

Space StationsSalyut, Sky Lab, Mir and the International Space Station.

Studies in engineering, biology, human health, astronomy and the military have been conducted in a series of space stations

The USSR sent several small Salyut stations into orbit in the 1970’s and 80’s. The stations had military and civilian purposes.

Meanwhile the Americans sent the massive Skylab station into orbit in 1973 and was in use until 1974. It was later burned up in re-entry in 1979 (with pieces landing in Australia)

Early Space Stations

The Russians sent the equally large Mir (meaning Peace) station into orbit in 1986 where it remained in use until 2000 and burned on re-entry in 2001.

It was the first “modular” space station and generally supported crews of 3 for durations as long as 438 days.

Cosmonauts from around the world including 7 Americans (who came via the Space Shuttle) spent time in Mir.

This lead to the development of the International Space Station.

Early Space Stations

Damage during docking in 1997 ultimately led to the decommissioning of Mir.

Sixteen nations are involved in building and supporting the International Space Station

Construction began on the ISS in 1998 with the robotic Proton launch of the Russian module Zarya.

Two weeks later, US module UNITY was launched aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour (STS-88) and attached to Zarya via multiple EVA’s. (EVA = extra-vehicular activity)

All 159 subsequent modules, arrays, truss segments and other various components were delivered by Space Shuttles up through June 2011, and connected by various astronauts and cosmonauts over a whopping 1,020 hours of spacewalks!

The International Space Station

The International Space Station is maintained at an orbital altitude of between 330 to 435 km.

The ISS has an acre of solar arrays to provide power.

With the installation of the final solar arrays, the ISS is now about equal to the length of a football field.

The ISS weighs over 435 tonnes. The ISS has been continually occupied since

October 30, 2000 with a minimum of at least two occupants!

Since that first crew in November of 2000, there have been 35 long-duration Expeditions.

The International Space Station

The Canadian Space Agency’s (CSA) major contribution to the ISS are the robotic are the robotic construction, maintainence and capture components including the Canadarm, Dextre and the Mobile Base System (MBS).

The Canadarm2 is a 17m long robotic arm. The Canadarm2 is routinely used to move supplies, equipment and even astronauts.

As well as supporting the Station’s maintenance and upkeep, it is responsible for performing "cosmic catches," the capturing and docking of unpiloted spacecraft that carry everything from science payloads to necessities for the 6-person crew on board the ISS.

The ISS - Canada

The Canadarm2 capturing the SpaceX Dragon - a privately owned spacecraft designed to deliver supplies and astronauts to the ISS

Dextre is the most sophisticated space robot ever built

Dextre is a space handyman whose role is to perform maintenance work and repairs like changing batteries and replacing cameras outside the ISS.

Dextre will reduce the amount of risky spacewalks.

Dextre can ride on the end of Canadarm2 to move from worksite to worksite on the Mobile Base.

The Mobile Base System provides a moveable work platform and storage facility for astronauts during space walks.

The Mobile Base System (MBS) can move equipment by sliding along a track system mounted along the entire width of the Station.

The ISS - Dextre and the MBS

Above: Dextre and below the MBS on its track moving both the Canadarm2 and Dextre

The picture at right shows members of the ISS crew working in the Columbia module designed by the ESA to conduct studies in Astronomy.

Since the decommissioning of the Space Shuttle program, all astronauts have been sent and returned via the Soyuz spacecraft (seen below after landing in Kazakhstan)

The ISS

The first Canadian to go into space was Marc Garneau on STS-41G (Space Shuttle Mission 41G) in 1984.

The first Canadian woman in space was Roberta Bondar who was on STS-42 in 1992.

Julie Payette was the first Canadian to board the ISS in 1999.

9 Canadians have been in space, with the notable recent tour by Chris Hadfield who was commander of the ISS during a 5-month mission in 2013.

The Space Shuttle and ISS - Canadian Personnel

Above: Marc Garneau and Julie PayetteBelow: Roberta Bondar and Chris Hadfield

The Chinese have orbited a small space station named Tiangong-1. The first Chinese astronauts known as Taikonauts have made 2 visits to the station. Plans are made to orbit a large ISS-like station called Tiangong-3 by 2020.

Private companies have entered the space race as governments have made large cutbacks in funding. Bigelow Aerospace is intent on launching the “inflatable” Genesis space station in the near future.

The American company SpaceX has built the Dragon spacecraft which has delivered payloads to the ISS already. The Dragon will be used to carry astronauts into space in the near future.

Other Space Programs

The Chinese Shenzhao craft docking with Tiangong-1. At left are single and connected modules of the Genesis-1 Space Station.

Modern Space Stations

What issues will face astronauts of the future?

What has been learned from extended missions in space? (International Space Station)

Do we have the technology? What non-science issues do we face?

Future Missions to Mars

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=218poMeCQ-w (PBS - Nova with Neil Degrasse-Tyson) (52:45)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-rEDyCo0ao (History Channel - 44:25)

Short Video of possible Mars Mission to land unmanned explorer. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRCIzZHpFtY (6:45)

Mars Missions - Video

1) Loss of bone mineral density

2) Loss of muscle mass and strength (despite exercise)

Health problems related to long-duration Space Flight