alternative development for sustainable development of ... · extinction in chitral due to illegal...
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Alternative Development for Sustainable Development of Mountain and Highland AreasDate: 22 Dec 2019
Golam Rasul
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Characteristics of Mountains and Highlands
• Limited Accessibility-Isolation, remoteness, difficult terrain
• High Fragility & vulnerability - steep slope, high altitude
• Poor infrastructure, high transportation cost
• Sparse population, small production -low economies of scale
• Marginality - socio-economic & environmental
• Poses Environmental & economic constraints
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Niche & Comparative advantage of Mountains & Highlands
• Climatic, biological & natural resource diversity- unique products & services
• Significant comparative advantages to
• Hydropower, Tourism
• Horticulture, Timber, medicinal herbs
• Biodiversity, Indigenous knowledge
• Mountains are the water towers of the world
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Biodiversity
• Mountains support 25% of the planet’s biodiversity, have 50% of
the world’s biodiversity hotspots
• 32% of global Protected Areas (PA )are in mountains
• Himalayan has 488 PAs covering 39% of the region’s terrestrial
area
Agrobiodiversity
• Six of 20 plant crop species that supply 80% of the world’s food
originated in the mountains
Mountains: a source of cultural, spiritual & recreational resources
Niche & Comparative advantage of Mountains &
Highlands
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Niche Products for Agribusiness from Mountain Agroforestry
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Mountain and Highlands are home to many tribal &
indigenous peoples: Langue's & Cultural Diversity
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Growing Environmental & Social Risks
• Conventional economic model failed to sustain economic growth, reduce poverty, protect environment
• High carbon emissions, climate change, accelerated melting of glaciers, Sea Level Rise
• Resource depletion, loss of biodiversity, energy crisis, water shortage, food insecurity
• Persistent poverty & growing inequality
• Economic inequality reinforces inequalities between regions, ethnicity, race, caste- leading to protracted conflicts
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Multidimensional poverty: Mountain vs National
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
China Bhutan India Nepal Myanmar Pakistan Bangladesh Afghanistan
2017 2017 2016 2016 2016 2015 2017 2016
National Mountain
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China - Rural Mountain Poverty
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
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China- Mountain Poverty
• Poverty is mountain phenomenon
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India – Mountain Poverty (Income)
8 8
1011 12
14
1920
22
32
35
37
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
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Myanmar –Multidimensional Poverty
Ayeyarwaddy
Bago
Chin
Kachin
Kayah
Kayin
Magway
Mandalay
Mon
NaypyitwaRakhine
Sagaing
Shan
Taininthyi
Yangon
Multidimentional Poverty rate% 2016(0.68,0.78](0.51,0.68](0.43,0.51][0.29,0.43]
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Challenges to sustainable development • How to overcome mountain environmental challenges & harness
niche products & services for sustainable development?
• How to integrate mountain/ highland communities to mainstream
economies & societies?
• How to increase productivity without degrading resources?
• How to adapt with stress, shocks (scarcities/floods/droughts) and
rising pressure on fragile resources?
• What pathways are available?
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• Understanding biophysical, socio-
economic, & cultural context &
specificities
• Adopting Site -specific strategies &
approaches
• Recognizing and addressing the
trade-offs between the immediate
economic gain & long-term risks
• Integrated solution
Pathways to sustainable development
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A few examples from different
countries of the Himalaya
Regions
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• Bhutan Rich in water resources -30,000 MW of
hydro-electricity potential
• Currently, it generates 1, 600 MW electricity
• More than 98% of households in Bhutan have
access to electricity
• 80% exports to India
• Power exports generates 25% of GDP &
expected to increase by 56% by 2025
• Hydropower is the major source of export
earning
• Hydropower is the backbone of Bhutan
economy
• Bhutan- carbon negative, 70% land under
forest
Harnessing Hydropower for Clean Energy: Bhutan
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Himachal Pradesh suitable agro-climatic
for growing subtropical & temperate fruits
Government supported horticulture
development
Horticulture revolution in Himachal
About 500,000 farmers are engaged in
Horticulture
Himachal - Fruit Bowl of India
Employment Generation- livelihood
diversification- high economic growth, low
poverty
Horticulture based development in Himachal Pradesh, India
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India – Mountain Poverty (Income)
8 8
1011 12
14
1920
22
32
35
37
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
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• Sikkim is not suited for intensive agriculture
• Sikkim moved to organic agriculture for health
& ecosystems
• Sale & use of chemical fertilizers & pesticides
are banned
• Productivity of a few fruits reduced slightly, but
many crops has remained stable
• Premium price for organic food
• New organic image - New attraction for
tourists
• Carbon neutral- First organic state in the world
Organic agriculture in Sikkim, India
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High value nutritious crops: High Mountain of Nepal
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Trout farming in Terraces in Nepal
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Large cardamom based agroforestry –marginal lands
Cash-crop, high value, low-volume, low-input, not labor intensive, non-nutrient exhaustive, non-perishable
Fulfilling Mountain Specificity Nitrogen fixing Himalayan Alder shade tree with large
cardamom
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Spice garden tourism
CRA practices
Resource use efficiency: Byproducts from Cardamom
Spice garden tourism
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Diversification of high value cash crops
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Diversifying Livelihoods of CHT Hill Tribes
Diversifying livelihoods: Off-farm activities
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Tourism
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• Mountain goats (Markhor) were at the verge of
extinction in Chitral due to illegal poaching
• Community based conservation introduced in
199trophy
• A hunting trophy license is issued after a proper
auction
• Annually, four hunting trophy licenses are issued for
Markhor hunting
• 80% of the money collected is distributed among the
local community, 20% is kept by the wildlife
department
• Trophy hunt tourism
Trophy Hunting in Chitral, Pakistan
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• REDD+ : Forestry for prosperity
• Community based forest
management & carbon storage
Integration of REDD+ in forest
management
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19872010
Community Forestry in Nepal
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Thank you
Protect the pulse.