Allium sativum - Garlic

Yee Mon KhineJune 4th, 2009BIOL 3911

OutlineTaxonomyMorphologyOrigin and DistributionAncient Garlic SupplementsMedicinal EffectsFolkloresModern Chemical ComponentsForms of RemediesCulinary Use

TaxonomyDivision: MagnoliophytaClass LiliopsidaOrder: LilialesFamily: Liliaceae (Alliaceae)Genus: AlliumSpecies: A. sativum

Allium sativum L.

Commonly known as: Stinky Rose

Family Liliaceae (Alliaceae) Formerly known as Liliaceae Now -- a member of the Alliaceae (Onion family)600 cultivated sub-varieties of garlic, perennialHardneck Garlic cooler climateFewer and larger cloves than softneckless wrapperSoftneck Garlic near equatorMost supermarket garlic (abundance of cloves)Asexual Reproduction

MorphologyA root vegetable with the bulb growing undergroundEdible bulb composed of food-storage leaves4-20 cloves in one bulb30-60 cm tallRigid stemLong, flat monocot leaves with wedge-shaped tip

MorphologyFlower is composed of 5-7 pale flowers(June to August)20-30 bulbils (up to 1 cm in size)Flowers are sterileBulbils do reproductive functionClosely related to onions, shallots, leeks, and chives

Brief History of OriginOrigin -- Central Asia (China) 4000 B.CAncient medical texts -- Egypt, Greece, Rome, China and IndiaCodex Ebers (Egyptian papyrus) 800 therapeutic formulas, 1550 B.C22 Garlic RemediesChinese herbal medicinesSeasoning and flavouring -- the Mediterranean region, Asia, Africa

DistributionGrown GloballyChina (77%)India (41%)South Korea (2%)Russia (1.6%)United States (1.4%)

15,686,310 Tonnes, globally (2008)

Ancient Garlic SupplementsMedicinal Effects: Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, Japan, India, Europe, and in Biblical

Folklores

Ancient Garlic SupplementsMedicinal EffectsDaily diet for strengthEgyptian pyramid labourersGreece Athletes performance enhancing in The First Olympic Games Roman Troops and SailorsChinese and Japanese food preservativesBiblical texts: Jewish slaves in EgyptFood for poor people and labourer

Ancient Garlic SupplementsMedicinal EffectsTraditional Medicine (folk remedies)Respiratory diseases/ InfectionsSkin protection (Leprosy)Cardiovascular diseasesDigestion, Common ColdThe PlagueMale PotencyRaw Garlic Vs. Cooked Garlic

Ancient Garlic SupplementsFolkloresGarlic clovesIn the tomb of King Tutankhamen, Egypt

-- In the palace of Knossos in Crete

Ancient Garlic SupplementsFolkloresAncient GreeceWard off vampires, evil eyes, demons, and witchesGreek midwivesLater common in EuropeFeeding to animalsGarlic Dreams

Ancient Garlic SupplementsFolkloresEvil SpiritsDioscordes -- garlic as a holy herbUsed in purification ceremonies in the temples of that timestimulate and warm the body and to increase one's desiresChristian MythWhen Satan left the Garden of Eden, garlic arose in his left footprint and onion in the right

Garlic EffectsAntibiotic actionHypoglycemic effectAntitumorAntioxidant propertiesAntithrombotic propertiesCardiovascular effectsTheraputic potential for anti-aging

Chemical ComponentsEnzymesVolatile Oil (0.1 0.36%)Sulfur (at least 33 compounds)Proteins and Amino AcidsCarbohydrates (26-30%)Lipids, Minerals, Vitamins, Saponins

Chemical ComponentsAlliin ---(Allinase enzyme)---> AllicinAllicinVolatile Oilodor component with an anti-bacterial action, 6-12 cloves of garlic per daySeleniumComponent of an antioxidant enzyme, anti-carcinogenic effects

Chemical Components Allinase

Volatile OilAlliinAllicin (major component)Ajoene

Allicin (C6H10OS2)Antioxidant propertiesLipid-lowering effectSerum lipids, phospholipids, and cholesterol56% decrease in lipid, 5 g of garlic bulbs/day for a weekHigh-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Chemical ComponentsSelenium-enriched garlicantioxidant enzyme, glutathione S-transferase activitythe Phase II detoxification of xenobioticsGlutathione-S-transferase catalyzes the conjugation of carcinogen with glutathionemercapturic acid derivative.Exceeding intake amount poor healthReproductive failures

Chemical ComponentsOrgano-sulfur compounds (OSCS)S-propylcysteine-sulfoxide (PCSO)S-methylcysteine-sulfoxide (MCSO) lowering blood cholestrol and atherosclerosisOther thiosulfinates (RS2OR)

Chemical ComponentsAjoeneantithrombotic (anti-clotting) properties, and anti fungal effects

Dially disulfidecomponents of the distilled oil of garlicFound in Allium family

Metabolic EffectsCardiovascular SystemAnticoagulant, Blood thinnerAntibacterialAntibioticAnti-carcinogenic effectsStimulates immune systemHypoglycemicPromotes sweating

Metabolic EffectsSome Negative Impacts Large amounts of raw garlic can cause skin irritation and abdominal discomfortHigh-blood pressure patients and garlic consumptionPatients about to undergo surgery are recommended against taking garlic. The blood thinning effects could cause severe bleeding.Garlic odor permeate the breath and skin

Forms of RemediesGarlic Fresh Cloves (internally or externally)Raw Garlic is more affective than cooked garlicKyolic Garlic SupplementsAged Garlic ExtractNo Allicin, but thioallyl compoundsHealthy cholesterol levels,circulation, immune functions,liver function and NervesGarlic Capsules are 95% less potent than Kyolic.

Forms of RemediesGarlicin (Odourless garlic intake)High Allicin yieldLower serum cholesterol and help maintain circulatory efficiencyGarlic syrup for coughsGarlic pearls for resistance to infectionsGarlic capsules for bronchitisTablets for high blood pressure and bronchitisNeeds to be refrigerated in order to preserve garlic oil.

Forms of RemediesLong term persistent use for atherosclerosis, prophylaxis, arterial (small) vascular diseases Fresh herb, 4 g (1 clove) minced bulb dailyInfusion, 4 g in 150 ml of hot waterFluid Extract, 4 mlAGE Garlic Extract, 300-800 mg (x3 per day)

Nutritional Components

Culinary UseFlavouring and medicinal

ReferencesBlumenthal, M., Brinckmann, J., and Wollschlaeger, B. (2003). Garlic. The ABC Clinical Guide to Herbs. (p. 153-159) Texas: American Botanical Council

Donald, W. (2007) Garlic. Dictionary of Plant Lore. (p 161-163) Burlington, MA: Elsevier/Academic Press

Ebadi, M. (2001). Onion and Garlic. Pharmacodynamic Basis of Herbal Medicine. (p. 537-555), New York: CRC Press

Rivlin, R. S., Supplement: Recent Advances on the Nutritional Effects Associated with the Use of Garlic as a Supplement. The Journal of Nutrition. Retrieved June 1, 2009, from http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/131/3/951S?maxtoshow=&HITS=&hits=&RESULTFORMAT=1&andorexacttitle=and&fulltext=supplement%3A+recent+advances+garlic+rivlin&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT

The world's healthiest foods. (2009) Garlics Nutritional Profile. Retrieved June 04, 2009, from http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=60#nutritionalprofile

Questions ??

*Remedies: heart problems, headache, bites, worms, and tumors*Daily diet in Egypt, Greece, Rome and Biblical to increase their strength and energy in labouring for building Pyramids, fig*Respiratory diseases: chronic bronchitis, respiratory catarrh, recurrent colds, whooping cough, bronchitic asthma, influenza and chronic bronchitis.Raw is more effective than cooked (Scientific Discovery in Modern Science)Whooping cough in children has been treated by administering a drink made with a hot water extract of the dried bulb mixed with honey, or by wearing a necklace of bulbs.*Greek midwives hanging garlic cloves in birthing rooms worn on one's person, hung in windows, or rubbed on chimneys and keyholes.

*Hypoglycemic effect: lowering the blood glucose in natureAntithrombotic Properties: preventing blood-clot in arteries.A thrombus (Greek ), or blood clot,

*(0.1 0.36%) (26-30%)*Antioxidant properties: has molecules which are capable of reducing the damage caused by oxygenSerum (a fluid component of clotted blood) lipidsHigh-density lipoprotein (HDL) help to remove excess cholesterol from arterial tissue.*Anti-oxidant Enzyme: Selenium-enriched garlic brings glutathione S-transferase activity.Responsible for the Phase II detoxification of xenobiotics (a chemical which is found in an organism but which is not normally produced or expected to be present in it)Enzyme facilitates the conjugation of carcinogen with glutathionesubsequent removal from the body in the form of the mercapturic acid derivative.*Hypoglycemic low blood sugar level Antibacterial asthma, tb, ajoene is as potent as aspirin in preventing sticky red blood platelets from clumping togetherLDL -- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a type of lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues.HDL -- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is one of the five major groups of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL) which enable lipids like cholesterol and triglycerides to be transported within the water based blood stream. Good Cholestrol.*Kyolic serum cholesterol levels and reduce atherosclerosis which is thickening the artery walls.

*Powders and capsules contains significantly less medicinal activityGarlic Juice -Garlic syrup relieve bronchitis, and infectionsGarlic-infused oil for chest rubGarlic circulation, cleaning arteries, digestion*Protein (Allinase)(0.1 0.36%) (26-30%)

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