alternative economic policies in developing countries

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29 2551

( )

Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike (by-

nc-sa)

2

:

4

GDP

: Deutsche Bank Research, 2007

5

: Carol King, Will we always be more capable in the future?;

Worldchanging.com - http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/007962.html

6

7

(Sustainable Development)

8

()

9

:

11

(happiness)

(subjective)

(utility)

(objective) ( )

(wellbeing)

12

13

(Human Development Index)

3

14

Human Development Index

15

(Happy Planet Index)

New Economics Foundation

HPI (ecological

efficiency)

HPI = x

16

(Happy Planet Index) 2006

17

Rank Country Life Sat. Life Exp. Eco. Footprint HPI

1 Vanuatu 7.4 68.6 1.1 68.2

2 Colombia 7.2 72.4 1.3 67.2

3 Costa Rica 7.5 78.2 2.1 66.0

4 Dominica 7.3 75.6 1.8 64.6

5 Panama 7.2 74.8 1.8 63.5

6 Cuba 6.3 77.3 1.4 61.9

7 Honduras 7.2 67.8 1.4 61.8

8 Guatemala 7.0 67.3 1.2 61.7

9 El Salvador 6.6 70.9 1.2 61.7

10 Saint Vincent & Grenadines 7.2 71.1 1.7 61.4

11 Saint Lucia 7.0 72.4 1.6 61.3

12 Vietnam 6.1 70.5 0.8 61.2

13 Bhutan 7.6 62.9 1.3 61.1

14 Samoa (Western) 6.9 70.2 1.4 61.0

15 Sri Lanka 6.1 74.0 1.1 60.3

16 Antigua and Barbuda 7.4 73.9 2.3 59.2

17 Philippines 6.4 70.4 1.2 59.2

18 Nicaragua 6.3 69.7 1.1 59.1

19 Kyrgyzstan 6.6 66.8 1.1 59.0

20 Solomon Islands 6.9 62.3 1.0 58.9

(Happy Planet Index) 2006 ()

18

Gross National Happiness

(sustainable economic

development)

(conservation of the environment)

(promotion of national culture)

(good governance)

19

GNH

60

25

:

(driglam namzha), (Dzongka),

20

( - 88 )

22

23

GDP 8 (, , , ,

, , , ) , 1820-2006

24

:

(

) ()

25

(normative economics)

1970

19

26

(Marcus Noland, 2006)

(cross-

national) (subnational)

()

27

28

:

( 9-14)

1960

1980

29

(Islamic financial system)

()

(level playing field)

(Hanafi) (Maliki) (Shafei) (Hanbali)

30

(cost-plus-sale)

(purchase finance) (Murabaha)

(Ijara)

(Mudaraba)

(venture capital)

(Musharika)

( )

31

(cost-efficiency)

33

(Utilitarianism) (Jeremy Bentham)

(Reactionary)

(Establishment)

34

/

35

36

(reactionary policies)

( )

37

:

38

39

-

40

41

(Keynes)

42

(Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas, ALBA)

(Petro Caribe) , (Petro Sur)

, (Tele Sur)