alloimmune thrombocytopenia clinical obstetrics and gynecology vol 48, number 4

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Alloimmune Thrombocy Alloimmune Thrombocy topenia topenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4 vol 48, Number 4

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Page 1: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4

Alloimmune ThrombocytopeAlloimmune Thrombocytopeniania

Clinical Obstetrics and GynecologyClinical Obstetrics and Gynecologyvol 48, Number 4vol 48, Number 4

Page 2: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4

IntroductionIntroduction

Maternalcirculation

Fetalcirculation

Placenta

platelet

IgG

IgG

IgG

platelet

ImmuneSystem

RecognizesAs foreign

1

2

3

Alloimmune thrombocytopenia

Page 3: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4

IntroductionIntroduction

IgG

plateletFetalRES

ํŒŒ๊ดด

Fetal thrombocytopeniaPetechiae

ICHDeath

AIT Rh isoimmunization์œ ์‚ฌํ•จ

Page 4: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4

PathophysiologyPathophysiology

Definition : Definition : fetal/neonatal platelet count < 150fetal/neonatal platelet count < 150โ…น10โ…น1099/L /L maternal platelet alloantibodiesmaternal platelet alloantibodies

ManifestationsManifestations ์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ง“๋Š” ์ธ์ž์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ง“๋Š” ์ธ์ž Concentration of maternal IgGConcentration of maternal IgG Density of the target antigen on the fetal plateleDensity of the target antigen on the fetal platele

tsts Phagocytic activityPhagocytic activity Compensatory ability of the fetal bone marrowCompensatory ability of the fetal bone marrow

Page 5: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4

GlycoproteinIIIa

IIb

Ia

Ibฮฑ

Page 6: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4

Platelet surface antigenPlatelet surface antigen

HLA class IHLA class I

HPA (human platelet antigen)HPA (human platelet antigen)

ABO antigenABO antigen

Page 7: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4

Platelet Platelet ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ HLA antigenHLA antigen ์ด ์ด ์ฐจ์ง€ ์ฐจ์ง€ -> but, AIT-> but, AIT ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ฃผ ์›์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ฃผ ์›์ธ : HPA (: HPA (75%) 75%)

์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์˜ ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์˜ HLA AbHLA Ab ๋Š” ๋Š” placenta placenta ์กฐ์ง์— ์กฐ์ง์— ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” HLA AgHLA Ag ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํก์ˆ˜๋จ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํก์ˆ˜๋จ .-> fet.-> fetal circulational circulation ์— ์— plateletplatelet ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•  ๋งŒํผ ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•  ๋งŒํผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ HLA AbHLA Ab ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ . . Anti-HLA AbAnti-HLA Ab ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์— ์˜ํ•œ AIT : 25% (10-30%)AIT : 25% (10-30%)

ABO mismatchABO mismatch ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์— ์˜ํ•œ AIT : rareAIT : rare

Page 8: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4
Page 9: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4

IncidenceIncidence

AIT : Platelet count < 150,000AIT : Platelet count < 150,000โ…น10โ…น1099/L/L (1% of unselecte neonates)(1% of unselecte neonates)

Severe : <Severe : <50,00050,000โ…น10โ…น1099/L /L (25% of neonates (25% of neonates

with thrombocytopenia)with thrombocytopenia)

Page 10: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4

Frequency of HPA-1aFrequency of HPA-1a

Most common alloantigen in Most common alloantigen in white population : HPA-1awhite population : HPA-1a 22ndnd common alloantigen: HPA-5b common alloantigen: HPA-5b

Serologic frequency : 97.5%Serologic frequency : 97.5% HPA-1a negativeHPA-1a negative ์ธ ์ธ 2.5%2.5% ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—ฌ์„ฑ : AIT : AIT

susceptible -> susceptible -> ์ด์ค‘ ์ด์ค‘ 6-12%6-12% ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋งŒ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋งŒ AITAIT

In Asian : HPA-4b -1.7% (+)In Asian : HPA-4b -1.7% (+)

Page 11: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4

Clinical PresentationClinical Presentation

Neonatal periodNeonatal period ์— ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ๋ฐœํ˜„ Petechiae/purpura (90%)Petechiae/purpura (90%)

Mean weight : 3000g (Mean weight : 3000g ( ๋ถ„๋งŒ์‹œ๋ถ„๋งŒ์‹œ )) Median platelet count : 19Median platelet count : 19โ…น10โ…น1099/L (/L ( ๋ถ„๋งŒ์‹œ๋ถ„๋งŒ์‹œ ))

ICH (8~22%)ICH (8~22%) 2020 ์ฃผ ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ฃผ ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ (16(16 ์ฃผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋„ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋จ์ฃผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋„ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋จ )) Mental retardation, DeathMental retardation, Death ๋‹ค์Œ ์ž„์‹ ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นจ๋‹ค์Œ ์ž„์‹ ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นจ .(recurrence rate >80%).(recurrence rate >80%)

10%10% ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์—†์Œ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์—†์Œ ..

Page 12: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4

Laboratory StudiesLaboratory Studies

Antiplatelet antibody testingAntiplatelet antibody testing PSIFTPSIFT MAIPAMAIPA

Platelet antigen typingPlatelet antigen typing MAIPAMAIPA DNA-based testDNA-based test

Page 13: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4

DiagnosisDiagnosis

Unexplained thrombocytopeniaUnexplained thrombocytopenia ๋ฅผ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ neonateneonate ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ AITAIT ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ serserologic testologic test ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•จ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•จ ..

RecommendRecommend Neonate with severe thrombocytopeniaNeonate with severe thrombocytopenia ICH with thrombocytopenia in prematurityICH with thrombocytopenia in prematurity Hx. of familial transient neonatal thromboHx. of familial transient neonatal thrombo

cytopeniacytopenia

Page 14: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4

What tests should be sent What tests should be sent of confirm the diagnosis?of confirm the diagnosis?

์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ neonatal thrombocytopenianeonatal thrombocytopenia ๋Š” ๋Š” maternal thromaternal thrombocytopeniambocytopenia ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์—†์Œ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์—†์Œ . .

However, maternal thrombocytopenia However, maternal thrombocytopenia ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—์„œ๋Š” full work-upfull work-up์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค .. Fetal head USG -> ICH Fetal head USG -> ICH ํ™•์ธํ™•์ธ Serologic testingSerologic testing

AITAIT ๋Š” ๋Š” specific platelet-associated antigenspecific platelet-associated antigen ์˜ ์˜ fetomaternfetomaternal incompatibilityal incompatibility ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค .. Fetal, Maternal blood-> MAIPA testFetal, Maternal blood-> MAIPA test Fetal, maternal, paternal blood -> platelet antigen typingFetal, maternal, paternal blood -> platelet antigen typing

Page 15: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4

Lat. ventriculomegaly -> ICHLat. ventriculomegaly -> ICH ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ „์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ rule outrule out ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ .. Rapid increaseRapid increase ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ hemorrhagic processhemorrhagic process

๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  maternal bloodmaternal blood ๋ฅผ ๋ฅผ platplatelet alloantibody testingelet alloantibody testing ์— ๋ณด๋ƒ„์— ๋ณด๋ƒ„ ..

Maternal ToRCH titers -> infectionMaternal ToRCH titers -> infection ์„ ์„ R/OR/O Neural tube defectsNeural tube defects Fetal hydropsFetal hydrops Toxoplasmosis / CMV ; amniocentesisToxoplasmosis / CMV ; amniocentesis

Page 16: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4

Tesing in a subsequent pregnanTesing in a subsequent pregnancycy

์ด์ „์— ์ด์ „์— AITAIT ํ™˜์•„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋งŒํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ํ™˜์•„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋งŒํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž„์‹ ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž„์‹ ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด์ „ ์ง„๋‹จ์ด ์ด์ „ ์ง„๋‹จ์ด AITAIT ๊ฐ€ ๋งž๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋งž๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง„๋‹จ์ด ๋ถˆ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ง„๋‹จ์ด ๋ถˆ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ maternal/ paternamaternal/ paterna

l bloodl blood ๋ฅผ ๋ฅผ platelet antigen mismatchplatelet antigen mismatch ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ testtest ๋ณด๋ƒ„๋ณด๋ƒ„ ..

Amniocyte / chorionic villus tissue -> DNAmniocyte / chorionic villus tissue -> DNA typingA typing fetal platelet antigen statusfetal platelet antigen status ํ™•์ธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ™•์ธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

Page 17: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4

ManagementManagement

MedicalMedical Iv immunoglobulin / steroidsIv immunoglobulin / steroids

Surgical Surgical (favor in Europe)(favor in Europe) Uterofetal platelet transfusion Uterofetal platelet transfusion

Goal : Prevent antenatal / perinatal ICHGoal : Prevent antenatal / perinatal ICH ICH : mental retardation, fetal /neonatal deathICH : mental retardation, fetal /neonatal death

Page 18: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4
Page 19: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4

SteroidSteroid ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ํƒœ์•„์˜ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ ์•Š์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ํƒœ์•„์˜ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ ์ƒ์Šน์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ด์ƒ์Šน์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ด . . (Karpatkin and colleagues)(Karpatkin and colleagues)

IV IgIV Ig ์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ด์ „ ์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ด์ „ ์ž„์‹ ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด์„œ ํ‰๊ท  ์ž„์‹ ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด์„œ ํ‰๊ท  44.544.5โ…น10โ…น1099/L /L ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ƒ์Šน์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ƒ์Šน์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ICHICH ๋Š” ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์Œ์—†์—ˆ์Œ . . (Bussel)(Bussel)

Page 20: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4

ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ 3030โ…น10โ…น1099/L/L ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ ์›์ธ ํ•ญ์›์ด ์—†๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ์„ ์ž๊ถ๋‚ด ์›์ธ ํ•ญ์›์ด ์—†๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ์„ ์ž๊ถ๋‚ด

ํƒœ์•„์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ˆ ํƒœ์•„์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ˆ (umbilical cord(umbilical cord ํ†ตํ•ดํ†ตํ•ด )) 20-22wks20-22wks ์— ์— fetal blood samplefetal blood sample ๋กœ ๋กœ pltplt ์ˆ˜์น˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜

์ธก์ • ์ธก์ • -> 1~2wks-> 1~2wks ์— ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ์— ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ

GA: 6-17wks GA: 6-17wks ๋™์•ˆ ๋งค์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ๋งค์ผ prednisone 0.5prednisone 0.5mg/day mg/day ํˆฌ์—ฌ ํ˜น์€ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ํ˜น์€ IV IgIV Ig ์„ ์„ 1g/kg1g/kg ์„ ์„ weweeklyekly ๋กœ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋กœ ํˆฌ์—ฌ

Page 21: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4

Pletelet donorPletelet donor ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด Antigen-negativeAntigen-negative Carefully washed to remove AntibodyCarefully washed to remove Antibody Irradiated (GVHD Irradiated (GVHD ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ )) Mother : Mother : ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ donordonor

Page 22: Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology vol 48, Number 4

DeliveryDelivery

์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ : : ์•„์ง ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์•„์ง ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 3434 ์ฃผ์ฃผ -37-37 ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•จ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•จ .. ๋ถ„๋งŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ถ„๋งŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

Fetal plt count >50Fetal plt count >50โ…น10โ…น1099/L ; vaginal delivery/L ; vaginal delivery ์ด์œ ์ด์œ  ; c/sec; c/sec ์ด ์ด ICHICH ๋ฅผ ๋ฅผ protectprotect ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ ..

Severe thrombocytopenia (< Severe thrombocytopenia (< 2020โ…น10โ…น1099/L) /L) ์œผ๋กœ ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ : 34: 34 ์ฃผ์— ์ ๊ทน์  ์ฃผ์— ์ ๊ทน์  ๋ถ„๋งŒ ํ•„์š”๋ถ„๋งŒ ํ•„์š” .. ์ด๋•Œ ์ด๋•Œ AIT AIT ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด prednisoloneprednisolone ์„ ์“ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ผ๋„ ์„ ์“ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ผ๋„ 33

44 ์ฃผ์ „์— ์ฃผ์ „์— Fetal lung maturationFetal lung maturation ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด dexametazonedexametazone์„ ์จ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค์„ ์จ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค ..

PrednisolonePrednisolone ์€ ์€ placentaplacenta ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ ..

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ScreeningScreening

Not currently considered the standard Not currently considered the standard of careof care

โ€œโ€œCost effectiveโ€ Cost effectiveโ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„  ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„  ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋งŽ์Œ๋งŽ์Œ ..

High risk groupHigh risk group ์„ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ ์„ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ HPA-1a HPA-1a angtigenangtigen ๊ณผ ๊ณผ HLA-DRw52aHLA-DRw52a ๋ฅผ ๋ฅผ testtestํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆ ..

์ตœ๊ทผ ์ตœ๊ทผ IVFIVF ์—์„œ ์—์„œ AITAIT ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ณด๊ณ  HPA-1a (all cases) ; HPA-1a (all cases) ; ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ํ•„์š”๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ํ•„์š”

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Future DirectionsFuture Directions

Risk factorRisk factor ๋ฅผ ๋ฅผ identificationidentification ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด์ „ ์ž„์‹ ์—์„œ ์ด์ „ ์ž„์‹ ์—์„œ AITAIT ์— ๋™๋ฐ˜๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋™๋ฐ˜๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ

Optimal Tx.Optimal Tx. IV Ig, dexamethazone, prednisoneIV Ig, dexamethazone, prednisone When? Route? Dose?When? Route? Dose?

Development of ImmunoglobulinDevelopment of Immunoglobulin Like anti-D globulinLike anti-D globulin