amazing,)) wonderful,)) descriptive)) adjectives! · amazing,)) wonderful,)) descriptive))...

Amazing, Wonderful, Descriptive Adjectives!

“When you catch an adjective, kill it. No, I don't mean utterly, but kill most of them-‐-‐then the

rest will be valuable. They weaken when they are close together. They give strength when they are far apart.”

-‐Mark Twain

What is an adjective?

An adjective is a word that describes, modifies, or limits a noun (or pronoun).

Apple

-‐Red apple

-‐Round apple

-‐Shiny apple

-‐Gala apple

-‐Red, round, shiny, Gala apple

Adjectives in EnglishIn English, an adjective is usually placed in front of

the noun/pronoun it is modifying.

The happy girl gave a beautiful flower to her sad friend.

In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue.

Adjectives in LatinIn Latin, an adjective agrees with the noun it is modifying in case, number, and gender.

Because of agreement, the adjective can be placed before or after the noun (or anywhere in the sentence!).

[Laeta puella] [pulchrum florem] [tristī amicō] dedit.

[Puella laeta] [florem pulchrum] [amicō tristī] dedit.

Nom. Acc. Dat.

An adjective does NOT need to have the same ending as the noun it is modifying, but they must AGREE!

Declensions of AdjectivesAdjectives borrowed their declensions from nouns. There

are two types of adjectives:

1st/2nd Declension Adjectives

3rd Declension Adjectives

bonus, bona, bonum sacer, sacra, sacrumMasc. Fem. Neut.

2nd M endings

1st endings

2nd N endings

acer, acris, acre tristis, triste

Masc. Fem. Neut.

3rd M/F endings

3rd M/F endings

3rd N endings

More on these TODAY!We start here!

1st/2nd Declension Adjectivessacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred

Sg. Masculine Feminine NeuterNom. sacer sacra sacrumGen. sacrī sacrae sacrīDat. sacrō sacrae sacrōAcc. sacrum sacram sacrumAbl. sacrō sacrā sacrō

Pl. Masculine Feminine NeuterNom. sacrī sacrae sacraGen. sacrōrum sacrārum sacrōrumDat. sacrīs sacrīs sacrīsAcc. sacrōs sacrās sacraAbl. sacrīs sacrīs sacrīs

3rd Declension Adjectivesceler, celeris, celere: swift

Sg. Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. celer celeris celereGen. celeris celeris celerisDat. celerī celerī celerīAcc. celerem celerem celereAbl. celerī celerī celerī

Pl. Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. celerēs celerēs celeriaGen. celerium celerium celeriumDat. celeribus celeribus celeribusAcc. celerēs celerēs celeriaAbl. celeribus celeribus celeribus

Three Terminations:

3rd Declension Adjectivesbrevis, breve: short

Sg. Masculine / Feminine NeuterNom. brevis breveGen. brevis brevisDat. brevī brevīAcc. brevem breveAbl. brevī brevī

Pl. Masculine / Feminine NeuterNom. brevēs breviaGen. brevium breviumDat. brevibus brevibusAcc. brevēs breviaAbl. brevibus brevibus

Two Terminations:

3rd Declension Adjectivessapiēns, (gen.) sapientis: wise

Sg. Masculine / Feminine NeuterNom. sapiēns sapiēnsGen. sapientis sapientisDat. sapientī sapientīAcc. sapientem sapiēnsAbl. sapientī sapientī

Pl. Masculine / Feminine NeuterNom. sapientēs sapientiaGen. sapientium sapientiumDat. sapientibus sapientibusAcc. sapientēs sapientiaAbl. sapientibus sapientibus

One Termination:

Noun Adjective PairsAn adjective always takes its gender from the noun it is

modifying. It also takes its case and number from the noun.

cena terribilis

omne aurum

ferōcēs equī

mons ingēns

tristis agricola

terrible dinner

all the gold

fierce horses

huge mountain

sad farmer

Decline “sad farmer.”

Sg. Adjective NounNom. Gen.Dat.Acc.Abl.

Pl. Adjective NounNom. Gen.Dat.Acc.Abl.

trististrististristī

tristemtristī

tristēstristiumtristibustristēs

tristibus

agricolaagricolaeagricolaeagricolamagricolā

agricolaeagricolārumagricolīsagricolāsagricolīs

tristis, triste: sad | agricola, -‐ae (m): farmer

1st Declension Noun / 2nd Declension Adjective



maximusmaximīmaximōmaximummaximō

maximīmaximōrummaximīsmaximōsmaximīs

poetapoetaepoetaepoetampoetā

poetaepoetārumpoetīspoetāspoetīs

Worksheet 3 1st/2nd Declension Adjectives

Latin 8 2013-‐2014

A. Fill in the blanks: 1. Latin adjectives are divided into two groups: _____________ declension adjectives and _________ declension adjectives.

!

2. The dictionary entry for a 1st/2nd declension adjective is written with three forms, representing the ________________, ______________, and _______________.

1st/2nd3rd

masculinefeminine neuter

3. All adjectives, regardless of declension, must agree with the noun they modify in __________________, _________________, and _________________. They do NOT need to have the same ending.

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4. 1st/2nd declension adjectives decline just like 1st/2nd declension _____________, but they can be used to modify any Latin noun, regardless of declension.

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5. 1st/2nd declension adjectives are often abbreviated as _____, _____, ______.

case numbergender

nouns

-‐us -‐a -‐um

1. “bad word”



malummalīmalōmalummalō

malamalōrummalīsmalamalīs

verbumverbīverbōverbumverbō

verbaverbōrumverbīsverbaverbīs

2. “our dinner”



nostranostraenostraenostramnostrā

nostraenostrārumnostrīsnostrāsnostrīs

cenacenaecenaecenamcenā

cenaecenārumcenīscenāscenīs

3. “great farmer”



magnusmagnīmagnōmagnummagnō

magnīmagnōrummagnīsmagnōsmagnīs

agricolaagricolaeagricolaeagricolamagricolā

agricolaeagricolārumagricolīsagricolāsagricolīs

Predicate Adjectives

Substantive Adjectives

An adjective can be used with a form of the verb sum, esse to describe the subject of the sentence.

The adjective is in the nominative case.

An adjective can be used without a noun to stand in for a man (masc), woman (fem.), or thing (neut.).

Urbēs sunt magnae. -‐-‐> Urbēs magnae sunt. The cities are large.

Magnus urbem regnat. A great (man) rules the city.

1. Mea mater mihi et meīs sororibus bonās cenās coquit.

2. Pauper nullum aurum et multōs amicōs habet.

3. Ferī militēs magnam urbem ā malīs hostibus liberāvit.

Identify any adjectives and the nouns they modify. Label the case, number, and gender.

Translate.

amazing,)) wonderful,)) descriptive)) adjectives! · amazing,)) wonderful,)) descriptive))...

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