america becomesan imperial power

Foreign Policy EliteForeign Policy EliteForeign Policy EliteForeign Policy Elite• Most Americans do Most Americans do notnot follow foreign follow foreign

affairsaffairs• Small, cosmopolitan group shapes Small, cosmopolitan group shapes

foreign policy (same people guide foreign policy (same people guide economy)economy)

• Argue that US prosperity and security Argue that US prosperity and security requires expansion overseas and global requires expansion overseas and global activityactivity

• Assert that foreign trade and investments Assert that foreign trade and investments will bring profit and relieve factory/farm will bring profit and relieve factory/farm overproduction (depression of 1890s)overproduction (depression of 1890s)

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests


U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908


1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests• Key factor in post-1865 economic growthKey factor in post-1865 economic growth

– GDP increases by 4x from 1870-1900GDP increases by 4x from 1870-1900• Exports and investments abroad surge; US Exports and investments abroad surge; US

achieves favorable balance of trade (1874)achieves favorable balance of trade (1874)• Export to England, Europe, Canada (80% Export to England, Europe, Canada (80%

of exports); trade with Latin America and of exports); trade with Latin America and Asia also increases (worth $200M in 1900).Asia also increases (worth $200M in 1900).

• Farmers and some manufacturers (Singer) Farmers and some manufacturers (Singer) depend on exports; 1913: factory exports depend on exports; 1913: factory exports surpass farm exports for first timesurpass farm exports for first time– 20% Agricultural output what exported.20% Agricultural output what exported.

• Producers wanted markets for ‘excess’ Producers wanted markets for ‘excess’ production.production.

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914



2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests


Alfred T. Mahan - The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

Alfred T. Mahan - The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783


2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests• Key to empire in this time—Naval Key to empire in this time—Naval

Power. US began developing its Navy. Power. US began developing its Navy. Captain Alfred Mahan and Theodore Captain Alfred Mahan and Theodore Roosevelt became important Roosevelt became important advocates of naval power.advocates of naval power.

• Mahan: “Oceans are not barriers… Mahan: “Oceans are not barriers… but a great highway over which men but a great highway over which men pass in all directions.” pass in all directions.” – Need a powerful navy to protect the Need a powerful navy to protect the

highway.highway.– Need military bases at strategic points (in Need military bases at strategic points (in

the Pacific, and Caribbean) to have a the Pacific, and Caribbean) to have a powerful navy.powerful navy.

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurden

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of RaceThe Hierarchy

of Race

• Many intertwined ideas encourage Many intertwined ideas encourage empireempire– Exceptionalism, nationalism, capitalism, Exceptionalism, nationalism, capitalism,

social Darwinism, paternalism and prejudicesocial Darwinism, paternalism and prejudice• Imperialists assert racial hierarchy of Imperialists assert racial hierarchy of

“civilized” peoples; Anglo-Saxons at top; “civilized” peoples; Anglo-Saxons at top; dark skinned (Africans, Indians) on dark skinned (Africans, Indians) on bottombottom

• Latin Americans and Asians in middle Latin Americans and Asians in middle (still viewed with derogatory stereotypes)(still viewed with derogatory stereotypes)

3. Social Darwinist 3. Social Darwinist ThinkingThinking



3. Social Darwinist 3. Social Darwinist ThinkingThinking• Strong’s Strong’s Our CountryOur Country (1885) celebrates (1885) celebrates

divine Anglo-Saxon mission to lead worlddivine Anglo-Saxon mission to lead world• National GeographicNational Geographic (1888) stereotypes (1888) stereotypes

foreign peoples as uncivilized.foreign peoples as uncivilized.• Ethnocentrism and paternalism shape Ethnocentrism and paternalism shape

imperialism (US culture is superior and imperialism (US culture is superior and dark skinned foreigners are “children”)dark skinned foreigners are “children”)

• Such ideas rationalize domination of Such ideas rationalize domination of othersothers

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

American Missionarie

sin China,

1905

American Missionarie

sin China,

1905 Motivated by religion, 10,000 missionaries (many of them women) overseas by 1915

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier



5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier• Manifest Destiny- John Fiske: “The work Manifest Destiny- John Fiske: “The work

which the English race began when it which the English race began when it colonized North America is destined to colonized North America is destined to go on until every land on the earth… go on until every land on the earth… shall become English in its language… shall become English in its language… religion… political habits… and to a religion… political habits… and to a predominant extent in the blood of its predominant extent in the blood of its people.”people.”

• The Winning of the West- TR: Sweep The Winning of the West- TR: Sweep aside Natives- “backward peoples”- “for aside Natives- “backward peoples”- “for the benefit of civilization and in the the benefit of civilization and in the interests of mankind.”interests of mankind.”

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908A Japanese note agreeing A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports toto deny passports tolaborers entering the U.S.laborers entering the U.S.Japan recognized the U.S.Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude Japaneseright to exclude Japaneseimmigrants holding immigrants holding passportspassportsissued by other countries.issued by other countries.The U.S. government got theThe U.S. government got theschool board of San school board of San Francisco Francisco to rescind their order toto rescind their order tosegregate Asians in separatesegregate Asians in separateschools.schools.1908 1908 Root-Takahira Root-Takahira

AgreementAgreement..

““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867

$7.2 million$7.2 million

““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Annexation of HawaiiAnnexation of HawaiiAnnexation of HawaiiAnnexation of Hawaii• US missionaries, businessmen, and navy see Hawaii as US missionaries, businessmen, and navy see Hawaii as

base for profit and expansionbase for profit and expansion• 1875- trade agreement that allowed sugar from Hawaii 1875- trade agreement that allowed sugar from Hawaii

to enter US duty (tax) free.to enter US duty (tax) free.• White (American) planters came to dominate the island.White (American) planters came to dominate the island.• Native population largely killed by diseases.Native population largely killed by diseases.

– 1887- Whites forced king to accept political reforms. King 1887- Whites forced king to accept political reforms. King loses much power to whites.loses much power to whites.

– 1890- Hawaii loses trade advantages. Domestic (US) 1890- Hawaii loses trade advantages. Domestic (US) growers get a subsidy, and tariff dropped for all foreign growers get a subsidy, and tariff dropped for all foreign growers.growers.•Economic crisis in HawaiiEconomic crisis in Hawaii

Annexation of HawaiiAnnexation of HawaiiAnnexation of HawaiiAnnexation of Hawaii• By 1890s, white American elite By 1890s, white American elite

dominates economy and undermines dominates economy and undermines native governmentnative government

• 1890 tariff hurts sugar exports to US; 1890 tariff hurts sugar exports to US; elite wants US to annex Hawai‘i; elite wants US to annex Hawai‘i;

• 1891- Queen Lili assumes throne. 1891- Queen Lili assumes throne. Tries to take power back. Whites Tries to take power back. Whites revolt. American Minister calls in revolt. American Minister calls in Marines to support coup. New Marines to support coup. New government asks for annexation to US. government asks for annexation to US.

• McKinley maneuvers annexation in McKinley maneuvers annexation in 18981898

U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii1875 – Reciprocity 1875 – Reciprocity

Treaty Treaty

1890 – McKinley 1890 – McKinley TariffTariff

1893 – AmericanAmericanbusinessmen businessmen backed anbacked anuprising against uprising against Queen Queen Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.

Sanford Ballard Sanford Ballard Dole Dole proclaims the proclaims the Republic Republic of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

The Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist Taylor

CubaCubaCubaCuba• Cubans (Marti) want freedom from SpainCubans (Marti) want freedom from Spain• US investments dominate Cuba (sugar), US investments dominate Cuba (sugar),

and most Cuban trade with US, esp. and most Cuban trade with US, esp. FloridaFlorida

• 1894 US tariff creates economic crisis1894 US tariff creates economic crisis• Marti launches guerrilla war; many Cubans Marti launches guerrilla war; many Cubans

killed and US property destroyed, but killed and US property destroyed, but Spain weakened; Americans sympathize Spain weakened; Americans sympathize with rebelswith rebels

• Rebels recognized they could tip the Rebels recognized they could tip the balance by drawing America into the balance by drawing America into the conflict.conflict.

CubaCubaCubaCuba• US public support generally for the rebelsUS public support generally for the rebels

– Reflects our revolution of 1776Reflects our revolution of 1776– Rebels were damaging economic life of island Rebels were damaging economic life of island

with sabotage. American investors want war with sabotage. American investors want war over.over.

– Spanish Gen. Weyler began to put population Spanish Gen. Weyler began to put population into concentration camps. Conditions led to into concentration camps. Conditions led to many deaths. “Butcher” Weyler. many deaths. “Butcher” Weyler.

– Yellow journalism—Stirred up emotions in US. Yellow journalism—Stirred up emotions in US. Stirred up excessive Patriotism. Jingoism. Stirred up excessive Patriotism. Jingoism.

– Imperialist attitudes- US drawn towards idea Imperialist attitudes- US drawn towards idea of helping the rebels.of helping the rebels.

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

McKinley’s Ultimatum and War McKinley’s Ultimatum and War DecisionDecision

McKinley’s Ultimatum and War McKinley’s Ultimatum and War DecisionDecision• Sept. 1897 US Minister insists that conflict in Cuba Sept. 1897 US Minister insists that conflict in Cuba

be brought to an end.be brought to an end.– Make peace or the US will step in.Make peace or the US will step in.– A new Spanish govt. recalled Gen. Weyler and A new Spanish govt. recalled Gen. Weyler and

harsh treatment of Cubans.harsh treatment of Cubans.– Offered Cubans a degree of self-rule, but not Offered Cubans a degree of self-rule, but not

independence.independence.– Cubans encouraged by US involvement- held out Cubans encouraged by US involvement- held out

for independence.for independence.• McKinley orders McKinley orders MaineMaine to Havana to show US to Havana to show US

interest in end to warinterest in end to war

• Feb. 9, 1898- William Randolph Hearst’s Feb. 9, 1898- William Randolph Hearst’s New York JournalNew York Journal released a copy of released a copy of Spanish Minister de Lome’s letter Spanish Minister de Lome’s letter criticizing Pres. McKinley as weak.criticizing Pres. McKinley as weak.

• Feb. 15- Feb. 15- MaineMaine explodes—266 men explodes—266 men killed.killed.

• Unclear the cause, but in public mind de Unclear the cause, but in public mind de Lome letter and explosion linked. Spain Lome letter and explosion linked. Spain responsible.responsible.

• ““Remember the Remember the MaineMaine””



De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDupuy de Lôme, Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishSpanishAmbassador to the Ambassador to the U.S.U.S.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as weak and weak and aabidder for the bidder for the admirationadmirationof the crowd, besidesof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be being a would-be politicianpoliticianwho tries to leave a who tries to leave a doordooropen behind himself open behind himself whilewhilekeeping on good keeping on good termstermswith the jingoes of hiswith the jingoes of hisparty.party.


McKinley’s Ultimatum and War McKinley’s Ultimatum and War DecisionDecision• March 27, 1898, McKinley sends March 27, 1898, McKinley sends

ultimatum; ultimatum; – Immediate armisticeImmediate armistice– Abandon reconcentrationAbandon reconcentration– Have US as mediatorHave US as mediator– End of mediation would result in Cuban End of mediation would result in Cuban

independence.independence.• Spain made concessions, but resisted Spain made concessions, but resisted

independence. independence. • April 11: McKinley says continued April 11: McKinley says continued

negotiations will not work, asks Congress negotiations will not work, asks Congress for authorization for war.for authorization for war.

• Motives: humanitarian, secure US Motives: humanitarian, secure US property/trade, opportunity for US property/trade, opportunity for US expansion/empireexpansion/empire

USS MaineUSS Maine

USS MaineUSS Maine Post-Explosion Post-Explosion

Maine Post-ExplosionMaine Post-Explosion

Artist’s Rendering of Artist’s Rendering of MaineMaine ExplosionExplosion

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltAssistant Assistant Secretary of the Secretary of the Navy in the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.

Imperialist and Imperialist and American American nationalist.nationalist.

Criticized Criticized PresidentPresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!

Resigns his Resigns his position to fight position to fight in Cuba.in Cuba.

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

Spanish-American-Cuban-Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino WarFilipino War

Spanish-American-Cuban-Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino WarFilipino War

• Only 379 of 5462 US deaths from Only 379 of 5462 US deaths from combat; most die from yellow combat; most die from yellow fever/typhoid in USfever/typhoid in US

• First US victory in war in Philippines First US victory in war in Philippines via new navy; imperialists see islands via new navy; imperialists see islands as key to US expansion in Pacific/Asiaas key to US expansion in Pacific/Asia

• Spanish, already weakened, lose Spanish, already weakened, lose quicklyquickly

Treaty of Paris (1898)Treaty of Paris (1898)Treaty of Paris (1898)Treaty of Paris (1898)• Cuba gains independence Cuba gains independence • US gets Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines US gets Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines

from Spainfrom Spain– Pay $20M for PhilippinesPay $20M for Philippines

• Teller Amendment (in war declaration) Teller Amendment (in war declaration) blocks US annexation of Cuba, but McKinley blocks US annexation of Cuba, but McKinley assumes Cuba needs US tutelageassumes Cuba needs US tutelage

• McKinley annexes Hawai‘i and Wake Island, McKinley annexes Hawai‘i and Wake Island, gaining more colonies/bases in Pacificgaining more colonies/bases in Pacific

• Senate debates treaty and empire (1899)Senate debates treaty and empire (1899)

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?

What to do w/ the What to do w/ the Philippines?Philippines?


• Grant the Philippines independence?Grant the Philippines independence?• Sen. Lodge: “We hold the other side of Sen. Lodge: “We hold the other side of

the Pacific and the value to this country the Pacific and the value to this country is almost beyond imagination.”is almost beyond imagination.”

• Naval strategists coveted a base in Asia.Naval strategists coveted a base in Asia.• Could be key to maintaining influence in Could be key to maintaining influence in

China- competition w/ European powers China- competition w/ European powers for China market. for China market.


What to do w/ the What to do w/ the Philippines?Philippines?• McKinley to a group of ministers McKinley to a group of ministers (p. 313 Zinn)(p. 313 Zinn)::

““I sought counsel from all sides… but got little I sought counsel from all sides… but got little help…. I went down on my knees and help…. I went down on my knees and prayed Almighty God for guidance…. [I]t prayed Almighty God for guidance…. [I]t came:came:

1.1. We could not give them back to Spain…We could not give them back to Spain…

2.2. We could not turn them over to [our rivals]We could not turn them over to [our rivals]

3.3. We could not leave them to themselves- We could not leave them to themselves- they were unfit for self-governmentthey were unfit for self-government

4.4. There was nothing left for us to do but to There was nothing left for us to do but to take them all and to educate… uplift… take them all and to educate… uplift… civilize… and Christianize them.civilize… and Christianize them.

And then I went to bed and slept soundly.”And then I went to bed and slept soundly.”

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine Philippine independenceindependence

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo• Had been brought back to the Had been brought back to the

Philippines by the US from China to Philippines by the US from China to help in the fight against Spain.help in the fight against Spain.

• Now fought against the Americans. Now fought against the Americans. Leader of the Leader of the insurrectosinsurrectos. .

• It took the US 3 years and 70,000 It took the US 3 years and 70,000 troops to crush the rebellion.troops to crush the rebellion.– War ended in the Philippines, with more War ended in the Philippines, with more

than 4,200 U.S. soldiers, 20,000 Filipino than 4,200 U.S. soldiers, 20,000 Filipino soldiers, and 200,000 Filipino civilians soldiers, and 200,000 Filipino civilians dead. dead.

Use quotes, p. 315+, Zinn

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist LeagueLeague

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist LeagueLeague

Founded in 1899.Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Andrew Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leaders.the leaders.

Campaigned against Campaigned against the annexation of thethe annexation of thePhilippines and otherPhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Senator Orville Platt

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)

1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements 1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements withwith foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.

2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if 2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.independent govt.

3. Cuba must lease 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. to the U.S. forfor naval and coaling station. naval and coaling station.

4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public 4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.debt.

Puerto RicoPuerto RicoPuerto RicoPuerto Rico1900 - Foraker ActForaker Act: : civil law that civil law that established a civilian government in Puerto established a civilian government in Puerto Rico.Rico.

1901-1903-1901-1903-the the Insular CasesInsular Cases:: Essentially, the Supreme Court said that full Essentially, the Supreme Court said that full constitutional rights did not automatically constitutional rights did not automatically extend to all areas under American control.extend to all areas under American control.

1917 – 1917 – Jones ActJones Act: : This law gave Puerto This law gave Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship. However, the Governor Ricans U.S. citizenship. However, the Governor and the President of the United States had the and the President of the United States had the power to veto any law passed by the power to veto any law passed by the legislature. Also, the United States Congress legislature. Also, the United States Congress had the power to stop any action taken by the had the power to stop any action taken by the legislature in Puerto Rico. The U.S. maintained legislature in Puerto Rico. The U.S. maintained control over fiscal and economic matters and control over fiscal and economic matters and exercised authority over mail services, exercised authority over mail services, immigration, defense and other basic immigration, defense and other basic governmental matters.governmental matters.

Panama: The King’s Panama: The King’s CrownCrown

Panama: The King’s Panama: The King’s CrownCrown1850 1850 Clayton-Bulwer Clayton-Bulwer

TreatyTreaty. . SignedSigned in 1850 by in 1850 by the United States and the the United States and the United Kingdom, the Clayton-United Kingdom, the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty was an Bulwer Treaty was an agreement that both nations agreement that both nations were not to colonize or were not to colonize or control any Central American control any Central American republic. The purpose was to republic. The purpose was to prevent one country from prevent one country from building a canal across building a canal across Central America that the Central America that the other would not be able to other would not be able to useuse

Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

Panama:Panama:Panama:Panama:• US wanted a canal across Central US wanted a canal across Central

America to avoid shipping goods and America to avoid shipping goods and naval vessels around tip of South naval vessels around tip of South AmericaAmerica

• Nicaragua a logical place. Panama too. Nicaragua a logical place. Panama too. • French had started a canal in Panama, French had started a canal in Panama,

which was then under control of which was then under control of Colombia. US bought French interest, Colombia. US bought French interest, then Colombia wanted more money.then Colombia wanted more money.

Panama:Panama:Panama:Panama:• US supported a revolt by a pro-US US supported a revolt by a pro-US

group willing to allow the canal to be group willing to allow the canal to be built by Americans. US ships blocked built by Americans. US ships blocked Colombia from putting down the Colombia from putting down the rebellion. US quickly recognized the rebellion. US quickly recognized the independent Panama. Bought rights independent Panama. Bought rights to canal for $10M.to canal for $10M.

Panama:Panama:Panama:Panama:

1903 1903 Hay-Bunau-Varilla TreatyHay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty. . the United States was to receive the United States was to receive rights to a canal zone which was to rights to a canal zone which was to extend ten miles on either side of the extend ten miles on either side of the canal route in perpetuity; Panama canal route in perpetuity; Panama was to receive a payment from US up was to receive a payment from US up to $10 million and an annual rental to $10 million and an annual rental payments of $250,000.payments of $250,000.

The Roosevelt Corollary to the The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Monroe Doctrine: 1905


Chronic Chronic wrongdoing… may in wrongdoing… may in America, as America, as elsewhere, elsewhere, ultimately require ultimately require intervention by intervention by some civilized some civilized nation, and in the nation, and in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere the adherence of the the adherence of the United States to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine may force the may force the United States, United States, however reluctantly, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of in flagrant cases of suchsuch wrongdoing or wrongdoing or impotence, to the impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

• Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine—Not only would US act if Doctrine—Not only would US act if European powers intervened in the European powers intervened in the Americas (Monroe Doctrine), but the Americas (Monroe Doctrine), but the US could intervene first in order to US could intervene first in order to prevent that possibility.prevent that possibility.



Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese

ImmigrantImmigrant

Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese

ImmigrantImmigrant

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..

Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

Constable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the World

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

Nobel Peace Prize for TRNobel Peace Prize for TR

The Great White Fleet: The Great White Fleet: 19071907

The Great White Fleet: The Great White Fleet: 19071907

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Improve financialImprove financialopportunities for opportunities for American businesses.American businesses.

Use private capital toUse private capital tofurther U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interestsoverseas.overseas.

Therefore, the U.S. Therefore, the U.S. should create should create stability and order stability and order abroad that would abroad that would best promote best promote America’s America’s commercial interests.commercial interests.

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s


Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he and puts Madero in prison where he was was murdered.murdered.

Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.against Huerta.

The U.S. also got involved by The U.S. also got involved by occupying occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.country.

Eventually Carranza would gain Eventually Carranza would gain power in power in Mexico.Mexico.


The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910sEmiliano

ZapataEmiliano Zapata

Francisco I Madero

Francisco I Madero

Venustiano Carranza

Venustiano Carranza

Porfirio Diaz

Porfirio Diaz

Pancho Villa

Pancho Villa

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

The U. S. shouldThe U. S. shouldbe the consciencebe the conscienceof the world.of the world.

Spread Spread democracy.democracy.

Promote peace.Promote peace.

Condemn Condemn colonialism.colonialism.

Searching for Searching for BanditosBanditosSearching for Searching for BanditosBanditos

General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing with with PanchoPanchoVillaVilla in 1914. in 1914.

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, Investments in Latin America,

19141914

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, Investments in Latin America,

19141914

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”

What the U. S. Has What the U. S. Has Fought ForFought For

What the U. S. Has What the U. S. Has Fought ForFought For

america becomesan imperial power

Economy & Finance

foreign investments

american foreign trade

exports trade

interests of mankind

social darwinist

foreign policy elite

factory exports

farm exports