Strategies for water supply in a planned urban extension

A case study of the Dwarka sub-city in Delhi

Main Investigator: Jaouen Levasseur Student in Civil Engineering, INSA de Lyon 20 rue A. Einstein 69621 Villeurbanne Jaouenl@yahoo.fr

Directed by Augustin Maria PhD Student in Economics, CERNA ENSMP 60 Bd St Michel 75006 Paris maria@ensmp.fr

Background This report presents the result of a study carried out between the months of February and May 2004 in the sub city of Dwarka in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, India. Field interviews were carried out by Jaouen Levasseur and Augustin Maria with residents, city planners and engineers from concerned public authorities, as well as private consultants. The goal of this study was to understand the current situation in terms of water supply and wastewater management, as well as the determinants of the evolution of the water system

Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Centre de Sciences Humaines for providing us with all working facilities during the time of our research. We would also thank all the interviewed persons for kindly sharing with us their experience with us.

3

SUMMARY Background........................................................................................................... 2

Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... 3

Introduction .......................................................................................................... 8

1. An Introduction to Dwarka ........................................................................... 8

1.1. Dwarka: a mega project of urban extension.......................................................... 9

1.2. Institutional environment of the sub-city............................................................. 10

1.3. Ground water resources ........................................................................................ 12 1.3.1. Hydrology pattern ......................................................................................................................... 12 1.3.2. Ground water Regulation .............................................................................................................. 14

2. The study ...................................................................................................... 15

2.1. Methodology adopted............................................................................................. 15

2.2. Survey of DDA pockets .......................................................................................... 16

2.3. Survey of Cooperative Group Housing Societies ................................................ 17

3. Current situation in terms of access to water............................................. 18

3.1. Water supply by the DDA ..................................................................................... 18 3.1.1. Planned requirements .................................................................................................................... 18 3.1.2. Raw Water availability.................................................................................................................. 19

3.2. Projects of water augmentation at the macro level ............................................. 20 3.2.1. On channel storage........................................................................................................................ 20 3.2.2. Off channel storage along the Najafgarh Drain............................................................................. 21 3.2.3. Dual supply based on well fields................................................................................................... 22

4. Water resources availability ........................................................................ 23

4.1. Public and private resources ................................................................................. 23 4.1.1. Municipal water from the network................................................................................................ 23 4.1.2. Water tankers ................................................................................................................................ 23 4.1.3. Mineral water in the markets......................................................................................................... 24

4.2. Local resources ....................................................................................................... 24 4.2.1. Ground water .............................................................................................................................. 24 4.2.2. Precipitation .................................................................................................................................. 24 4.2.3. Waste water................................................................................................................................... 25

4

5. Initiatives taken to face the problems ......................................................... 25 5.1. Treatment System .................................................................................................. 28

5.1.1. Ground water treatment................................................................................................................. 28 5.1.2. Sullage water treatment ................................................................................................................. 29

5.2. Intelligent Stock System......................................................................................... 29

5.3. Supply System .................................................................................................... 31 5.3.1. Single supply................................................................................................................................. 31 5.3.2. Partial dual supply......................................................................................................................... 31 5.3.3. Dual supply ................................................................................................................................... 32

5.4. Complementary Treatment System...................................................................... 32

5.5. Water Service quality............................................................................................. 33

5.6. Strategies at the level of the society ...................................................................... 34

5.7. Examples of Water Systems and strategies.......................................................... 37 5.7.1. Low Water Service........................................................................................................................ 37 5.7.2. Medium Water Service.................................................................................................................. 37 5.7.3. High Water Service ....................................................................................................................... 38

6. Cost analysis ................................................................................................ 39

6.1. Methodology ........................................................................................................... 39

6.2. Main results ............................................................................................................ 41 6.2.1. Cost of treatment processes........................................................................................................... 41 6.2.2. Cost of Water Service ................................................................................................................... 46

6.3. Analysis of Water Service efficiency..................................................................... 49

7. Lessons from the survey .............................................................................. 50

7.1. The role of community based organization.......................................................... 50

7.2. Benefits of alternatives systems............................................................................. 51

Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 53

Bibliography ....................................................................................................... 54

ANNEX I : Interviews ........................................................................................ 55

ANNEXE 2: ELECTRICITY COST.................................................................. 57

ANNEXE 3: CHEMICAL CONSUMPTION FOR RO PLANT ..................... 58

ANNEXE 4: SALT RECHARGING COST FOR ION EXCHANGE ............. 58

ANNEXE 5: DELHI JAL BOARD WATER TARIFF..................................... 59

ANNEX 6: ON CHANNEL AND OFF CHANNEL STORAGE..................... 60

CASE STUDIES :............................................................................................... 61

5

LIST OF MAPS Map 1. Main Planned Urban Extensions in Delhi .................................................................. 9 Map 2. Decline in water table levels .................................................................................... 13 Map 3. Thickness of alluvium .............................................................................................. 13 Map 4. Groundwater Salinity ............................................................................................... 13 Map 5. Location of the surveyed settlements. ...................................................................... 16 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. DDA pockets features .......................................................................................... 16 Table 2. Pocket occupancy................................................................................................. 17 Table 3. CGHS occupancy ................................................................................................. 18 Table 4. Quality Standards ................................................................................................ 19 Table 5. Societies’s strategies ............................................................................................ 36 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Water Systeme Architecture................................................................................. 26 Figure 2. Initiatives at Society level .................................................................................... 27 Figure 3. Water System function ......................................................................................... 27 Figure 4. Intelligent Stock System architecture................................................................... 29 Figure 5. Adaptability of the system................................................................................... 30 Figure 6. Single Pipe System............................................................................................... 31 Figure 7. Partial dual system ............................................................................................... 31 Figure 8. Dual pipe system for domestic and potable purposes .......................................... 32 Figure 9. Water System function ......................................................................................... 34 Figure 10. Vidyad and Ashiana Society Water System..................................................... 37 Figure 11. Naval&Air Force Water System ...................................................................... 37 Figure 12. Ispatika Water System...................................................................................... 37 Figure 13. Great capital WaterSystem............................................................................... 38 Figure 14. Abhiyan Water System..................................................................................... 38 Figure 15. Welcome Water System................................................................................... 39 Figure 16. Cost of RO process - Abhiyan Sct ................................................................... 42 Figure 17. Cost of Ion exchange process - Great Capital Sct ............................................ 43 Figure 18. Cost of Water conditioning process - Ispatika Sct ........................................... 44 Figure 19. Cost of Complementary individual treatment processes – Great capital Sct ... 45 Figure 20. Cost of SAFF process – Welcome Sct ............................................................. 45 Figure 21. Cost of Water Sercice vs Occupancy – Ashiana Sct ........................................ 46 Figure 22. Cost of Water Service vs Occupancy – Abhiyan Sct ....................................... 47 Figure 23. Cost of Water Service vs MCD supply - Great Capital Sct ............................. 48 Figure 24. Cost of Water Service vs MCD supply- Ispatika Sct ....................................... 48 Figure 25. Cost of Water Service vs MCD supply - Great Capital Sct ............................. 49 Figure 26. Efficiency of societies ‘s Water Service .......................................................... 50 Figure 27. Water resources cost comparison..................................................................... 51

6

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS DDA: Delhi Development Authority gpcd : gallon per capita per day I&FC: Irrigation and Flood Control lpcd : liter per capita perd ay MCM: Million Cubic Meter MGD: Million Gallon per Day MLD: Million Liters per Day RO: Reverse Osmosis STP: Sewage Treatment Plant WTP: Water Treatment Plant CASE STUDIES

CGHS : Abhiyan Housing Cooperating Sct........................................................................................... 62 Naval &Air Force Cooperating Sct .......................................................................................... 67 Ashiana Cooperating Sct .......................................................................................................... 69 Great Capital Cooperating Sct.................................................................................................. 71 ISPATIKA Cooperating Sct..................................................................................................... 76 Vidyad Cooperating Sct ........................................................................................................... 82

DDA Pocket : Sector 12 - Pocket N°3, Dwarka .............................................................................................. 89 Sector 12 - Pocket N°4, Dwarka .............................................................................................. 90 Sector 13- Pocket N°1, Dwarka ............................................................................................... 91 Sector 13 - Pocket N°2, Dwarka .............................................................................................. 92 Sector 13 - Pocket B, phase2, Dwarka ..................................................................................... 93 Sector 14 - Pocket N°1, Dwarka .............................................................................................. 94 Sector 14 - Pocket N°2, Dwarka .............................................................................................. 96 Sector 19 - Pocket N°3, Dwarka .............................................................................................. 97 Sector 1- Pocket N°1, Dwarka ................................................................................................. 99 Sector 1- Pocket N°3, Dwarka ............................................................................................... 100 Sector 3 - Pocket N°16, Dwarka ............................................................................................ 101 Sector 6 - Pocket N°1, Dwarka .............................................................................................. 102

7

Introduction Dwarka is a sub-city and a part of the urban extension envisaged in the Master Plan for Delhi 2001, based on the implementation of the three mega projects of Rohini, Dwarka and Narela. The case study of Dwarka allows to illustrate the situation in terms of provision of water and sanitation services in those recent urban extensions implemented during the last decades in the western and northern part of Delhi. With an expected population around 4 Million, those settlements have a critical role in Delhi’s future development, and the provision of amenities to these settlements will be a real challenge in the coming years. Although the development of Dwarka was supposed to be completed in 2001, the rate of occupation of the sub-city is still well under the maximal capacity. The current population is estimated around 125 000 people. This represents around one tenth of the total capacity after completion of the scheme which is expected to be around 1,1 Million people. Although the main constraint to increased occupation is still the connectivity, water scarcity is already a critical obstacle to living in Dwarka. Piped water supply, which will remain under the responsibility of the DDA until the completion of the project around 2008, does not match the demand of the current population. Accordingly, several strategies have emerged at the individual and community level in order to cope with the inadequacy of service utility. These strategies have lead to the creation of alternative systems to differenciate them from the conventional systems. This report is based on interviews with residents, city planners and engineers from concerned public authorities, as well as private consultants. It aims first of all at presenting and analysing the strategies implemented at different levels in order to improve the level of service. This will help us assess the feasability of alternative systems in Dwarka and understand what role they could play and what constraints they could bring in the future water management of Dwarka. We will first introduce the main specificities of Dwarka in order to grasp what are the actors, the issues and the obstacles in the water management of the city. We will then present two types of housing which have been the subject of our study. The attention will be after focus on Dwarka current water crisis and on the initiatives to face it at the levels of DDA and at higher levels. It will enables us to project in the future and anticipate the water scenario in Dwarka. Theses four first parts prepare in a way the ground for understanding how do alternative strategies have come out. The strategies are based on a choice of water resources available in Dwarka and whose features have been presented in a fifth part. After that we will explain how the strategies have been materialized into Water Systems. We will describe the principal components of one Water System and see how we can determine the Water Service quality and cost. Some examples from our surveys will be provided to illustrate our remarks. In a last part we will stand back and draw out the lessons from the survey and especially on the benefits of alternative systems. We will conclude the report by considering different scenarios for alternative systems in Dwarka and presenting the constraints that they will generate. The problematic won’t be resolved but some tracks of work will be given.

8

1. An Introduction to Dwarka

1.1. Dwarka: a mega project of urban extension Dwarka is a recent urban extension located at the periphery of the current urban center of Delhi. The Dwarka sub-city is a part of the ambitious schemes for urban extension envisaged in the Master Plan for Delhi 20011 (MPD-2001) released by the Delhi Development Authority (DDA) in 1991. Similar extension schemes have been implemented simultaneously by the DDA in the areas of Rohini and Narela. The MPD 2001 projected an increase in the population of the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT Delhi) from 9,42 Million for the year 1991 to 12,8 Million for the year 2001. The plan proposed urbanization of further 18 000 – 24 000 ha. to accommodate the additional population in urban extension areas like Dwarka, Rohini and Narela sub cities. Map 1. Main Planned Urban Extensions in Delhi

1 General information about the MPD-2001 is available on the DDA's website : http://ddadelhi.com/planning/mpd-2001.htm

9

Rohini scheme was launched in the 80’s and its development is scheduled in 5 phases. The total area for development is around 4 800 hectares, and the total population at the end of the development should be around 1,2 Million people. Dwarka scheme, originally known as Papankala scheme, is planned for a population of around 1,1 Million People. The total area of the site is 5 648 Hectares, of which 1 688 ha. had been already occupied and built up, 1964 ha were developed in Phase I, and 1 996 ha. are under development in Phase II.

Narela sub-city is located in the northern part of the NCT Delhi. The total project area is of 9866 ha, of which 7 365 ha were planned for urban development. According to the DDA, the sub-city provides housing accommodation to about 1,35 Million People. (Source: DDA Website)

The provision of housing in Dwarka takes several forms. Some plots have been allotted to Co-operative Group Housing Societies (CGHS) for the building of multi-storey (6-10 floors) apartment buildings. Around 250 plots of 4 000 to 9 000 Sq.m have been allotted to various CGHS. A majority of those apartment buildings are still under construction. DDA has also taken up the construction of flats of various categories. Those flats are generally located in so-called “DDA pockets” and come under the forms of 4 floors buildings. Some individual plots are also offered for further development. Some resettlement colonies have also been developed in the sub-city. The current population of Dwarka is estimated around 125 000 people. A number of buildings still have a low level of occupancy. The main constraint to further population of the sub-city is currently perceived to be connectivity. Several major linkages have been planned to increase substantially the approachability of Dwarka from the main city of Delhi:

- A Western approach will connect Dwarka to Najafgarh road - An Eastern approach will connect Dawrka to South Central Delhi through cantonment

area - ASouth approach will connect Dwarka to Bijwasan road, - A Metro station - A Northern road of 60m width connecting Dwarka to Delhi-Gurgaon road is already

under construction and will be finished in 2005. (Source: Dwarka the sub City, DDA, 2001)

It is assumed that the constraint of connectivity will loosen around the year 2005, leading to a rapid increase in population along with the completion of a number of new buildings. This will lead to an added pressure on the existing system of water supply.

1.2. Institutional environment of the sub-city From an institutional point of view, the situation of Dwarka illustrates the lack of coordination between the different agencies involved in the Urban Development of Delhi.

10

Dwarka is located in the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). The NCT is governed by a government similar to others states governments. Nevertheless, the NCT can not yet be considered as a full fledge state, and the central administration still keep a control on the urban development, mainly through the Delhi Development Authority, which is responsible for housing development and urban planning in Delhi. This agency was created under the Delhi Development Act, 1957. It role was defined as follows: “To promote and secure the development of Delhi according to plan and for that purpose, the Authority shall have the power to acquire, hold, manage and dispose of land and other property to carry out building, engineering, mining and other operations to execute works in connection with supply of water and electricity, disposal of sewage and other services and amenities and generally to do anything necessary or expedient for purpose of such development and for purpose incidental thereto.” Currently, the Delhi Development Authority is under the direct control of the Union Ministry of Urban Development. The first master plan, 1961-1981 was published by DDA in 1962. A revised Plan was adopted in 1990 with a perspective up to the year 2001. It was this second plan which envisaged the development of Dwarka as an urban extension of the city of Delhi. A new master plan with a perspective up to the year 2021 is currently being finalized. Three local authorities are present in the NCT, which are the Delhi Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD), the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC), and the Delhi Cantonment Board. These three bodies have a status of municipal corporations. The NDMC governs the New Delhi area where most official and administrative buildings are concentrated. The DCB is in charge of the Cantonment area which is essentially used for military purposes, and the MCD is in charge of the rest of the area in the NCT. Therefore, the urban local body responsible for Dwarka is the Municipal Corporation of Delhi. Consequently, on the long term, the responsibility of water supply and sewage disposal will rely on the Delhi Jal Board, which is under the control of the Government of NCT. However, the development of infrastructure for water supply and sewage disposal in Delhi has been carried out by the DDA, and the operation and maintenance of the sub-system will remain with the DDA until completion of the project around the year 2008. The current responsibility of the Delhi Jal Board is restricted to providing bulk water to the DDA, which takes care of the internal distribution. One can mention the Irrigation and Flood Control Department (I&FC) of the NCT government as another institution involved in the management of water in Dwarka. Indeed, the sub city is adjacent to the Najafgarh Drain, which can be considered as full fledge river course and could be developed for increasing the availability of raw water in Dwarka. The management and development of this drain is under the responsibility of the Irrigation and Flood Control Department of the NCT.

11

1.3. Ground water resources

1.3.1. Hydrology pattern Dwarka is located in the western part of the NCT Delhi, on older alluvial plains. Dwarka’s hydrology is characterized by the proximity of the Najafgarh Drain which forms the western limit of the sub-city, and constitutes an important source of groundwater recharge. The thickness of the alluvium is about 300 m in the area and potential aquifers can be found at depths up to 240 meters below ground level. As shown in map 3, the western part of NCT shows a rapid decline in water levels due to tapping of groundwater for domestic and agricultural uses. The depth of water tables increases from 5m to 12 m as we move away from the drain. The main problem in Dwarka, as far as groundwater resources are concerned is the occurrence of brackish and saline water in the deeper aquifers. In the Northern part of Dwarka, were most existing dwelling units are located, salinity occurs at all levels. High concentrations of fluoride have also been found in samples collected by the Central Ground Water Board. According to the calculation of the Central Ground Water Board, the total reserve of potable water is limited to 16 Million Cubic Meter (MCM)2. The requirement of the current population is considered to be 28 Million Liters per Day (MLD), for an available supply of 12 MLD. The annual gap represents 16 MLD (around 6 MCM). Therefore, if only the potable reserve are taken into account, groundwater reserves can not be considered as a sustainable alternative to bulk water supply from the Delhi Jal Board even on the short term. However, if the use of treated or untreated saline groundwater is considered, the quantity available becomes much larger. We will see in the next section that some users, mainly in CGHS, have taken initiatives to put saline groundwater at use through various strategies of treatment, mixing, and separate supply for different uses. 1 CGWB (2003) "Sustainable Development of Ground Water Resources of Dwarka Sub-City" Central Ground Water Board.

12

Map 2. Decline in water table levels

Map 3. Thickness of alluvium Map 4. Groundwater Salinity

13

1.3.2. Ground water Regulation Over the decades, the ground water resource has been continuously exploited in India to the extent that the rate of extraction is far beyond the rate of replenishment. As a result, the groundwater table has been falling continuously in most parts of the country. In the perspective to address this issue, the Central Government of India has constituted in January 1997 the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA), a body under the administrative control of Ministry of Water Resources. Its objective is to regulate and control ground water development and management for the whole country. It has been mandated to issue regulatory directives in order to protect and conserve the ground water resource in vulnerable areas. Its measures are based on field studies conducted by 16 Regional Offices called Central Ground Water Boards (CGWB). The CGWB provide clear assessment of the ground water quality and quantity through 15 000 observation wells spread all over the country. The water level are monitored four times a year and the water quality once a year. The CGWA has also organized training programs and mass awareness campaigns to educate people with regards to adverse effects of decline in water levels and pollution. In Delhi, the South and South West districts have been declared “notified areas” in August 2000. It means that “no person, organization, governmental or non governmental agency can undertake any scheme or project of ground water development and management without prior permission” of the CGWB. Illegal and unauthorized ground water abstraction as far as selling and supply of ground water are therefore subjected to lawsuits. Existing exploitation of ground water are not concerned by this regulation but have to be registered to the CGWB (Source: Dct Gey, Senior Officer CGWA). Authorizations for ground water abstractions are given one by one according to the requirements and the current municipal supply. In general the CGWB never grant permission to particular house holdings but prefer giving it to institutions and schools(Source: Dct Gey, Senior Officer CGWA, 2004). We will see later that CGHS get usually permission for ground water abstraction Moreover in March 2001, the CGWA has taken a particular device to mitigate the ground water depletion in South and South West districts of NCT Delhi. It has made mandatory the adoption of rainwater harvesting and ground water recharge systems for all Residential Societies/Institutions/Schools/Hotels/Industrial Establishments with a plot area greater than 100Sqm. A first deadline has been fixed on May 2001 for completion of the work but it has been extended several times up to September 2004.

14

2. The study This section presents the methodology adopted during our surveys and the different actors we have met. It also gives a description of the two types of housing which have been studied that means the CGHS and the DDA pockets. For convenient purposes we will often use the term “society” instead of CGHS or Cooperating Group Housing Society.

2.1. Methodology adopted According to the time constraint for carrying out this study, we could not deal with all different types of housings. We chose to restraint ourselves to DDA pockets and CGHS and we have therefore not taken into account the resettlement colonies. Our approach was:

(i) First to have an understanding of the strategy proposed by the institutions in charge of the development of a sustainable supply of water to the sub city. Here, we carried out interviews with officers from the DDA, Central Ground Water Board and INTACH.

(ii) Then, to understand the situation from the point of view of the residents. Here, we

carried out several interviews with members of cooperative group housing societies and residents from flats located in DDA pockets. Those two categories form the core of Dwarka’s population and allowed to have a right understanding of the determinants of the emergence of coping strategies at the individual and community level.

(iii) In order to improve our understanding of the technical systems, we carried out a last

round of interviews with engineers in charge of public supply, city planners, and consultants involved in setting up technical systems for some CGHS.

Interviews with institutions The interview carried out with engineers from the DDA allowed us to understand the process of planning for future water supply to the sub-city as well as the determinants of the current allocation of water from public supply. Two reports have been prepared by the Central Ground Water Board and INTACH on the developments of groundwater resources and rainwater harvesting. The recommendations of these reports are reviewed in this report.

Interviews with residents The two types of housing surveyed were apartments built by Cooperative Group Housing Societies on land allotted by the DDA and DDA pockets in which “DDA flats” of various standards had been built by the DDA itself. Interviews have been carried out in 7 CGHS and 12 DDA pockets. The DDA is currently responsible for supplying water to 200 CGHS and 60 pockets through Dwarka. The following map shows the location of the CGHS and DDA pockets surveyed for this study.

15

Map 5. Location of the surveyed settlements.

2.2. Survey of DDA pockets Interviews have been carried out in 12 different DDA pockets. All the pockets surveyed are composed of 4 stories buildings. Flats of different standards can be found in each pocket. The different standards available are described here : Table 1. DDA pockets features Type of flats Features Initial cost/Present cost EWS (Economical Wicker Section)

1 room with kitchen included NA*

Janta 1 room + separate kitchen NA

LIG (Low Income Group)

1 bedroom + 1 living room + 1 bathroom + 1 kitchen

4.8lacs/8-9 lacs

MIG (Middle Income Group)

2 bedrooms + 1 living room + 1 kitchen + bathroom+ 1 WC

9lacs/11-12lacs

HIG (High Income Group) 3 bedrooms + 1 living room + 1 kitchen + 2 bathrooms

/13 -15 lacs

*NA: Non available

The flats are built by the DDA and are made available under two different modes of financing:

In Hire and Purchase Scheme, the allotee pays one part of the cost in advance and one part in instalment as a rent. Allotee becomes tenant of his flat over a certain amount of time as soon as he has refund the full cost of the flat.

In Self Financing Scheme (SFS), the allotee works side by side with the DDA during the construction stage of the pocket. Allotee supports the expenses when they are occurred

16

while DDA ensures the proper progress of the construction work. After the completion of flat, the allotee is immediately tenant of his flat.

The level of occupancy varied widely among the different pockets, from 13% to 75%: Table 2. Pocket occupancy

Pockets Pckt N°4 sect12

Pckt N°3 sec12

Pckt N°1 Sec13

Pckt N°16 Sec 3

Pckt B Sec13

Pckt N° 2 Sec13

Pckt N°1 Sec 14

Pckt N°2 Sec 14

Pckt N°3 Sect19

Pckt N°3 Sec 1

Pckt N° 1 Sec 6

Pckt N°1 Sec1

Nb flats 304 223 300 608 806 680 976 864 LIG 300 MIG

720 208 212 336

occupancy NA 13% 75% 50% 16% 12% 30% 85%LIG 40%MIG

34% 52% 47% 48%

The residents of the DDA flats have typical household monthly incomes varying form Rs 10 000 and Rs 30 000.

2.3. Survey of Cooperative Group Housing Societies Interviews have been carried out in 7 Cooperative Group Housing Societies. The persons interviewed had responsibilities in the development or the management of the societies, or were involved in the management of the water system on behalf of the societies. DDA allots land to Cooperative Group Housing Societies registered under the Delhi Co-operative Societies Act-1972. According to the DDA, allotment of land to 116 societies has been made so far. The promoter of a CGHS has to gather a certain number of stakeholders (60, 90 or higher multiple of 30). The members of a society can not be owners of any other residence in Delhi. Once constituted, the society has to be registered at the office of the Registrar of Co-operative Societies. Once officially registered, the CGHS becomes a body corporate. The different stages from the registration till allotment of flats are as follow:

- Allocation of land. - Design of the building by an architect - Confirmation of the design by the DDA - Building construction by private contractor - Electricity and water connections - Allotment of flats

The allocation of land can take several years, and the members of the society have no certainty on the location of the land that will be allotted to them. The land surface allocated by the DDA to a society is based on its number of members.

- for a society of 60 members, 1 acre (4 047 Sq m) of land is allocated - for a society of 90 members 1.5 acre (6 070 Sq m) of land are allocated - for a society of 180 members 2 acre (8 094 Sq m) of land are allocated

17

The standard of the flats in the surveyed CGHS is generally high and corresponds to HIG and MIG standards for DDA flats. The typical surface of a flat in a CGHS is around 100 Sq.m or above. The members of CGHS are generally from the higher strata of the society with income generally higher than Rs 30 000. In four of the seven surveyed societies, most the setting up of the society was the initiative of an institution. Indeed Ispatika Society has been set up through Steel Authority, Vidyad Society through the National Hydroelectric Corporation Ltd and Power Grid Ltd, Welcome Society through ITC Hotel, and the Air Force and Naval society through a network of military officers. In the three other societies, that is, Abhyian society, Ashiana society, and Great Capital society, the members have been gathered through private networks. The level of occupancy in the different CGHS varies from 31% to 77%. Table 3. CGHS occupancy

Societies Abhiyan Ispatika Vidyad Ashiana Great Capital

Welcome Airforce & Naval

Total Nb flats

90 195 83 120 105 126 NA

Occupancy 31% 77% 50% 50% 66% 0%* NA * Construction work not yet completed

3. Current situation in terms of access to water This part wants to present the current water crisis in Dwarka and at showing that there are presently no real guarantees of improvements of the situation for the coming years. As we will see in the following part, the water supplied by the DDA is far under the expectations given by the standards. The DDA is waiting for initiatives at the higher level without knowing what will be the impacts on Dwarka. On the other side, the DDA has received different proposals for augmentation of raw water availability but the work has not started yet and their contributions appear quite negligible at the scale of the city.

3.1. Water supply by the DDA

3.1.1. Planned requirements The standards used by the DDA for the water requirements of an urban population are worked at a rate of 225lpcd (50gpcd) divided as follow:

- 75lpcd for potable uses (drinking, cooking, washing of utensils) - 150lpcd for domestic uses (washing of clothes, bathing, flushing)

With the urban development and the increasing standards of living, water requirement for the future is projected at 363lpcd (80gpcd).

18

Using the first standard, the existing requirement of the sub-city with a population of 125 000 persons should a total daily supply of 28 MLD (6 MGD) divided as follow:

- 9 MLD (2 MGD) for potable purposes - 19 MLD (4MGD) for domestic purposes.

The future requirements of a population of 1,1 Million dwellers, based on the same standards would be a total daily supply of 248 MLD (54 MGD) divided as follow:

- 83 MLD (18 MGD) for potable purposes - 165 MLD (36MGD) for domestic purposes.

Taking the norm of 363 lpcd, the requirements would be 399 MLD, or 88 MGD. The quality criteria for municipal water supply are laid down by the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO), the technical wing of the Ministry of Urban Development. The main criteria are presented in the following table. Table 4. Quality Standards Characteristics acceptable rejection Hardness (CaCO3) (mg/l)

200 800

Ca (mg/l) 75 600 Mg (mg/l) < 30 200 Dissolved solids 500 150 Suspended matter 500 1500 BOD Inf 2mg/l 1500 COD NA NA pH 6,5 8,5

Source : CPHEEO (1999) “Manual on water supply and treatment” Central Public health and engineering organization. Ministry of Urban Development.

3.1.2. Raw Water availability The DDA currently receives in average 11 to 14 MLD (2,5 to 3 MGD) from Nangloi treatment plant (WTP). Among that water:

- 4,5 MLD (1 MGD) are assigned to MCD areas such as (Sadnagar, Rajnagar, Nassibnagar, Palam) and to some isolated DDA pockets such as Bindapur and Nazir Pur

- 7,3 to 9 MLD (1,5 to 2 MGD) are available for Dwarka (Source : interviews with DDA engineers) On a basis of 225lpcd, the municipal service can meet only from 26% to 31% of Dwarka’s water requirements. The DDA must bridge a gap of around 20 MLD to satisfy the demand. The installed treatment capacity of Nangloi WTP is 180 MLD (40 MGD). Increase in water availability in Delhi is expected after the completion of the new water treatment plant (WTP) in Sonia Vihar, with a capacity of 640 MLD (140 MGD). The plant should be commissioned in July 2004. However, this plant is located in the eastern part of Delhi and the

19

impact of the completion of Sonia Vihar in terms of increase in the allocation of water in Dwarka is uncertain. Additional availability raw water from the western Yamuna canal is expected after the completion of a parallel channel from Munak to Haiderpur, which will allow the elimination of the losses in the current carrying system. The losses are estimated at 30% of the water transferred, and their elimination would bring an additional flow of 364 MLD (80 MGD). Considering this increase in the availability of raw water, two new Water Treatment Plants are proposed to be commissioned at Dwarka (40 MGD) and at Okhla (20 MGD) during the 10th Five Year Plan. The 20 MGD remaining will be used in the Nangloi plant which is currently not operated at its full capacity. (Source : Economic Survey of Delhi, 2001-2002) http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/Ecosur2001-02/Ecosur2001-02.htm The construction of the parallel channel is to be carried out by the Haryana Government. After a lot of persuasion, the Government of Haryana has agreed to start construction of this pucca channel of 102 kms length. The estimated cost is Rs 380,18 crore and it should be completed in the next three years. The entire cost of the project will be financed by Delhi Govt. Water availability will increase by 80 MGD on construction of this channel. In spite of pressure from the Government of Delhi on the government of Haryana, the completion of this work is expected to take at least 3 to 5 years.

3.2. Projects of water augmentation at the macro level Aware of the lack of raw water and the unsustainable situation concerning the ground water abstraction, different projects have been carried out by different autonomous agencies such as INTACH and CGWB on the demand of the DDA. (Cf Annex 6)

3.2.1. On channel storage INTACH has proposed in May 1997 to tap water from the Najafgarh drain. The benefits of the project is estimated between 8 to 10 MGD (Cf report, Technico-feasability study for on channel recharge on Najafgarh drain, INTACH). The project is divided in two phases. The first phase plans to increase the volumetric water holding capacity of the Najafgarh drain from Dhansa to Kakraula through desilting and deepening below the designated bed level. The area concerning for the modifications extends on 30km. This drain will be filled by a combination of urban run-off and flood discharge waters coming from Dwarka and upstream the drain. The second phase of the project, concerns the exploitation water. The stored water can be used directly or the ground water can be extracted through a battery of tube wells installed on the underlying aquifer. By this mean the aquifer receives continuous recharge and can be exploited on sustainable basis. The level of water in the drain is monitored with a regulator at Kakraula. The cost of this phase is estimated at Rs 313 Millions. The first phase of the project has been completed in 1999 on the expenses of I&FC. The second phase of the project has received the approbation for implementation at the highest levels of the

20

government. The construction work should be initiated in January 2005 and complete work is expected in 2008. (Source: S.P Bhansal, Director planning, DDA). Taking into account a standard of 225lpcd, the project will benefit to 240 000 persons. The contribution of this project is respectable but does not resolve entirely the water shortage.

3.2.2. Off channel storage along the Najafgarh Drain This is an extension of the concept of the on channel storage proposed by INTACH in February 1998. It consists in storing the fresh water over the recharge area in the depressions available along the right bank of the Najafgarh drain (Cf Annex 6) The available depressions have a surface of 75ha which can be extended after civil works to 150ha. The storage capacity represented would hence be brought from 5 to 6 MCM. The depressions could be fed by different sources whose total contribution is estimated approximately at 6 MCM divided as follow:

4.36 MCM form the run off generated in Dwarka’s catchment area 0.6 MCM form direct precipitation on the modified depressions 1 MCM from the overflowed water of the Najafgargh drain

Dwarka’s catchement area extends over 52 Sqkm. Among the 5 storm water trunks constructed to discharge the run off into the Najafgarh drain, only three of them (Palam drain, drains N°1&2) can source the depressions. The run off discharged through Palam drain and the drains N°1 and 2 corresponds to 79.5% of the total run off generated Estimation of the run-off has been possible through the determination of a run off coefficient allowing the conversion of run off from rainfalls. The run-off coefficient’s determination has been facilitated by rainfall and run off recordings in the neighboring site of New Delhi, available for over 30 years by the Ministry of Agriculture. Taking an average value of 0,35 in expectation of Dwarka’s urbanization, run off annual series have been produced for a 95 year period and have given a total annual run off of 5,49 MCM with 75% dependability. The rainfall precipitated over the modified depressions has been estimated at 400mm a year taking into count the contribution of the monsoon months (June, July, August, September). The present storage capacity of the Najafgargh drain is limited and can contain the flood water discharged through it at 75% dependability. INTACH has proposed to use the large excess flood waters as an additional source in order to meet the difference between the created storage capacity and the availability of the resource.

Taking an evaporation rate of 1MCM, the net availability of raw water would be 5MCM i.e 13,7 MLD (2,5MGD). The water from the depressions can pretend to match the need of the population provided that the sources are guaranteed against pollution. If the sewage from Palam drain has been officially diverted to the sewage treatment plant in sector 16d, contamination still remained due to illegal discharged by unauthorized colonies upstream to Palam drain (Source: K.G Allawadi Executive Engineer WD12, DDA) or due to an inconsistent sewage treatment at Gurgaon (Source: Bhatnagar Manu Director INTACH, 2004). Regarding Najafgarh drain, it has been proposed by the I&FC Department to provide a separate drain up to Kakraula regulator parallel to Najafgarh drain so as to carry the sullage. Waiting for the completion of the additional drain, INTACH has

21

proposed to develop duckweeds on the depressions in order to reduce the contamination of the water and the BOD level. The total cost of the project is estimated at Rs 124 Million including the civil works for the depressions (excavation and embankment), duckweeds plants, tube wells with boring and drains regulators. Apart from technical considerations which might us suppose that the project is far from being implemented, economical and benefit aspects can also jeopardize the approval of the project. Indeed, as far as the cost of the project is concerned, it represents a huge investment which can not be neglected. Comparing the capital cost on the additional availability ratios given below, it shows that the off channel project is on the same cost order than the “big projects” presently implemented such as the Teri Dam in the Himalayas and the Munak Haiderpur channel. - Off channel storage: Rs 49.6 Million/ MGD - Munak Haiderpur Channel: Rs 47.5 Million/ MGD - Teri Dam: Rs 47.5 Million/ MGD

More over, the benefits of this project in terms of additional availability of the resource can be questionable. Considering the standard of the DDA for the present requirements (225lpcd), the additional water will profit to less than 61 000 persons. The probability of occurrence is 75%. The level of uncertainty on the contribution is not negligible and Dwarka can obviously not rely completely on this resource to address the water shortage.

3.2.3. Dual supply based on well fields The CGWB has submitted a proposal in 2003 to meet the supplement demand by developing the ground water on sustainable basis. The scheme is based on the fact that the prospects for the development of fresh ground water are very limited and therefore not sufficient to bridge the gap between the current demand and supply. The innovative idea is to consider the ground water of marginal quality as a potential resource which can meet domestic purposes. The scheme proposed to get 5 MGD of fresh water through 70 shallow tube wells along the Najafgargh drain and 5 MGD of fresh to marginal water through 70 tube wells within the town ship. The extracted water will be supplied in the same line alternately. The fresh water aquifers proposed to be developed are located in Gummenhera, Pochampur and Kakraula at a range of depth from 28 to 35 mbgl. Concerning the marginal water different locations are possible and have not yet been decided. An estimation of the budget taking into account the cost given by INTACH for a shallow tube well of 30m depth would be Rs 50 Million. The cost of one tube well including boring, equipment, pump house, energization and pipelines is Rs 400 000. The ration investment cost on additional availability of the resource is Rs 5 Million/ MGD and tends to asset the economically viability of the project. However a particular study on ground water reserves has not been provided to assess the sustainability on the long term of the project. CGWB emphasizes the point that the project would also limit the indiscriminate abstraction of ground water by individuals.

22

This project is not yet the subject of study from the DDA. (Source: S.P Bhansal, Director planning, DDA).

4. Water resources availability In Dwarka the inadequacy of the service utility has lead people to consider various resources in order to mitigate the water shortage. We can distinguish two sets of resources. One corresponds to the public and private resources. These resources are charged according to the suppliers and present the advantage to be most of the time directly consumable. The other set of resources is the local resources. They are present freely on the site of the society. However these resources are not directly consumable. Some expenditures are most of the time required in order to recover, extract and make them suitable for the consumer’s needs. The selection of the water resources hides a real strategy from the consumer. These strategies are based on different considerations such as the availability of the resource, the perception of the quality and the cost of the water. This section aims at presenting the characteristics (availability, cost, perception of quality) of the different water resources in order to help us understand the strategies followed by the people.

4.1. Public and private resources They are three main resources: The municipal water supplied through the system, the water tankers and the mineral water sold in the markets.

4.1.1. Municipal water from the network The municipal water is the most common source of water in Dwarka. The quality of the water is generally perceived as satisfactory and many consumers use it for various purposes. Some complaints about the color and the smell may occasionally occur due to internal leakage and infiltration in the network, but do not call into question the quality over the year. In spite of the relative good perception of the water, most of the consumers prefer not to drink directly the water and resort when they can afford it, to additional treatment such as water boiling, water purifier or RO system. The cost of the service is based on a volumetric rate of Rs6.28/Kl which can appear quite high compare to the water tariff proposed by the Delhi Jal Board which starts at Rs0.35/Kl + 50% up to 10m3/month (Cf Annex 5). Nevertheless this tariff is mostly considered by the residents as a cheap resource and only the high variability of the supply during the year can restrict the generalization use of this resource.

4.1.2. Water tankers When a lack of water from DJB occurs, the level of water in the mucipal reservoirs is generally low. Under a certain water level, the pump house cannot operate to supply water through the network, whereas some water is still remaining in the reservoir. DDA calls on private water tanker’s services to supply the remaining water and so ensure the minimum requirements of Dwarka citizens. Because of the shortage situation, access to water tankers is very restricted at that time. People cannot completely rely on this resource to meet their full water requirements.

23

DDA charges its service between Rs27/m3 and Rs30/m3 when the dwelling is metered and free of cost when the connection is not metered. Several private companies take advantage of the insufficient municipal supply and have developed a parallel water distribution through water tankers independently from the DDA. The cost of the service varies from Rs 40/m3 to Rs300/m3 according to the supplier and the quantity delivered. This distribution can be also subjected to water crisis especially in summer which may limit the availability of tankers. The quality is not guarantied and people avoid therefore direct potable uses of the water.

4.1.3. Mineral water in the markets The mineral water appears to be the most reliable resource regarding the quality that people can find. The cost of mineral bottles varies from Rs1000/m3 to Rs2000/m3 according to the brand and represents the most expensive resource available in the market. People therefore save the use of mineral water to drinking purposes.

4.2. Local resources They are three kinds of resources available at the site of the society: the ground water, the precipitation and the waste water.

4.2.1. Ground water Utilization of ground water is very much generalized in Dwarka which means that people consider this resource as potentially valuable. However, the quantity of fresh water is very marginal and most of the ground water reserves consist in brackish aquifers. As soon as the fresh water gets exhausted people have to tap deeper aquifer which brings to some hinders and leads to a lessening of the scope of uses. People usually reproach that the soap does not lather properly which prevent from washing, that their skin and hair remain sticky after bathing and complaint about the unpleasant smell and salty taste. People have in fact some difficulties in knowing exactly the origin of their problems and make sometimes some amalgam between salinity and hardness. Extraction of the water requires an initial investment which includes the drilling of the bore well, the development, the casing, the filling with pea gravels, the sealing cap, the installation of the pump and the determination of the maximum yield. The investment cost varies from Rs1lac to Rs2lacs depending on the depth of the bore well, the soil composition and the capacity of the pump. As far as electricity consumption is concerned, it varies from Rs2/m3 to Rs5/m3 according to the power and efficiency of the pump.

4.2.2. Precipitation The perception of the precipitation as a direct resource is not widespread in Dwarka because the quantity of harvested water can appear negligible at the scale of the resident’s dwellings. The valorization of rain water harvesting has come through initiatives of the CGWB as a mean to recharge the ground water aquifers and hence make up the water table depletion. It has been made recently mandatory by the government for any building with an area superior than 100 Sqm. The government gives financial incentives to encourage dwellers to implement rainwater harvesting and ground water recharge systems.

24

The amount of water that can be harvested (R) in a year can be computed knowing the total annual rainfall (i), the surface area (S) studied and surface factors value (f) with the formula below: R = A*i*f with R (m3/year), i (m/year), S (Sqm) The surface factor depends on the porosity of the media. It takes into account the lost by infiltrations. The common value used are:

0,9 for the roof top common to take a 0,8 for the pavements 0 for the grass

The total annual rainfall recorded in the station of Palam is 792,8mm based on 22 years of data available. 81,2 % of total rainfall equivalent to 643,7 mm occurred during the monsoon months from June to Sept. The number of days with rainfall of 2,5mm or more is in average 38,3. Among these days 26,5 days are during the monsoons months which corresponds finally to ***(CGWB, Rainwater Harvesting). This value appears to be an approximation of the effective annual rainfall because it takes into consideration the evaporation rate and the saturation of the soil along the year. It is more correct to use it to assess the amount of water which could be harvested.

4.2.3. Waste water The perception of waste water as a resource is presently very limited in Indian culture and that is why current uses of waste water are not very developed. However, if we consider the common norm, 80% of the used water can be recovered and act as an important resource. Some projects have been initiated in private properties to recycle the sullage water for horticulture or flushing purposes. In public dwellings, this resource can not be adopted as the government has not yet provided any standards.

5. Initiatives taken to face the problems Faced to the inadequate service utility, dwellers have taken initiatives to mitigate their hindering and enhance the quality of the supply. In DDA pockets, all the initiatives have been taken at the individual level and appear therefore quite limited in capital investment and complexity. Dwellers have not really implemented long term strategies and seem to address the scarcity day by day, according to the availability of the resource and their current financial situation. The only appreciable equipment investment has consisted in a small booster pump associated eventually with a tank in order to make up the low delivery pressure. Moreover the benefits of this initiative are moreover questionable because the lack of coordination and technical knowledge from the dwellers has often compounded all the more the water crisis. Regarding technical aspects, DDA pockets are of poor interest and we therefore prefer to focus on CGHS whose initiatives appear to be more elaborated and consistent. The role of the management committee has been determinant to grasp the issues and bring technical solutions.

25

Different strategies have been elaborated according to the availability of the water resources, the perception of the resource by the residents, their requirements in terms of quality and quantity and their priorities such as financial cost and guarantee to get a dependable supply. These strategies have been materialized into different Water Systems. The Water System’s function is to collect the ressources, transform them to a quality required and convey them to the consumers. It is always composed by 3 subsystems which are:

- Treatment System - Intellingent Stock System - Supply System

The Water System can be represented by the following diagram: Figure 1. Water Systeme Architecture

IntelligentStock

SystemTreatment

system

Water tankersMunicipal network

Complementary treatment

Mode of Supply

Waste waterSullage Water

Municipal Sewers

Water System

Raw water resources

ConsumerTreated resources

Ground Water

The Treatment System modifies the chemical, physical and biological properties of the raw resources entering in the Water System. It eliminates hinderings to make the resources compatible to the consumer’s requirements. The common treatment processes used are Reverse Osmosis, Ion exchange, Water conditionner, SAFF. The Intelligent Stock System plays a key role in the Water System. Its function exceeds the simple collection and stock of the raw resources and treated resources. It has also the ability of mixing which can hence enable to produce another type of resources. Its final goal is to prepare a set of resources corresponding to specific needs defined by the society (potable, domestic, flushing, outdoor). The architecture of the system informs about the level of adaptability of the Water System, its capacity to adapt to resources variability in terms of quantity and quality.

26

The Supply System corresponds to a mode of distribution of the resources. Its role is first of all to convey the “prepared resources” from the Intelligent Stock System to the consumer. The system has also to preserve their quality. Depending how the society defines its requirements, we distinguish three modes of supply: Single pipe, Partial Dual pipe and the Dual pipe. A Complementary Treatment System can be sometimes added to the Water System in order to guarantee the safety of certain resources. It is a device implemented either individually or on a whole society scale. It is installed after the Supply System. The combination of subsystems determines the level of Water Service of the society. Each Water Service is defined by quality and cost. A relevant criteria to assess the quality of the service appear to be the level of guarantee to have dependable supply. The initiatives of the management committee can be viewed with the diagram here below. Figure 2. Initiatives at Society level

Strategies Water system

Requirements (quality, quantity)Perception of the resourcePriorities (cost, resource reliability)Availabilty of the resources

Effects Water Service (Cost, quality)

A linear and static representation is of course limited and the system may evolve along the time according to the quality and the availability of the resources and the satisfaction of the consumers In another point of view, we can say that the Water System transforms Raw Resources into resources adapted to Specific Uses defined by the society (potable, domestic, flushing, outdoor). The analysis of these “transformation” reveals partly the strategies followed by the societies. In other words, it indicates how the society has chosen to cope with the water crisis. Figure 3. Water System function

Water System(stock, mix, treatment)

Raw Resources(Ground water, Water tankers,Municipal water, Sullage water)

Resources adapted to Specific Uses(potable, domestic, flushing, outdoor)

= set of transformations

We are first going to present in details the different components of a Water System and understand their specific role in the system. We will then see how can we define the level of quality of the Water Service. More over, we have analyzed each Water System in such a way that it will reveal the strategies implemented by the societies. To finish with, we will give some examples of Water Service and strategies from our survey.

27

5.1. Treatment System The societies have resorted to different types of water treatment in order to adapt the available resources to their requirements. The resources in general concerned by the treatment are the ground water and the sullage water. This part aims at describing the main features of different treatment systems we have met in our surveys. More details regarding the cost will be provided in the Section 6.2 and in the Cases Studies.

5.1.1. Ground water treatment The societies have proceeded to various technologies to treat the ground water such as reverse osmosis, ion exchange and water conditioning. These technologies present different benefits which are explained below. Reverse osmosis (RO) The RO treatment removes the total dissolved solids (TDS) in water and is therefore adapted to transform brackish and saline water into potable water. The percentage of TDS rejection depends on the characteristic of the membrane which constitutes therefore the main investment. Nevertheless, several pre-treatments can be implemented in order to prevent the membrane from fouling and extend hence its life. The classical treatments corresponding to Dwarka’s ground water quality are anti scalant dosing, sand filtration, micro filtration and adsorption. The treatment cost to reduce by 95% the initial TDS of 8 800 ppm, varies from Rs45/m3 to Rs80/m3 of treated water depending essentially on the operating capacity of the plant and in a less extent on the life time of membrane. The electricity consumption appears to contribute between 40% and 70% of the total cost. One has to know that the TDS concentration of the rejected water increases with the percentage of recovery of the membrane and the initial TDS of the water. For instance, with a percentage recovery of 50% and an initial TDS level of 9 000 ppm, we get a rejected water around 18 000 ppm which can not be neglected. Ion exchange The Ion Exchange treatment enables to get a rid of the hardness in the water and hence allows domestic uses such as cleaning, laundry and bathing. Despite common belief, the TDS level keeps stable after the treatment. The calcium and magnesium ions which give hardness properties to the water are merely exchanged by sodium ions respecting charge value. The treatment cost of water with an initial hardness of 700ppm through an Ion Exchange plant of 35m3/hr capacity varies between Rs4/m3 and Rs6/m3 to produce pure treated water. The maintenance turns out to be quite significant participating between from 40% to 60% to the total cost. Regular maintenance is however required to maintain a high efficiency of the plant. It consists in replacing the resin which becomes saturated with the fixing of magnesium and calcium and in sodium recharging which becomes exhausted with the ion exchange process. The treatment can also be adapted for drinking purposes provided that the initial salinity of the raw water and the output level of sodium are permissive for human body. By doing a mixing of treated water with raw water, we can obtain minimum hardness level necessary for human body

28

(between 70 to 80 ppm). The maintenance cost is then reduced depending on the proportion of raw water. Water conditioner The water conditioner is installed on the pipe line. Subjecting to an electromagnetic field, the water gets the properties of soft water whereas it remains technically hard. The efficiency of this treatment is often debated. However, the residents who have adopted this system have noticed improvement of the quality. They are now able to wash their clothes and they feel less sticky after taking a bath than before. This system presents the advantage of giving a low cost of the treatment which varies from Rs0.7/m3 to Rs5/m3 of treated water.

5.1.2. Sullage water treatment The principle consists in dividing the waste water in two types:

“black water” coming from WC “sullage water” coming from bathroom and kitchen

The black water is collected in the municipal sewer system whereas the sullage water is treated at the site in a waste water treatment plant. The recycled water can be is reused for gardening and flushing purposes. The Submerged Aerated Flooded Filters (SAFF) has been the only technology used in our surveys. The principle is to pass the sludge through bed filtration maintaining aerobic conditions. The reactor is composed of a pvc media which facilitates the fixation and growth of microorganisms. The aerobic environment is achieved by the use of fine bubble diffused aeration. By ignoring the chemical consumption, the cost for sullage recycling is Rs 30/m3 for a production of 50m3/day.

5.2. Intelligent Stock System This section aims at defining parameters which characterize the Intelligent Stock System’s architecture. We notice that an Intelligent Stock System is composed by a certain number of: - Inlets - Outlets - Tanks - Mixing system

The architecture may be represented by the following diagram: Figure 4. Intelligent Stock System architecture

29

Tank1

Tank 2

Tank 3

Inlet 3Inlet 1

Inlet 2

oulet 1 oulet 2

Overflow

Pipe connection with one way valve

Inlet 4

The number of inlets corresponds to the number of different resources entering into the subsystem. It concerns raw resources as well as treated resources. The more the system has inlets the more the society has various resources. The number of outlets corresponds to the number of different uses defined by the society. The tanks enable the stock of the resource. We notice that the number of tanks may differ from the number of inlets. The mixing system enable to have a compromise of quality of two different resources. Different devices have been found out. One is the overflow system. When the water in the tank rises up a certain level it pours into another tank. Another device consist in connecting two outlets with a pipe and a valve. The valve may allow the circulation of the water in one or both ways. A last device consist merely in installing two inlets from the same tank. We notice that the difference between the number of inlets and outlets is one indicator of the level of adaptability of the system. It gives more latitude and more choices to the operator to fulfill society’s needs. One resource can make up the lack of another for instance. The adaptability can be correlated to the sustainability of the system. The more adapatable is the system, the more the system will be able to face water resource crisis. Some examples are given below: Figure 5. Adaptability of the system

No adaptabilityInlet

Outlet

Adaptability

Inlet 2

Inlet 1

Outlet

The number of mixing systems influences also the adaptability of the system. It indicates the number of resources created which can be seen in a way, as “another inlet”.

30

5.3. Supply System The Supply System ‘s role is to convey the “prepared resources” from the Intelligent Stock System to the consumer. The mode of distribution of the water must also preserve the quality of the prepared resources. We distinguish 3 modes of distribution according to the degree of preservation required. Each mode is a combination of overhead tanks, pipe lines, supply pumps and regulation valves. We talk about overhead tanks just for the understanding of the reader but this element does not belong to the Supply System.

5.3.1. Single supply It is the most basic supply system that can be found. It is composed by an underground tank, a supply pump and an underground tank. The underground tank can receive different resources but they are all mixed into one for a common supply. Figure 6. Single Pipe System

Underground tank

Potable overhead tankSupply to flats

Supply pump

This system turns out to be suitable as long as the different resources have a similar quality otherwise the full resource is contaminated and spoiled by the low quality resource.

5.3.2. Partial dual supply This kind of supply appears to be more an adaptation of the single pipe system than a deliberate choice. Two resources of different quality are considered to meet two different water requirements. Each resource is stored and supplied to the flats separately. However, there is only one supply line to lift the water from the underground tanks up to the overhead tanks. A system of valves is necessary to direct the resource in the right tank. The partial dual supply cannot ensure the total segregation of the resources and they may be more or less mixed. A particular device to mitigate this effect is to release the full remaining water of the pipe line in the “low quality overhead tank” before undertaking the filling of “high quality overhead tank”. Nevertheless, this kind of supply cannot be recommended when the difference of quality between the two resources is important because it can be prejudicial to the human health. Figure 7. Partial dual system

31

Potable tank(high quality)

Potable overhead tank

General purpose

overhead tank

Domestic tank(low quality)

Supply to WC, Bathroom

Supply to Kitchen

Pump House Regulation valve

5.3.3. Dual supply This system is adopted to avoid any mixture of two resources of different quality. The water supply is therefore segregated in two independent supply systems. Each one is composed by an underground tank, a supply pump, an overhead tank and pipe lines. The nature of the segregation depends on the society’s strategy. For instance, it can be chosen to make a separated supply for the potable and the domestic uses or for the flushing and general uses (all uses except flushing). Figure 8. Dual pipe system for domestic and potable purposes

Supply to WC, Bathroom

Potable tank(high quality)

Potable overhead tank

General purpose

overhead tank

Domestic tank(low quality)

Supply to Kitchen

Supply pump for potable purpose

Supply pump for domestic purpose

5.4. Complementary Treatment System Most of the residents prefer proceeding to a complementary water treatment before drinking purposes. The precaution taken is quite independent from the quality of the resource and corresponds only to safety guaranty. This initiative can be wether taken individually or at the whole society scale. Three different equipments are commonly used by individuals:

Boiling water Aquagard system consisting in a combination of activated carbon filter and UV Reverse Osmosis system

The cost of a Aquagard and reverse Osmosis systems assuming a consumption of 30ltr/day is between Rs200/m3 and Rs400/m3.

32

On a whole society scale, UV sterilizers can be installed after the Supply System. It helps removing bacteria which may have developped in the Supply System. The investment cost for a capacity of 450 ltr/hr is Rs2400 with a respective a life time of 2,5 years. The energy consumption cost is Rs5,6/m3.

5.5. Water Service quality Our aim is to define the criteria influencing the Water Service’s quality. It will later enable us to compare the quality of the Water Service to its cost and identify hence the logic of the strategies followed by the different societies. Our first task is to determine the criteria influencing the water service. An assessment of the water service quality in terms of consumers’ satisfaction towards the quality and the quantity, appears not relevant in this study. Indeed, these criteria do not permit any classification since all the societies seem satisfied with the quality and get more or less the same quantity of water per person a day. The quality of the service depends on the risk to get a water shortage. In other words, it has to be seen in terms of guarantee to get a regular and dependable supply over the time. From that statement, we have proposed three criteria to define a scale of water service quality. They are in order of importance:

o Dependence to external resources o Dependence to ground water o Diversity of alternative resources

In the situation of Dwarka, the principal risk of water shortage rests on the society’s dependence towards external resources such as public and private resources (except mineral bottles). These resources are unreliableall yearlong. We can then define three categories of water service corresponding to three level of quality: - Low water service: completely dependent on external resources yearlong - Medium water service: partially dependent on external resources yearlong - High water service completely independent on external resources yearlong

We can make a more precise classification within one category when the ground water resource is used. Indeed this resource may evolve over the time and affect the water system performance and equilibrium. The societies relying on the ground water resource present therefore a certain risk which is in order of importance: - Inability to adapt their water system in case of the degradation of ground water quality

(salanity, hardness) - Non sustainability of their water system in case of ground water resource exhaustion

We can also assume that the risks due to the ground water evolution is all the more mitigated that the societies have varied the number of alternative resources (ground water, sullage water...). From these considerations, we can rank each society on a water service quality scale.

33

5.6. Strategies at the level of the society The Water System transforms Raw Resources into resources adapted to Specific Uses defined by the society (potable, domestic, flushing, outdoor). Figure 9. Water System function

Water System(stock, mix, treatment)

Raw Resources(Ground water, Water tankers,Municipal water, Sullage water)

Resources adapted to Specific Uses(potable, domestic, flushing, outdoor)

= set of transformations

The analysis of these transformations reveals the strategies of the societies. In other words, it indicates the mean the society has chosen to cope with the water crisis according to their perception of the resource, their financial power and their priorities. The transformations are presented in a table with two entries, the Raw Resources (at the top) and the Uses (on the left). The table “decomposes” in a way, each complexe strategy taken at the level of the society into several strategies associating one resource to one use. It will finally enables us to answer two questions: - What are the different strategies implemented to meet each particular use (potable,

domestic...)? - What are all the uses of one particular resource (Municipal, Ground water, water tanker...)?

What does not appear in the table are the “order of priorities” which are primordial in one society’s strategy. The “order of priorities “ are kind of rules which determine how the resource is assigned according to its availability. It defines also in a sense, the adaptability of the Water System because the resources used will be adapted to the crisis context. The “order of priorities” reveals the society’s perception of the crisis and strategy to face it. To make easier understanding of the grid, different symbols and notation have been used. The different Raw Resources have been symbolized by a number (1, 2, 3, 4) which can be completed by a letter ( a, b, c, d) to distinguish different levels of quality. The uses have been separated in five set:

o Potable corresponding to drinking and cooking purposes o Domestic corresponding to cleaning, flushing, laundry and bathing purposes o Domestic* corresponding to domestic purposes except flushing o Flushing purposes o Outdoor correspond to car cleaning and gardening purposes

The transformations are a combination of treatments process and mix devices. They have been represented by some abbreviations and symbols reminded as shown:

o IE: ion exchange o RO: reverse osmosis o WC: water conditioner o SAFF: Submerged Aerated Flooded Filters

34

o + : Complementary treatment, collective (UV) or individual (boiling, RO, Aquagard), o mi: mixted with resource i

We have specified by:

o Yes: No modification of Raw Resource, it is used as it is We have also specified if the transformation occurs permanentaly or occasionally by the symbol below:

o (): not obliged When several transformation occur, they have been separated by “ / ”. Examples of transformations are given below to illustrate our notations. Transformation 1: IE/ + = resort to Ion Exchange process with always a complementary treatment Transformation 2: yes / (m2a) = use of the resource as it is and use sometimes after mixing with the resource 2a Transformation 3: RO/(+) = resort to Reverse osmosis with sometimes complementary treatment.

35

Table 5. Societies’s strategies Ground water (1) Water tankers (2)

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (a) (b)Resources: Brackish TDS = 8800ppm

TH = 3205 ppm TDS = 8200ppm TH = 2000 ppm

TDS=1500ppm TH = 700 ppm Soft Municipal Private

Municipal network (3)

Sullage water

(4)

Potable RO/ (+) RO/ (+) WC/ +/ IE/ + /m1d yes/ + /(m2a) yes/ (+) yes/ + /(m2a) yes/ (+) Domestic m1b* WC IE yes /(m2a) yes yes /(m2a) yes Domestic* RO yesFlushing yes SAFFU

SES

Outdoor yes yes SAFFm1b*: the resource 1b is mixed with the resource 1b after RO treatment TDS: Total Dossolved Solids = indicator of water salinity level TH: Total Hardness = indicator of hardness level

36

5.7. Examples of Water Systems and strategies This part aims at presenting the Water Systems and the strategies implemented in the different societies studied. Complete Case Studies of each society are provided in the Annex Section. These Water Systems have been classified according to their level of service.

5.7.1. Low Water Service Ashiana, Vidyad Society Ashiana and Vidyad societies rely on municipal water and on water tankers to meet their domestic and potable requirements. The ground water is extracted and used directly for outdoor purposes. All the resources received by the societies are mixed in the same tank for a common supply. Figure 10. Vidyad and Ashiana Society Water System

Domestic and potable

Municiapl waterGround water

Undergroud tank

Water tankeroutdoor uses

Naval&Air Force Society: In Naval&Air Force Society, the ground water is perceived with a good quality and it is then mixed with the municipal supply to meet all the requirements. The society is completely dependent on the ground water resource. Figure 11. Naval&Air Force Water System

Domestic and potable

Municiapl waterGround water

Undergroud tank

5.7.2. Medium Water Service Ispatika Society In Ispatika Society, the municipal water is assigned as a priority to potable requirements. The water is stored in the potable tank and can overflow in the domestic tank in case of excess supply. According to the overflowed water the ground water is pumped and treated through a water conditioner to meet the domestic requirements. Figure 12. Ispatika Water System

37

PotableDomestic

Municiapl waterGround water Water

conditionner

Overflow

Domestic tank

potable tank

5.7.3. High Water Service Great Capital Society: In Great Capital Society, the ground water is tolerable regarding salinity but not satisfactory regarding hardness. The ground water is therefore treated through an ion exchange plant to ensure the domestic needs as far as the potable ones if the municipal supply is deficient. The treated water is mixed with some ground water in order to ensure a minimal level of The municipal water is reserved in priority to potable uses but can be assigned to domestic uses in case of excess supply. Figure 13. Great capital WaterSystem

PotableDomestic

Municiapl waterGround water

Ion exchange Domestic tank

Potable tank

Mix

Abhiyan Society: In Abhiyan society; the procedure of allocation of the resource occurs as follow:

Municipal water is reserved for domestic uses RO treated water is used for potables uses In case the municipal supply is insufficient to meet the domestic requirements, the lack of

water is obtained by mixing (1/3) of ground water with (2/3) of treated water.

Figure 14. Abhiyan Water System

Potable Domestic

Ground water

Municiapl waterPotable tank Domestic tank

Underground tank

Ro plant

Overflow

Mix

38

Welcome Society: divesification of alternatives resources In Welcome Society, the procedure of allocation of the resource respects the following considerations:

The municipal water is assigned to all the uses with priority to meet first the potable and domestic purposes (except flushing).

The recycled sullage water is used whenever the municipal cannot meet entirely the flushing purposes

The RO treated water is used whenever the municipal supply cannot meet entirely the potable and domestic purposes (except flushing).

Figure 15. Welcome Water System

Potable and domesticFlushing

Municiapl water

Flushing tank Potable and domestic (except flushing) tank

Ground water

RO plant

Sullage treatment plant

Sullage water

6. Cost analysis Cost analysis of Water Service has been made for each society. Full details are provided in the “Case Studies “ in the section Annex. Cost analysis of different treatment processes has been also realized. In any cases, we have presented global cost and separated costs. The separated costs will enable us to analyse and compare the Water Systems from different point of views such as fixed costs, varied costs, resources cost, treatment cost ... To allow cost comparison between the Water Systems, we have transformed all the cost into “Equivalent costs per annun and per cubic meter produced by the Water System”. This part aims first of all at explaining the general method of calculation of cost we have followed. We will then underline the parameters influencing the Water Service cost. The cost analysis will be at the end useful to assess the efficiency of each society’s strategy.

6.1. Methodology The method explained has been followed to determine the cost of the Water Service and the cost of treatment processes such as RO, Ion exchange, Aquagard system and Water conditoner.

39

The general method followed is divided in four steps:

(i): Determination of the cost of the different elements (of one Water System or one treatment process) through interviews.

(ii): Ranking the elements into three set of cost: Investment cost, Maintenance cost

and Operation cost.

(iii): Conversion of Investment, Operation and Maintenance costs into equivalent costs per annun (Annuities) with the help of formulas.

(iv): Conversion of annuities into an Annual cost per cubic meter. We have merely

divided the annuity cost by the amount of water produced by the system (Water System or Treatment System). One has to note that this amount may differ from the amount of water entering to the system (Case with of RO and Ion exchange systems).

We have generally considered two states of water production corresponding to two levels of requirements. One corresponds to the current production (present society’s requirements) and one to the future production (future society ‘s requirements).

Ranking of elements The Investment elements are: - Underground tanks - Overhead tanks - Piping (external and internal) - Supply pumps - Boring and submerged pump - Treatment plant

The Operation elements are: - Purchase of public and private resources (Water tankers, municipal network) - Energy cost (pumps for extraction of resource, energy for treatment process, pumps for

supply of the water) - Chemical consumption for the treatment process - Labor for the operation of the Wate System

The Maitenance elements are: - Spare elements (pumps, treatment process components) - Cleaning and supervision of elements (through a contractor or not)

Assumptions Different assumptions have been taken and are reminded here below: - Energy cost: Rs5/kWh - Interest rate (i) = Time value of the money = 10 % - Life time of the project (T) = 20 years (except when it is mentionned) - The cost of the elements are supposed to be constant over the time (inflation rate = 0)

40

Formulas The formulas used to convert Investment and Operation and maintenace (O&M) cost into equivalent cost per annun (annuities) are those given here below: • For an investment cost:

A = I * i (1+i)T/ ((1+i)T-1) With: A: Annuity (Rs/year) I: Investment (Rs) i: Time Value of the money (=10%) T: Life time of the project (year) When the life time of one element is relatively high compared to the life time T of the project (case of all civil work), we have taken the formula: A = I * i • For O&M cost occurring at a period N:

A = V * i/((1+i)N-1) With: A: Annuity (Rs/year) V: Varied cost such as O&M cost occurring at a period N i: Time value of the money (=10%) N: cycle of occurence of varied cost (year)

6.2. Main results In this part, we will present the cost pattern of different treatment processes and Water Services. Particular attention will be paid on the parameters influencing the total cost. We will go deeper in the analysis by underlining which component of the cost is affected by the parameter. We will have at that occasion to distinguish two types of cost, fixed cost and the variable costs. Variable cost depend on the degree of utilization of the system whereas fixed cost not.

6.2.1. Cost of treatment processes This part aims at presenting some costs of different treatment processes such as the Reverse Osmosis, Ion Exchange, Water Conditionning, Complementary individual treatment processes and SAFF. We will also study the variation of the cost according to different states of working of the plant. Sometimes, the cost has been analyzed according to specific features of the plant such as the life time of certain components, the degree of mixing of the treated water.

41

Some details of calculations are provided in the Annex Section and in the society‘s Case Study where the process has been performed. RO process The treatment cost given concerns a RO plant of 8m3/hr capacity. The plant is supposed to make potable the ground water with the features as follow: - Salanity: TDS = 8000ppm - Hardness: TH = 3205 ppm

The details of calculations to determine electricity and chemical cost of the RO process are explained respectively in Annex 2 and 3. Figure 16. Cost of RO process - Abhiyan Sct

RO treatment cost (Rs/m3)

16.8 16.8

5.6 5.6

33.2 33.2

33.2 33.2

3.6 3.6

3.6 3.6

19.7

6.3

6.6

4.6

4.6

0.30.3

0.90.9

2.1

1.51.5

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

30m3/day,Membrane = 5

years

30m3/day,Membrane = 10

years

90m3/day,Membrane = 5

years

90m3/day,Membrane = 10

years

Maintenance (Contractor, ROmembrane and filter cleaning)Spare equipment (RO membrane +ACF + Cartridge filter)Labor

Chemicals consumption (Acid,antiscalant)Electricity consumption

Investment

The diagram shows that RO treatment cost varies from Rs45/m3 to Rs80/m3. The total cost reduces with the increasing of the water production. It is worth to notice that only the spare equipment cost and investment cost have affected. They correspond to the “fixed component” of the Water Service cost. It may appear surprising to consider spare equipment as fixed cost. It means merely that spare equipments are independant from the degree of working of the plant. It is explained because the raw water is permanentaly in the module whether it is functionning or not. The spare equipment cost has been reduced by 32% by doubling the life time of the membrane. Operation cost remains more or less stable at Rs37/m3 and turns out to be the more significant cost for a RO treatment.

42

Ion exchange process The Ion exchange plant studied has a capacity of 35m3/hr. We have considered two cases according if the treated water (T) is mixed with ground water (GW) or not. The details of calculation of the maintenance cost are explained in the Annex 4. Figure 17. Cost of Ion exchange process - Great Capital Sct

Ion exchange cost (Rs/m3)

2.0

0.7

2.0

0.7

1.1

0.4

1.1

0.4

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.9

2.3

2.3

0.6

0.9

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

30m3/day 90m3/day 30m3/day 90m3/day

Spare equipment (Pumpchanging, resinreplacement)

Maintenance: Saltrecharging(electricity+chemical) +backwashingOperation (electricityconsumption of feedpump)

Labor

Investment (pipes, feedpump, recharge pump,tank, valves)

Pure treated waterMixed water 40%T + 60%GW

The treatment cost through Ion Exchange varies between Rs4/m3 and Rs6/m3 to produce pure treated water and varies between Rs2,6/m3 and Rs4,7/m3 to produce mixed water. The cost of treatment decreased with the increasing of water production because of a weight diminution of investment We notice that the maintenance cost are more significant in the second case. As more raw water enters in the Ion exchange module the cycle of salt recharging has to incease.

43

Water conditionner process We have determined the cost of treatment through a water conditioner taking into count a life time of 10 years. The cost is given for different state of production. Figure 18. Cost of Water conditioning process - Ispatika Sct

Cost through water conditionner (Rs/m3)T=10 years, i=10%

0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.004.505.00

10m3/day 20m3/day 30m3/day 40m3/day 50m3/day 60m3/day

Cost through waterconditionner (Rs/m3)

The cost varies from Rs0,7/m3 to Rs5/m3 and decreases with the increasing of the water production. Complementary individual treatment processes Assuming that the drinking requirements for a family of 5 people are 30ltr/day, we can compare the complementary treatment cost of an Aquagard and RO systems. We have considered a life time of 10 years with an interest rate of 10%. Table 6. Complementary individual treatment processes features

Features of Capital cost (Rs) Maintenance cost (Rs/annum)

Operation cost (Rs/m3)

Aquagard system (1ltr/min, 33W)

8 000 750 3

RO system (8ltr/hr, 30W)

15 000 2000 20

44

Figure 19. Cost of Complementary individual treatment processes – Great capital Sct

Complementary treatment cost (Rs/m3), 30ltr/day

119

68

183

2233

20

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Aquagard RO

Maintenance costOperation costInvestment cost

Aquagar: 1ltr/min, 33W

RO:8ltr/hr, 30W

T=10, i=10%

The cost of a complementary treatment is between Rs200/m3 and Rs400/m3. RO treatment system costs the double price than the Aquagard system. SAFF process We haved assessed the sullage recycling cost through SAFF technology for a production of 50m3/day. We have taken into count in our calculations only the investment cost and the electricity consumption to operate and maintain the plant. Regarding the chemicals consumption, it consists in chlorine dosing during the operation stage and cleaning components for the maintenance tasks. Figure 20. Cost of SAFF process – Welcome Sct

Sullage recovery cost (Rs/m3), 50m3/day

16.1

16.0

0.04

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

T=20; i=10%

Maitenance

Operation

Investment

Cost for sullage recycling regarding investment and energy consumption is around Rs 30/m3.

45

6.2.2. Cost of Water Service The cost of Water Service varies substantially between the societies. It is not worth presenting successively the cost features of each Water Service. Complete details of cost are provided in the Case Studies (Cf Annex section). It seems to be more interesting to understand what are the parameters influencing the Water Service cost. The degree of occupancy of the society and the level of the municipal water service turn out to be key parameters for grasping cost variation. These parameters affect however differently the cost according to the society’s Water System. We are going to present what are the effects of these parameters on the Water Service cost. It has to be precised that the term MCD supply has been used for convenient purposed instead of municipal water service. Effects of degree of occupancy The degree of occupancy affects the fixed component of the Water Service cost which are in general the investment cost and sometimes the maitenance cost (Cf RO process 6.2.1). The degree of occupancy determined the total water requirements of one society. Hence, if the occupancy increased the investment cost per cubic meter will necessary decreased. Investment cost and degree of occupancy are inversely proportional variables. On the contrary, the degree of occupancy does not affect the variable costs as these are proportional to the amount of water produced. The influences of this parameter are more or less perceptible in the Water Service cost. They are all the more significant as the weight of the fixed component compare to the Water Service cost is high. It is illustrated by the two examples below: Figure 21. Cost of Water Sercice vs Occupancy – Ashiana Sct

Water service cost (Rs/m3)

6.1

2.0

28.6

1.6

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

Present occupanc(50m3/day)

%

- 14

28.6

1.6

Water supply

Private water tankers

Municipal supply(through network)Investment

Fixed cost = 14%

3.12.0

y Full occupancy(100m3/day)

46

Figure 22. Cost of Water Service vs Occupancy – Abhiyan Sct

Water Service cost* (Rs/m3)

29,1

19,5

18,7

010203040506070

Present occupancy(30m3/day)

Variable costs

Spare equipment cost%

*Assumptions : MCD = 3

Increasing of occupancy bwhereas an increasing of oby 36%. The influence of occupancomponent has a significan

Effects of MCD water suThe effects of MCD waterto society’s Water System. Let us take some examplepriority the MCD supply increased, the cost of the increases in Great Capital

-36

26,6 Investment Cost (RO

Fixed cost = 72%

9,76,5

Full occupancy (90m3/day)

plant, pumps, boring,tanks)

0m3/day, Life time of membrane = 5 years)

y 2 has made decrease the cost of Ashian‘s Water Service by 14% ccupancy by 3 has made decrease the cost of Abhiyan ‘s Water Service

cy decreasing is more important in Abhiyan Sct, because the fixed t weight in the service cost.

pply supply on the cost of the Water Service variate differently according

s of three societies. These societies have made the strategy to use as a when it is available. As it is shown below, if the MCD supply is service decreases in Abhiyan Sct or keeps stable in Ispatika Sct and Sct.

47

Figure 23. Cost of Water Service vs MCD supply - Great Capital Sct

Cost for the water service (Rs/m3), Requirements = 90m3/day

5,6 5,6 5,6 5,6 5,6 5,6

2,3 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,31,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8

26,4

18,1

9,8

26,4

18,1

9,8

3,2

4,2

5,3

3,2

4,2

5,3

2,8

2,8

2,8

2,8

2,8

2,8

6,5

6,5

6,5

2,1

2,1

2,1

1,5

1,5

1,5

1,5

1,5

1,5

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

MCD=0 MCD=30 MCD=60 MCD=0 MCD =30 MCD=60

Maintenance (RO and filtercleaning, contractor)

Spare equipment (RO membrane,ACF, UV, Cartridge filter)

Water supply (Domestic andpotable)

Water resources (MCD + GW)

RO Operation (labor, electricity,chemicals)

Investment (pipe system)

Investment (pumps, tanks, boring)

Investment Treat Plant (RO plant,ACF, UV, Civil room)

Membrane life time = 5 years Membrane life time = 10 years

Figure 24. Cost of Water Service vs MCD supply- Ispatika Sct Water service cost(Rs/m3), Water requirements =

195m3/day

2.6 2.6 2.6

5.2 5.2 5.2

1.5 1.2 0.9

1.9 1.91.9

0.10.1 0.1

0.10.1

0.1

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

MCD = 20 MCD = 60 MCD = 100

Labor

Water supply

GW extraction

MCD water

Investment (waterconditionner)

Investment (Tanks,supply pump,Borewell +submersible pump)

48

Figure 25. Cost of Water Service vs MCD supply - Great Capital Sct

Ion exchange cost (Rs/m3), Requirements = 70m3/day

4,6 4,6 4,6

0,8 0,8 0,80,6 0,4

2,2

6,3

1,5

1,5

1,5

0,9

0,6

1,4

1,4

1,4

0,0

0,0

0,0

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

MCD = 0 MCD = 25 MCD = 70

Spare equipment (salt pump, resinreplacement)

Salt recharging (electricity andchemicals), bacwashing

Labor

Water supply

MCD supply

GW extraction

Investment Ion exchange plant (tank,resin, pipes, valves, salt pump,submersible pump)Investment cost (tanks, supplypumps, boring)

We can find some explanations looking at the cost of the treated water compared to the cost of MCD supply. In Abhiyan Sct, RO treated water is costlier than MCD water so that the Water Service cost is reduced as soon as MCD supply is enhanced. On the contrary, in Great Capital Sct, ground water abstraction is cheaper than MCD supply. The Water Service is therefore increased when MCD supply is enhanced. In Ispatika Sct, treated water and MCD water are in the same range of cost so that the Water Service remains more or less constant with MCD supply. These examples aim at making us realize the difficulty in managing and optimizing Water Systems. Each Water System has its own logic and own

6.3. Analysis of Water Service efficiency To analyse the efficiency of the strategies taken at the level of the Societies, we have plotted a diagramm: “Cost of the Water Service vs quality of the service”. The cost does not take into count the pipes system investment and is given for the full requirements of the society.

49

Figure 26. Efficiency of societies ‘s Water Service

Ashiana

Cost(Rs/m3)

Abhiyan

Great capital

Welcome

IspatikaNaval&Air Force

Vidyad

Quality of the service

10

20

30

40

50

60

High Water ServiceMediumWater ServiceLow Water Service

We may notice that the societies which have opted for a low water service quality are not those who pay the less (Ashiana, Vidyad). It means that the strategies implemented by some societies are not always logic. For the same expenditures some societies could have a higher water service.

7. Lessons from the survey

7.1. The role of community based organization The survey of CGHS and DDA pockets in Dwarka shows a strong divergence in the behaviors of the dwellers from the two housing types. Members of CGHS are usually well organized and the society has a strong financial power as well as a certain authority. In the case of the residents of DDA pockets, although the residents have to be organized under the form of a Resident Welfare Association (RWA), those RWAs usually are much less structured than the CGHS. This difference in terms of internal organization of the residents can be explained by several facts:

• A social link existed between the members of the CGHS from the very creation of the societies.

• Members of CGHS were already structured before the building of the apartments and have been already involved as stakeholders in the collective choice that were made in the first phase of the projects.

• Members of CGHS generally belong to higher social strata than residents of DDA flats. The role of the internal representative organizations whether the managing committee or resident welfare association, can be described as follow as far as water management is concerned:

50

• Lobbying with public institutions in charge of water supply (DDA, DJB). • Control of water uses at the level of the dwelling unit. • Control of the use of illegal devices such as on-line suction pumps. • Initiatives in terms of improving, operating, and maintaining the water system at dwelling

unit level. • Collection of charges for payment of water bills in the case of collective connections, or

for improving, operating, and maintaining the water system at dwelling unit level.

7.2. Benefits of alternatives systems The alternative systems for water management in CGHS have permitted in all the cases to make up the inadequate service utility and ensured a satisfactory supply in terms of quality and quantity. In that sense their benefits can be satisfactory. The cost of alternative resources are comparable to the other resources as it is shown in the table below. Ground water abstraction and treated water through Ion exchange are for example cheaper than the municipal water. RO treated water is also cheaper than mineral water and private water tankers. Figure 27. Water resources cost comparison

Municiapal Water

Municipal water tanker

Private Water tanker

Mineral water

Ion exchange* RO*** Ground

water Cost *

(Rs/m3) 6, 28 27 - 30 40 - 300 1000 - 2000 4 -6 45 - 80 2 -5

* including capital cost and O&M cost **pure treated water, hardness =700 ppm<1000ppm, 35m3/hr capacity *** TDS = 8800ppm, rejection factor = 95%, 8m3/hr capacity

The societies which have not implemented alternative systems have sometimes a higher Water Service cost than those which used alternatives resources (Cf 6.3). That is a proof that alternative systems can compete the existing systems. The benefits of alternative systems can be further improved. Indeed the alternatives developed by the management committee are far from being optimized. Some improvements may reduce substantially the cost of the Water Service and increase thir performances. For instance in Abhiyan society, the municipal water is never used for potables uses under the pretext that it does not match the quality standard given by the RO manufacturer. In Welcome society the RO treated water is used for bathing and laundry. That shows the need of a technical expertise including:

• a definition of quality water standard for potable and domestic uses • a grid of technical alternatives proposals with their corresponding cost, adaptability and

benefits We may notice that the societies which have opted for a low water service quality are not those who pay the less. It means that the strategies implemented by some societies are not always logic. For the same expenditures some societies could have a higher water service. The concerned societies have in common for not implementing any water treatment systems. The

51

capital investment required by theses processes seems to have prevented them. It may be explained by an incapacity to make investments due to a weak financial situation. In the case of CGHS, the reason is more a cultural limiting factor. It is interesting to underline this last point. Some residents I have met, seem to have a day to day financial management and can not anticipate future expenditures. It is not merely due to a financial instability situation as most of the residents in CGHS have job security. It is just an incapacity to project in the future. They have only a present look to investment and therefore do not realize that an investment paid off after a period of time may be in final more attractive than their initial situation. The lack of knowledge on financial principles can lead also to non optimized strategies. It is therefore necessary to propose a financial expertise as well as a technical one in order to increase the alternative systems performances.

52

Conclusion Dwarka water shortage is not yet resolved. At the scale of city, big projects to increase the availability of the resource are still on the negotiations table. No guarantees are given whether by the DDA or the DJB for enhancing of municipal water service in the coming years. The question which comes out concerns the prospects of alternative systems for water management in Dwarka? If they are just playing a role as transitional devices to cope with the water scarcity, one aspect has to be considered. Are these systems compatible with the existing network and do they not disturb its operation? From our surveys, there are presently no interferences between the two kinds of management systems. Problems may come with the development of sullage recovery. Indeed, the original sewer system are designed with a certain composition of the sludge and especially the ratio dry matter to liquid. If most of the liquid is recovered for recycling (cf sullage recovery), the sludge may have therefore difficulties to evacuate. We are not in a state of emergency but if the alternative systems play a role for the coming years, we have to check the compatibility with the initial network. But as no clear scheme for additional resources are in the agenda, it can be worth knowing if alternative systems can play a role in the long term period? The sustainability of the present systems is questionable. Most of them depend presently and to a large extent on the ground water resource. An exhaustion of the resource or even a restriction can lead the system to fail or to the incapacity to meet the society’s requirements. As seen in the previous part, the ground water depletion is already a fact. The situation is critic. A ground water monitoring and regulation appear to be the only alternative to prevent the resource from its exhaustion. The societies have been compelled to adopt rain water harvesting and ground water recharge but what are the benefits of these devices? Are they sufficient to balance the resource abstraction ? Can the ground water be developed in a sustainable way and at the same time have the capacity to bear the requirements of all Dwarka citizens ? This shows the need to know precisely the characteristics of Dwarka ground water. The ground water degradation can also paralyze the Water System. It is sure that the original system (RO plant, Ion exchange) can always be adapted to the current quality but at what cost? Can the residents afford it? These questions have to be answered in order to assess the sustainability of present alternative system. It seems that alternative systems can be considered on a long term period only if other resources are developed. The sullage recovery appear to be a good mean because of its dependable availability all yearlong. The existing treatment processes are not yet adapted for a small scale management but improvements can be made.

53

Bibliography [1]: DDA (2001) “Dwarka. The Sub City” Delhi Development Authority [2]: INTACH (2001) “Feasibility study for off-channel storage along the Najafgarh Drain for augmenting water supply in Dwarka” Report prepared for the Irrigation and flood control department, NCT Government [3]: CGWB (2003) “Sustainable Development of Ground Water Resources of Dwarka Sub-City” Central Ground Water Board.

54

ANNEX I : Interviews Delhi Development authority

Person name Function Office Details Person contactMr. R.K Bhandari Consultant Ministry of tourism and culture Tel:24360378, 24360303/609

Former engineer member of DDA ITDC, Scope complex, core 8 Email: rkbhandari@hotmal.com7 lodi RoadNew Delhi-110003

Mr. Mongia Executive enginneer SW D9 DDA Office Tel: 2559 6983Responsible of CT4 Central Nursery

Sector 5Dwarka

Mr. Raman Kumar Laldass J.E SW9 DDA Office Tel: 3101 8844Operator CT4 Nursery Garden

Mr. S.K Gupta Executive Engineer WD3 DDA Office Tel : 2545 1340Responsible of CT2 13 KIRTI NAGAR Mobile: 3103 0238

Lakkar Mandi, Sector 2 Dwarka

A.K Chopra Assist Engi CT2 DDA Tel: 2545 1340V.K Dhaka Juinior Eng CT2 Off: 2508 2996MR. Rastogi CE CT2Mr. Ghopal Supervisor CT2Mr. N.K Gupta DDA Palam Office Tel: 2503 6095

Dr. S.P Bhansal Director Planning DDA Palam Office Tel: 2503 6238 (office)Mangla Puri, Palam, 649 61 60 (res)New Delhi - 110 045

R.S KUSHWAHA J.E ED DDA Office Tel: 2507 5582operator Pump house for waste water Nursery GardenSector 3, Pck 16

Mr. S.P Mitra Executive engineer ED5 DDA Office Tel: 98 101 609 68Central Nursery

Mr. Surinder Jit Singh Chief engineer DDA Palam Office Tel: 2503 6050mobile: 98 105 24 061

P.C Goyel E.E WD 6 DDA Palam Office Tel: 2503 1798Waste water treatment 9810767751

K.G Allawadi E.E WD 12 DDA Office Tel: 2593 3722Waste water treatment Lakkar Mandi, Sector 2 9811 571683

S.K Jain Junior Engineer DDA Tel: 27 86 16 19Palam Office 98 911 95 271Mangla Puri

Tan War Assistant Enginneer Tel: 2432634

Cooperative Group Housing Societies

Person name Function Office Details Person contact

Mr. V.L Vagma Former Prst of Abhiyan, Society 241 Sum datt chamber 2 Tel : 2618 48 79Consultant engineer in transportation Hyatt Hostel

African rdMs. Sangeeta Mahay Secretary of Abhiyan society Abhiyan Society Tel : 2507-1567

15th sector 12 Mobile : 98 104 234 85Dwarka Email :

mahay-sangeeta@hotmail.comsecretaryabh@yahoo.co.uk

Mr. A.V.M Chaturvedi Former President of Air Force & Naval officiers enclave Tel: 250 06 289Air Force & Naval officiers enclave Sector 7 Dwarka

N.K MEHTA Application Engineer Steel authorithy of India Limited Tel : Hindustan Times House (14th floor) res: 2509408318-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg mobile: 9818480090New Delhi 23722506 (office)(near Connaught Place) 23320334 (standard)

Mr. Hyder Ali President of Society Ashiana Society Tel : 98 68 1014 37Sector 6 Dwarka

Mr. Misra President of Society Vidyut Society Tel: 98 91 302 799Sector 12, Plot n°2Dwarka, Nex Delhi 110045

Mr Kumar President Great Capital Society Tel: 2508 9998Sector6, PlotN°15Dwarka

J.M.L Gupta Project Manager Welcome Group Housing Society Tel: 98 111 98 066Plot No 6, sector3 9868 091 868

55

DDA Pockets

Person name Function Office DetailsMadhu vihar resident Pocket 16, sector 3

V.D KALRA resident Pocket 3, sector 12

B.P SINGH resident Pocket 4, sector 12

MR. Yadav President PCKT 1, Sector 6

Mr. Shubra Sarkar Resident PCKT 3 Sector 1

Mr B.R Chopra Secretary PCKT 1 Sector 1flat 159

Engineering Consultants

Person name Office Details Person contact

Mr. S.K Adhicary Aquarius Tel: 98 113 419 99Dwarka

Mr. Ashim Baroi Maya Hydro engineers & Consultants Tel: 2055 2510Flat No 410Pocket 1, Sector 14Dwarka, New Delhi, 110045

Mr SIngal Develoment consultant Tel: 98 11 48 56 19Panshill Park- E30New Delhi- 110 017

Mr. Vasant Environs Tel: 2651 3666 G 53 basement lG block, Saket 2696 8657

Mr. Vijay Bhopal NUCHEM WEIR Tel: 98 914 999 05

Rajesh Jain Enhanced WAPP System Tel: 26123505India Private limited 261 33 995Ho. 44 E/9 Kishangarh Vasant Kunj 268 97 483New Delhi 110 070

F.C Sharma Faridabad Technologies LTD Tel: 25 77 80 80(Ion Exchange) 25 77 82 82

56

ANNEXE 2: ELECTRICITY COST

For RO plant The electricity cost per unit of treated water (Rs/m3) written E, is obtained with the formula below:

E = T * P *Ce / R T = 1/(Q*e)

With: T = Time of running the pump required to treat 1m3 of water (hr) P = Power of the pump (kW) Q = Discharge capacity of the pump (m3/hr) e = Pump efficiency Ce= Cost of energy estimated at Rs5/kWh R = Membrane recovery factor (=0.5) For the dosing pumps, we have assumed that their time of running are equal to time of running of the high pressure pump.

RO plant: 8m3/hr capacity

P (HP)

P (kW)

Q (m3/hr) e T

(hr) Ce

(kWh) E

(Rs/m3)

Feed pump 3 2.2 8 0.6 0.2 0.5 4.66High pressure 20 14.9 8 0.72 0.2 2.6 25.89Antiscalant 0.9 0.0006 0.2 0.2 1.56Acid 0.9 0.0006 0.2 0.2 1.56 Total 33.7

For supply pump and submersible pump The electricity cost in Rs/m3 of produced water written E is obtained by the formula below:

E = P*Ce/(Q*e) With: P: power of the pump (kW) Ce: Cost of energy (Rs5/kWh) Q: Discharge capacity (m3/hr) E: Efficiency of the pump

57

ANNEXE 3: CHEMICAL CONSUMPTION FOR RO PLANT

The chemical consumption cost (C) expressed in Rs/m3 is defined as the cost of chemical per unit of treated water.

C = qc * Cc /R qc = D/(1000)

With: qc = Quantity of chemical required to treat 1 m3 of water (kg) Cc = Cost of chemical (Rs/kg) D = Dosing rate of the chemical (ppm or mg/ltr) R = Membrane recovery factor (=0.5)

Chemicals D (ppm)

qc (kg/m3)

Cc (Rs/kg)

C (Rs/m3)

Antiscalant 5 0.01 350 3.50 Acid 3 0.00 25 0.15 Total 3.65

ANNEXE 4: SALT RECHARGING COST FOR ION EXCHANGE We take into account the chemical and electrical consumption for the brine recharge. As far as chemical is concerned, 30kg of brine is required every production of 18 m3 of water. The cost of brine is Rs1.20/kg so the recharging cost is Rs36. Electricity consumption consists in the running of the dosing pump and the backwashing pump for 15 minutes each. Knowing the power (P) of the pump, the cost of energy (assuming Rs5/kWh) and the time of running (t) of the pump, we can easily find the electricity cost with the formula below: Electricity cost (Rs) = 5 * P * t with P in Kilo Watt, t in hour

HP (full

capacity) kW (full

capacity) time of

running (hr) Energy (kWh) Cost (Rs)

Pump recharge 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.5Backwashing 5 3.7 0.3 0.9 4.7

The total cost for salt recharging is therefore 36 + 0.5 + 4.7 = Rs41.2 for every 18m3 of water produced. It means that the cost for salt recharging is Rs2.29/m3 of water produced.

58

ANNEXE 5: DELHI JAL BOARD WATER TARIFF

For Water Supply

CATEGORY-I (DOMESTIC) EFFECTIVE FROM IST JULY, 1998 Upto 10,000 litres per month Rs.0.35+50% per 1000 litres.

Above 10,000 litres/and upto 20,000 litres per month

Rs. 1.00+50% per 1000 litres.

Above 20,000 litres and upto 30,000 litres per month.

Rs. 1.50+50% per 1000 Litres.

Above 30,000 litres Rs. 3.00+50% per 1000 litres.

Minimum charges. Rs.20.00+50% Per month per water Connection

Un-metered water connection for three months only.

Rs.20.00+50% per month per water Connection. (After three months, it will be doubled).

Water connections in J.J. / Resettlement Colonies / Rural areas.

Rs. 20.00+50% per month per water connection.

Charges for Booking of Tankers

DISTANCE STATIONARY FILLING Upto 5 Kms. Rs.400/- Rs.225/- 5 Kms. to 10 Kms. Rs.600/- Rs.325/- Beyond 10 Kms. Rs.1000/- Upto 15 Kms.Rs.425/- Beyond

15 Kms. Rs.450/-

59

ANNEX 6: ON CHANNEL AND OFF CHANNEL STORAGE

n

n

Najafgarh Drai

Depression areas

Palam Drai

60

CASE STUDIES :

CGHS AND DDA POCKETS

61

Abhiyan Housing Cooperating Sct

General information Abhiyan was registered in 1983 through private initiatives but allotment of flats started in May 2001. It contains 90 identical flats divided in 3 blocks of 8 stories each. Only 27 flats are presently occupied with an average of 4 to 5 people. 95% of the residents are professionals with an average income estimated more than Rs 35 000/ month/ family. The social welfare of the society is regulated by a management committee.

Water resources availability and features The amount of water supplied by the DDA to the Society is not regular along the year and varies in average from 10 000 liters in summer to 77 000 liters in winter. The supply may be interrupted for any reasons at any time. The society is charged at the volumetric rate of Rs6.28/Kl for the water service. The DDA provided tankers to the society in order to make up the lack of water supplied and the unreliability of the service. But this service charged at the rate Rs 500/month/member which corresponded to two or three tanks a day of 10 000 liters capacity each, was not economically conceivable to be adopted in a regular basis. The Society decided to tap the ground water resource as soon as the society noticed the insufficient supply of the municipal utility. Boreholes and water quality tests at different sites were implemented so that to build the tube well on the best aquifer. The features of the operating bore well are as follow:

Depth of bore well Depth to water table TDS level Hardness level Chlorides85m bgl 40m bgl 8800ppm 3205ppm 5203 ppm

Perception of the problem and initiatives taken As soon as operation of the tube well started the residents realized that the ground water was not good enough for direct potable uses and hindered domestic uses such as washing and bathing. As a matter of fact, the society could not rely on this resource to supplement the lack of municipal water unless to treat it. The management committee decided to invest in a RO plant which was the only guarantee to have the water requirements of the society satisfied at any time. The management committee made a call for tender to different companies specifying its requirements. The total need for 90 flats has been estimated at 90 m3/day considering 100ltr/day/flat for potable requirements and 900ltr/day/flat for domestic requirements.

The RO plant capacity has been designed to bear the entire water requirements of the society if no municipal water is supplied. The characteristics of the RO plant components have been determined to conform to the specified norms for safe human consumption as follow:

Depth of bore well Depth to water table TDS level Hardness level Chlorides85m bgl 40m bgl 8800ppm 3205ppm 5203 ppm

Quality test of municipal water was also implemented by engineers of the company and revealed high concentration of chlorine and a TDS level of 600ppm. The manufacturer pointed out to the society that the chlorine was damageable for the membrane and recommended to the society not to treat municipal

62

water through the RO plant. Moreover, since the manufacturer was also responsible of the entire water supply design of the society he did not assign the municipal water to potable requirements to match the standards.

Architecture of the system General features

The procedure of allocation of the resource occurs as follow: - Municipal water is reserved for domestic uses - RO treated water is used for potables uses - In case the municipal supply is insufficient to meet the domestic requirements, the lack of water

is obtained by mixing (1/3) of ground water with (2/3) of treated water.

The ground water is pumped according to the municipal supply and stored in the fire safety tank. A system of overflow enables the ground water to pour in the underground tank and eventually in the municipal tank. There are neither flow nor level gauges to monitor the amount of water containing in the different tanks. All the fillings are determined by eyes checking in real time. The water supply for potable and domestic purposes has been segregated in two independent supply systems. Each one is composed by an underground tank, a supply pump, an overhead tank and pipe lines. For safety guaranties, a set of UV sterilizers have been installed after the potable roof tank in order to remove all the pathogenic organisms which could develop in the pipes or in the potable roof tank. The supply follows different schedule times; Indeed, domestic water is available on 24hours basis whereas water potable is restricted to 30 minutes twice a day. Each kitchen has been therefore provided with a small tank to store the day requirements when the supply occurs.

(8800ppm)

50%17400ppm

Mix

Submersible pump

Domesticsupply pump

Potable supply pump

Ground water

Potable Tank

RO Plant

MCD Tank

Ground water tank Fire Safety Tank

MCD water

Domestic roof tank

Potable roof tank

Municipal sewage

Supply to bathroom and

WC

UVSupply to kitchen

Overflow

50%, 250ppm

(600ppm)

Overflow

The society has been equipped with a water harvesting system with ground water recharge. The rain water is collected from the rooftop of each block, the balcony of each flat and from the pavement and then conveyed through gravity to three trenches surrounding the society. The infiltration takes place through 3 pits.

63

RO functioning The RO plant is composed of:

- A Dual Media Filter (DMF) reduces the turbidity. - A Cartridge Filter (CF) relieves micron particles less than 5 microns. - An Anti scalant dosing avoids scale deposits in the membrane. - A Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane which removes the dissolved solids - Ph correction ensures a proper pH value of the treated water. - A Cleaning In Process (CIP) system enables to clean of the membrane.

An Activated Carbons Filter (ACF) which removes most of the bacteria and excess of chlorine has been installed after the dual media filter to prevent the membrane from clogging and extend its life time.

Permeateconcentrate

pH correction

High pumppressure

CIP pump

Back wash pump

DMF ACFCartridge

filterRO

Membrane

CIP Tank

Treated WaterTank

Ground water tank

Feed pump

Municipal sewer

Anti scalantDosingTank

Cost analysis

RO treatment cost This study aims at assessing the cost of water treatment through an RO plant per unit of produced water. The RO treatment cost has been determined for a low capacity (30m3/day) and the full capacity (90m3/day) taking into account two life time of the membrane 5 years and 10 years. The details of the cost are given here below:

Kind of cost Details Cost

Investment Full RO plant + Civil work (8m3/hr capacity, 50% recovery, >95% rejection)

Rs 1 568 900

Maintenance

Supervision and cleaning: - Contractor (preventive maintenance) - Regular cleaning of ACF and DMF (backwashing) - Cleaning of DMF with acid - Cleaning of membrane (chemical + electrical) Spare equipment: - RO Membrane - Cartridge membrane - Activated Carbon Filter

Rs 32 000/year Rs 82/year Rs 6 000/2years taking Rs3 000/year Rs 15 000/year Rs 750 000 every 5years or 10 years Rs 8 000/1.5 year taking 5 333/year Rs 11 000/8month taking 16 500/year

Operation Electricity consumption Chemical consumption Labor

Rs 33.7/m3 of treated water Rs 3.7/m3 of treated water Rs 800/month

64

RO treatment cost (Rs/m3)

16.8 16.8

5.6 5.6

33.2 33.2

33.2 33.2

3.6 3.6

3.6 3.6

19.7

6.3

6.6

4.6

4.6

0.30.3

0.90.9

2.1

1.51.5

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

30m3/day,Membrane = 5

years

30m3/day,Membrane = 10

years

90m3/day,Membrane = 5

years

90m3/day,Membrane = 10

years

Maintenance (Contractor, ROmembrane and filter cleaning)Spare equipment (RO membrane +ACF + Cartridge filter)Labor

Chemicals consumption (Acid,antiscalant)Electricity consumption

Investment

The diagram shows that RO treatment cost varies from Rs45/m3 to Rs80/m3. The total cost reduces with the increasing of the water production. The spare equipment cost has been reduced by 32% by doubling the life time of the membrane. Operation cost remains more or less stable at Rs37/m3 and turns out to be the more significant cost for a RO treatment.

Cost of the water service The cost of the service has been determined for the present requirements (30m3/day) and for the full requirements (90m3/day) when all the flats will be occupied. The cost has been computed for different levels of municipal supply.

Kind of cost Details CostUnderground tank (90m3), overhead tank (87m3) Rs 507 103Supply pump (potable + domestic) Rs 50 000Bore well, drilling, submersible pump Rs 157 000Pipe lines (internal & external) Rs 579 811RO + ACF + civil work + UV Rs 1 571 300

Supervision contract, RO & filters cleaning Rs 80082/yearSpare equipment: - Activated carbon filer Rs16 500/year - RO membrane Rs 750 000 every 5 years or 10 years - Cartridge filter Rs 6000/2years - UV Rs 1000/year

Labor (full plumbery) Rs 4000/monthRO (chemical, electricity) Rs 37.3/m3MCD Rs 6.28/m3Ground water Rs 1.87/m3Water supply Rs 2.2/m3Potable water supply (UV included) Rs 7.7/m3

Investment

Maintenance

Operation

65

Cost for the water service (Rs/m3), Requirements = 90m3/day

5,6 5,6 5,6 5,6 5,6 5,6

2,3 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,31,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8

26,4

18,1

9,8

26,4

18,1

9,8

3,2

4,2

5,3

3,2

4,2

5,3

2,8

2,8

2,8

2,8

2,8

2,8

6,5

6,5

6,5

2,1

2,1

2,1

1,5

1,5

1,5

1,5

1,5

1,5

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

MCD=0 MCD=30 MCD=60 MCD=0 MCD =30 MCD=60

Maintenance (RO and filtercleaning, contractor)

Spare equipment (RO membrane,ACF, UV, Cartridge filter)

Water supply (Domestic andpotable)

Water resources (MCD + GW)

RO Operation (labor, electricity,chemicals)

Investment (pipe system)

Investment (pumps, tanks, boring)

Investment Treat Plant (RO plant,ACF, UV, Civil room)

Membrane life time = 5 years Membrane life time = 10 years

Water service cost(Rs/m3), requirements of 30m3/day

16,9 16,9 16,9 16,9

6,9 6,9 6,9

5,3 5,3 5,3 5,3

27,0

4,6

27,0

4,6

3,2

6,7

3,2

6,7

2,8

2,8

2,8

2,8

19,5

19,5

6,2

6,2

4,6

4,6

4,6

4,6

6,9

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

70,0

80,0

90,0

100,0

MCD=0 MCD=30 MCD = 0 MCD = 30

Maintenance (RO and filtercleaning, contractor)

Spare equipment (ROmembrane, ACF, UV, Cartridgefilter)Water supply (Domestic andpotable)

Water resources (MCD + GW)

RO Operation (labor, electricity,chemicals)

Investment (pipe system)

Investment (pumps, tanks,boring)

Investment Treat Plant (ROplant, ACF, UV, Civil room)

Membrane life time =5 years Membrane life time = 10 years

The cost for the water service varies from Rs50/m3 to Rs85/m3 when the system operates for the present requirements and varies from Rs30/m3 to Rs50/m3 when the system operates for the full requirements. RO Operation appears to be one of the most preponderant costs but its contribution diminishes as soon as the municipal supply increases.

66

Naval &Air Force Cooperating Sct

General information The society lodges present and former employees from the Air Force and Naval army.

Water resources availability Two different water resources meet the society water needs:

- The DDA water with a proportion between 25% and 30%. - The ground water with proportion between 65% and 70%, pumped out through two tube

wells.

Perception of the quality The quality of the municipal water is satisfactory for the people and can be used for any use. The quality of the ground water resource as far as hardness and salinity are concerned, can be described as respectable in the sense that it does not hinder the people. The ground water can be therefore used for both potable and domestic purposes provided to remove the water from pathogenic organisms. This is the reason why almost everybody is equipped with an Aquagard system.

Architecture of the supply The ground water and DDA water are mixed up and stored in two underground storages. The mixed water is then stored in twelve overhead tanks (two overhead tanks/block) for a 24 hour supply. Rain fall harvesting associated to ground water recharge through 4 to 5 pits, turned out to be necessary in order to balance the abstraction of water and keep the water table at a sustainable level. Implementation of these devices has been partly supported by the government through subsidies.

Initiatives taken To make the residents aware of the need to conserve the water, the management committee has restricted the water supply to 6hours a day the year 2002-2003. This regulated measure has contributed to educate people and to keep self sufficiency with the ground water and municipal water.

Water service cost To assess the price cost of the water service, we have considered that 30% of the requirements are met by the municipal supply at the cost of Rs6.28/Kl and 70% by the round water resource. Assuming a submersible pump with an electricity consumption of Rs3.1/m3, the cost for the water provision is Rs 4.1/Kl. The different costs taken into account for the determination of the service cost are described here below:

67

Kind of cost Details Assumptions Cost Investment Underground tank

Overhead tank Bore well (boring, casing) Submersible pump Supply pump Pipe lines system

100m3 capacity, Rs 4/ltr 100m3 capacity, Rs 3.5/ltr 100m depth, diameter 20cm (10HP, 20m3/hr,60% efficiency) (10HP, 40m3/hr, 60% efficiency) No assessment

Rs 400 000 Rs 350 000 Rs 100 000 Rs 35 000 Rs 50 000

Operation Supply pump consumption Submersible pump consumption

(10HP, 40m3/hr, 60% efficiency) (10HP, 20m3/hr,60% efficiency)

Rs1.6/Kl Rs3.1/Kl

The cost of the service is given for water requirements of 50m3/day and 100m3/day:

Water service cost (Rs/m3)

12.0 1.6

Water supply 10.0 2.2

Ground water abstraction 1.68.0 1.9 Municipal supply (through network)

2.20.8 6.0

The cost of the water service varies between Rs12/m3 and Rs9/m3. The investment cost is reduced along with the increasing of the water production.

5.8

2.9

0.41.9

0.0

2.0

4.0

50m3/day 100m3/day

pumpBorewell + submersible

Investment (tanks + supply pumps)

68

Ashiana Cooperating Sct

General information Ashiana Sct was set up through personal initiatives. They are 120 flats divided in 6 blocks of 4 stories. Two types of flats can be found ; one of 1 240 Sqfeet with 3 bedrooms and one of 970 Sqfeet with 2 bedrooms. Presently 60 flats are occupied.

Water resources availability

MCD water The amount of water supplied by the DDA is in average 16m3/day and is very insufficient to meet the water requirements of the society estimated at 50m3/day.

Moreover, the regularity of the service is not uniform. Sometimes a shortage of water can occur due to an acute demand (in summer time for instance) or due also to internal problem of the DDA system such as cleaning of reservoir, boosting of pipes or reservoir contamination. The quality of the water is good enough so that there is no use of any treatment plant (common or individual).

The Society is charged for the water service at the volumetric rate of Rs6.28/Kl. The residents paid indirectly their water bills through a common fare of Rs 500/month/flat including security, lift, water, gardener, electrician, and plumber.

Water tankers To make up the lack of water from MCD, the society purchases water through private local agencies. The service is charged Rs 500 for 12 000 litres and 2 to 3 tankers a day are required in general. When the shortage is very acute, the society gets sometimes one or two tankers free of cost from DDA.

Ground water One bore well has been constructed to tap the ground water. The quality of the water does not allow neither drinking nor bathing purposes and can be used only for car washing and gardening. The water is directly pumped when it is required.

Architecture of the system The water from MCD and water tankers are stored in the same underground tank and boosted to overhead tanks. The water distribution is then made to each flat through different taps. DDA has visited Ashiana Sct and has fixed a deadline to adopt rainwater harvesting and ground water recharge.The total cost of the work is estimated at Rs 119 438 including:

- A pipe line to convey the water from each roof top to the drain - 2 pits located at two different places in which the water is temporary stored and filtered - One perforated pipe for each pit to make infiltrate the water 40 feet below the ground level.

Initiatives taken As water from car washing and terrace washing are collected through pits for ground water recharge, the society has forbidden the use of detergents to prevent the ground water from pollution.

69

Cost of the service To assess the price cost of the water service, we have considered that 32% of the requirements are met by the municipal supply at the cost of Rs6.28/Kl and 68% by the water tankers at the cost of Rs42/Kl. It means that the cost for the water supply is Rs 30.6/Kl. Several assumptions have been taken to determinate the investment and operation costs and they have been summarized in the following table.

Kind of cost Details Assumptions Cost Investment Underground tank

Overhead tank Supply pump Pipe lines system

120m3 capacity, Rs 4/ltr 120m3 capacity, Rs 3.5/ltr (10HP, 40m3/hr, 60% efficiency) No assessment

Rs 480 000 Rs 420 000 Rs 50 000

Operation Supply pump consumption Provision of water

(10HP, 40m3/hr, 60% efficiency) Rs1.6/Kl Rs30.6/Kl

The service cost is given for the present occupancy and the full occupancy:

Water service cost (Rs/m3)

6.13.1

2.02.0

28.628.6

1.61.6

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

Present occupancy(50m3/day)

Full occupancy(100m3/day)

Water supply

Private water tankers

Municipal supply(through network)Investment

The cost for the water service varies between Rs35/m3 and Rs38.2/m3. The increasing of the occupancy tends to reduce the weight of the investment cost as well for the service cost. The diagram shows that the water tankers supply represents 70% of the total cost.

70

Great Capital Cooperating Sct

General information Great Capital society has been created by individual initiatives. It is made of 105 flats out of which 70 are presently occupied.

Water resources availability The municipal supply varies along the year from 0 to 25m3/day and is therefore always insufficient to meet the water requirements estimated at 60m3/day. In summer the service may even not be adequate to meet the potable requirements estimated at 10m3/day. The society pays the water delivery at the volumetric rate of Rs 6.28/Kl. and recovers the expenditures through a common charge of Rs 500/month/flat including security, gardening, plumbing and maintenance of common places. Tube well has been constructed to tap the ground water at 250 feet depth. Hardness of the water is 700ppm and salinity is 1200ppm.

Perception of the problem and initiatives The water supplied by the DDA is suitable for potable purposes. However, the residents take further precautions for drinking purposes and proceed to a complementary water treatment. They have adopted two different equipments:

- Aquagard system consisting in an combination of activated carbon filter and UV - Reverse Osmosis system

As far as ground water is concerned, residents are not really satisfied with the quality. They have difficulties in making lathering the soap with water and that prevent them from cleaning, washing and bathing uses. Taste can be perceived as tolerable in the sense that they can drink the water without much of inconvenience. The management committee has decided to invest in an Ion Exchange Plant for two reasons. The Ion Exchange plant will first make the ground water appropriate for domestic uses and hence make up the regular lack of municipal supply. More over, by mixing 60% of treated water with 40 % of ground water the society gets a minimum hardness level necessary for human body (between 70 to 80 ppm) and can enhance therefore the availability of potable water in summer time.

System architecture

General features The municipal water is reserved in priority to potable uses but can be assigned to domestic uses in case of excess supply. The mixed water ensures the domestic needs and eventually the potable ones if the municipal supply is insufficient. The two resources are stored and supplied to the flats separately. Nevertheless, there is only one supply line to lift the water from the underground tanks up to the overhead tanks. A system of valves enables to assign the resource in its proper tank. The society takes a particular care to limit introduction of mixed water into the potable overhead tanks. Indeed, before filling the potable overhead tank, they

71

released systematically for 5 to 6 minutes the remaining water of the pipe line, in the general purpose overhead tank.

Treated waterMixed water

40%

60%

Ground water

Sumersible pump35m3/hr, 5HP

MCD water

DDA Tank

Potable overhead tank

General purpose

overhead tank

Domestic tank

Ion exchange

plant

Supply to WC, Bathroom

Supply to Kitchen

Pump House

Harvesting system has been installed with the costs of Rs 115 000 corresponding to a surface area of 8 500Sqm. The government of India granted a subsidiary of Rs 50 000.

Ion exchange functioning The calcium and magnesium ions which give hardness properties to the water are exchanged by sodium ions and fixed on a resin. The sodium becomes exhausted every production of 18 m3 of water and needs therefore to be recharged with brine (NaCl). The resin becomes saturated time after time and 10% of it must be replaced every year to maintain a high efficiency.

60% Mixed waterHardness: 70-80 ppm

By passsystem

Ground waterHardness: 700ppm

Submersibl e pump35m3/hr, 5HP

Ion exchangemodule

Drains

NaCl tank

Treatment phase

Recharge phase

40%

72

Cost analysis

Complementary treatment cost for drinking uses Assuming that the drinking requirements for a family of 5 people are 30ltr/day, we can compare the complementary treatment cost of an Aquagard and RO systems. We have considered a life time of 10 years with an interest rate of 10%.

Features of Capital cost (Rs) Maintenance cost (Rs/annum)

Operation cost (Rs/m3)

Aquagard system (1ltr/min, 33W)

8 000 750 3

RO system (8ltr/hr, 30W)

15 000 2000 20

Complementary treatment cost (Rs/m3), 30ltr/day

119

68

183

2233

20

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Aquagard RO

Maintenance costOperation costInvestment cost

Aquagar: 1ltr/min, 33W

RO:8ltr/hr, 30W

T=10, i=10%

The cost of a complementary treatment is between Rs200/m3 and Rs400/m3. RO treatment system costs the double price than the Aquagard system.

Ion exchange cost Details concerning the Ion Exchange costs are as follow.

Kind of cost Details Cost

Investment Tanks, dosing pump, resin, valves, pipes Feed pump (35m3/hr, 5HP)

Rs 165 000 Rs 20 000 (Assumption) Total = Rs 185 000

Maintenance

Salt recharging (brine, pump recharge, cleaning) Spare equipment:

- Dosing pump - 10% of resin/year

Rs 2.29/m3 treated water Rs 1200/5year Rs 550/year

Operation Electrical Operator

Rs 0.63/year Rs 1000

73

We have considered two cases whether the treated water is mixed with ground water or not.

Ion exchange cost (Rs/m3)

2.0

0.7

2.0

0.7

1.1

0.4

1.1

0.4

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.9

2.3

2.3

0.6

0.9

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

30m3/day 90m3/day 30m3/day 90m3/day

Spare equipment (Pumpchanging, resinreplacement)

Maintenance: Saltrecharging(electricity+chemical) +backwashingOperation (electricityconsumption of feedpump)

Labor

Investment (pipes, feedpump, recharge pump,tank, valves)

Pure treated waterMixed water 40%T + 60%GW

The treatment cost through Ion Exchange varies between Rs4/m3 and Rs6/m3 to produce pure treated water and varies between Rs2.6/m3 and Rs4.7/m3 to produce mixed water.

Water service cost

Kind of cost Details Cost

Investment

Underground (125m3) & overhead tanks (120m3) Supply pump *2 (6HP, 20m3/hr, efficiency =0.75%) Boring + bore well Piping Ion exchange plant

Rs 980 000 Rs 60 000 (Assumption) Rs 143 000 NA Rs 185 000

Maintenance

Spare equipment: - Dosing pump - Resin

Salt recharging

1200/5 years Rs 550/year Rs 0.91/m3 of mixed water

Operation

MCD water Ground water Water supply Labor (Ion exchange plant operation, water supply distribution, plumbing)

Rs 6.28/m3 Rs 0.63/m3 Rs 1.49/m3 Rs 3000/month

74

We have given an estimation of the cost for the water service for the full requirements of the society (100m3/day) and by ignoring the investment pipes.

Cost of the service (Rs/m3), Requirements= 100m3/day

12 1.0

Spare equipm nt (salt pump, resinereplacement) 0.3 1.5

1.010 Salt recharging (electrici andty

chemicals), bacwashing 0.6 1.5

Labor 1.0 8 0.9

1.5 Water supply 6.31.0

6 4.4

MCD supply 1.5 1.9

The cost of the service varies between Rs8/m3 and 12Rs/m3. The cost increases along with the increasing of the municipal supply. It can be explained by the fact that the cost for extraction of ground water and its treatment through the Ion exchange plant is less that the cost for the municipal supply.

3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2

0.5 0.6 4

0.5 0.4

GW extraction 0.20.5 0.5

2 Investment Ion exchange plant (tank,resin, pipes, valves, salt pump,submersible pump) Investment cost (tanks, supply

0 MCD = 0 MVD = 30 MCD = 70 MCD = 100

pumps, boring)

75

ISPATIKA Cooperating Sct

General Information Ispatika was registered in 1983 by employees of the Steel Authority of India Limited and started to allot residents in 1999. It is composed by 195 identical flats of 1100Sqft divided in 7 blocks of 7 stories. Presently 150 flats are occupied. A Sub committee has been elected to deal with the society water issues.

Water resources availability

Municipal water The amount of water supplied by the DDA is in average between 60 000 and 100 000 liters/day. The service is not regular and sometimes the supply may not be sufficient at all to meet the minimum water needs of the society estimated at 60 000 liters/day. The level of the service is worst in summer time and leads the society to serious water crisis.

The quality of water is satisfactory in the sense that it can be used both for potable and domestic purposes. Nevertheless, some residents take particular precautions for potables uses to avoid any bacterial contamination. They boil the water or equip themselves with Aquagard system. Before November 2002, no water tariff was applied by the DDA and the water supply was temporary free of cost. Afterwards, DDA decided to charge the water service at the fixed rate of Rs 50/member/month throughout Dwarka. But to recover the loss of revenue before November 2002, DDA has laid down that each member in Dwarka has to pay Rs 157/month until the old recovery is over. In the case of ISPATIKA CGHS, old dues will be over in July 2004.

Water tankers When a lack of water occurs the society resorts to private water tankers. The service is charged Rs 450 for 10 000 liters. But along with the generalization of the water scarcity in the city of Dwarka, the availability of water tankers has decreased and the society can therefore not rely completely on this compensatory solution.

Ground water The society has been forced to tap ground water to make up the lack of water. One tube well has been implemented to pump out the water from a shallow aquifer. The quality of this water is relatively good as far as salinity and hardness are concerned, but it is also of very limited quantity. As soon as the shallow aquifer has been exhausted, the society has to construct another tube well which taps a deeper aquifer. The deep aquifer contains huge quantity of water but consists in brackish water. Water quality tests have been undertaken by a private company and show the results as follow:

TDS (ppm) TH Alkalinity Chlorides (ppm)

Sulphates Ph

8264 2666 232 3514 666 7-8.5

76

Mineral Water Mineral water constitutes the only reliable resource for potable uses. The cost of one bottle of 20 liters is Rs 20.

Perception of the problem and initiatives taken

Present system: the problem encountered The brackish water is not satisfactory for the residents. Apart from the taste which prevents potable purposes, the water seems to disturb also the domestic uses. The residents complain for instance that they feel sticky after bathing and that they have some difficulties in washing their clothes. The water shortage crisis has been compounded with the abstraction of ground water in the sense that the proportion of suitable water has decreased and hindering effects have increased. Indeed, the ground water is mixed with the municipal water in the same storage and contaminates the entire water resource which hence is not suitable for any uses. In spite of the hindering, residents make compromise to use the mixed water for the domestic purposes. As far as potable uses are concerned, they have no choice but to buy mineral water. The economic situation is not sustainable for the residents who have to devote a part of their budget to the purchase of mineral water. The water budget for a family of four persons worked out to be:

- Rs 300/month in winter time corresponding to 300ltr. - Rs 600/month in summer time corresponding to 600ltr.

Moreover because of the high storage capacity of the system, the contaminated water remains for a long period even if no ground water is pumped. The municipal water which is good for whatever uses is therefore spoiled until the system is completely relieved of ground water.

Alternative system to face the problem A sub committee has been constituted to study the problem and propose to the management committee different alternatives to cope with the current issues. The sub committee has organized its efforts on the research of devices to mitigate the effect of the ground water and preserve the quality of the municipal water. The scheme proposed by the Sub Committee is articulated on two principal measures which consist in treating the ground water to make it suitable for domestic purposes and segregating the water supply to avoid the contamination of municipal water by the ground water. Different proposals have been suggested to the management committee:

Proposals for ground water treatment

Cost aspects Benefits/disadvantages

Water conditioner 2.5 inches diameter and 1 meter length

- Investment cost: Rs 100 000 - Operation cost: 7.5kWh for 24hr *365 days - No maintenance cost

Improving 19 times lathering, descaling and slightly the taste and odor. Treated water not suitable for potable uses

RO plant 5m3/hr capacity

- Investment cost: Rs 1 100 000 - Operation cost: Rs 600 000 – 700 000/year - Maintenance cost: Rs 150 000/year

The treated water is suitable for potable and domestic purposes

77

Proposals for segregation of the water supply

Cost aspects Benefits/disadvantages

Partial dual pipe system: - Segregation of underground tank - Common main line supply up to overhead tanks - Separated supply from overhead tank to flats - Segregation of overhead tanks (domestic and potable)

Rs 100 000 (already installed) Rs NA Rs 100 000

The two resources are segregated but residual saline water may remain in common pipe line and contaminate the system.

Full dual pipe system: - Segregation of underground tanks - Dual pipe lines supply up to the flats - Segregation of overhead tanks (domestic and potable)

Rs 100 000 Rs 600 000 Rs 100 000

The ground water cannot contaminate the municipal water.

After comparing the different alternatives the management committee has opted for low cost water treatment and a for the full dual pipe system. The total cost of the project is Rs 900 000 and will be entirely funded by the corpus fund. However, to recover the cost of the project, the society will continue to collect the amount of Rs 157/flat/month up to 2011.

Architecture of the system

Procedure of supply The municipal water is assigned for potable uses estimated at 100ltr/day/flat. It is stored in the potable tank and can overflow in the domestic tank in case of excess supply. According to the overflowed water the ground water is pumped and treated to meet the domestic requirements estimated at 900ltr/day/flat

Domestic tank Fire safety tank

MCD water

DomesticOverheadtank

Ground water

Supply to bathroom

T3 T2 T1Water

conditionner

Potable tank

Potable overhead tank

Supply to Kitchen

modifications

Water conditioner functioning The water conditioner is installed on the pipe line. Subjecting to an electromagnetic field, the water gets the properties of soft water whereas it remains technically hard.

The water conditioner system is composed by:

- A rectifier which transforms the input electricity (240V, AC) into 12V, DC - A micro processor which transforms the 50Hz electromagnetic waves to 2MHz - A pipe surrounding by a solenoid.

78

Micro

processorRectifier

Raw Water Treated Water

Electricitysupply pipe

Solenoidpipe line

Cost analysis

Water conditioner cost We have determined the cost of treatment through a water conditioner taking into count a life time of 10 years. The cost is given for different water production.

Cost through water conditionner (Rs/m3)T=10 years, i=10%

0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.004.505.00

10m3/day 20m3/day 30m3/day 40m3/day 50m3/day 60m3/day

Cost through waterconditionner (Rs/m3)

The cost varies from Rs0.7/m3 to Rs5/m3 and decreases with the increasing of the water production.

Cost of the service

It is expressed in Rs/m3 and consists in the cost price of the water to meet the requirements. It encompasses all the costs required to build the system, to maintain and operate it. The water service cost has been determined for the present requirements of the society (150m3/day). As the quantity of pumped water depends on the municipal supply, we have considered three kind of supply respectively 20, 60 and 100m3/day. The break up of the cost taken into count is here below:

Type of cost Details Cost Underground tank (200m3), Overhead tank (210m3)

Rs 1 740 000

Supply pump, Rs 60 000 Boring + submersible pump (deep aquifer) Rs 145 000 Dual pipe system (domestic and potable) NA

Investment cost

Water conditioner Rs 100 000 (life time=10years)

79

Maintenance cost no Rs 0 MCD water Rs 157/month/flat Ground water abstraction 1.29Rs/m3 Water conditioner 37.5 Rs/year (24h*365days)* Water supply (potable and domestic) Rs1.86/m3 Operation cost

Labor (complete plumbing, tanks filling, pump operation)

Rs 4000/year

* Electricity cost for the operating of the water has been neglected.

Water service cost (Rs/m3), Water requirements = 150m3/day

3.4 3.4 3.4

6.7 6.7 6.7

1.4 1.0 0.6

1.9 1.9 1.9

0.20.20.2

0.10.1 0.1

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

MCD = 20 MCD = 60 MCD = 100

Labor

Water supply

GW extraction

MCD water

Investment (waterconditionner)

Investment (Tanks,supply pump,Borewell +submersible pump)

Water service cost(Rs/m3), Water requirements = 195m3/day

2.6 2.6 2.6

5.2 5.2 5.2

1.5 1.2 0.9

1.9 1.91.9

0.10.1 0.1

0.10.1

0.1

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

MCD = 20 MCD = 60 MCD = 100

Labor

Water supply

GW extraction

MCD water

Investment (waterconditionner)

Investment (Tanks,supply pump,Borewell +submersible pump)

80

The diagram shows that the cost of the water service remains more or less stable around Rs10/m3 and Rs14/m3. The variation of the cost depends on the water requirements per day and in a less extent on the the quantity of ground water extracted. We can notice that the investment cost contributes to less than 30% to the total cost of the water service.

81

Vidyad Cooperating Sct

General information Vidayad Sct is reserved to employees from the National Hydroelectric Corporation Limited or to the Power Grid Limited. It gathers 83 flats divided in 5 blocks of 4 stories. Each flat has a surface area of 1200 Sqm with 4 rooms. Presently 50% of the flat are occupied.

Water resources availability The society receives in average 40 m3 of water in a day which is enough to meet their requirements. The supply is met by different means:

- 10m3/day through municiapl network - 10m3/day through DDA water tankers - 20m3/day through private water tanker

The water is charged according to the mode of supply: - MCD supply through network Rs6.28/Kl - DDA water tankers: Rs 275/10 000liters - Private water tankers: Rs 400/10 000 liters

The members are charged Rs 8000/year/flat for the common charges including: cleaning, security, gardening and water supply (tankers and pipe line). Ground water is extracted through two tube wells, between 30 to35m depth and at 100m depth. The water is directly pumped when it is required.

Perception of the resource and initiatives taken The quality of the municipal and private water is perceived as correct by the residents. They can use the water for any purposes. Nevertheless, most of them prefer for further safety to treat the water through Aquagard system before drinking it. The salinity and hardness of the water of the deep aquifer is so high that the ground water is only used for outdoor purposes such as cleaning and car washing. The shallow aquifer gives sometimes a better water quality which allows domestic uses. The society therefore sends samples every 3 months to a laboratory to know whenever the quality of water is appropriated.

System architecture The water from MCD and water tankers is stored in an underground tank and boosted up to overhead tanks. The water is then supplied to each flat.

Overhead tanks

Municipal supply

Water tankers

Supply to flats

Underground tank Pump House

Fire safety tank

Common use tank

82

Water harvesting and ground water recharge system has been implemented in 2003 to make rose up the level of water table. The total cost of was Rs 1.6lakh comprising the components below:

- 2 vertical pipes/block to convey the water from the rooftop to the drainage system - 2 pits of 16.5m3 capacity each to store the water collected - 2 bore well from where the water can infiltrate through the soil

Water service cost To assess the price cost of the water service, we have considered that 25 of the requirements are met by the municipal supply at the cost of Rs6.28/m3, 25% from DDA water tankers at the cost of Rs27.5/m3 and 50% from private water tankers at the cost of Rs40/m3. The total cost for the provision of water is then Rs28.5/m3. To determine the water cost of the service corresponding to water requirements of 40m3/day, we have taken into count the following cost: Kind of cost Details Assumption Cost Investment Underground tank

Overhead tank Supply pump (7.5HP, Q=12ltr/s, Efficiency = 53%) Pipe lines system

90m3, Rs4/ltr 90m3, Rs3.5/ltr No assessment

Rs 360 000 Rs 315 000 Rs 25 000

Operation Supply pump consumption Provision of water

Rs 1.22/m3 Rs28.5/m3

The cost for the water service is presented for the present occupancy of the society and the full occupancy:

Water service cost (Rs/m3)

5.6 2.8

1.61.6

6.96.9

20.020.0

1.21.2

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

Present occupancy(40m3/day)

Full occupancy(80m3/day)

Water supply

Private water tankers

Municipal watertankersMunicipal supply(through network)Investment

The water cost for the service is Rs35/m3 for the present occupancy and Rs32/m3 for the full occupancy. The private water tankers cost contributes to 60% in average to the cost.

83

Welcome Cooperating Sct

General information Setting up of the Welcome Society was initiated by ITC Hotel. The society construction is on the point of completion and will host 126 families with an average of 5 people/family.

Water resources The municipal water will be used to meet all the different water requirements of the society such as fire safety, gardening, domestic and potable purposes. The water requirements have been estimated at 500ltr/day/flat. One bore well with a submersible pump has been implemented at the cost of Rs 100 000 to tap the ground water at 150ft depth. The present salinity of the water is 2500ppm.

Perception of the problem and initiatives The society has planned to tap the ground water in fear of insufficient supply from the municipality. However, the water is too saline, hard and corrosive to be used directly and needs to be treated first. After a call for tender, the Society has opted for a treatment through RO plant. The treated water which is of high quality will be assigned to potable and domestic purposes except flushing. But to be entirely autonomous regarding the municipal supply, the society has been forced to research additional resource for flushing purposes. For that, it has been decided to implement a sullage treatment plant to recycle the waste water from bathroom and kitchen

Architecture of the system

General features The water supply has been separated in two independent systems. One is in charge of the water distribution in the WC and one takes up the water distribution in bathroom and kitchen following respectively the basis of 100ltr/day/flat and 400ltr/day/flat. The two systems follow the same layout, constituted by an underground tank, a supply pump and an overhead tank The procedure for allocation of the resource respects the following considerations:

- The municipal water is assigned to all the uses if the supply is sufficient - When the supply becomes less than the demand, the municipal water is assigned in priority to

potable and domestic purposes (except flushing). The sullage water is recycled to meet the flushing purposes.

- Whenthe municipal supply is so poor that it cannot even satisfied the potable and domestic requirements (except flushing), then the RO treated water is used for potable and domestic purposes (except flushing) whereas the sullage water is recycled for flushing purposes.

84

Recycled sullage

Sullage water

Municipal Sewage

Supply to kitchen and bathroom

Fire safetytank

Fire safety tank

Flushing tank

Treated water tank

Municipal Water

Supply pump room

Domesticand potable

Tank

Underground

Overhead tanksFire safetytank

Flushingtank

Supply to WC

RO Plant

Submersible pump

Ground water

SullageTreatment

Plant

The society has planned a water harvesting system with ground water recharge. The Total cost including pipes and 3 pits is Rs 195 000.

RO plant The quotation given by the company is based on two considerations:

- Day water requirements of the society (50Kl/day) - Present quality of ground water (2500 TDS)

The company has suggested a RO of 3000ltr/hr capacity with a membrane having the following features: Model: 8040 CPA, Average recovery: 30-65%, Average TDS removal: 90%. The treatment scheme proposed is the one below:

Treated water

Chlorination Multigrade sand filter

Activated carbon filter

Antiscalent dosing

Cartridge filter

RO membrane

pHCorrectionFeed pump

High pressure pump

Ground water

Treated water tank

The quotation has estimated the investment cost of the RO plant at Rs 1 040 000 excluding the mechanical cost and the cost of the tank. The operation and maintenance cost provided are Rs5000/month

Sullage recovery functioning The waste water is divided in two types:

- “black water” coming from WC - “sullage water” coming from bathroom and kitchen

85

The black water is collected in the municipal sewer system whereas the sullage water is treated on the spot in a waste water treatment plant. The recycled water is reused for gardening and flushing purposes. The plant has been designed to treat 50Kl/day of sewage. It is already constructed but it is not yet commissioned. The treatment scheme is composed by:

- Oil and grease trap: all the floating particles are released - Equalization tank: air blower system keeps suspended particles in suspension to avoid odor

problems. - SAFF reactor: a pvc fill media facilitates the fixation and growth of microorganisms. The

aerobic environment is achieved by the use of fine bubble diffused aeration. - Secondary settlement tank: the cells are separated from the treated water. - Chlorine contact tank: Sodium hypochlorite solution is added to destroy pathogenic bacteria and

reduce the coliform. - Multigrade filter: reduce the turbidity - Activated carbon filter: reduce further BOD, residual chlorine; taste and odor. - Sludge Holding tank: the sludge is digested aerobically.

Back wash to Equalization

tank

Final disposal

"Filter feed" pump

"Filter feed" pump "Filter feed"

pump

Submersiblepump

oil and grease trap Equalization

tank

Multi grade filter

Activated carbon filter

treated water tank

SAFFReactor

Secondary settlement

tank

sludge holding tank

Chlorine contact tank

Twin lobe air blower

Sullage water

"Treated water tank" pump

Overhead tankFire safety and flushing

Gardening

Cost analysis The society is still at the construction stage and the data corresponding to operation and maintenance are not available. It is then difficult to give a real estimation of the price of cost of sullage recycling and service but we will give at least a low estimation.

Sullage recycling cost We will assess the sullage recycling cost for a production of 50m3/day, taking into account the investment cost and the electricity consumption to operate and maintain the plant. As for the consumption of chemicals, it consists in chlorine dosing during the operation stage and cleaning components for the maintenance tasks.

Kind of cost Details Cost Investment cost Full plant Rs 2 500 000

86

Maintenance cost Electricity for maintenance work Chemicals Spare equipments

Rs 735/year NA NA

Operation cost Electricity Chemical (chlorine 6lph) Labor

Rs 670/day NA Rs 4000/year

Sullage recovery cost (Rs/m3), 50m3/day

16.1

16.0

0.04

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

T=20; i=10%

Maitenance

Operation

Investment

Cost for sullage recycling regarding investment and energy consumption is around Rs 30/m3.

Cost of the service We are just giving a recapitulation of the different cost which the society has to bore.

Kind of cost Details Assumptions Cost

Investment

Underground tank (150m3) Overhead tanks (120m3) Supply pumps (10HP, 38% efficiency, 26m3/hr capacity) Pipe line Borewell (150 feet depth) + submersible pump RO plant: Filtration system + High pressure pump (3m3/hr, 5.5HP) + dosing pumps of 11watt, + 3 HDP tanks of 100ltr) Sullage treatment plant

Rs4/m3 Rs3.5/m3 Rs35 000/unit HDP tank: Rs6/ltr, dosing pump neglected, High pressure pump of 0.8 efficiency = Rs 35 000

Rs 600 000 Rs 420 000 Rs 70 000 NA Rs 100 000 Rs 1076800 Rs 2500000

Maintenance

RO plant Sullage treatment plant

- Electrical - Chemical - Spare equipment

Electricity consumption neglected for maintenance

(Included in operation cost) Rs0 NA NA

Operation

MCD water Ground water (7HP, 10m3/hr capacity) Water supply (2 supply pumps) RO plant Sullage treatment plant + chemical

Efficiency 60%

Rs 6.28/m3 Rs 4.4/m3 Rs 3.8/m3/pump Rs5000/month Rs 670/day

87

Labor *2 (operation of RO and sewage plants) Rs 8000/month

Cost of the water service (Rs/m3), Requirements 60m3/day

5.5 5.5 5.5

5.8 5.8 5.8

13.4 13.4 13.4

6.311.1

11.1

8.8 3.3

2.73.8

3.8

3.8

4.4

4.4

4.4

3.1

1.0

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

MCD = 0 MCD =30 MCD = 60

Labor

Water supply

RO treated w ater

Ground w ater

Sullage recycling

MCD

Sullage plant

RO plant

Investment cost (tanks, supplypumps, tubew ell + pump)

The cost of the water service varies from Rs38/m3 to Rs56/m3 according to the municipal supply.

88

Sector 12 - Pocket N°3, Dwarka

General information The pocket has 224 SFS flats of which 20 to 30 are presently occupied. The flats are divided in 28 blocks of 3 stories plus ground floor. Each flat has the same layout consisting in 1 living room, 3 bedrooms, 1 kitchen and 2 bathrooms with toilets and lodges an average of 4 to 5 persons. A welfare association deals with the pocket problems.

Water Resources availability The supply occurs once a day for 20 minutes between 7 to 7:30am and corresponds in average to 200 liters/flat. The availability of the water can be less in summer. This amount of water is not sufficient to match the requirements of the residents estimated at least at 500ltr/day/flat. The residents are charged Rs 6.28/Kl for the water.

A DDA decree forbids to tap the ground water.

Architecture of the supply system Each flat initially possesses an individual overhead tank of 500 liters capacity linked to the municipal pipe line. The water comes from a sub tank which is common for the pockets N°2, 3, 4, 5. The sub tank is connected to the Command tank N°2 near Palam drain.

Problem encountered and initiatives taken Shortage of water

The residents resort to private water tankers for extra water which is charged Rs 1500/5000 liters. They also make up the lack of water by buying bottles of mineral water

Complementary treatment The quality is not so good and most of the people are equipped with aquagard system for the potable purposes.

Low pressure The low pressure of the supply hinders the proper filling of the overhead tanks. The residents have addresed the problem by installing a ground flour tank with a booster pump. The ground water tank facilitates the recovering of the supply and the booster pump can lift up the water to the overhead tank. All the extra equipment have been supported at their own expense.

Ground tank(500ltr)

Block

DDA supplyfrom Sub tank

Booster pump

Overhead tank(500ltr)

89

Sector 12 - Pocket N°4, Dwarka

General information The pocket contains 304 flats of HIG types with an average of 5 members/flat. The resident welfare association is responsible of the pocket functioning and deals with the different issues. Each member is charged Rs100/flat/month for electricity, security, cleaning, parking.

Water resources availability The municipal water is the only source of water. The supply is made in the morning during 30 minutes on the average basis of 500liters/flat/day. This amount is enough to meet the requirements of the society estimated at 100ltr/day/person. A meter has been installed to control DDA water supply but it is presently out of order. The residents are therefore charged at the fixed rate of Rs 157/family/month. When there is a shortage of water, the association calls a member of DDA which provide water tankers free of cost. The pocket does not have the permission to tap the ground water.

Architecture of the system The water received by the pocket is stored in an underground tank and pumped up to the overhead tank of each flat. The waste water are collected and conveyed to the municipal sewerage. The run off is collected through drains and it is then discharged to a municipal drain trunk.

Problems encountered and initiatives taken The water quality is satisfactory as far as color and taste are concerned. People are equipped with Aquagard system to prevent from any risks of bacteriological contamination.

90

Sector 13- Pocket N°1, Dwarka

General information They are 400 flats on the pocket out of which 300 are occupied. Three kinds of flats of different standing are present in the pocket:

- Jenta flats consists in 1 room with a kitchen outside, - LIG flats consists in 1 bedroom + 1 living room + 1 bathroom + 1 kitchen - MIG flats consists in 2 bedrooms + 1 living room + 1 kitchen + bathroom+ 1 WC

Water resources availability Availability of the municipal water varies along the year:

- From July to February, the supply occurs 30min twice a day. - From March to July, the supply occurs 20 min/day

Sometimes the municipal supply may not be sufficient to meet the minimum requirements estimated by some residents at 40lts/pers/day.

In summer, DDA provided 2 to 3 tankers a day free of cost.

Problems encountered and initiatives taken Low pressure

Water pressure is enough just to reach the ground floor. Most of the residents have installed at their own expense a spare pump to lift the water up to their overhead tanks. The booster pump is usually directly connected to the main line. The cost of the pump varies from Rs 3000 to 8000 according to the number of HP.

Water shortage

Some residents get some buckets of ground water from one allottee who owns a piece of land nearby. The water is salty but it is used for domestic purposes. The president has sent a letter to DDA and asked at least for 1 hour of supply a day. If it is not implemented in a week time, the residents will demonstrate on the main road.

91

Sector 13 - Pocket N°2, Dwarka

General information 680 flats out of which 80 to 85 occupied 200 to 250 flats are still not allotted. DDA sold raw flat which required 1 to 2 lacs to provide all the facilities.

Water resources availability There is a scarcity of water in summer time. Water is provided through 2 or 3 water tankers.

Problems encountered and initiatives taken Water scarcity

The ground water is tapped without permission in case of water scarcity. The water is used for washing hands and flushing and bathing.

Mineral water is purchased for potable uses in case of emergency.

Additional treatment Quality is satisfactory for drinking purposes but further precautions are taken for the children.

Lack of pressure Additional pump installed on line after the meter to enhance the pressure.

92

Sector 13 - Pocket B, phase2, Dwarka

General information The pocket is composed of 804 flats with 488 MIG flats and 316 HIG flats. 100 to 130 flats are presently occupied. A Resident Welfare Association is in charge of the regulation of the pocket. The residents are not very cooperative to follow the rules decreed by the RWA.

Water resources availability The pocket doesn’t face an acute shortage of water. The supply is quite stable and occurs twice a day for 30 minutes. One to 2 water tankers a day are provided by the DDA in summer to complete the supply.

Ground water is abstracted through one bore well only for irrigation purposes.

Architecture of the system The pump house is under the control of one contactor of the DDA. The Underground tank is cleanned once a year. At that time, the residents are advising in advance to make provision of water.

Problem encountered and initiatives taken Low pressure

Water pressure is usually enough to fill overhead tanks when there is sufficient supply. Most of the residents have installed in provision a booster pump in case the supply is low.

Complementary treatment The quality is usually suitable. When required, extra precautions are taken such as water boiling or treatment through Aquagard system.

93

Sector 14 - Pocket N°1, Dwarka

General information In the pocket there are 300 flats occupied out of 976. Three kinds of flats can be found:

- LIG with two rooms - Jenta with 1 room and one kitchen outside - EWS with 1 room and one kitchen included

Water resources availability The availability of the municipal water varies along the year:

- In winter the water supply occurs for 30 minutes once a day - In summer the water supply occurs for 10 to 20 minutes once a day which corresponds

approximately amounts to 120liters/day Most of the supply is ensured through DDA water tankers mainly in summer. An average of 2 to 3 tankers/day of 10 000 liters are provided whereas the requirements are 5 to 6/day. The president has to call each day several times the DDA to get water tankers.

The pocket got permission to abstract ground water for gardening purposes.

Water problem perception and initiatives taken Most of the time, the municipal supply is most of the time under the water requirements estimated at 500l/day for a family of 4 to 5 persons. The residents have therefore to adapt their consumption to the availability of water

In water scarcity periods, some residents may use the ground water for domestic purposes such as WC and clothes washing. However, they find it too saline for potable uses.

A major problem is the lack of pressure from the pump house which does not allow the water to reach the overhead tanks in most of the flats. To face the problem, many residents have individually installed another booster pump on their connection. The cost of the booster pump is Rs 1500 for 0.5HP and Rs 3000 for 1 HP. But even with this device, the water supply may not reach the flats located far from the pump house (200 yards). In that case the residents ask to their neighbors for some buckets of water or use ground water. People who can afford it, purchase bottles of mineral water for their potable purposes.

The RWA has tried to regulate the pressure through the supply network by regulating the valve but it was not successful. They are presently looking for some devices to cope with this problem but they are not technically qualified to do so.

Water bill Water bill determination

The determination of the water bill varies whether the connection is metered or not. When the connection is not metered, the water supply is charged at a fixed rate which is defined on an average consumption. According to the standing of the flat the consumption is estimated at:

- 35 Kl/month for MIG and SFS flats

94

- 30 Kl/month for LIG, Genta, EWS flats 30Kl/month corresponds to the rate of Rs157/month. When the connection is metered, the bill includes:

- Cost for the provision of water - Taxes from DDA - Cost for the boosting arrangement

The cost for the provision of water is based on the water consumption following an incremental tariff:

- Rs 0.35/Kl up to 20 Kl/month - Rs 0.7/Kl from additional water above 20Kl/month

The total cost for the provision of water is taxed at the rate of 30% by the DDA. The boosting of water from the pump house is charged Rs 1.76/Kl

Water bill complaints Some residents have refused to pay their water bill concerning the last two years consumption. They find it too expensive compared to the quality of supply. The president wrote a letter to the DDA for the revision of the bill taking into account that the residents are reluctant to be charged

- For boosting service whereas the pump house is not able to ensure properly the water supply - For water consumption when there is no physical occupancy of the flat

Rs 157/month/flat whereas, the water tariff implemented by the DJB is Rs 30/month/flat The resident do not understand why DDA has increased its rate from Rs 70/month to Rs 157/month from the last bill. They have noticed the contradiction that they have been asked for boosting charges before the electricity installation of the pocket.

95

Sector 14 - Pocket N°2, Dwarka

General information 864 LIG flats, 85% occupancy, 4-5 persons/flats 300 MIG flats, 40% occupancy, 6-7 persons/flats

Water resources availability In winter (from October to March), the water is supplied twice in a day for 20 to 30 minutes.

In summer (from April to July), there is a serious water scarcity. The supply is not ensured every day. The Pocket is daily fighting with the DDA to get a provision between 2 and 3 water tankers of 10 000 liters in a day. DDA charges Rs 157/month/flat for the water supply.

Problems encountered and initiatives taken Lack of pressure

Each resident had to invest at his own expense in an additional pump to make up for the lack of pressure and ensure the proper filling of his overhead tank. Most of the residents have directly connected their pump on the water connection.

Unequal allocation of water

Because of the combination of water scarcity and over water sucking on the main line, two blocks at the tale of the pocket do not receive any drop of water. They are nevertheless charged by the DDA at the same rate.

Water regulation

The discriminated residents from the water supply have already pointed out the matter to the DDA and the RWA but it seems to be useless. Indeed, the DDA has written a letter to the residents to share the water but nobody has changed his practice. The RWA on its behalf keeps idle because the matter concerns only a minority of residents. They went door to door to inform the other residents about their cases and tried to educate them but it has not brought any improvements so far.

Alternative resources

Some residents who suffer the most from the lack of water have no solutions but call for private water tankers. The service is charged Rs 300-400/3000liters and it is shared between different flats. The water is stored in bucket of 30 liters and is used only for domestic purposes. Bisleri water is purchased for cooking and domestic purposes at the fare of Rs 40 to 50/20 liters. 20 to 40 liters are required in a day.

Prospects for additional resources

The situation for some residents is no longer economically sustainable. It is moreover too long for them to approach the DDA. They are looking therefore for alternatives resources. They are presently considering two solutions:

- To tap potable ground water without permission in a private land - To tap directly the water on the main municipal line and equip the illegal connection with a

meter.

96

Sector 19 - Pocket N°3, Dwarka

General information MIG flats, SFS 250 occupied flats among 720

A Resident Welfare Association (RWA) has been set up to take up the general welfare of the pocket such as electricity, water, security, complaints. RWA is made mandatory by the DDA in each pocket.

Water resources availability In normal time, the DDA supply occurs twice in a day for 30 minutes. Water meter is sometimes missing because the proprietors leave with their meters when they sell their flat. The water is charged therefore at the flat rate when the connection is not metered and at a volumetric rate when the connection is metered.

In summer there is always a shortage of water. DDA complete sometimes its supply through water tankers which are provided free of cost.

The pocket is equipped with a tube well and a pump to tap the ground water. The water is too saline for any uses.

Architecture of the system The initial design of the water supply is composed by:

- One underground tank - One pump house - individual overhead tank of 250 liters capacity

Water connection

DDA supply

Overhead tank(250liters)

DDA Supply line

Underground Tank

PumpHouse

The water supply to the flat is effective when the water connection is made. The connection allows the municipal supply to come to the overhead tank.

Water meter

water connection

DDA supplypipe line

Individual Overhead tanks

97

Problem encountered and initiatives taken Water scarcity

When DDA tankers are not available, some residents call for private water tankers according to their needs and their income. They are used to gather in a friend group so that they can share the cost of the water. The service is charged Rs 350/3000liters.

The quality is not ensured and it is only used for domestic purposes. Bisleri water is purchased in some cases for drinking water.

Complementary treatment

The quality of the municipal water is suitable for direct drinking purposes. For the children further precautions are taken such as water boiling or Aquagard treatment (Rs 8000 to 9000).

Lack of pressure

Because of the lack of pressure from the pump house, the water can reach only the first floor. Residents have therefore personally invested in different devices in order to allow the filling of their overhead tank

In the first device a supplementary tank of 500 liters capacity has been laid down at the ground level to receive the DDA supply when it occurs. A booster pump has been installed after the ground tank to lift the water up to the overhead tank when it is required. In the second device, the booster pump has been installed directly on the supply pipe. The water flowing through the line is sucked and the availability of the water is therefore substantially enhanced. It concerns 50 to 60 flats. Some residents have complained but the WRA is not able to face the problem.

The investment cost is Rs 3000 for the 500 liters tanks and Rs 3000 for the pump.

Water meter if existing

individual ground tank (500liters)

Booster pump

Overhead tank

DDA supply line

Water meter if existing

Booster pump

Overhead tank

DDA supply line

Water flooded The Pocket is often flooded because the level of the municipal drain is above the drainage system of the pocket. It has been pointed out to the DDA but nothing has been done.

Pocket internal division

The RWA asks Rs 800/month/flat for the common charges. 100 to 110 of the resident refuse to make the payment because they are not satisfactory with association performance.

98

Sector 1- Pocket N°1, Dwarka

General information 160 occupied flat among 336 SFS flats, HIG and MIG

Water resources availability DDA water constitutes the main supply. In summer, no water at all arrives through the pipe line network. The shortage of water is made up by water tankers. The society does not have any permission from Central Ground water Board to tap ground water.

Architecture of the system The supply system is composed by:

- UG tank of 175 000 liters capacity - Pump House - Individual overhead tanks of 500 liters capacity - Individual booster pump - Network of main and secondary pipe lines

The water supplied by the DDA from the command tank N°2 is collected in the underground tank. The pump house is supposed to ensure the distribution of water directly to each overhead tank..

Problem encountered and initiatives taken Lack of pressure

The pressure of the supply is not high enough to ensure a proper filling of the tanks. The residents have individually installed a booster pump on their own line to lift the water up to their tanks.

Additional treatment

The quality of the supply is good enough for any uses. For further precautions, many of the residents have invested to an Aquagard system before drinking uses. This system costs between Rs 7 to 8000.

99

Sector 1- Pocket N°3, Dwarka

General information There are 110 occupied flats among 208 All the flats are SFS, MIG with 4 stories The maintenance of the pocket is ensured by the DDA.

Water resource availability The water is supplied twice a day (morning and evening) for 30 to 45 minutes. Each flat gets an average provision of water of 700 liters a day. The residents are charged according to a volumetric rate. If the supply is not sufficient to meet the requirements of the pocket, the general secretary contacts DDA for a provision of water tankers. The water is directly discharged in the underground tank. This service is not free of cost. The Central Ground Water Board did not give the permission to the residents to tap ground water resource.

Architecture of the system The water supplied by the DDA from the Command Tank 2 is stored into the underground tank which is presently common for Pckt3, sector1 and Pckt1, sector2. The reservoir is connected to a pump house where the water is boosted to every overhead tank. Each overhead tank is equipped with an overflow which discharges the excess water into the drains.

Problems encountered and initiatives taken Low pressure

The low pressure of the supply hinders the water to reach the top floor and fill properly the overhead tanks. The residents have faced the problem by investing extra equipment at their own expenses. They have installed another tank of 500 liters on the ground floor of their garage in order to collect directly the supply. They have also connected a booster pump to that tank to lift the water up to their overhead tanks when required.

Overflow

Drains

CT 2 Secondary pipe line

Individual overhead tank

Individual booster pump

Individual ground tank

Main pipe line

Pump HouseUndergroun

dTank

Building

RWA regulation The RWA has been playing a key role to maintain a good management of the water in the pocket. Indeed, although DDA has enacted that no individual booster pump must be installed on the main line in order to suck water, some residents of the pocket have tried to break the rule. The WRA had to intervene to educate them and make them aware of the need to share equally the water. Moreover to avoid any wastage of water, the WRA has made sure that all the unoccupied flats were disconnected from the main pipe line.

100

Sector 3 - Pocket N°16, Dwarka

General information The pocket is constituted by 608 flats with a level of occupancy 50%. There are LIG flats on ground floor and MIG flats on 1st, 2nd and 3rd floor. A resident welfare association deals with the issues and the complaints. Each resident pays Rs 100/month to the resident welfare association for the common charges. Average income for a LIG flat is around Rs 10 000/month.

Water resources availability Municipal supply occurs twice a day on morning between 7 and 8am and on evening between 7 and 8pm. The quantity received is generally enough to meet the requirements of a family of 5 estimated at 500ltr/day. When there is a shortage of water, the welfare association calls water tankers but this case does not happen very often.

Problem encountered and initiatives taken Quality is low (odor) because of leakage and contact with drainage water and that is why most of the residents used Aquagard systems for potable uses even when the quality seems to be good. The supply is more than the capacity of the overhead tank of 500 liters. Some people have purchased an extra tank to fill the excess supply and some fill it into 2 liters bottles.

The major problem is the low pressure which hinders the filling of overhead tanks. This is certainly due to electricity problems.

101

Sector 6 - Pocket N°1, Dwarka

General information The pocket is constituted by 212 SFS flats, half of MIG type and half of HIG type. There are presently 100 flats occupied with an average of 3 to 4 persons/flats. Cost of flats is (initial/present)

- Rs 6lakhs/12lakhs For MIG - Rs 8-9 lakhs/ Rs 15 lakhs For HIG

Residents of the pocket come from middle class with average income between Rs 20 to 30 000/month/flat.

Financing

There are two procedures for financing the flats: - In Hire and Purchase Scheme, the allotee pays one part of the cost in advance and one part in

installment as a rent. Allotee becomes tenant of his flat after a certain amount of time as soon as he has refund the full cost of the flat.

- In Self Financing Scheme (SFS), the allotee works side by side with the DDA during the construction stage of the pocket. Allotee supports the expenses when they occurr while DDA ensures the proper progress of the construction work. After the completion of flats, the allotee is immediately tenant of his flat.

Pocket regulation The resident welfare association has been set up on the own initiative of the residents. It collects the complaints and is in charge of all the common welfare measures for the pocket such as hygienic conditions, gardening, security, mosquitoes control. DDA is responsible of all the maintenance tasks regarding drainage and sewer leakage or chocking, pipe water seepage and fire equipment.

Water resources availability The provision of water from the DDA occurs usually in the morning for 2 hours. The water is then distributed to the each flat on the evening for 1 hour. The remaining water in the reservoir after the evening supply is distributed on the following morning. The water supply is charged Rs 157/month/flat. Shortage of water is very scarce but can happen at any time. When a shortage of water is noticed, the RWA notifies it to the DDA which sends water tankers. The service is free of cost. The pocket has also the permission to extract the ground water from tube well for gardening purposes.

Architecture of the system DDA have designed the water supply system. It consists of:

- An underground tank which receives the supply from the Command tank2 - A pump house which distributes the water to each flat - Individual overhead tanks of 500 liters which store the water - A network of main and secondary pipe lines to convey the water

102

An operator is in charge of the running the pump house. He points out to the WRA any failure of the supply.

Problem encountered and initiatives taken The quality of the water supplied is sometimes reproachable. The bad smell seems to indicate an excess of chlorine or a mixture with drain or sewage. To avoid any risk of contamination, the residents resort systematically to water treatment for drinking purposes. Different devices have been implemented such as equipment of Aquagard system or filtration after boiling of water.

The ground water is too salty for drinking uses but is suitable for domestic use such as clothes laundry, flushing and bathing. This resource is tapped only in case of emergency.

In order to face the low pressure of the delivery which hinders the proper filling of the overhead tanks, most of the residents has installed a ground tank of 500 liters and a booster pump. Nevertheless, some residents have installed directly their booster pump on the main line to suck huge amount of water. If this device enhances substantially the availability of water for those who implement it, it also prevents sufficient amount of water for the following flats. Although DDA has forbidden this practice it does not enforce the rule. RWA on this side has no the authority to do it.

103