alpine vegetation- patterns of biodiversity and response to environmental change
DESCRIPTION
Alpine Vegetation- patterns of biodiversity and response to environmental change Bill Bowman- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Mountain Research Station, INSTAAR ([email protected]) reference: Körner, Ch. 1999. Alpine Plant Life. Springer Verlag, Berlin. What is the alpine? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Alpine Vegetation- patterns of biodiversity and response to
environmental changeBill Bowman- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Mountain Research Station, INSTAAR([email protected])
reference: Körner, Ch. 1999. Alpine Plant Life. Springer Verlag, Berlin
elevation of treeline corresponds with:
1) minimum growing seasontemperature around 6 °C
2) wind
3) geomorphic disturbance- avalanches
krummholz- "twisted wood"
Global distribution of treeline
large variation in altitude at mid-latitudes
associated with continentality- treelines lower in moist, maritime locations
from Körner, 1999
Alpine is a globally distributed biome-plants have similar "growth forms:"
graminoids (grasses, sedges)
forbs (broad leaved herbaceous plants)
prostrate shrubs
cold
temperatures may change rapidly
windy (mainly temperate zone)
soils often poorly weathered
low water and nutrient availability
high UV irradiance (although offset by cloud cover)
low p(CO2) - dependent on elevation
Alpine environmental conditions:
Adaptations to the alpine environment include:
being short
high investment into belowground biomass (high root:shoot ratio)
low growth rates
tolerance to low temperatures (= intolerance of high temperatures)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
a
b
ns ns
a
b
a
b
ns
Low N (0.3mmol:suboptimal for growth)High N (1 mmol)
tota
l bio
mas
s (g
)
Dominant sedges Common grasses
Greenhouse experiment- artificial imposition of N limitation
amount of growth is biologically constrained in some species
35 40 45 500
2
4
6
r2=0.46, P< 0.01
Latitude (degrees)
% o
f fl
ora
endem
ic
35 40 45 500
100
200
300n.s.
num
ber
of s
pec
ies
35 40 45 5020
30
40
50
r2=0.49P< 0.01
% o
f fl
ora
circ
um
pol
arsp
ecie
s
Biogeographic trends in Rocky Mountain alpine plant diversity
~ same number speciesmore Arctic species to north
more endemic species to south
Wind RiverWind River
Big HornBig Horn
Medicine BowMedicine Bow
Indian PeaksIndian Peaks
NeedlesNeedlesSangre de CristosSangre de Cristos
BeartoothBeartooth
AbsorokaAbsorokaGros VentreGros Ventre
UintahUintah
TetonTeton
San Fransisco PeaksSan Fransisco Peaks
Biogeographic similarities (after Hadley
1987)Sørenson’s index
3434
4444
4848
5858 5151
5454
5151
(50-83)(50-83)
5959
5050
Boulder County: 1550 species(50% of flora of Colorado)
Weld County: ~600 species
Regional scale plant diversity in S. Rockies; the influence of mountains:
Alpine Mesotopographic Gradient(After Billings)
Fellfield
Snowbed
Moist Meadow Wet
Meadow
DryMeadow
Prevailing wind
Fellfield
Snowbed
Similarity of flora among communities (Sørenson’s index): 25-77%
snow
What controls variation in diversity across the landscape?soil resources?
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.00.0
0.5
1.0
Increasing stressand belowgroundcompetition
Decreasing belowgroundcompetition; more spp. coexist
Increasing abovegroundcompetition; competitiveexclusion
Soil Resource Availability
Div
ersi
ty
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.70
1
2
3
N and P supply (proportion ofmaximum)
Div
ersi
ty (H
')
Alpine plant diversity relationship to soil N+P availability on Niwot Ridge
other factors: disturbance (climate & animal) water availability
Environmental change in alpine - primarily “indirect:”climate, N deposition, stratospheric ozone degredation (↑UV)locally most immediate threat is N deposition
Colorado ranks 3rd in U.S. population growth, with most of the increase in the Front Range urban corridor:
source: William TravisCU Geography
Moist meadows- elevated Ninputs due to topographic location
Snow is an effective reservoir of atmospheric N
inputs
Where in the alpine landscape is change most probable?
Moist meadow plant N uptake from snow(% growth demand)
Desch
amps
ia (g
rass
)
Acom
asty
lis
Arte
misia
Bist
orta
Calth
a0
250
500
750
a
bb
b
c (13)
(5)
(1)
(6)
(10)
15 N
upta
ke ( g
N g
-1 ti
ssue)
+ responder to N non responders
}
15N labeling experiment:
change in plant species composition ("weedy" native species)- may already be occurring
change in ecosystem properties:> enhancement of N cycling (net N mineralization and nitrification) rates- loss of N from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems> greater climatic control (lower biological control) over variation in primary production
Implications of differential N uptake by alpine vegetation: