america the prison nation: melding humanistic jurisprudence with a value-centric incarceration model

8/12/2019 America the Prison Nation: Melding Humanistic Jurisprudence with a Value-Centric Incarceration Model

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GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

America the Prison Nation: Melding

Humanistic Jurisprudence with a Value-

Centric Incarceration Model

Saby Ghoshray

The mood and temper of the pub!" #!th re$ard to the treatment of

"r!me and "r!m!nas !s one of the most unfa!!n$ tests of the "!%!!&at!on

of any "ountry'(

From ()*+ to ()),- Ca!forn!a bu!t .( ne# pr!sons- and ony one ne#

un!%ers!ty'.

I' INTRO/0CTION

In the ast three de"ades- the "r!m!na 1ust!"e system !n the 0n!ted Stateshas sh!fted !ts fo"us from rehab!!tat!%e !deas to a pronoun"ed pun!t!%e andretr!but!%e fo"us' Th!s sh!ft !n fo"us !s #!tnessed !n the many states thatha%e str!pped author!ty from the!r paroe board and resorted to apredom!nanty f!2ed senten"!n$ re$!me' Th!s has resuted !n s!$n!f!"ant!n"reases !n both the a%era$e en$th of !n"ar"erat!on for non%!oent "r!mesand the s!&e of the !n"ar"erated popuat!on !n proport!on to the $enerapopuat!on' The sheer enorm!ty of the !n"ar"erated popuat!on !n the 0n!tedStates has transformed the "r!m!na 1ust!"e system !nto a nat!on #!th!n a

/r' Saby Ghoshray spe"!a!&es !n Const!tut!ona La#- Internat!ona La#- Cap!ta3ur!spruden"e- M!!tary Tr!bunas- and Cyberspa"e La#- amon$ others' H!s #or4 has

appeared !n Albany Law Review, ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law,

European Law Journal ERA-Forum, Toledo Law Review, Georetown International Law

Review, Temple !oliti"al # Civil Ri$t% Law, and &ew Enland Law Review- to name a

fe#' The author #oud !4e to than4 3enn!fer S"hu4e for her ass!stan"e !n e$a resear"h and

typ!n$ of the manus"r!pt- and h!s beaut!fu "h!dren- Shreyosh! and Sayantan- for the!r

pat!en"e and understand!n$' 5arm than4s $o to the members of the &ew Enland Journal

on Criminal and Civil Confinement' /r' Ghoshray "an be rea"hed at saby$hoshray

6sb"$oba'net'( ' TH7TAS8SOF97NOLOGY: A SYM9OSI0MON9RISONSAN/CORR7CTIONALLA5-

at % ;Har%ey S' 9erman < Thomas =' A!n$ton eds'- (),)> ;?uot!n$ 5!nston Chur"h!>'. ' /R0G 5AR FACTS (@) ;/ou$as A' M"ay ed'- ,th ed' .BB>- available at

http:DD###'dru$#arfa"ts'or$Dfa"tboo4'pdf ;"!t!n$ TARAE37N AM=ROSIO < INC7NT

SCHIRAL/I- 30STIC7 9OLICY INST'- TR7N/S IN STAT7 S97N/ING- ()*E())@- 77C0TI7S0MMARYEF7=R0ARY()) ;())>>'

@


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GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

@* CRI'I&AL A&( CI)IL C*&FI&E'E&T o' +:(nat!on- thus "ompe!n$ some "ommentators to abe the phenomenon as a!ri%on &ation-or Lo"+down Ameri"a'+Th!s art!"e ta4es an !ntrospe"t!%eoo4 at Amer!"as !n"ar"erat!on system and e2am!nes #hether the "urrentsenten"!n$ re$!me used by "r!m!na "ourts !s "ons!stent #!th a %aueE"entr!"

frame#or4- or !nstead- #hether there !s an o%er re!an"e on a pun!t!%efo"us'

A %aueE"entr!" frame#or4 der!%es !ts fundamenta prem!se from there"o$n!t!on that e%ery !nd!%!dua #!th!n a so"!ety !s "apabe of !mpart!n$%aue' Th!s frame#or4 "as for an anays!s of the e"onom!" tradeEoffbet#een en$thy !n"ar"erat!on and paroe or probat!on' Re"o$n!&!n$ th!stradeEoff !s "r!t!"a !n determ!n!n$ the opt!ma pun!shment for a "r!mebe"ause the s"ope and "onte2t of the pun!shment $!%en !s shaped by theper"e!%ed %aue so"!ety der!%es from the pro"ess' 5h!e the "onser%at!%e!n"ar"erat!on frame#or4 !s pred!"ated on a prem!se that !n"ar"erat!onenhan"es so"!eta %aue throu$h deterren"e and !n"apa"!tat!on-@th!s art!"e"haen$es the pun!t!%e fo"us of the e2!st!n$ !n"ar"erat!on mode'

A sampe of the Amer!"an popuat!on be!e%es !n 1ud!"!a san"t!on as theembod!ment of 1ust pun!shment',The e%out!on of th!s be!ef system "an betra"ed to the eary h!story of the or!$!na "oon!es- #h!"h borro#ed the!rpenoo$!"a pra"t!"es from the =r!t!sh "r!m!na 1ust!"e system'The =r!t!sh

See 9RISONNATION: TH75AR7HO0SINGOFAM7RICAS9OOR;Tara Her!%e '+ See CHRISTIAN 9AR7NTI- LOC8/O5N AM7RICA: 9OLIC7 AN/ 9RISONS IN TH7

AG7OFCRISIS;()))>'@ SeeIssac Ehrlich, On the Usefulness of Controlling Individuals: An Economic

Analysis of Rehabilitation, Incapacitation, and Deterrence,! AM" EC#N" $EV" %&, %!!,

%!'-!( )!*+!", See LIN/A /RAGA MAFI7L/- 5ILLI7 MARTIN < CHRISTIN7 8ITCH7NS- 0'S'

S7NT7NCING COMMN- 30ST 90NISHM7NT: 90=LIC 97RC79TIONS AN/ TH7 F7/7RAL

S7NT7NCINGG0I/7LIN7S (- . ;())>- http:DD###'uss"'$o%Dpub!"atD30ST90N'9/F ;KThe

Senten"!n$ Reform A"t of ()*+ "har$ed the 0'S' Senten"!n$ Comm!ss!on #!th de%eop!n$

the means of measur!n$ the de$ree to #h!"h the senten"!n$- pena- and "orre"t!ona

pra"t!"es are effe"t!%e !n meet!n$ the purposes of senten"!n$ ' ' ' ' These statutory purposes

are: 1ust pun!shment- deterren"e- !n"apa"!tat!on- and rehab!!tat!on'>P %ee al%o.* 0'S'C' Q

))(;b>;.> ;.BBB>' SeeLou!s =' S"h#art&- T$e Ameri"an !enal Sy%tem Spirit and Te"$ni.ue - in)

ANNALS AM' ACA/' 9OL' < SOC' SCI' (- + ;Thorton Se!n < R!"hard /' Lambert eds'-

(),.>' S"h#art& out!nes the !nfuen"es that !mpa"ted the 0n!ted States pena system'Id at

+E' As summar!&ed by the ed!tors of the ANNALS- S"h#art& aso asserts that the "urrent

pena system has "han$ed and be"ome more mer"!fu than the pena system from #h!"h !t

e%o%ed'


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GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

.BB*J )AL/E-CE&TRIC I&CARCERATI*& '*(EL @)system emphas!&ed str!"t !n"ar"erat!on and the death penaty for "r!m!na!nfra"t!ons- both of #h!"h #ere presume that so"!eta %aue "an beenhan"ed by embra"!n$ f!%e pr!mary ob1e"t!%es: deterren"e-* retr!but!on-)

!n"apa"!tat!on-(B rehab!!tat!on-(( and %en$ean"e'(. 5h!e deterren"e-

retr!but!on- !n"apa"!tat!on- and rehab!!tat!on ha%e been e2p!"!tyment!oned !n !terature- %en$ean"e ony e2!sts #!th!n a so"!a "onstru"t'Ho#e%er- th!s ob1e"t!%e !ne%!taby shapes the en$th of !n"ar"erat!on' An!n"ar"erat!on frame#or4 that e2p!"!ty re!es on these ob1e"t!%es !s not asusta!nabe mode- due to !ts !nab!!ty to both fuf! !n"ar"erat!onspenoo$!"a ob1e"t!%es and !mpart %aue to so"!ety'

Thus- at present- "r!m!na a#s and a!ms of the pena system are d!%erse' Certa!n

!nfuen"es- ho#e%er- ha%e affe"ted the de%eopment of a the pena "odes' These

!nfuen"es are the 7n$!sh "ommon a#- 9ur!tan standards of the se%enteenth

"entury- and the Amer!"an front!er' From the front!er "omes the emphas!s upon

ay part!"!pat!on !n the e$a pro"ess' Th!s !s "eary represented !n the !nst!tut!on

of the 1ury and !n !ts effe"t upon a#- pre"edent- and "ourt pro"edures' The $enera

Amer!"an and 7n$!sh host!!ty to !deoo$y- fuy as mu"h as the ay eement- has

ser%ed as a bra4e upon "od!f!"at!on and rad!"a reform' As a resut- the Amer!"an

pena system tends to be anar"h!"- "omp!"ated- na!%ey mora!st!"- and ayE

determ!ned- but !t !s- at the same t!me- e2per!menta- "reat!%e- and pro$ress!%ey

more mer"!fu' 5!th the pass!n$ of the front!er and the re"ed!n$ !nto h!story of

9ur!tan theo"ra"y- the for"es #h!"h produ"ed the "urrent pena system are y!ed!n$

to ne# !nfuen"es' The Mode 9ena Code- profoundy Amer!"an !n sp!r!t and

te"hn!?ue- #oud end the dependen"e of the pena "ode upon the "ommon a# and

offers system and pre"!s!on !n pa"e of frustrat!on and baffement'

Idat ( ;?uot!n$ Thorsten Se!n- ed'>' See enerally/AI/3' ROTHMAN- TH7/ISCO7RY

OF ASYL0M: SOCIAL OR/7R AN/ /ISOR/7R IN TH7 N75 R790=LIC @(- @) ;())B>

;!nd!"at!n$ that dur!n$ the settement per!od- Amer!"an "oon!sts re!ed pr!mar!y on

"orpora and "ap!ta pun!shment- dra#!n$ upon 7n$!sh a#>'* See Furman %' Geor$!a- +B* 0'S' .*- +.E@) ;().> ;Marsha- 3'- "on"urr!n$>

;d!s"uss!n$ the pr!mary ob1e"t!%es of the pun!shment "on"epts of retr!but!on and deterren"eand the!r reat!onsh!p to "ap!ta pun!shment>' 3ust!"e Marsha systemat!"ay "ons!ders and

e!m!nates ea"h of these rat!onaes' F!rst- he e!m!nates retr!but!on- stand!n$ aone- as a

e$!t!mate penoo$!"a ob1e"t!%e "ontend!n$ that Kthe 7!$hth Amendment !tsef #as adopted

to pre%ent pun!shment from be"om!n$ synonymous #!th %en$ean"e' Idat +' Se"ond- he

re1e"ts ar$uments that the death penaty !s a ne"essary deterrent to "r!me !n so"!ety' C!t!n$

resear"h support!n$ the !dea that the death penaty !s no more effe"t!%e a deterrent than !fe

!mpr!sonment- 3ust!"e Marsha asserts that K!Jn !$ht of the mass!%e amount of e%!den"e

before us- I see no aternat!%e but to "on"ude that "ap!ta pun!shment "annot be 1ust!f!ed on

the bas!s of !ts deterrent effe"t'Idat @+') SeeGerhard O'5' Mueer-!uni%$ment, Corre"tion%, and t$e Law- inTH7TAS8S

OF97NOLOGY-%upranote (- at @' Mueer notes:

Cosey reated to the a!m of %!nd!"at!on !s the a!m of retr!but!on' =ut the

addressee of retr!but!on !s a d!fferent one' It !s not the a# !tsefP !t !s- rather- the

or$an!&ed $roup #hose rues ha%e been %!oated and #hose sense of se"ur!ty has

been d!sturbed' Th!s so"!ety !n"udes- of "ourse- the d!re"t %!"t!m of the #ron$ ;or

h!s !mmed!ate reat!%es- !n "ase of a hom!"!de>' 9erhaps- at one t!me the demand

of retr!but!on #as purey that of the d!re"t %!"t!m of the hom!"!de- namey the


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GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

,B CRI'I&AL A&( CI)IL C*&FI&E'E&T o' +:(In the short term- !n"ar"erat!on may ha%e the po#er to "on%!n"e a

potent!a "r!m!na offender not to "omm!t a "r!me- and thus may deterpeope from offend!n$- but !t !s the on$Eterm benef!"!a !mpa"t to so"!etythat has been "haen$ed by "ontemporary resear"h' (5h!e !n"apa"!tat!on

ensures that a "on%!"ted !nd!%!dua !s unabe to reoffend- the on$Etermbenef!t to so"!ety !n !n"apa"!tat!n$ an !nd!%!dua for a proon$ed per!od oft!me rema!ns ?uest!onabe' The ph!osoph!"a underp!nn!n$ of retr!but!on !sthe be!ef that pun!sh!n$ the offender as part of the 1ud!"!a san"t!on ao#sso"!ety- a"t!n$ on behaf of the %!"t!m- to redeem !tsef from a oss !mpartedby the "r!m!na defendant' Ho#e%er- shoud a so"!ety stru"ture !ts "r!m!na

fam!y' =ut as the a# "ommun!ty $re# from the fam!y to the state or nat!on- !t

#as that ar$er body #h!"h be"ame the re"!p!ent of the retr!but!on'

IdCont!nu!n$ on h!s theme of retr!but!on- Mueer aso notes:

Mr' Leopod has "aed !t ban+rupt on two round%: KGett!n$ e%en !s not a %ery

mature mot!%eP and Kthe se"ond reason #hy !t appears to me that reta!at!on !s not

a proper $round for !mpr!sonment !s that #e are not "ons!stent' 5e "oud be mu"hmore drast!" !n the se%er!ty of !mpr!sonment' ' ' ' #Je no on$er #h!p feons' ' ' '

tJhe pub!" "ons"!en"e has $ro#n too tender to perm!t drast!" pun!shments'

Idat @* ;"!tat!on om!tted> ;emphas!s !n or!$!na>' F!nay- Mueer "!tes an art!"e by

Shomo Shoham and %! Son!m that e2pa!ns the "ont!nu!n$ %aue of retr!but!on by

des"r!b!n$:

TJhe "urrenty $ro#!n$ rea!sat!on of many "r!m!noo$!sts that the normat!%e

barr!er a$a!nst pros"r!bed beha%!our ;!n"ud!n$ "r!me> !s stron$y !n4ed #!th the

depth of the !nterna!sat!on of norms and %aues by a "erta!n person' The e2tent to

#h!"h the nonE ;or ant!E> "r!m!na norms ha%e been !n"orporated !nto the

persona!ty of a "erta!n person- ie- h!s be!n$ morally orientated may ar$ey

determ!ne h!s "han"es of be"om!n$ an offender and h!s subse?uent Kreformat!on

or h!s be"om!n$ a re"!d!%!st'

Idat @) ;?uot!n$ Shomo Shoham < %! Son!m- T$e 'oral (ilemma of !enal Treatment-

* 30RI/' R7' (@- (* ;(),> ;footnotes om!tted> ;emphas!s !n or!$!na>>'(B See Andre# /' Le!pod- Re"idivi%m, In"apa"itation, and Criminal Senten"in

!oli"y- 0 ' ST' THOMAS L'3' @, ;.BB,> ;deta!!n$ %ar!ous aspe"ts of re"!d!%!sm-

!n"apa"!tat!on- and senten"!n$ po!"!es>' K=ut !t !s !mportant to remember that !n"apa"!tat!on

#! often be temporary rather than permanent sout!on to the probem of !nmates #ho reE

offend'Id at @+'(( ' 5!th re$ard to rehab!!tat!on- 3ust!"e Ste#arts "omment !n Furman #arrants

repet!t!on:

The penaty of death d!ffers from a other forms of "r!m!na pun!shment- not !n

de$ree but !n 4!nd' It !s un!?ue !n !ts tota !rre%o"ab!!ty' It !s un!?ue !n !ts re1e"t!on

of rehab!!tat!on of the "on%!"t as a bas!" purpose of "r!m!na 1ust!"e' And !t !s

un!?ue- f!nay- !n !ts absoute renun"!at!on of a that !s embod!ed !n our "on"ept

of human!ty'

Furman- +B* 0'S' at B, ;Ste#art- 3'- "on"urr!n$>'(. SeeHARRY7' ALL7N< CLIFFOR/7' SIMONS7N- CORR7CTIONSINAM7RICA: AN

INTRO/0CTION @E* ;Ma"m!an @th ed' ()*)> ;out!n!n$ the h!stor!"a ree%an"e of

%en$ean"e as a rat!onae for pun!shment>P 3OYC7LYNM'9OLLOC8- 7THICS INCRIM7AN/


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GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

.BB*J )AL/E-CE&TRIC I&CARCERATI*& '*(EL ,(1ust!"e system on su"h a pr!m!t!%e "onstru"t(+ Rehab!!tat!on !s morehuman!st!" and !s des!$ned to hab!!tate or repa!r the "r!m!na offender'ModernEday "r!m!na pun!shment pro"edure !s far remo%ed from thepurpose of rehab!!tat!n$ defendants' Th!s !s due- !n part- to the !nfuen"e of

retr!but!%e !mpuses that sur$e throu$h the %e!ns of the Amer!"an "r!m!na1ust!"e me"han!sm' As a resut- these !mpuses ha%e "ome to def!ne theundery!n$ $oas of the 1ud!"!a san"t!on' As stated ear!er- th!s art!"eproposes the adopt!on of a %aueE"entr!" !n"ar"erat!on mode to e2poreho# the e2!st!n$ pun!shment mode fa!s to en"apsuate human "ap!ta andprodu"t!%!ty of a !nd!%!duas #!th!n so"!ety'

Th!s art!"e- therefore- en$a$es a broader !n?u!ry !nto the e2!st!n$!n"ar"erat!on ph!osophy and !ts "ontr!but!on to the preser%at!on of human"ap!ta by ensur!n$ the safety of !ts "!t!&ens' /oes th!s ph!osophy"ontr!bute to the eros!on of human "ap!ta by !n"apa"!tat!n$ a s!$n!f!"antse$ment of the popuat!on #!thout pro%!d!n$ any opportun!ty to "ontr!buteto so"!ety In my %!e#- the !rre%ers!be eros!on of human "ap!ta "an beseen !n the $radua "on%ers!on of Amer!"a !nto a nat!on repete #!th 1a!sand 1a!ors' S!n"e the m!dE()Bs- the number of pr!soners !n o"a- state-and federa "ustody has !n"reased s!$n!f!"anty' Cons!der that:

At yearend s!"J .BB, Federa and State "orre"t!ona author!t!es had

1ur!sd!"t!on o%er (-@B-*,( pr!soners- an !n"rease of .'* s!n"e yearend

s!"J .BB@'

' ' ' '

/ur!n$ .BB,- the pr!son popuat!on $re# at a faster rate than !n the

pre%!ous @ years' The .'* !n"rease !n the number of pr!soners under

State or Federa 1ur!sd!"t!on #as ar$er than the a%era$e annua $ro#th

rate of (') from .BBB throu$h .BB@'(@

Furthermore- !n .BB,- the state pr!son popuat!on !n"reased more rap!dy

30STIC7: /IL7MMASAN//7CISIONS @) ;5ads#orth 9ub$ Co' .d ed' ())+>'( See Nathan Leopod- 0$at I% 0ron wit$ t$e !ri%on Sy%tem1- inTH7TAS8SOF

97NOLOGY-%upranote (- at .)' Leopod notes:

The fa!ure of !mpr!sonment to a"t as a deterrent !s surpr!s!n$ to many' I th!n4 !t

need not be' I th!n4 !ts fa!ure !s eas!y e2p!"abe on the bas!s of the !nd!%!dua

psy"hoo$y of the "r!m!na' No one #ho !ntends to "omm!t a "r!me be!e%es that

he #! be apprehended' If he d!d- he #oud not "omm!t the "r!me' =ut he a#ays

fees sure that he- at east- and th!s t!me- at east- #! not be "au$ht' 5!th th!s

"on%!"t!on- pun!shment oses !ts s!$n!f!"an"e as a deterrent' If the man about to

"omm!t the "r!me fees sure that $e #! not be "au$ht- then $e #! not be

pun!shed- and the thou$ht of !mpr!sonment !s no deterrent'

Id(+ See %upranote )'(@ See5ILLIAM3' SA=OL- H7ATH7RCO0T0R7< 9AIG7M' HARRISON- 0'S' /79T

OF30STIC7- 9RISON7RSIN.BB,- at ( ;.BB>- http:DD###'o1p'usdo1'$o%Db1sDpubDpdfDpB,'pdf'


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GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

,. CRI'I&AL A&( CI)IL C*&FI&E'E&T o' +:(than the federa system- resut!n$ !n more than t#o m!!on peope!n"ar"erated'(, A""ord!n$ to a .BB@ "ensus stat!st!"- the tota number ofpeope !n the "r!m!na 1ust!"e system !n"ud!n$ persons !n"ar"erated-paroed- and under probat!on e2"eeded s!2 m!!on- #h!"h "ompr!sed more

than three per"ent of the "urrent 0n!ted States adut popuat!on'

(

9r!sonstat!st!"s aso re%ea that the tota number of !n"ar"erated !nd!%!duas !n theK0'S' e2"eeds the tota "omb!ned popuat!on of Aas4a- North /a4ota and5yom!n$'(*Some ha%e a""uratey referred to the !n"ar"erated popuat!onas the f!ftyEf!rst state of Amer!"a'()5h!e the 0n!ted States popuat!on"ompr!ses ess than @ of the #ord popuat!on- Amer!"a "an boast that !t

(, See idP 9AIG7M' HARRISON< 37NNIF7RC' 8AR=7RG- 0'S' /79TOF 30STIC7-

9RISON AN/ 3AIL INMAT7S AT MI/Y7AR .BB.- at (E. ;.BB>- http:DD###'o1p'usdo1'$o%D

b1sDpubDpdfDp1!mB.'pdf ;report!n$ that- for the f!rst t!me the tota pr!son popuat!on #as

$reater than t#o m!!on>' Stat!st!"s on pr!son popuat!on are read!y a%a!abe- for e2ampe:

On 3une B- .BB, ' ' ' .-.+@-(*) pr!soners #ere hed !n Federa or State pr!sons or

!n o"a 1a!s ' ' ' an !n"rease of .'* from m!dyear .BB@- ess than the a%era$e

annua $ro#th of '+ s!n"e yearend ())@' TJhere #ere an est!mated +) pr!son!nmates per (BB-BBB 0'S' res!dents ' ' ' up from +(( at yearend ())@' TJhe

number of #omen under the 1ur!sd!"t!on of State or Federa pr!son author!t!es

!n"reased +'* from m!dyear .BB@- rea"h!n$ (((-+B and the number of men rose

.'- tota!n$ (-++@-((@' At yearend .BB@ there #ere -(+@ ba"4 mae senten"ed

pr!son !nmates per (BB-BBB ba"4 maes !n the 0n!ted States- "ompared to (-.++

H!span!" mae !nmates per (BB-BBB H!span!" maes and +( #h!te mae !nmates

per (BB-BBB #h!te maes'

=0R7A0 OF 30STIC7 STATISTICS- 0'S' /79T OF 30STIC7- 9RISON STATISTICS-

http:DD###'o1p'usdo1'$o%Db1sDpr!sons'htm ;see summary of f!nd!n$s> ;ast re%!sed Sept' .-

.BB>'( See enerally LA0R7N 7' GLA7 < THOMAS 9' =ONCAR- 0'S' /79T OF

30STIC7- 9RO=ATION AN/ 9AROL7 IN TH7 0NIT7/ STAT7S .BB@- at ( ;No%' .BB,>-

http:DD###'o1p' usdo1'$o%Db1sDpubDpdfDppusB@'pdf' Ga&e and Thomas report that:9robat!oners !n"ude adut offenders #hom "ourts pa"e on "ommun!ty

super%!s!on $eneray !n !eu of !n"ar"erat!on' 9aroees !n"ude those aduts

"ond!t!onay reeased to "ommun!ty super%!s!on #hether by paroe board de"!s!on

or by mandatory "ond!t!ona reease after ser%!n$ a pr!son term' They are sub1e"t

to be!n$ returned to 1a! or pr!son for rue %!oat!ons or other offenses' At yearend

s!"J .BB@- o%er +') m!!on adut men and #omen #ere under Federa- State- or

o"a probat!on or paroe 1ur!sd!"t!onP appro2!matey +-(,.-@BB on probat!on and

*+-+BB on paroe' The B', $ro#th !n the probat!on and paroe popuat!on

dur!n$ .BB@ an !n"rease of (-,., dur!n$ the year #as more than a f!fth of the

a%era$e annua !n"rease of .'* s!n"e ())@'

Id at (E.'(* See 3OHN IR5IN- INC7NT SCHIRAL/I < 3ASON I7/7N=7RG- 30STIC7 9OLICY

INST'- AM7RICAS ON7 MILLION NONIOL7NT 9RISON7RS + ;()))>-

http:DD###'1ust!"epo!"y' or$D!ma$esDupoadD))E

BR79OneM!!onNon%!oent9r!sonersAC'pdf'() ' 3effreyE3ohn Nun&!ata-Impri%onin t$e 'a%%e% T$e (ar+ Side of a !ri%on State-

;Feb'EMar' ())+>- http:DD###'!mpa"tpress'"omDart!"esDfebmar))D!mpr!son.))'htm'


7/34

GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

.BB*J )AL/E-CE&TRIC I&CARCERATI*& '*(EL ,has more than .@ of the pr!soners !n the #ord'.B

/esp!te the sta$$er!n$ "r!me bud$et- the $ro#!n$ pr!son popuat!on- andthe s4yEro"4et!n$ spend!n$ on 1a!s and 1a!ors- the fre?uen"y of "r!m!naa"ts- and more !mportanty the !n"!den"e of "r!m!na!ty !n so"!ety- ha%e not

#aned'

.(

There !s !tte doubt that the restr!"t!%e "o%enant !n 1ud!"!asan"t!ons of "r!m!na offenders has not pre%ented "r!me rates from soar!n$'The o$!" beh!nd en$thy !n"ar"erat!ons e2p!"!t prom!se to redu"e "r!merates must be re%!s!ted- and the !n"ar"erat!onE"entr!" pun!shment pro"eduremust be re%!e#ed to as"erta!n #hat so"!eta $a!n !s ut!matey der!%ed fromth!s pra"t!"e' Th!s art!"e ur$es po!"yma4ers to e2pore aternat!%e forms of1ud!"!a san"t!ons that ta4e !nto "ons!derat!on retent!on and de%eopment ofhuman "ap!ta as a #eapon a$a!nst the es"aat!on of "r!m!na!ty #!th!n ourso"!ety' A "uture of respe"t that pro%!des un!m!ted poss!b!!t!es for e%ery!nd!%!dua #! foster the abro$at!on of "r!m!na!ty' Therefore- !t !s ofparamount !mportan"e to understand the %aue propos!t!on.. #!th!n ourso"!ety and to e2pore ho# the eros!on of human "ap!ta !s "ontr!but!n$ tothe shap!n$ of a "r!m!na "uture'

5!th th!s ob1e"t!%e !n m!nd- 9art II of th!s art!"e d!s"usses the anatomyof the e2!st!n$ !n"ar"erat!on frame#or4- tra"es the rat!onae beh!nd !tspun!t!%e fo"us- and !ntrodu"es the d!ff!"uty !n re"o$n!&!n$ %aue #!th!n the"urrent frame#or4 due to a fa!ure to understand the "oatera !mpa"t of!n"ar"erat!on' 9art III des"r!bes the %ar!ous "oatera "onse?uen"es of

KThe State of the 0n!on !s stron$ and the prom!se of the future !s !m!tess' Yet

there !s a dar4 s!de to th!s Amer!"a' If trends "ont!nue !n !n"ar"erat!on- an

est!mated ( !n e%ery .B persons ;@ per"ent> #! ser%e some t!me !n a pr!son !n

the!r !fet!me' Maybe !f #e ha%e a @(st state- #e shoud "a !t Kthe pr!son state'

After a- there are more peope !%!n$ !n pr!son than !n some states !n the un!on'

Id;?uot!n$ 0'S' 9res!dent =! C!nton>' See al%o 7LLIOTC0RRI7- CRIM7AN/90NISHM7NT

IN AM7RICA ;Metropo!tan =oo4s ())*> ;KO%er the past t#entyEf!%e years- the 0n!tedStates has bu!t the ar$est pr!son system !n the #ord' =ut desp!te a re"ent do#nturn !n the

"r!me rate- #e rema!n far and a#ay the most %!oent ad%an"ed !ndustr!a so"!ety on earth'>'.B See /R0G5ARFACTS-%upra note .- at (@ ;KMore than )'.@ m!!on peope are

hed !n pena !nst!tut!ons throu$hout the #ord- mosty as preEtr!a deta!nees ;remand

pr!soners> or as senten"ed pr!soners' Amost haf of these are !n the 0n!ted States ;.'()m>-

Ch!na ;('@@m pus> and Russ!a ;B'*m>' A""ord!n$ to the 0'S' Census =ureau- the

popuat!on of the 0n!ted States represents +', of the #ords tota popuat!on ;.)(-+@B-**,

out of a tota ,-B-,*-.(>' ;"!t!n$ ROY5ALMSL7Y- 5ORL/9RISON9O90LATIONLIST(

;th ed' .BB>>P 0'S' C7NS0S =0R7A0- 9O90LATION /IISION- http:DD###'"ensus'$o%D

ma!nD###Dpop"o"4'htm'.( See/R0G5ARFACTS-%upra note .- at (@,E,BP%ee al%o9RISONNATION- %upra

note - at (E'.. Seed!s"uss!on infra9arts II- III' In th!s art!"e- I def!ne the %aue propos!t!on as

the frame#or4 !n #h!"h a poss!be %aue dr!%ers for the !n"ar"erat!on mode are !dent!f!edP

the!r !nd!%!dua %aues are ass!$ned to der!%e the net %aue transferred to so"!ety' I "ontend

that the e2!st!n$ !n"ar"erat!on mode !s !n"apabe of e2tra"t!n$ fu %aue from the

!n"ar"erated !nd!%!duaP hen"e- I present the proposed !n"ar"erat!on mode'


8/34

GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

,+ CRI'I&AL A&( CI)IL C*&FI&E'E&T o' +:(!n"ar"erat!on and e2am!nes ho# the!r !mpa"ts s!$n!f!"anty ater thee2!st!n$ rat!onae for e2"ess!%e !n"ar"erat!on' 9art I de%eops thefore$o!n$ %aue propos!t!on as an aternat!%e pun!shment proto"o bydef!n!n$ the "ost of !n"ar"erat!on- the %aue transferred to so"!ety- and

h!$h!$ht!n$ the defe"ts of the "urrent frame#or4' 9art ar$ues formed!n$ human!st!" 1ur!spruden"e #!th a %aueE"entr!" pun!shmentme"han!sm and obser%es ho# to appy th!s %aue propos!t!on #!th!n thee2!st!n$ "r!m!na 1ust!"e mode' F!nay- 9art I !s the authors "ar!on "ato stop the eros!on of human %aues #!th!n Amer!"as pun!t!%eEfo"used1ud!"!a san"t!on me"han!sm by ma2!m!&!n$ human "ap!ta $a!n at a e%es#!th!n so"!ety- !n"ud!n$ "r!m!na offenders'

II' 7AMININGTH79HILOSO9HYOF90NITI7INCARC7RATION

The future of "r!m!na !n"ar"erat!on !n Amer!"a !s !n dan$er due to thesystems depr!%at!on of !nd!%!dua !bert!es of offenders and !ts departurefrom rehab!!tat!%e !deas' Senten"!n$ !n "r!m!na "ourts shoud not be

based on the depr!%at!on of !nd!%!dua !berty as a $uarantee for restor!n$so"!a order' =y the same to4en- "r!m!na !n"ar"erat!on of an offendershoud not be based on e?uat!n$ the se%er!ty of pun!shment #!th the de$reeof "r!m!na respons!b!!ty' An !n"ar"erat!on frame#or4 based on atemporary oss of !berty foo#ed by a return to so"!ety shoud form thebas!s of "r!m!na pun!shment' Athou$h a "erta!n de$ree of depr!%at!on of!berty !s #arranted to d!m!n!sh the !mmed!ate repet!t!on of "r!m!na!ty orto !mpose a so"!a "ost for "r!m!na!tyUreturn!n$ to so"!ety must o""ursooner rather than ater- and must be a""ompan!ed by an !n"ar"erat!onre$!me that benef!ts the offender #h!e !n "ustody' Ho#e%er- the rea!ty of!n"ar"erat!on #!th!n Amer!"as "r!m!na 1ust!"e system today pa!nts a$oomy p!"ture #h!"h !s the resut of the pun!t!%e tenden"!es present !n the

"urrent "r!m!na senten"!n$ re$!me' These pun!t!%e tenden"!es ha%e be"omese%erey ops!ded a$a!nst any form of human de%eopment'

The or!$!n of todays rea!ty of !n"ar"erat!on !n Amer!"a "an be tra"ed tothe 5ar on /ru$s !n!t!at!%es of the ())Bs- #h!"h had a s!$n!f!"ant !mpa"ton the pr!son popuat!on'.F!rst- dru$ offenders !n pr!sons and 1a!s ha%e

. See 9AIG7M' HARRISON< ALL7N3' =7C8- 0'S' /79TOF30STIC7- 9RISON7RS

IN.BB@- at (B tb'(+ ;No%' .BB,>- http:DD###'o1p'usdo1'$o%Db1sDpubDpdfDpB@'pdf ;report!n$

that at yearEend .BB- federa pr!sons hed a tota of (@*-+., !nmates- of #hom *,-).

;@@> #ere dru$ offenders' =y "ompar!son !n .BBB federa pr!sons hed ((-) tota

!nmates of #hom +-., ;@,> #ere dru$ offenders- and !n ())@ federa pr!sons hed a tota

of **-,@* !nmates of #hom @.-*. ;,B> #ere dru$ offenders'>P MATTH75R' /0ROS7'

0n!ted States 9res!dent Geor$e =ush off!"!ay be$an h!s K#ar on dru$s on

September @- ()*)- #hen he $a%e the f!rst pr!me t!me address of h!s pres!den"y- !n

#h!"h he out!ned the federa $o%ernments strate$y for erad!"at!n$ dru$ use' The

pan "aed for V') b!!on from Con$ress- a V.'. b!!on !n"rease from the

pre%!ous bud$et' Of the V') b!!on that =ush as4ed for- B #oud $o to a#

enfor"ement- #h!"h !n"uded V(', b!!on for 1a!s' Ho#e%er- ony B #ent topre%ent!on- edu"at!on- and treatment' The =ush adm!n!strat!on sou$ht to #a$e !ts

#ar by pr!mar!y fo"us!n$ on demand !n the 0n!ted States- #h!"h- to =ush- meant

atta"4!n$ and arrest!n$ the dru$ user- rather than fo"us!n$ on pre%ent!on-

edu"at!on and treatment- or !nterd!"t!on ;try!n$ to redu"e the suppy of dru$s>'

S!n"e the federa $o%ernment has %ery !m!ted po!"e po#er- !t #oud ha%e to

#a$e th!s #ar throu$h the "oer"!on of states' States that d!d not "ompy #!th the

=ush pan #oud be pena!&ed #!th a redu"t!on !n fund!n$ from the federa

$o%ernment'

Id.+ ' MARCMA07R< RYANS' 8ING- A .@EY7ARW0AGMIR7: TH75ARON/R0GS

AN/ ITS IM9ACT ON AM7RICAN SOCI7TY- TH7 S7NT7NCING 9RO37CT: R7S7ARCH AN/

A/OCACY FOR R7FORM .- ( ;Sept' .BB>-

http:DD###'senten"!n$pro1e"t'or$DAdm!nD/o"umentsD pub!"at!onsDdp.@year?ua$m!re'pdf'.@ ' 3erayn Merr!tt- Trut$-in-Senten"in Law% E4po%ed- TAL8L7FT: TH7 9OL' OF

CRIM7- No%' .- .BB+- http:DD###'ta4eft'"omDstoryD.BB+D((D.D+.D*()B' TruthE!nE

senten"!n$ $eneray refers to %ar!ous d!fferent but reated senten"!n$ po!"!es app!ed to

"on%!"ted offenders #!th!n the "r!m!na 1ust!"e system' In most "onte2ts- ho#e%er- truthE!nE

senten"!n$ po!nts to those po!"!es and e$!sat!%e de%eopments #hose e2p!"!t ob1e"t!%e !s

to e!m!nate paroe- su"h that a "r!m!na defendant ser%es the per!od that they ha%e been

senten"ed'

Most truth !n senten"!n$ a#s re?u!re !nmates to do *@ of the!r t!me' Not

5!s"ons!n' Its (BB' Not ony that- !t app!es to both %!oent offenders and nonE

%!oent property and dru$ offenders' It e!m!nates the roe of the paroe board' And

there !s no $u!de!ne system re?u!r!n$ 1ud$es to senten"e !n a part!"uar ran$e'

Id KF!rst ena"ted !n ()*+- TruthE!nESenten"!n$J a#s re?u!reJ offenders to ser%e a

substant!a port!on of the!r pr!son senten"e' 9aroe e!$!b!!ty and $oodEt!me "red!ts are

restr!"ted or e!m!nated' 9A0LAM' /ITTON< /ORIS3AM7S5ILSON- /79TOF 30STIC7-

TR0TH IN S7NT7NCING IN STAT7 9RISONS ( ;()))>- http:DD###'o1p'usdo1'$o%Db1sDpubD

pdfDtssp'pdf' A""ord!n$ to the truthE!nEsenten"!n$ a#s- K%J!oent offenders reeased from

pr!son !n ()), #ere senten"ed to ser%e an a%era$e of *@ months !n pr!son' Idat (- . tb'('


10/34

GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

,, CRI'I&AL A&( CI)IL C*&FI&E'E&T o' +:(!nd!%!dua senten"!n$ me"han!sms'., As a resut- the paroe boardsfe2!b!!ty !n shap!n$ the en$th of !nd!%!dua "r!m!na !n"ar"erat!on as afun"t!on of per"e!%ed rehab!!tat!%e needs of the !nd!%!dua and probab!!tyof !nd!%!dua re"!d!%!sm has ar$ey been ta4en out of the "urrent

senten"!n$ me"han!sm' In most states- the str!n$ent re?u!rements mandatethat the "on%!"ted !nd!%!dua ser%e more than *@ of h!s senten"e' .In th!sframe#or4- a typ!"a !nmate enters the pr!son system #!th h!s reease datepredom!natey predeterm!ned- thereby ea%!n$ h!m #!th no !n"ent!%e toa"h!e%e any rehab!!tat!%e $oas su"h as a"?u!r!n$ a trade or !mpro%!n$ h!sedu"at!on e%e'

The pre"ed!n$ d!s"uss!on dramat!"ay deta!s ho# the abo!t!on of theparoe me"han!sm and hea%y re!an"e on mandatory !n"ar"erat!on hasrendered the "urrent "r!m!na !n"ar"erat!on mode ar$ey !neffe"t!%e' Thepresent system !s not ony stru"turay unsusta!nabe- but aso !neff!"!entdue to !ts fa!ure to propery en"ompass the stated ob1e"t!%es of deterren"e-retr!but!on- !n"apa"!tat!on- and rehab!!tat!on'.*The pr!mary defe"t !n thee2!st!n$ 1ust!"e me"han!sm der!%es from the fa"t that !n"ar"erat!on po!"y !sshaped by so"!eta sent!ments and po!t!"a man!puat!on- #h!"h !s !n"onf!"t #!th any susta!nabe %aue theory of !n"ar"erat!on' 5h!edeterm!n!n$ the 1ud!"!a san"t!on of a "r!m!na #ron$doer- the pr!mary!nst!n"t !s to #or4 #!th!n a ba"4#ardEoo4!n$ frame#or4' The e2!st!n$!n"ar"erat!on mode !s ba"4#ardEoo4!n$ be"ause !t !s prem!sed on a stat!"parad!$mP th!s parad!$m presupposes that "r!m!na offenders must bepun!shed !n proport!on to the reprehens!b!!ty of the!r a"ts' The stat!" natureof th!s frame#or4 "an be anay&ed on t#o d!st!n"t $rounds' F!rst- th!s %!e#assumes that the "r!m!na "ourt at the t!me of senten"!n$ "an ma4e snap1ud$ments re$ard!n$ the offenders "r!m!na respons!b!!ty on the bas!s ofh!s past h!story as #e as h!s future pro$nos!s' Se"ond- !n d!spers!n$ af!2edEen$th senten"e- th!s %!e# does not ta4e !nto "ons!derat!on the future

rehab!!tat!on and potent!a so"!eta %aue of the "r!m!na offender' Thus-operat!n$ on these erroneous assumpt!ons- the e2!st!n$ !n"ar"erat!on modedoes not re"o$n!&e %aue !n e%ery "omponent of so"!ety' As a resut- !t

K9r!or to reease they ser%ed about haf of the!r pr!son senten"e or +@ months' Id at ('

K0nder truthE!nEsenten"!n$ a#s re?u!r!n$ *@ of the senten"e- %!oent offenders #oud

ser%e an a%era$e of ** months !n pr!son based on the a%era$e senten"e for %!oent offenders

adm!tted to pr!son !n ()),'Id at (- ,' KNeary !n (B State pr!son adm!ss!ons for a %!oent

offense !n ()) #ere !n States re?u!r!n$ offenders to ser%e at east *@ of the!r senten"e'

Id at (' K=y ())*- . States and the /!str!"t of Coumb!a met the Federa TruthE!nE

Senten"!n$ In"ent!%e Grant 9ro$ram e!$!b!!ty "r!ter!a' Id' K7e%en States adopted truthE!nE

senten"!n$ a#s !n ())@- ( year after the !oent Cr!me Contro and La# 7nfor"ement A"t

of ())+'Id., See/ITTON< 5ILSON-%upranote .@- at .'. See id at (- . tb'('.* See 9OLLOC8- %upra note (.- at @) ;d!s"uss!n$ the audabe $oas of reform and

rehab!!tat!on but e2pa!n!n$ that su"h $oas ha%e no pa"e !n a retr!but!%e system>'


11/34

GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

.BB*J )AL/E-CE&TRIC I&CARCERATI*& '*(EL ,transfers ess than opt!ma ut!!ty $a!n to so"!ety- render!n$ the frame#or4bro4en and fundamentay fa#ed'

The ob1e"t!%e of a %aueE"entr!" pun!shment me"han!sm !sfundamentay d!fferent from the e2!st!n$ system' 5!th!n th!s %aueE"entr!"

mode emanates a "ompe2- ut!!tyEdr!%en me"han!sm borne out ofe"onom!" 1ust!f!"at!on' It !s therefore poss!be to !n"orporate the fourob1e"t!%es pre%!ousy def!ned #!th!n th!s %aueE"entr!" pun!shmentframe#or4-.)but not !n the proport!ons "urrenty !n %o$ue' For reasonsh!$h!$hted abo%e- !t !s !mperat!%e to re"o$n!&e that a a"4 of %aue anays!sor ut!!tyEtheoryEbased d!s"uss!on "oud be the pr!mary "ause of the!neffe"t!%eness of e2!st!n$ !n"ar"erat!on modes' Thus- the "urrente$!sat!%e pro"ess that determ!nes "r!m!na pun!shment by de%eop!n$senten"!n$ $u!de!nes !s ar$ey ar"ha!" !n !ts tota a"4 of "omprehens!onof a %aue propos!t!on of !n"ar"erat!on %!sEXE%!s so"!eta !mpa"t'

7%en !f !t #ere "on"eded for the sa4e of ar$ument that a ut!!tyEbasedanays!s has been underta4en to shape the !n"ar"erat!on frame#or4- th!sanays!s has not ne"essar!y been based on a proper %aue propos!t!on'5hat !s meant by the %aue propos!t!on for "r!m!na !n"ar"erat!on !s that thea$$re$ate %aue "an be !mparted to so"!ety by ta4!n$ !nto "ons!derat!on aree%ant mo%!n$ parts that are !n%o%ed !n the de"!s!onEma4!n$ pro"ess !n"r!m!na senten"!n$' There are t#o "ompet!n$ %!e#po!nts' The"on%ent!ona parad!$m ar$ues for retent!on of so"!eta %aue by proon$!n$the !n"ar"erat!on of "r!m!nas' Th!s art!"e see4s to present the "ontrary%!e#po!nt- #h!"h "as for e2tra"t!n$ %aue from a members of so"!ety-!n"ud!n$ "r!m!na offenders' The bas!s of th!s propos!t!on !s der!%ed fromthe re"o$n!t!on that so"!etys des!re for retr!but!on and %en$ean"e turns ab!nd eye to the rehab!!tat!%e ob1e"t!%e of the !n"ar"erated popuat!on- andthus fa!s to e2tra"t so"!eta %aue from those !nd!%!duas' 5!th!n the"urrent system- en$thy !n"ar"erat!on of "r!m!na offenders does not

rehab!!tate !nd!%!duas to the po!nt that they "an !mpart %aue and !nte$rate!nto so"!ety' Th!s !s be"ause the e2!st!n$ mode of "r!m!na !n"ar"erat!onhas not embra"ed the %aue propos!t!on- "a!n$ !nto ?uest!on theeffe"t!%eness of the "urrent senten"!n$ frame#or4 and !ustrat!n$ that"han$e has been stym!ed by !nert!a'

Th!s !nert!a !s dr!%en by t#o fundamenta fa"tors: 1ud!"!a san"t!on andfase rat!ona!ty' 3ud!"!a san"t!ons "an be seen as senten"!n$ $u!de!nesthat are borne out of e$!sat!%e me"han!sms that are predom!nantypo!t!"a pro"esses !n #h!"h the out"omes are based on an asymmetr!"ut!!ty "on"ept' Th!s !s referred to as an asymmetr!" ut!!ty "on"ept be"ause-often t!mes- the po!t!"a pro"ess does not transfer true "!t!&en preferen"es!nto a e$!sat!%e out"ome'

For e2ampe- !t may be poss!be that an !nd!%!dua e$!sator or as!$n!f!"ant popuat!on of h!s or her "onst!tuen"y may not support

.) See id ' at ,(E,.'


12/34

GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

,* CRI'I&AL A&( CI)IL C*&FI&E'E&T o' +:(unreasonaby en$thy !n"ar"erat!on for a part!"uar "r!me' Ho#e%er- !f thepre%a!!n$ po!t!"a en%!ronment supports a tou$hEonE"r!me att!tude- thate$!sator may "hoose not to 1eopard!&e the potent!a of be!n$ ee"ted byendors!n$ a "ontrar!an %!e#po!nt' In the pro"ess- the e$!sator may- thou$h

not %o!t!onay- hep ena"t f!2ed senten"!n$ $u!de!nes that do not supportthe so"!eta %aue propos!t!on d!s"ussed abo%e'

Fase rat!ona!ty- the se"ond fa"tor- !s borne out of an erroneous so"!etare!an"e on retr!but!%e pr!n"!pes and !s nurtured by the under"urrent of%en$ean"e #!th!n so"!ety' Fase rat!ona!ty dra#s !ts 1ust!f!"at!on from a setof erroneous assumpt!ons re$ard!n$ the !mpa"t of !n"ar"erat!on andeffe"t!%ey re1e"ts any human!st!" %aue propos!t!on that may e2!st'=ostered by a po!t!"ay mot!%ated e$!sat!%e pro"ess- th!s restr!"t!%etenden"y of the e2!st!n$ pun!shment me"han!sm be"omes hopeessy!n"apabe of transferr!n$ fu %aue to so"!ety'

There rema!n se%era dr!%!n$ fa"tors that ha%e made the e2!st!n$ modeof !n"ar"erat!on !neffe"t!%e- #h!"h pose a pethora of unans#ered

?uest!ons' These ?uest!ons are paramount !n de%eop!n$ a 1ust ande?u!tabe 1ud!"!a san"t!on!n$ me"han!sm for "r!m!na #ron$do!n$'Cons!der that the tradeEoff bet#een en$thy !n"ar"erat!on and the!mpos!t!on of the "omb!nat!on of paroeEprobat!on has thus far ony beenanay&ed from a so"!eta !mpa"t e%e- or ony from a %!"t!mE"entr!"%!e#po!nt' The %!"t!mE"entr!" anays!s does not a""ount for the "oaterae"onom!" !mpa"t upon the defendants fam!y- the "ommun!ty the "r!m!nadefendant ha!s from- or the defendant h!msef' The "oatera e"onom!"%aue !mpa"t- ho#e%er- has not been a""ounted for !n the "urrent "r!m!na1ust!"e me"han!sm- #h!"h must be ta4en !nto "ons!derat!on !n order tode%eop a %aue propos!t!on for an e?u!tabe and 1ust !n"ar"erat!on mode'

None of the theor!es of !n"ar"erat!on e2am!ne !n deta! the mut!tude oferos!%e !mpa"ts suffered by the "ommun!ty and the fam!y of the!n"ar"erated !nd!%!dua- not to ment!on the de$radat!on of human "ap!tathat ta4es pa"e #!th!n the !n"ar"erated !nd!%!dua' Athou$h e2!st!n$s"hoarsh!p !s a#are of !n"ar"erat!ons ne$at!%e !mpa"t on the"ommun!ty-B e$!sators ha%e not ta4en th!s a#areness !nto a""ount'S!m!ary- e2!st!n$ resear"h has estab!shed the on$Eterm ne$at!%e !mpa"t

B See 3ASONI7/7N=7RG- 30STIC79OLICYINST'- =7YON/=ARS: 3AILSANCTIONS

FOR /R0GER7LAT7/ OFF7N/7RS AR7 HARMF0L AN/ CO0NT7R9RO/0CTI7 ;.BB>-

http:DD###' h"'"a'$o%Dh"d!rDAO/Re%!e#D!edenber$Au$B'

Re"ent resear"h has !um!nated the detr!menta effe"ts of !n"ar"erat!on on both

!nd!%!duas and the!r "ommun!t!es' In"ar"erat!on "an e2a"erbate menta !ness-

!n"rease a persons r!s4 of su!"!de- h!nder the!r empoyab!!ty and d!srupt fam!!es'

3a!s are asso"!ated #!th d!sease- o%er"ro#ded and !nhumane "ond!t!ons and h!$h"osts for "ount!es' Furthermore- !n"ar"erat!on ma4es a person more !4ey to

re"!d!%ate upon reease'

Id


13/34

GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

.BB*J )AL/E-CE&TRIC I&CARCERATI*& '*(EL ,)of !n"ar"erat!on on "h!dren of !n"ar"erated parents- ( yet has fa!ed tod!s"uss ho# to "ombat the onset of "r!m!na!ty amon$ the "h!dren #hoseparents ha%e been !n"ar"erated'

Therefore- a fu %aue e2am!nat!on !s ar$ey m!ss!n$ from the

d!s"uss!on of "r!m!na !n"ar"erat!on' Ar$uments "oud be made that the ossof e"onom!" empo#erment of the fam!y of the !n"ar"erated !nd!%!duane$at!%ey !mpa"ts "h!dren- #h!"h !n"reases the!r "han"es of e!therde%eop!n$ a "r!m!na m!ndset- or $ett!n$ subsumed !n the "uture of"r!m!na!ty' S!m!ary- the oss of a #or4!n$ popuat!on as a resut of!n"ar"erat!on "oud be seen as "ontr!but!n$ to the de$radat!on of a"ommun!ty' /e"reas!n$ the #or4!n$Ea$e popuat!on #oud ne$at!%eyshape the e"onom!" #eEbe!n$ of a "ommun!ty- #h!"h !n turn #oud!nfuen"e the !n"!den"e of !nd!%!dua "r!m!na beha%!or' From th!s- !t "an be!nferred that e"onom!" empo#erment shoud ha%e pos!t!%e e2terna!t!es-

( See 8atheen 3' =o"4 < Mar$aret 3' 9otthast- Girl S"out% 2eyond 2ar%

Fa"ilitatin !arent-C$ild Conta"t in Corre"tional Settin%- inCHIL/R7N5ITH9AR7NTSIN9RISON: CHIL/57LFAR7 9OLICY- 9ROGRAM- AN/9RACTIC7 ISS07S )- )E((B ;Cynth!a

Seymour < Creas!e F!nney Ha!rston eds'- .BB(>'

/!stant pr!sons- !n"on%en!ent %!s!tat!on s"hedues- and the ne$at!%e !mpa"ts of

mothers !n"ar"erat!on on "h!dren present "haen$es for "h!d #efare

profess!onas #ho #or4 #!th the "h!dren of !n"ar"erated mothers' Separat!on by

pr!son "an be de%astat!n$ to "h!dren- resut!n$ !n fee!n$s of abandonment-

sadness- and an$er- and "an ead to eat!n$ and seep!n$ d!sorders- o#er a"adem!"

performan"e- and d!srupt!%e beha%!or' It !s often d!ff!"ut for "h!dren to %!s!t the!r

mothers !n pr!son' 9r!sons may be far a#ay- or "are$!%ers may not be #!!n$ to

ta4e them' 5hen %!s!ts do o""ur- standard %!s!tat!on sett!n$s !n"rease the an2!et!es

e2per!en"ed by "h!dren and the!r mothers' !s!tat!on rooms are !nappropr!ate for

"h!dren- pro%!d!n$ !tte opportun!ty for mean!n$fu parentE"h!d !ntera"t!on'

Se%era states ha%e de%eoped enhan"ed %!s!tat!on pro$rams for !n"ar"erated

mothers and the!r "h!dren' See4!n$ to norma!&e !ntera"t!on- these pro$ramspro%!de more fe2!be %!s!t!n$ s"hedues- pay areas #!th toys and a"t!%!t!es- and

on$er "onta"t t!mes'

Id See enerally Creas!e F!nney Ha!rston- T$e Forotten !arent /nder%tandin t$e

For"e% t$at Influen"e In"ar"erated Fat$er%3 Relation%$ip% wit$ T$eir C$ildren- in

CHIL/R7N5ITH9AR7NTS IN9RISON: CHIL/57LFAR79OLICY- 9ROGRAM- AN/9RACTIC7

ISS07S- %upra note (- at (+)- (@B ;not!n$ that #h!e fe# ser%!"es and pro$rams are

pro%!ded for !n"ar"erated fathers or the!r "h!dren and the !mportan"e of fatherE"h!d

reat!onsh!ps are often !$nored- the sheer number of "h!dren #hose fathers are or #! be

!n"ar"erated #arrants a "oser oo4>P Tra%!s A' Fr!ts"h < 3ohn /' =ur4head- 2e$avioral

Rea"tion% of C$ildren to !arental Ab%en"e (ue to Impri%onment- B FAM' R7L' *E**

;()*(> ;f!nd!n$ parenta absen"e due to !n"ar"erat!on to be reated to bad beha%!or !n

"h!dren>P /en!se 3ohnston- Effe"t% of !arental In"ar"eration- in CHIL/R7N OF

INCARC7RAT7/ 9AR7NTS @)- @)E** ;8ather!ne Gabe < /en!se 3ohnston eds'- ())@>

;re"o$n!&!n$ that parenta !n"ar"erat!on and reated endur!n$ trauma- separat!on- and

!nade?uate "are !nterfere #!th "h!d de%eopment- resut!n$ !n ne$at!%e on$Eterm out"omes-

!n"ud!n$ !nter$enerat!ona !n"ar"erat!on- and be"4ons to re%!s!t the "urrent !n"ar"erat!on

fundamentas>'


14/34

GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

B CRI'I&AL A&( CI)IL C*&FI&E'E&T o' +:(#h!"h "oud %ery #e ead to a o#er "r!me rate' My hope- therefore- !sthat !n"orporat!n$ a ut!!tar!an "r!m!na 1ust!"e system- an"hored !nhuman!st!" 1ur!spruden"e- #oud $arner a fa%orabe !mpa"t on re"!d!%!sm'Athou$h some un"erta!nty rema!ns about ho# to re%erse the "urrent

1ur!sprudent!a o"4do#n approa"h- th!s mu"h !s "ear: by sh!n!n$ ahuman!st!" !$ht on !n"ar"erat!on- #e may be abe to so# do#n- !f not hat-the runa#ay pr!sonEnat!on'.

Th!s art!"e thus far has unra%eed both the shao# nature of the e2!st!n$ph!osophy re$ard!n$ 1ud!"!a san"t!on of "r!m!na offenders and !ts a"4 of%aueEdr!%en e"onom!" anays!s' 5e must "ons!der ho# to "onstru"t a%aue frame#or4- as #e as ho# to de%eop a pun!shment me"han!sm thatma2!m!&es so"!eta %aues #h!e at the same t!me 4eep!n$ step #!th theh!stor!"a e%out!on of deterren"e theory and !n"orporat!n$ any benef!ts of!n"apa"!tat!on and rehab!!tat!on' Coud th!s %aueEbased frame#or4 be!n"orporated #!th!n our e2!st!n$ pena system Can !t eas!y be!n"orporated !nto both the e$a and so"!a frame#or4 #!thout ma4!n$many r!ppes These ?uest!ons are !mportant !n th!s anays!s- as thepo!t!"a pro"ess and so"!eta a""eptan"e are 4ey fa"tors !n the!mpementat!on of any s!$n!f!"ant "han$e'

To estab!sh the %aue propos!t!on- !t !s !mportant to understand thetradeEoff bet#een e2p!"!t re!an"e on deterren"e and retr!but!on- and there"o$n!t!on of a %aueE"entr!" frame#or4 of !n"ar"erat!on' /esp!te thed!ff!"ut!es !mp!"!t !n a %aueEdr!%en "r!m!na 1ust!"e system- a susta!nabe%aue propos!t!on of !n"ar"erat!on !s unatta!nabe #!thout fuy !nte$rat!n$the "oatera !mpa"t on the tr!o of fam!y- "ommun!ty- and !nd!%!dua' It !stherefore !mportant to d!s"uss some of the dra#ba"4s of en$thy!n"ar"erat!on and ho# th!s $!%es r!se to "oatera !mpa"ts on theaforement!oned tr!o' 5!thout "omprehend!n$ th!s "oatera !mpa"t of!n"ar"erat!on- the eements of human "ap!ta or human!st!" 1ur!spruden"e#! fater !n the fa"e of the stron$- retr!but!%e- and %en$ean"eEdr!%ensystem "urrenty endorsed by so"!ety'

III' COLLAT7RALIM9ACTAN/HO5ITAFF7CTSTH7AL079RO9OSITIONOFINCARC7RATION

7"onom!" anays!s of "r!m!na a# re!es on ant!"!pat!n$ a poss!beout"omes of an a"t!on and subse?uenty ass!$n!n$ e"onom!" %aue to thoseout"omes under probab!!st!" "ond!t!ons'Th!s out"ome determ!nat!on and

. See enerally9RISONNATION-%upranote ' ' N0NO GARO09A- AN 7CONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CRIMINAL LA5 ;.BB>-

available at http:DD.B)'*@'(.)'(B+Dsear"h?"a"he:nr+T25SRI$3:esn!e'uE

par!s(B'frDpdfDte2tes.BB+ DGaroupa"r!m!naa#B('pdfZ..AnZ7"onom!"ZAnays!sZofZCr!m!naZLa#..


15/34

GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

.BB*J )AL/E-CE&TRIC I&CARCERATI*& '*(EL (%aue ass!$nment !s hea%!y !nfuen"ed by some spe"!f!ed theory of %aue-#h!"h then ao#s for de%eop!n$ a spe"!f!" d!re"t!on to a""ount for the%ar!ous out"omes and d!%er$!n$ states of affa!rs that "oud e%o%e'+Th!s !nturn "an hep as"erta!n #hat the a# !s try!n$ to ma2!m!&e' 5!th!n the

e2!st!n$ frame#or4- there !s an o%eremphas!s on deterren"e and retr!but!on'Th!s !s due to the erroneous !dent!f!"at!on of ree%ant %ar!abes that"onf!nement a# !s try!n$ to ma2!m!&e' The !nab!!ty to a""ount for aposs!be out"omes of the !nd!%!dua ob1e"t!%es of "r!m!na !n"ar"erat!on- !nthe absen"e of a frame#or4 of e"onom!" %aue determ!nat!on- e2pa!ns #hyan asymmetr!" re!an"e !s pa"ed on deterren"e and retr!but!on'@

For e2ampe- the e2!st!n$ "r!m!na 1ust!"e system see4s to prote"t so"!etyby depr!%!n$ "r!m!na offenders of the!r !bert!es' Th!s "onstru"t !s !m!tedby a restr!"ted set of "ontempated out"omes su"h as #hether: ;!> theoffender #! harm the pub!" !f not !n"ar"eratedP ;!!> the offender #! notharm the pub!" !f !n"ar"eratedP and ;!!!> more offenders #! harm so"!ety!f en$th of !n"ar"erat!on for a spe"!f!" "ase !s 4ept beo# a spe"!f!edper!od' If one #ere to anay&e a poss!be out"omes under %ar!ous"ond!t!ons- one #oud arr!%e at the s!mp!st!" s"enar!o of the f!rst out"ome-#h!"h #! !mpart ma2!mum %aue to so"!ety'

Ho#e%er- th!s s"enar!o suffers from an o%ers!mp!f!"at!on on a""ount of

!nst!tut!ons' 7"onom!" eff!"!en"y means that there !s no #ay to ma4e a "han$e that

benef!ts someone #!thout harm!n$ someone ese' A $!%en "han$e !s eff!"!ent !f

those #!nn!n$ from that "han$e "ompensate those os!n$ so that no one !s #orse

off after the "han$e' Th!s !s the #eE4no#n K9areto eff!"!en"y' Most of our

anays!s !s based on a ess restr!"t!%e "on"ept of eff!"!en"y- so"!a #efare

ma2!m!&at!on or K8adorEH!"4s eff!"!en"y' 0nder th!s ess restr!"t!%e "on"ept- a

$!%en "han$e !s eff!"!ent !f an !nd!%!dua "oud !n pr!n"!pe "ompensate those #ho

ose and rema!n better off but #!th no re?u!rement pa"ed on the benef!"!ary to

a"tuay hand o%er "ompensat!on' 0nderstand!n$ eff!"!en"y !s fundamenta to the

e"onom!" anays!s of "r!m!na a# !n t#o #ays' F!rst- !n a pos!t!%e sense- to

e%auate the eff!"!en"y of "urrent !nst!tut!ons' Se"ond- !n the normat!%e s!de- to

propose more eff!"!ent !nst!tut!ona arran$ements'

Id+ ' The term spe"!f!" theory of %aue refers to the frame#or4 by #h!"h !nd!%!dua

%aue dr!%ers are !dent!f!ed- asso"!ated #!th the!r !nd!%!dua %aues- and a$$re$ate %aue !s

"a"uated' Therefore- !t !s my "ontent!on that- e2tra"t!n$ %aue from a spe"!f!" pro"ess #!

depend on the undery!n$ %aue theory that !s ut!!&ed'@ See CHRISTYISH7R- TO=I9ALM7R< CAT7RINAGO0ISROMAN - 0R=ANINST'-

CL77LAN/ STA87HOL/7RS 97RC79TION OF 9RISON7R R77NTRY . ;.BB>-

http:DDurban'or$D 0poaded9/FD+((@(@"e%eandpr!sonerreentry'pdf'

5hen as4ed to !dent!fy the pr!mary barr!ers that former pr!soners en"ounter #hen

return!n$ to the "ommun!ty- most sta4ehoders "!ted empoyment as the pr!mary

barr!er' Ser%!"e pro%!ders part!"uary fet that there are !nsuff!"!ent empoymentopportun!t!es are a%a!abe to th!s popuat!on- be"ause the!r s4!s are not

"omparabe #!th 1obs a%a!abe !n the "ommun!ty'

Id


16/34

GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

. CRI'I&AL A&( CI)IL C*&FI&E'E&T o' +:(!ts !nab!!ty to en"ompass a broader set of poss!be out"omes' The poss!beout"omes that ha%e been eft out !n th!s s!mp!st!" mode "oud !n"ude: ;!>so"!ety #! be harmed by the future onset of "r!m!na!ty on the "r!m!naoffenders "h!dren- !f the en$th of !n"ar"erat!on e2"eeds a spe"!f!ed per!od

of t!meP ;!!> so"!ety #! be harmed by eros!on of the "ommun!ty- !f theen$th of !n"ar"erat!on e2"eeds a spe"!f!ed per!od of t!meP and ;!!!> so"!ety#! be harmed !f the "r!m!na offender !s not pro%!ded #!th ade?uaterehab!!tat!on #h!e !n"ar"erated' 5h!e the poss!be out"omes abo%e donot "onst!tute an e2haust!%e set of s"enar!os- !t sho#s ho# %ar!ousd!mens!ons of "oatera "onse?uen"es of !n"ar"erat!on ha%e not beenfa"tored !nto the "urrent !n"ar"erat!on mode' Thus- any senten"!n$stru"ture used by the "ourts must en"ompass a poss!b!!t!es that "oudemer$e from a spe"!f!" senten"!n$ de"!s!on' A!$n!n$ a su"h poss!beout"omes and atta"h!n$ the!r est!mated probab!!ty of o""urren"e #! ao#for the de%eopment of a 1ustEpun!shment me"han!sm' Therefore- !f one#ere to a!$n a the proper %ar!abes- !dent!fy the e"onom!" %auesass!$nabe to ea"h of these %ar!abes- and "a"uate the %aue $a!n toso"!ety- !t #! be poss!be to redu"e the emphas!s on deterren"e andretr!but!on- resut!n$ !n a more e?u!tabe and %aueE"entr!" !n"ar"erat!onmode'

To understand th!s %aue propos!t!on- one must re"o$n!&e the net %auetransferred to so"!ety as an a$$re$at!on of %aues der!%ed from a poss!bes"enar!os or out"omes- su"h that the set of a out"omes en"ompasses aho!st!" %!e# of !n"ar"erat!on' In the present system- an out"ome representsa spe"!f!" and narro# ob1e"t!%e of !n"ar"erat!on- su"h as retr!but!on-%en$ean"e- !n"apa"!tat!on- or rehab!!tat!on', Yet there !s a m!ss!n$eementUthe fu spe"trum of "oatera "onse?uen"es- #h!"h "an bespe"!f!ed as a state of affa!rs that the a# must ma2!m!&e'

In order to spe"!fy "oatera "onse?uen"es as a state of affa!rs- the fu!mpa"t of these "onse?uen"es under %ar!ous "ond!t!ons of !n"ar"erat!onmust be understood' F!rst- en$thy !n"ar"erat!on !n"reases the "haen$e off!nd!n$ empoyment after a pr!soner !s reeased' Se"ond- the en$th of!n"ar"erat!on !s d!re"ty proport!ona to the !n"reased d!ff!"uty !nre"onne"t!n$ #!th fam!y' Th!s !s "aused by three d!st!n"t fa"tors' The f!rst!s that en$thy !n"ar"erat!on d!storts the symmetry and baan"e of fam!y

, See %uprate2t a""ompany!n$ notes *E(.' ' In th!s "onte2t- I dra# attent!on to the $enera a"4 of rehab!!tat!on pro%!ded !n

present day !n"ar"erat!on' If the e2!st!n$ pena system pro%!des mean!n$fu rehab!!tat!on

and sur%!%a s4!s- there #! not be su"h a de%astat!n$ !mpa"t- as I ha%e h!$h!$hted

throu$hout th!s art!"e' See enerally 3ohn Ha$an- (en%ity and (rift Sub"ultural

!referen"e%, Statu% Attainment%, and t$e Ri%+% and Reward% of 5out$- @, AM' SOC' R7'

@, ;())(> ;not!n$ that de!n?uen"y had a more ser!ous ne$at!%e effe"t on future

empoyment for o#erE!n"ome youths "ompared to those from h!$her so"!oEe"onom!"

ba"4$rounds>'


17/34

GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

.BB*J )AL/E-CE&TRIC I&CARCERATI*& '*(EL !fe'*The se"ond !s that en$thy !n"ar"erat!on !n"reases the de!n?uen"y of1u%en!es #!th !n"ar"erated parents') Thus- !n rea!ty- both of theses"enar!os s!$n!f!"anty enhan"e the probab!!ty of "r!m!na!ty !n so"!ety-#hereas the !ntended purpose !s the oppos!te- #h!"h !s to de"rease "r!m!na

re"!d!%!sm' Th!rd- as the en$th of the !n"ar"erat!on !n"reases- the!nd!%!dua be"omes ess "onne"ted #!th fam!y and so"!ety and- as a resut-!s ess prepared for "ommun!tyEbased so"!a reentry pro$rams'+B

Susta!ned !n"ar"erat!on produ"es other "oatera "onse?uen"es- a of#h!"h s!$n!f!"anty d!m!n!sh the o%era so"!eta %aue' As the en$th of!n"ar"erat!on !n"reases #!th!n a f!2ed senten"!n$ $u!de!ne- part!"uary#hen the !n"ar"erated !nd!%!dua "annot !nfuen"e the !n"ar"erat!onout"ome- the !nd!%!dua oses hope' Th!s hopeessness ma4es the!n"ar"erated !nd!%!dua more prone to substan"e abuse and sub1e"t tomenta heath de$radat!on' In add!t!on- the en$th of !n"ar"erat!on restr!"tsthe ab!!ty of the !nd!%!dua to pro"ure 1obs- hous!n$- or so"!a ser%!"es-render!n$ the !n"ar"erated !nd!%!dua %aueess to so"!ety'+( Th!s "earydemonstrates ho# the "urrent !n"ar"erat!on mode shapes theunderut!!&at!on of human "ap!ta as an asset' 7%en a s!$ht re!an"e onrehab!!tat!on !n4ed #!th paroeEprobat!on aternat!%es "oud s!$n!f!"anty!n"rease the ut!!&at!on of human "ap!ta from a so"!etaE%aueEenhan"ementperspe"t!%e' These aspe"ts of asset ut!!&at!on of human "ap!ta must be!n"orporated !n de%eop!n$ the e"onom!" %aue theory of !n"ar"erat!on'Coud there be a potent!a tradeEoff bet#een ma2!m!&!n$ a defendants!nd!%!dua human "ap!ta ut!!&at!on #!th that of ma2!m!&!n$ so"!etysse"ur!ty %!a deterren"e 5h!e th!s seems to be a d!ff!"ut ?uest!on toaddress- further e2porat!on of "oatera "onse?uen"es #! !dent!fy thepotent!a tradeEoffs #h!e de%eop!n$ a more human!st!" %!e#po!nt of"r!m!na pun!shment'

A' /ef!n!n$ Coatera Conse?uen"es of In"ar"erat!on

Coatera effe"ts of !n"ar"erat!on "an be def!ned as those "onse?uen"esthat ha%e not been "aptured #!th!n the e2!st!n$ %!"t!mE"entr!" 1ud!"!asan"t!on me"han!sm'+. These "onse?uen"es resut from the "r!m!naoffenders !n"ar"erat!on and ha%e not been a""ounted for !n the ob1e"t!%es

* See=R0C757ST7RN- INCARC7RATION- MARRIAG7- AN/FAMILYLIF7 + ;.BB+>-

available at http:DD###'russesa$e'or$Dpub!"at!onsD#or4!n$papersD!n"ar"erat!onmarr!a$e

fam!y!feDdo"ument ;not!n$ ho# the st!$ma of !n"ar"erat!on affe"ts fam!y reat!onsh!ps and

e%entuay #ea4ens the bond>') See idat *'+B See idat +E,P 3OAN 97T7RSILIA- 5H7N 9RISON7RS COM7 HOM7: 9AROL7 AN/

9RISON7R R77NTRY+BE+( ;.BB> ;e2pa!n!n$ that !nd!%!duas #ho en$a$e !n a "r!m!na

!festye ha%e a d!ff!"ut t!me re"onne"t!n$ upon return!n$ to K"on%ent!ona so"!ety>'+( SeeHa$an-%upranote - at @)'+. See enerally INISI=L7 90NISHM7NT: TH7 COLLAT7RAL CONS7W07NC7S OF

MASSIM9RISONM7NT;Mar" Mauer < Meda Chesney eds'- .BB.>'


18/34

GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

+ CRI'I&AL A&( CI)IL C*&FI&E'E&T o' +:(of !n"ar"erat!on' The pr!mary assumpt!on empoyed for !n"orporat!n$"oatera effe"ts of !n"ar"erat!on !nto an e"onom!" %aue theory !s based onthe "on"ept that e%ery a"t!on has both !mp!"!t and e2p!"!t "onse?uen"es'Therefore- "on"eptuay- there are "onse?uen"es of !n"ar"erat!on that "oud

be "hara"ter!&ed as !mp!"!t- and hen"e- may not ha%e been re"o$n!&ed !nthe e2!st!n$ "ostEbenef!t anays!s' Ho#e%er- #hen !t "omes to !n"ar"erat!on-the terms Kd!re"t or K!nd!re"t are not absoute termsP rather- they arebased on the po!nt of referen"e be!n$ used'

In"ar"erat!on !s the resut of a "r!m!na a"t and therefore has dua po!ntsof referen"e: the %!"t!m and the offender' If the "onse?uen"es are %!e#edfrom a %!"t!mE"entr!" po!nt of %!e#- the "onse?uen"es of !n"ar"erat!one2per!en"ed by the offender- the offenders fam!y- and the "ommun!ty#here the offender "omes from are "ons!dered !nd!re"t "onse?uen"es of!n"ar"erat!on' The %ery same "onse?uen"es e2per!en"ed by the offenders-the!r fam!!es- and "ommun!t!es "an be seen as d!re"t "onse?uen"es !f%!e#ed from the offenders po!nt of %!e#' =e"ause these effe"ts are rea-per%as!%e- and pers!stent- and "an be further "ate$or!&ed !nto "ommun!ty-fam!y- and !nd!%!dua- !t !s ar$uabe #hether "oatera "onse?uen"es arerea "onse?uen"es- for$otten by so"!ety- and s!deEs#ept by the po!t!"apro"ess of !n"ar"erat!on'

KThese effe"ts are pers!stent and per%as!%e and "an !n"ude persona-so"!a- f!nan"!a- emot!ona- psy"hoo$!"a- and phys!"a "on"erns'+ Notony do these ne$at!%e effe"ts per"oate #!th!n "ommun!t!es- they aso ha%ethe transferen"e effe"t of d!m!n!sh!n$ human "ap!ta a"ross the"ommun!ty'++Resear"h has su$$ested that the remo%a of offenders from"ommun!t!es as a resut of en$thy !n"ar"erat!on has done more harm than$ood- espe"!ay !n Afr!"anEAmer!"an and H!span!" "ommun!t!es'+@Th!s !s

+ ' CO0NCILONCRIM7AN/30STIC7- TH7COLLAT7RAL7FF7CTSOFINCARC7RATION

ON FATH7RS- FAMILI7S- AN/ COMM0NITI7S+ ;.BB,>- available at ###'"r!meand1ust!"e'or$D"oun"!!nfo'"fmpI/@ ;foo# KCoatera 7ffe"ts of In"ar"erat!on on Fathers- The!r

Fam!!es- and Commun!t!es hyper!n4>'++ Id+@ ' Cra!$ Haney < 9h!!p !mbardo-T$e !a%t and Future of /S !ri%on !oli"y

Twenty-Five 5ear% After t$e Stanford !ri%on E4periment- @AM' 9SYCHOL' B)- (, ;())*>

;not!n$ that at the start of the ())Bs- the 0'S' had Kmore youn$ =a"4 men ;bet#een the

a$es of .B and .)> under the "ontro of the nat!ons "r!m!na 1ust!"e system ' ' ' than the tota

number !n "oe$e'> ;"!tat!on om!tted>' Th!s- and other fa"tors- ha%e ed some s"hoars to

"on"ude that K"r!me "ontro po!"!es are a ma1or "ontr!butor to the d!srupt!on of the fam!y-

the pre%aen"e of s!n$e parent fam!!es- and "h!dren ra!sed #!thout a father !n the $hetto-

and the !nab!!ty of peope to $et the 1obs st! a%a!abe'Id;"!tat!on om!tted>' A%a!abe

pub!" data presents a $r!m p!"ture of the !mpa"t of "r!m!na !n"ar"erat!on on persons of

"oor' For e2ampe- a""ord!n$ to .BB+ stat!st!"s- Kthe tota number of peope d!senfran"h!sed

due to a feony "on%!"t!on had r!sen to @' m!!on out of #h!"hJ ' ' ' ( !n (. Afr!"an

Amer!"ans #as d!senfran"h!sed be"ause of a feony "on%!"t!on- a rate neary f!%e t!mes that

of nonEAfr!"an Amer!"ans' RYANS' 8ING- S7NT7NCING9RO37CT- A /7CA/7OFR7FORM:

F7LONY /IS7NFRANCHIS7M7NT 9OLICY IN TH7 0NIT7/ STAT7S . ;.BB,>- http:DD###'


19/34

GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

.BB*J )AL/E-CE&TRIC I&CARCERATI*& '*(EL @ar$ey due to the fa"t that !mpr!sonment d!sproport!onatey !mpa"tsAfr!"anEAmer!"an and H!span!" men and "ommun!t!es'+,

Re"ent stat!st!"s !nd!"ate that more than e!$hty per"ent of adut pr!sonersreeased a"ross the "ountry !n .BBB ha%e returned to ma1or metropo!tan

areas- a stat!st!" #h!"h !s up from f!fty per"ent !n ()*@'

+

9r!soner reentryhas not re"e!%ed a s!$n!f!"ant emphas!s !n !terature- yet !t forms a %ery!mportant fa"tor !n the fu e2p!"at!on of a %aueE"entr!" theory of!n"ar"erat!on' More !mportanty- reentry !nto "ommun!t!es !s "on"entrated!n ony a fe# ne!$hborhoods resut!n$ !n a h!$h "on"entrat!on of return!n$pr!soners #ho !mpose a $reat "ost upon o"a "ommun!t!es'+*

The "ost to so"!ety !n"reases s!$n!f!"anty as a resut of pr!sonersreentry and must be "ons!dered #hen des!$n!n$ a 1ud!"!a san"t!onme"han!sm based on an e"onom!" %aue theory frame#or4' F!rst- there ares!$n!f!"ant "osts asso"!ated #!th "r!me and pub!" safety' As the number of"r!m!nas enter!n$ the "ommun!ty !n"reases- so does the r!s4 to the pub!"'+)

senten"!n$pro1e"t'or$DAdm!nD/o"umentsDpub!"at!onsDfdde"adereform'pdf' Th!s per"entEa$e "an aso be anay&ed d!fferenty to refe"t that- KtJh!rteen per"ent of a adut ba"4 men

U('+ m!!onUare d!senfran"h!sed- represent!n$ oneEth!rd of the tota d!senfran"h!sed

popuat!on and refe"t!n$ a rate of d!senfran"h!sement that !s se%en t!mes the nat!ona

a%era$e' 3AMI7F7LLN7R< MARCMA07R- S7NT7NCING9RO37CT- LOSINGTH7OT7: TH7

IM9ACT OF F7LONY /IS7NFRANCHIS7M7NT LA5S IN TH7 0NIT7/ STAT7S * ;())*>-

http:DD###'senten"!n$pro1e"t'or$DtmpDF!eDFRDfdos!n$the%ote'pdf ;"!t!n$ LYNN7 M'

CAS97R< LOR7TTA7' =ASS- 0'S' C7NS0S=0R7A0- OTINGAN/R7GISTRATION INTH7

7L7CTIONOFNO7M=7R()), ;())*>- http:DD###'"ensus'$o%DprodDD)*pubsDp.BE@B+'pdf>'

In add!t!on- Kamost one !n three ba"4 men bet#een the a$es of .B and .) years are under

"orre"t!ona super%!s!on or "ontro' MARC MA07R < TRACY H0LING- S7NT7NCING

9RO37CT- YO0NG =LAC8 AM7RICANS AN/ TH7 CRIMINAL 30STIC7 SYST7M: FI7 Y7ARS

LAT7R ( ;())@>-

http:DD###'senten"!n$pro1e"t'or$DAdm!nD/o"umentsDpub!"at!onsDrdyoun$ba"4

@yrsater'pdf' 5hen !t "omes to the probab!!ty of $o!n$ to pr!son dur!n$ a !fet!me- !t !sh!$hest amon$ ba"4 maes ;.'.>- foo#ed by H!span!" maes ;('.> and o#est amon$

#h!te maes ;@')>' THOMAS 9' =ONCAR- 0'S' /79T OF 30STIC7- 9R7AL7NC7 OF

IM9RISONM7NT IN TH7 0'S' 9O90LATION- ()+E.BB(- at * tb') ;.BB>- http:DD###'o1p'

usdo1'$o%Db1sDpubDpdfDp!uspB('pdf' The !fet!me "han"es of $o!n$ to pr!son amon$ ba"4

femaes ;@',> #ere neary as h!$h as for #h!te maes- foo#ed by H!span!" femaes

;.'.>- #h!e #h!te femaes ;B')> had mu"h o#er "han"es of $o!n$ to pr!son' Id+, ' See =ONCAR-%upra note +@- at * tb')'+ ' LISA 7' =ROO8S 7T AL'- 30STIC7 9OLICY CTR'- 9RISON7R R77NTRY IN

MASSACH0S7TTS ;Mar"h .BB@>- http:DDurban'or$Dupoaded9/FD+(((,9r!sonerRe

entryMA'pdf ;footnote om!tted> ;not!n$ resear"h f!nd!n$s that KtJ#oEth!rds of the adut

pr!soners reeased a"ross the "ountry !n ()), returned to ma1or metropo!tan areasUup from

@B per"ent !n ()*+>'+* See /INAR' ROS7AN/TO//R' CL7AR- INCARC7RATION- R77NTRY- AN/SOCIAL

CA9ITAL: SOCIAL N7T5OR8S IN TH7 =ALANC7 (* ;.BB.>- http:DD###'urban'or$DupoadedpdfD +(B,.So"!aCap!ta'pdf'+) See id

5h!e members of h!$h !n"ar"erat!on ne!$hborhoods fre?uenty "a for more


20/34

GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

, CRI'I&AL A&( CI)IL C*&FI&E'E&T o' +:(Th!s aso !n"reases the rate of unempoyment and homeessness'@BLon$ert!me ser%ed beh!nd pr!son bars !mpa"ts the e%e of atta"hments theoffender "an ma!nta!n #!th both fam!y and "ommun!ty'@( 7mp!r!"aresear"h su$$ests that the on$er the term of !n"ar"erat!on fa"ed by a

pr!soner- the ess atta"hment the !n"ar"erated !nd!%!dua reta!ns #!th h!s orher fam!y'@.Th!s- !n turn- !mpa"ts the offenders re!nte$rat!on !nto so"!etyupon reease from pr!son' /ue to attenuat!on !n the atta"hment bet#een theoffender- fam!y members and so"!ety- !t "an be ar$ued that the en$th of!n"ar"erat!on ad%ersey affe"ts the pr!soners reentry !nto so"!ety'@

=' Coatera Impa"t on the Ind!%!dua

Coatera "onse?uen"es of !n"ar"erat!on ha%e not been fa"tored !ntosenten"!n$ determ!nat!ons made by "ourts' Th!s !s due to the fa"t that"urrent d!s"ourse re$ard!n$ the "r!m!na 1ust!"e system assumes a %!"t!mE"entr!" %!e#po!nt'@+ Therefore- #hen the term K"oatera !s atta"hed- !trefers to the !mpa"t upon the "r!m!na offender- and the authent!"!ty of su"h

an !mpa"t be"omes e!ther tr!%!a!&ed or s!$n!f!"anty redu"ed' 7%en !f th!spo!nt !s "on"eded- the %aue of the "r!m!na defendant st! must be!nd!re"ty measured by h!s or her "omm!ss!on of a "r!me' As "oateraeffe"t at an !nd!%!dua e%e "an be seen "on"eptuay as the oss of human"ap!ta- !t "an be pre%ented by pro%!d!n$ the !nd!%!dua #!th some a%enueof redempt!on'@@In th!s "onte2t- human "ap!ta "an be def!ned as a humanss4!s and ab!!t!es as a "ontr!but!on to so"!ety'@,Th!s !s be"ause human"ap!ta pro%!des a ens throu$h #h!"h so"!ety "an assess an !nd!%!duas

"r!me "ontro !n the!r "ommun!t!es- there aso are m!2ed fee!n$s about the

reat!onsh!p bet#een res!dents and the po!"e and the "r!m!na 1ust!"e system !n

$enera' Reentry e2a"erbates these fee!n$s as e2Eoffenders are returned to

"ommun!t!es #here res!dents ha%e !tte say !n the pro"ess' Other resear"h ' ' '

demonstrates that #hen peope #ho 4no# someone #ho has been to pr!son ha%e a

o# assessment of forma so"!a "ontro they aso are !4ey to ha%e a o#

assessment of !nforma so"!a "ontro' Yet- the oppos!te reat!onsh!p !s true for

those #ho do not 4no# someone #ho has been to pr!son' Thus- a!enat!on

produ"ed by the "r!m!na 1ust!"e system "an resut !n essened safety'

Id at ().E) ;"!tat!on om!tted>'@B See Ha$an-%upranote - at @)'@( See 57ST7RN-%upranote *- at +E@'@. See3oan 9eters!!a-!arole and !ri%oner Reentry in t$e /nited State%- ., CRIM7'


21/34

GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

.BB*J )AL/E-CE&TRIC I&CARCERATI*& '*(EL ab!!ty to !mpart %aue to h!s or her "ommun!ty' Athou$h !n some "ases!n"ar"erat!on may !n"rease an !nd!%!duas human "ap!ta by !n"u"at!n$ !fes4!s or enhan"!n$ a"adem!" ?ua!f!"at!ons- "are must be ta4en so that a!n"ar"erated !nd!%!duas are pro%!ded #!th the opportun!ty to !n"rease the!r

human "ap!ta'

@

The ne$at!%e "onnotat!on of !n"ar"erat!on o%ershado#s any %est!$e ofhumanness asso"!ated #!th an offender due to the e2traord!nary nature of!n"ar"erat!on and the st!$ma that so"!ety atta"hes to !t' 72posure to pr!sonsub"uture ma4es !t e2tremey d!ff!"ut for the offender to return to atyp!"a- fun"t!on!n$ en%!ronment' Moreo%er- most !n"ar"erated !nd!%!duasfa"e d!strust from "ommun!ty members- espe"!ay #omen- #h!"h "anerode the!r "onf!den"e to re!nte$rate'@*Th!s a"4 of "onf!den"e d!m!n!shesthe ab!!ty of offenders to re!nte$rate !nto heathy "ommun!ty net#or4s-resut!n$ !n d!ff!"uty f!nd!n$ mean!n$fu empoyment upon reentry !ntoso"!ety'@)The !nab!!ty to f!nd empoyment !s further a""entuated by the!m!ted a%a!ab!!ty of feonEfr!endy empoyers- a"4 of 1ob s4!s- or se%erea"4 of !feEs4!s amon$ on$Eterm !n"ar"erated !nd!%!duas',BAs a resut-!n"ar"erated !nd!%!duas are hopeessy de$raded !n terms of the!r human"ap!ta and f!nd !t d!ff!"ut to o"ate any reasonabe empoyment uponreentry',(

@ SeeRoy < /yson-%upra note @@- at BBEB+'@* See57ST7RN-%upra note *- at (E(+ ;d!s"uss!n$ a study "ondu"ted by 8athryn

7d!n>'

The st!$ma of !n"ar"erat!on aso stra!ns e2!st!n$ reat!onsh!ps' 7r%!n$ Goffman

des"r!bes st!$mas "onta$!ous ?ua!ty- suffus!n$ persona reat!onsh!ps: KIn

$enera the tenden"y for a st!$ma to spread from the st!$mat!&ed !nd!%!dua to h!s

"ose "onne"t!ons pro%!des a reason #hy su"h reat!ons tend e!ther to be a%o!ded

or to be term!nated #here e2!st!n$' =ramans f!ed#or4 !n 5ash!n$ton /Cpro%!des emp!r!"a support' The h!$h pre%aen"e of !n"ar"erat!on- he f!nds- does

!tte to redu"e !ts st!$mat!" effe"t'

Idat (+ ;"!tat!ons om!tted>'@) Id,B See 8athryn 7d!n- T!mothy 3' Neson < Re"hee 9arana- Fat$er$ood and

In"ar"eration a% !otential Turnin !oint% in t$e Criminal Career% of /n%+illed 'en- in

IM9RISONINGAM7RICA: TH7SOCIAL7FF7CTSOFMASSINCARC7RATION+,- ,E,* ;Mary

9att!o et' a' eds'- .BB+>P 3oan Moore- 2earin t$e 2urden 7ow In"ar"eration !oli"ie%

0ea+en Inner-City Communitie%-inTH70NINT7N/7/CONS7W07NC7SOFINCARC7RATION

,- . ;()),>- http:DD###'%era'or$Dpub!"at!onpdfDu"!'pdfP =ru"e 5estern- Mary 9att!o ',( See sour"es "!ted%upra note ,B'


22/34

GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

* CRI'I&AL A&( CI)IL C*&FI&E'E&T o' +:(C' Coatera Impa"t on Fam!y

It !s d!ff!"ut to est!mate the number of m!nor "h!dren #ho ha%e at eastone parent !n"ar"erated',. Th!s d!ff!"uty ar!ses from se%era reasonsran$!n$ from !mproper dataE"oe"t!on pro"edures and #ea4 tra"4!n$

me"han!sms- to a a"4 of "ommun!"at!on bet#een the !n"ar"erated parentand h!s or her "h!d',Some est!mate- ho#e%er- that ('@ m!!on "h!drenha%e at east one !n"ar"erated parent-,+ and at east '@ m!!on ha%e aparent on e!ther paroe or !n the probat!on system',@/esp!te the re"o$n!t!onthat parenta !n%o%ement !s essent!a to the psy"hoo$!"a de%eopment of"h!dren- the !n"ar"erat!on system has ar$ey !$nored the needs of "h!dren!n th!s matter' The pr!son system ne!ther en"oura$es nor fa"!!tates "onta"tbet#een !n"ar"erated !nd!%!duas and the!r "h!dren',,

Therefore- !t !s e2tremey d!ff!"ut for parentE"h!d reat!onsh!ps to $ro#as a resut of en$thy !n"ar"erat!on' A pethora of fa"tors !nfuen"e theattenuat!on of "ommun!"at!on bet#een an !n"ar"erated !nd!%!dua and h!sor her fam!y' These fa"tors ran$e from !na""ess!b!!ty of pr!sons due to

remoteness- to oss of !n"ome #!th!n the fam!y- to !n"ons!stent !mpos!t!onof pr!son po!"y- as #e as asymmetr!" app!"at!on of "!%! r!$hts remed!esupon the !n"ar"erated !nd!%!dua',From a f!nan"!a po!nt of %!e#- !f afather !s !n"ar"erated- h!s fam!y !s !4ey to be se%erey !mpa"ted' The"y"e of "r!m!na!ty "ont!nues #hen the !nd!%!dua offenders "annot"ontr!bute to the!r fam!!es after reease' Stepp!n$ a#ay from the f!nan"!a

,. See, e- RO=7RT 3' LALON/7 < S0SAN MARI7 G7ORG7- INCARC7RAT7/

MOTH7RS: TH7CHICAGO9RO37CTONF7MAL79RISON7RSAN/TH7IRCHIL/R7N,E ;3une

.BB.> ;not!n$ that f!es do not "onta!n !nformat!on about the "h!dren of !n"ar"erated

mothers su"h as K#hether the mother #as the "ustod!a parent #hen she #as adm!tted to

pr!son- and that as a resut !t "oud not be est!mated Kho# many "h!dren had the!r

"are$!%er "han$e #hen the!r mothers #ere sent to pr!son>P 3oy"e A' Ard!tt!- Sara A' Smo"4

< T!ffaney S' 9ar4man- It3% 2een 7ard to be a Fat$er A :ualitative E4ploration ofIn"ar"erated Fat$er$ood- FATH7RING.,- .,* ;.BB@>', ' Cynth!a Seymour- C$ildren wit$ !arent% in !ri%on C$ild 0elfare !oli"y,

!roram, and !ra"ti"e I%%ue%- inCHIL/R7N5ITH9AR7NTSIN9RISON-%upranote (- at (-

;not!n$ that athou$h "ase #or4ers as"erta!n on a "aseEbyE"ase bas!s #hen "h!dren ha%e

!n"ar"erated parents- tra"4!n$ me"han!sms are #ea4 be"ause state systems do not $ather

parenta !n"ar"erat!on data !n a "ompetent manner to $a!n any system #!de anays!s benef!t>'

See enerallyArd!tt!- Smo"4 < 9ar4man-%upranote ,.- at .,* ;not!n$ that se%era states do

not tra"4 fam!y data from !nd!%!duas !n the "r!m!na 1ust!"e system>',+ ' Ard!tt!- Smo"4 < 9ar4man-%upra note ,.- at .,* ;"!t!n$ Seymour-%upra note ,>',@ Id,, See id ;po!nt!n$ to se%era fa"tors that !nh!b!t "h!drens %!s!tat!on #!th

!n"ar"erated parents !n"ud!n$ $eo$raph!" d!stan"e- transportat!on and f!nan"!a barr!ers-

a"4 of "h!dEfr!endy %!s!t!n$ atmosphere- and a $enera m!streatment of the !n"ar"erated

and the!r fam!!es dur!n$ %!s!ts>', ' Harod 5atts < /emetra Sm!th N!$ht!n$ae-Addin it /p T$e E"onomi" Impa"t

of In"ar"eration on Individual%, Familie%, and Communitie%- in TH7 0NINT7N/7/

CONS7W07NC7SOFINCARC7RATION-%upranote ,B- at )('


23/34

GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

.BB*J )AL/E-CE&TRIC I&CARCERATI*& '*(EL )aspe"t- the !mpa"t of !n"ar"erat!on must aso be understood throu$h thepr!sm of "utura d!%ers!ty' For e2ampe- !n a "utura "onte2t- the !mpa"t of!n"ar"erat!on !s more pronoun"ed !n the Lat!no and Afr!"anEAmer!"an"ommun!t!es,*due !n part to the fa"t that fam!!es are !nter"onne"ted and

"oseE4n!t' Thus- !n "ommun!t!es su"h as these- !n"ar"erat!on may !mpa"t a$reater number of !nd!%!duas #ho may be f!nan"!ay and emot!onaydependent on the !n"ar"erated !nd!%!dua',)

/' Coatera Impa"t on Commun!t!es

Some of the "oatera effe"ts on "ommun!t!es "an be understoodthrou$h the foo#!n$ fa"tors' F!rst- the ne$at!%e st!$ma of !n"ar"erat!one2tends to the ne!$hborhoods and "ommun!t!es that e2per!en"e a h!$h rateof pr!soner mob!!ty as a resut of reentry !nto the "ommun!ty'BSe"ond- thest!$ma "ont!nues as the "ommun!ty $arners a ne$at!%e reputat!on- deterr!n$ne# bus!nesses and !nh!b!t!n$ the entry of h!$her !n"ome res!dents ( ande"onom!" de%eopment $eneray'. Th!rd- the eros!%e !mpa"t on a

"ommun!tys so"!a "ap!ta has not re"e!%ed due attent!on- desp!te f!nd!n$s

,* See/onna 5!mott < 3u!ana %an Ophen- C$allenin t$e 7ealt$ Impa"t% of

In"ar"eration T$e Role for Community 7ealt$ 0or+er%- CAL' 3' OFH7ALTH9ROMOTION

*- * ;.BB@>-http:DD###'"su"h!"o'eduD"1hpDD.D*E+*E#!mott'pdf',) See idB See 57ST7RN-%upranote *- at (+E(@'( ' Often- the terms Kbad ne!$hborhood or Kundes!rabe peope "hara"ter!&e

so"!etys broader %!e# of "ommun!t!es to #h!"h pr!soners reEenter' On"e su"h st!$ma !s

atta"hed to a ne!$hborhood or !nhab!tants of that "ommun!ty- !t be"omes e2tremey d!ff!"ut

to de%eop a mean!n$fu reat!onsh!p #!th so"!ety $eneray- the !mpa"t of #h!"h "an be fet

at %ar!ous e%es- !n"ud!n$ ha%!n$ an e"onom!" !mpa"t' See ROS7< CL7AR-%upranote +*-

at ()'

F!nay- the !dent!t!es of res!dents of the "ommun!tyEatEar$e are !mpa"ted by h!$he%es of "oer"!%e mob!!ty be"ause they- and others outs!de the "ommun!ty-

!dent!fy them as "om!n$ from a Kbad ne!$hborhood' Our respondents reported

th!s transated !nto res!dents #!thdra#!n$ from ma!nstream so"!ety- fee!n$ the!r

opt!ons #ere !m!ted and !fe "han"es d!m!n!shed' For "h!dren- th!s redu"ed the!r

sta4e !n "onform!n$ to "oe"t!%e norms and %aues' The 4no#ed$e that others

thou$ht ess of them be"ause of #here they !%ed aso meant res!dents #ere

!n"!ned to be!e%e $o%ernment off!"!as d!d not "are about them or the!r

ne!$hborhoods and that pers!stent ra"!sm #as the true "ause of "ond!t!ons found !n

the ne!$hborhood' In add!t!on- res!dents !n h!$h !n"ar"erat!on ne!$hborhoods

report that as the!r ne!$hborhood de%eops a reputat!on as a pa"e for return!n$

offenders to res!de- other Kundes!rabe peope ;su"h as the homeess> m!$rate

there as #e' The "onse?uen"e of h!$h e%es of e2Eoffenders and other trans!ents

!s d!m!n!shed fee!n$s of safety !n the ne!$hborhood' F!nay- #h!e many

res!dents too4 pr!de !n the!r ne!$hborhood- others e2pressed a des!re to ea%e-!nd!"at!n$ a o# e%e of beon$!n$'

Id. See 5atts < N!$ht!n$ae-%upranote ,'


24/34

GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

*B CRI'I&AL A&( CI)IL C*&FI&E'E&T o' +:(that poorer "ommun!t!es are d!sproport!onatey affe"ted as a resut of!nd!%!dua members be!n$ !n"ar"erated'

These fa"tors resut !n "ommun!t!es #!th h!$h e%es of pr!soner reentrybe"om!n$ a!enated from a ar$er "ommun!ty "onte2t' Th!s a!enat!on

"oud- !n turn- re!nfor"e both so"!a and po!t!"a !soat!on of the"ommun!tys res!dents' Ho# "an th!s !nformat!on be !n"orporated !nto atheory of !n"ar"erat!on /oes the %auat!on of "r!me respons!%eness anden$th of !n"ar"erat!on be"ome a symmetr!" e2er"!se by the 1ury and the1ud$e Th!s pert!nent !nformat!on shoud be $!%en due #e!$ht and !ts"onse?uen"es fa"tored !nto the senten"!n$ e?uat!on'

In my %!e#- !nd!%!duas $eneray "onform to the!r f!rmy hed be!efs#hen "onfronted #!th the d!emma of see"t!n$ amon$ un4no#ns !n a"ontroed en%!ronment' In th!s frame#or4- ob1e"t!%!ty "oud be ost due tosub1e"t!%e shap!n$ der!%ed from ones !nherent %aue system' Th!s sameme"han!sm !s at pay #!th!n our "r!m!na 1ust!"e system' For e2ampe-!nd!%!duas !n%o%ed !n shap!n$ the e$!sat!%e pro"ess use the!r !nherent

%aue systems- some based on retr!but!%e !mpuses- !n fash!on!n$ thee$!sat!%e response to "r!m!na!ty throu$h the po!t!"a pro"ess' In th!s #ay-the most !nfuent!a po!t!"!ans ut!matey be"ome the arb!ters of thepun!shment threshod- render!n$ the %aueE"entr!" pun!shment me"han!smunatta!nabe' The !ssue- then- !s ho# to !n"orporate a %aueEdr!%enpun!shment me"han!sm #!th!n th!s h!$hyEpo!t!"!&ed "r!m!na 1ust!"esystem'

I' 7AMININGTH7AL079RO9OSITION

Th!s art!"e has art!"uated #hy a ne# %aue system based on e"onom!""ons!derat!ons !s re?u!red for de%eop!n$ a %aue theory of !n"ar"erat!on' Inorder to better understand the pra"t!"a!ty and s!$n!f!"an"e of th!s ne#

%aueE"entr!" mode- th!s art!"e #! de%eop a %aue propos!t!on of!n"ar"erat!on' A""ord!n$ to th!s %aue propos!t!on- the e%e of pun!shmentshoud be set su"h that the "ost of !n"ar"erat!on must not e2"eed thee2pe"ted %aue or a$$re$ated benef!t transferred to so"!ety' In trad!t!onae"onom!" terms- the "ost of !n"ar"erat!on must not e2"eed the e2pe"ted netbenef!t a"h!e%ed by so"!ety as a #hoe' Therefore- th!s %aue e2press!on"onta!ns t#o %ar!abes: the "ost of !n"ar"erat!on and the transferred %aue$a!ned by so"!ety as a resut of the !n"ar"erat!on'

A' /eterm!n!n$ the Cost of In"ar"erat!on

In the trad!t!ona !n"ar"erat!on mode- the "ost of !n"ar"erat!on !s"a"uated based on s!mpe e"onom!" terms that fa! to ta4e !nto

"ons!derat!on the oss of human "ap!ta by so"!ety'+

In %!e# of th!s

See GARO09A-%upra note - at E) ;d!s"uss!n$ nonEmonetary san"t!ons>'+ Seed!s"uss!on%upra 9art III'


25/34

GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

.BB*J )AL/E-CE&TRIC I&CARCERATI*& '*(EL *(def!"!en"y- a ne# !n"ar"erat!on mode shoud arr!%e at a "ost "a"uat!onbased on t#o steps' F!rst- a "ost dr!%ers for !n"ar"erat!on must be!dent!f!ed and !nd!%!dua %aues ass!$ned to a su"h !dent!f!ed dr!%ers'Se"ond- probab!!ty fa"tors for ea"h "ost dr!%er must be ass!$ned- su"h that

ea"h !nd!%!dua "ost eement !s determ!ned by propery d!s"ount!n$ theprobab!!ty of o""urren"e of su"h "ost dr!%ers' For e2ampe- assume that d !represents an !nd!%!dua "ost dr!%er- #hose probab!!ty of o""urren"e hasbeen !dent!f!ed as p!' Furthermore- assume that "! represents the "ostass!$ned to the spe"!f!" "ost dr!%er d!' The tota "ost of !n"ar"erat!on "an be"a"uated as C "!p!'

To !ustrate the "ost "a"uat!on- suppose for a part!"uar "r!m!naoffense the s"enar!o !s as foo#s: "( represents the e"onom!" "ost of!n"ar"erat!on for a spe"!f!" per!od- ". represents the "ost of ost human"ap!ta !n"urred as a resut of !n"ar"erat!n$ the !nd!%!dua "r!m!na offender-"denotes the "ost to so"!ety as a resut of the !n"ar"erated !nd!%!duas"h!dren "omm!tt!n$ "r!mes- and "+denotes the "ost !mposed on so"!ety asa resut of de$radat!on !n the "ommun!ty from #here the offender "omesfrom' If p(- p.- p- p+represent the probab!!ty #!th #h!"h a "osts #!e%o%e- the tota "ost of !n"ar"erat!on !n th!s "r!m!na offense "an be"a"uated as C "(p(Z ".p.Z "pZ "+p+'

Ceary- th!s !ustrat!on !s a s!mp!st!" s"enar!o- but !t heps "apture theessen"e of the proposed %aueEbased "ost of !n"ar"erat!on' Here- the "ost of!n"ar"erat!on !s "a"uated ony after !dent!fy!n$ a poss!be "ost dr!%ersand propery d!s"ount!n$ them based on the!r !nd!%!dua probab!!ty ofo""urren"e' The frame#or4 aso heps !ustrate another d!mens!on of!n"ar"erat!on- #h!"h !s that any senten"!n$ de"!s!on #! s!$n!f!"anty!n"rease the "ost of !n"ar"erat!on due to the sheer number of add!t!ona%ar!abes !n%o%ed !n the "a"uat!on'

=' 72pe"ted aue Ga!n to So"!ety

In the trad!t!ona mode- the e2pe"ted %aue !mparted to so"!ety !sdeterm!ned by de%eop!n$ a measure of e"onom!" $a!n from the statedob1e"t!%es of !n"ar"erat!on' Th!s art!"e proposes to "a"uate e2pe"tede"onom!" $a!ns for ea"h measure of the four ob1e"t!%es pre%!ousyout!ned: retr!but!on- !n"apa"!tat!on- deterren"e and rehab!!tat!on'@Netso"!eta $a!n #oud d!ffer for ea"h of these ob1e"t!%es- as the so"!eta $a!n#oud be dr!%en by the spe"!f!" ut!!ty of the ob1e"t!%e to so"!ety !n $enera-thus attr!but!n$ the separate ut!!ty fa"tors to ea"h ob1e"t!%e' Therefore-so"!eta $a!n from the ob1e"t!%e #oud be attenuated by !ts respe"t!%e ut!!tyfa"tor- #h!"h #! then "on%ert the so"!eta $a!n !nto a #e!$hted $a!neement' For e2ampe- !f ur- u!- ud- and ur represent the respe"t!%e ut!!tyfa"tors- and $r- $!- $dand $rdenote the!r "orrespond!n$ $a!ns- the a$$re$ate$a!n !mparted to so"!ety "an be seen as the "ompos!te !nde2 s"ore G u r$r

@ See%uprapp' ..E.'


26/34

GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

*. CRI'I&AL A&( CI)IL C*&FI&E'E&T o' +:(Z u!$!Z ud$dZ ur$r'

The e2pe"ted %aue $a!ned by so"!ety "an therefore be determ!ned byf!$ur!n$ out the "ompos!te !nde2 s"ore as "a"uated abo%e' Con"eptuay-!f an a"t!on has mut!pe ob1e"t!%es #!th d!ffer!n$ ut!!ty fa"tors ass!$ned to

ea"h ob1e"t!%e- and !f ea"h of these ob1e"t!%es has a spe"!f!ed e"onom!"%aue- then the %aue of the a"t!on "oud be determ!ned by mut!py!n$ theut!!ty fa"tors #!th the!r "orrespond!n$ e"onom!" %aues' The "on"ept of#e!$hted a%era$e "omes from the fa"t that !nd!%!dua ut!!ty fa"tors "on%ertthe !nd!%!dua e"onom!" %aue of an ob1e"t!%e by the respe"t!%e #e!$ht of!nd!%!dua ut!!ty' Th!s #e!$hted a%era$e %aue of ut!!t!es #oud "onst!tutethe "ompos!te !nde2 s"ore for the part!"uar a"t!on' No#- !f one #ere toappy th!s frame#or4 to "a"uate the a$$re$ate so"!eta $a!n from!n"ar"erat!on- one has to repa"e the a"t!on #!th !n"ar"erat!on !n the mode'The "ompos!te !nde2 s"ore for the !n"ar"erat!on as a measure of ut!!ty%aue !n th!s frame#or4 "oud then be obta!ned as foo#s: ;!> !dent!fy boththe !nd!%!dua ut!!ty fa"tors ass!$ned to the stated ob1e"t!%es of!n"ar"erat!on and the "orrespond!n$ e"onom!" %aues for those ob1e"t!%esPand ;!!> a$$re$ate the #e!$hted e"onom!" $a!n for ea"h one of the statedob1e"t!%es- !n"ud!n$- deterren"e, retribution, in"apa"itation, andre$abilitation' Th!s #! then pro%!de the des!red #e!$hted a%era$e ut!!ty$a!n of the four d!fferent ob1e"t!%es'

The d!ff!"uty !n obta!n!n$ a proper %aue for these e2pe"ted so"!eta$a!ns ar!ses from "ontrad!"tory theor!es of so"!a ut!!ty', There are amut!tude of an$es from #h!"h th!s "an be %!e#ed' For e2ampe- th!sart!"e has ar$ued and #! pro"eed on the assumpt!on that there !s noper"e!%abe deterren"e %aue that "an be as"r!bed to !n"ar"erat!on'

Therefore- for ?uant!tat!%e purposes- the e2pe"ted %aue $a!n to so"!ety %!adeterren"e may ha%e a ut!!ty $a!n fa"tor "ose to &ero- or not a$$re$ate to as!$n!f!"ant ut!!ty %aue'

As sho#n ear!er- s"hoars ha%e !nd!"ated that retr!but!on does not ha%eany per"e!%abe e"onom!" %aue #h!"h "an be transferred to so"!ety asut!!ty $a!n throu$h !n"ar"erat!on'* Retr!but!on supp!es a psy"hoo$!"ad!mens!on #!th!n the %!"t!mEoffender dua frame#or4- #h!"h does not ha%eany s!$n!f!"ant ut!!ty $a!n !n the so"!eta frame#or4' Therefore- !n a "ostEbenef!t e"onom!" anays!s- so"!eta $a!n "annot be a"h!e%ed by!n"orporat!n$ both retr!but!on and deterren"e' There are- ho#e%er- t#o

, ' I #ant to re"o$n!&e here that the fourEpron$ ob1e"t!%e of !n"ar"erat!on !s based on

one part!"uar so"!a theory %!e#po!nt' As I ha%e !nt!mated throu$hout th!s art!"e-

aternat!%e %aue systems e2!st and re"o$n!&!n$ them #! hep us rey ess on the ut!!ty

measures obta!ned from the "ass!"a %!e# of !n"ar"erat!on' See %upranotes +E+* and a""ompany!n$ te2t' I ha%e made the ar$ument here that

the ut!!ty fa"tor for retribution and deterren"e!s mu"h ess than #hat !s proposed !n the

"ass!"a theory of !n"ar"erat!on' The ar$ument presented !n th!s art!"e estab!shes th!s

po!nt'* See sour"es "!ted%upranote ) and a""ompany!n$ te2t'


27/34

GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

.BB*J )AL/E-CE&TRIC I&CARCERATI*& '*(EL *rema!n!n$ fa"tors- rehab!!tat!on and !n"apa"!tat!on- for #h!"h s!$n!f!"antut!!ty %aues "an be ass!$ned'

Furthermore- !t "an be ar$ued that the abo%e representat!on pro%!des anerroneous %!e# of the so"!eta $a!n under the e2!st!n$ !n"ar"erat!on mode-

as th!s fasey assumes that so"!eta $a!n "an ony be determ!ned bya""ount!n$ for the stated ob1e"t!%es of !n"ar"erat!on' =y !n"orporat!n$human "ap!ta based $a!ns from the "ommun!ty and the fam!y of!n"ar"erated !nd!%!duas !nto the abo%e e?uat!on for so"!eta $a!n- #e "aneas!y de%eop a ne# "ompos!te e?uat!on as foo#s: G u"$"Z uf$fZ ur$rZu!$!Z ud$dZ ur$r '

C' /efe"ts !n 72!st!n$ aue /!s"uss!on

The ?uest!on then be"omes #hether the tota e2pe"ted %aue $a!n toso"!ety from rehab!!tat!on and !n"apa"!tat!on aone !s a suff!"!ent bas!supon #h!"h to 1ust!fy the "ost of !n"ar"erat!on Aternat!%ey- #hether there!s an anomay #!th!n the e2!st!n$ mode that !n"orre"ty attr!butes ut!!ty

fa"tors #h!e "a"uat!n$ so"!eta $a!n As demonstrated abo%e- the "ost of!n"ar"erat!on !n the e2!st!n$ frame#or4 erroneousy "a"uates a $a!n basedon e!ther a !m!ted set of fa"tors or by ass!$n!n$ a set of fauty ut!!tyfa"tors')

Ceary- a %aueEdr!%en anays!s of !n"ar"erat!on !ustrates that thedef!"!en"y of the e2!st!n$ !n"ar"erat!on mode "omes from !ts fa!ure to!n"orporate the "oatera "onse?uen"es of !n"ar"erat!on' 7ar!er- !t #asestab!shed that "oatera "onse?uen"es ha%e a s!$n!f!"ant d!mens!on !n theent!re "r!m!na 1ust!"e pro"ess'*BCoatera "onse?uen"es "ome !n a %ar!etyof forms to %ar!ous ent!t!es su"h as the !nd!%!dua defendant and thefam!!es of the !nd!%!dua defendants "ommun!ty'*(If the %aue dra!n fromthese ent!t!es !s s!$n!f!"ant as a resut of !n"ar"erat!on- then th!s %aue dra!n

must be part of the "ost of !n"ar"erat!on' Therefore- the "ost of!n"ar"erat!on shoud be mod!f!ed by a "orre"t!on fa"tor that propery"a"uates the %aue of "oatera "onse?uen"es to so"!ety' =ased on th!s"a"uat!on- there !s !tte doubt that- #!th!n the e2!st!n$ !n"ar"erat!onmode- the "ost of !n"ar"erat!on !s d!sproport!onatey h!$her than thee2pe"ted %aue $a!n to so"!ety'

Therefore- the anays!s !nd!"ates that the trad!t!ona %aue propos!t!ondoes not !n"orporate the %aue of human "ap!ta' S!n"e a of the "r!m!na1ust!"e d!s"uss!ons and the "ost benef!t anayses are based on atta"h!n$ut!!tyEdr!%en %aue to the part!"!pat!n$ ent!t!es- they do not a""ount for theoss of human "ap!ta at the $ranuar e%e of so"!ety' As a resut- thee2!st!n$ mode fa!s to ta4e !nto a""ount the "ost to the !nd!%!duadefendant- the "ost to fam!y members of the defendant- and the "ost to the

) See %upra9art I'A'*B See %upra9art III'*( See INISI=L790NISHM7NT-%upranote +.'


28/34

GHOSHRAYMACROFINAL

*+ CRI'I&AL A&( CI)IL C*&FI&E'E&T o' +:("ommun!ty- #h!e ea"h are "ons!dered !n the ne# mode of "ost of!n"ar"erat!on demonstrated abo%e'*.A these "ost dr!%ers emanate from there"o$n!t!on of the o%era %aue of both human "ap!ta and of broaderso"!eta "ap!ta- both of #h!"h must be propery !n"orporated !nto the ne#

%aueE"entr!" 1ud!"!a san"t!on modes' 5hy- then- !s the trad!t!ona!n"ar"erat!on mode def!"!ent !n propery assess!n$ e"onom!" %aue toreat!%e parts of th!s e?uat!on

F!rst- the 1ust!"e me"han!sm !n the 0n!ted States !s predom!natey ader!%at!%e of the "oon!a ph!osophy that #as !nher!ted from the An$oESa2on mode of "r!m!na pun!shment'*Th!s mode does not "omport #!thhuman!st!" 1ur!spruden"e- nor does !t "apture the !nherent %aue of an!nd!%!dua' H!story and trad!t!on as!de- there are other fa"tors at #or4' Onesu"h fa"tor !s the e$!sat!%e respons!b!!ty of "reat!n$ and f!2!n$ senten"!n$$u!de!nes' =y effe"t!%ey f!2!n$ the ?uantum of pun!shment- !t be"omes%ery d!ff!"ut to ao# for the pro!ferat!on of a more e2pans!%e pun!shmentsystem'*+5!th!n the "urrent 1ust!"e me"han!sm- pun!shments and de"!s!onsre$ard!n$ paroe or probat!on %ersus !n"ar"erat!on are determ!ned !n!t!ayat the e$!sat!%e e%e and are then !mpemented at the se"ond e%ethrou$h the 1ud!"!a pro"ess'*@=oth the e$!sat!%e and 1ud!"!a pro"essesare hea%!y po!t!"!&ed to#ards a status ?uo or bent to#ard %ested !nterests#h!e "ater!n$ to an [berE"onsumerEdr!%en so"!ety'

The dr!%e of the [berE"onsumer to#ard more $oods and mater!a"omforts fosters deta"hment from other human!st!" !mpuses'*, Th!s- !nturn- str!ps that "onsumer from

america the prison nation: melding humanistic jurisprudence with a value-centric incarceration model

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