aluminium ppt.ppt

7/21/2019 ALUMINIUM ppt.ppt

1/18

GROUP IIIGROUP III

M. Ardhias SyamM. Ardhias Syam

Hardianti SahibHardianti Sahib

KurniahKurniah


2/18

THE GROUP 13 ELEMENTSTHE GROUP 13 ELEMENTS

Include boron, aluminum,gallium, indium and tallium!

"oron i# te onl$ nonmetal in

te grou% man$ o& teircom%ound# o& te

element# are electron

de&icient and act a# Le'i#

acid#! (luminum i# a

metalloid

(nd gallium, indium and

tallium are metal#!


3/18

TEN)EN*+ O 13 GROUPTEN)EN*+ O 13 GROUP1.1. Have melting point not similarHave melting point not similar

with the other group.with the other group.

2.2. High the density.High the density.

3.3. Form the compound withForm the compound with

oxidation phase +3, but Ga, n,oxidation phase +3, but Ga, n,

and !l can "orm secondand !l can "orm second

oxidation is +1.oxidation is +1.


4/18

#$#%#&!' '(%)*$#$#!*&

*&FG-!*&

"oron " -He./#//%1

(luminum (l -Ne.3#/3%1

Gallium Ga -(r.3d10#/%1

Indium In -2r.d10#/%1

Tallium Tl -4e.&1d105#/5%1


5/18

ELEMEN

TS

(tomicNumber

Relati6e(tomicMa##

MeltingPoint72

)en#it$78gm93

) 10!:1 /;3 /30

l 13 /5!!l :1 /0!3: ;5!; 11:0


6/18

ELEMENTS (tomic

Radiu#7nm

Ionic Radiu#7nm

=M3>?) 0!0;


7/18

1st/0mol2nd/0mol 3rd/0mol

) :00!5 //; 3550

l ;;! 1:15!5 /;!5

Ga ;:!: 1


8/18


9/18

Al2O3and Al(OH)3ar am!h"tri#

Aluminium ra#t $ith O2

%Al(s) &O2 (') 2Al2O3(s)

Chemical reaction of aluminium

a#id)an(Al(OH)Al(OH)OH(OH)3

*

(a+)%(a+)3 +

Al

bas)a)(Al(OH3HAl3H(OH) 323

(a+)(a+)3 OAl ++ ++

++

3

,23

)a+( )OAl(HAl


10/18

Al2O3. 3H2O & 2-aOH

d#"m!"siti"n

/tra#ti"n2-aAlO2 & %H2O

"r

Al2O3. 3H2O & 2-aOH 2-aAl(OH)%

Production o& (luminium =a# in (lu#a&?

ir#t #te%@ Puri&ication o& te ore A "a$erB# %roce##!

The solution is diluted thereby impurities like TiO2, sodium aluminium silicate

and iron(III) oxide precipitate out. They are filtered out.

CO2is bubbled through the liuor to reduce the p! to enable "l(O!)#

precipitate and then filtered and $ashed."l(O!)#is calcined at %''C to gie pure "l2O# * #!2O.

2Al(OH)3 Al2O3 & 3H2O


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Second #te%@ Smelting %roce##

0his is d"n by l#tr"lysis usin' th Hall*H1r"ult !r"#ss.

2l*H3 + 3&a*H + 4HF &a35lF46 + 4H2*

2Al3

Al3& & Al,

3*

Al2O3 AlO2*

& AlO& AlO

&Al

3& & O

2*

Al3& & 3 Al

2AlO2*

Al2O3 & 4O2 & 3


12/18

arbon anode burns to *2, so the anode is replaced periodically.

'ome aluminium "og dispersed in the electrolyte, reduces *2 to *. #xitgases contain about 378 *. !he overall anode reaction seems to be

l2*2F92: + 2lF4

3: + 9lF9: + *2 + 9e

and at the cathode

lF43: + 3e l + 4F:

*verall cell reaction;3l2*2F92: + 17lF4

3: + 12lF9: + 3*2 + 9l + 29F

:

l is pre"erentially discharged at the cathode and oxygen at the anode.


13/18

*%!H *!H#

#$#%#&!' ? l, Ga, n &= !l#$#%#&!' ? l, Ga, n &= !l

H+)RI)ES

$ilH9and $iGaH9are good precursors "or metal hydride complexes, %H3$2 and

sources "or H

:

ion "or the metalloid hydrides ? 'iH9. luminium hydride, lH3is asolid similar to the s:bloc/ metal hydrides although not readily available.


14/18

H(LI)ES (N) TRIH(LI)ES

ll elements "orm trihalides in their +3 oxidation state, however +1 becomes

ommon with !l "orming a stable monohalide. !rihalides o" l, Ga and n are

$ewis acids. Generally prepared by reaction o" the electropositive metal with

hydrogen halides such as Hl, H)r gases.2 l s + 4 Hl g @ 177 C ll3s + 3 H2g

!ri"luorides are mechanically harder than others and they have high melting

points and sublimation enthalpies and have low solubility. !heir reactivity

towards most donors is low not $ewis acids and despite that lF3and GaF3"orm slats such as &a3lF4ryolite

? used as a solvent "or bauxite in the production o" aluminium and &a3GaF4


15/18

!hallium trihalides are less stable than those o" light congeners. !he triiodide,

!l3 is a compound o" +1 and +3 as it contains the 3: not the : ion. on"irmedby the standard electrode potentials which indicates that !l is rapidly

reduced to !l by iodide;

!l3+ aD + 2 e:@ !l+aD #EB +1.24

3:aD + 2 e:@ 3 :aD #EB +7.

However, in excess iodide !l is stabilied by the "ormation o" the complexI

!l3s + : @ !l9

:aD

Generally the +1 oxidation state becomes more stable progressively "rom l to

!l.


16/18

+3 *x. 'tate )2*

3l

2*

3Ga

2*

3n

2*

3!l

2*

3

acidic amphoteric

amphoteric basic basic

+1 *x. 'tate !l2*

basic

l2*

3and l*H

3are amphoteric

bas)a)(Al(OH3HAl3H(OH) 323

(a+)(a+)3 OAl ++ ++

a#id)an(Al(OH)Al(OH)OH(OH)Al3

*

(a+)%(a+)3 +

++

3

,2

3

)a+( )OAl(HAl

Ga2*3and Ga*H3are amphoteric and dissolve in al/ali to "orm gallates.

n2*3and !l2*3are completely basic and the metals "orm neither hydrates

nor hydroxides.!l*H is a strong base and is soluble in water, li/e Group 1 hydroxide.!l+compounds are extremely poisonous and in large doses, can cause death.


17/18

SULI)E *OMPOUN)S

!he only sul"ide o" l, l2'3, which is prepared by direct reaction o" the elements

at elevated temperatures; 2 ls + 3 's @ A l2'3s. t is rapidly

hydrolyed in aDueous solutionI l2'3s + 4H2*l @ 2l*H3s + 3H2'g

l2'3, exists in three di""erent "orms ? J, K and L "orms. !he structure o" J and

K "orms are based on wurtite structure in J?l2'3the '2:ions are hexagonalclose pac/ed and the l3+ions occupy two:thirds o" the tetrahedral sites

randomly. !he L:"orm adopts the same structure as L:l2*3. !he sul"ides o" Ga,

!l and n are numerous and varied than those o" l and adopt many di""erent

structural types.

l, n and Ga react with


18/18

aluminium ppt.ppt

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