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Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 13 Vol. 11, No. 1, 2016

Allelopathic Potential of Bract Leachates of Bougainvillea

spectabilis against Cosmos bipinnatus and Ipomoea marginata

Kalyani Babasaheb Pawar and Annapurna Vishnu Rawal, Department of

Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur-416 004 (MS), India __________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT

Pawar, K.B. and Rawal, A.V. 2016. Allelopathic potential of bract leachates of

Bougainvillea spectabilis against Cosmos bipinnatus and Ipomoea marginata. Tunisian

Journal of Plant Protection 11: 13-23.

Bougainvillea spectabilis is a common ornamental plant. It is planted in home gardens, for fencing

purpose and along road sides. There is frequent shedding of floral bracts of this plant. An attempt has

been made to study the influence of leachates of both red and white bracts on seed germination,

seedling growth and pigment content of common flowering plant Cosmos bipinnatus. In Petri plate

bioassays, complete inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth with respect to root and shoot

lengths, was observed due to leachate (20%) of both red and white bracts. In soil bioassays, seed

germination and seedling growth of C. bipinnatus were also reduced due to leachate (diluted at 2%) of

red and white bracts. Leachate from white bracts caused more inhibitory effects than red ones. Thus,

the influence of leachate of white bract was also assessed for its effect on germination and seedling

growth of bindweed Ipomoea marginata. Seed germination and seedling growth, as estimated by root

and shoot lengths, were reduced due to leachate of white bracts (20%) in both Petri plate and soil

bioassays. Pigment content in both C. bipinnatus and I. marginata had increased due to treatments

based on leachates of red and white bracts. This study has been continued to carry out phytochemical

analysis of leachates to find out which compounds are responsible for such alterations and whether

these compounds can be exploited for the management of weeds. Inhibition in germination potential

and seedling growth of both C.bipinnatus and I. marginata may be due to synergistic effect of

phytochemicals present in leachates of red and white bracts of B. spectabilis.

Keywords: Bougainvillea spectabilis, bracts, Cosmos bipinnatus, Ipomoea marginata, pigment content,

seed germination, seedling growth

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Bougainvillea spectabilis is a

popular ornamental plant because of its

attractive floral bracts. In India, it is

planted in home gardens, for fencing

purpose as well as along road sides. It is

free of diseases and pest infections. It

blooms all year round. It is considered as

an important horticultural plant (22). It

Corresponding author: Kalyani Babasaheb Pawar

Email: [email protected]

Accepted for publication 30 September 2015

develops frequent shedding of floral

bracts. Various parts of the plant are used

for medicinal purpose (17). In fact, B.

spectabilis is reported to possess

biological activities like hypoglycemic

(24), cholesterol lowering (1),

nematicidal (12), antifeedant and

insecticidal (29), antiviral (27) and anti-

inflammatory activities (19).

Antibacterial property of B. spectabilis

has been reported from leaf and flower

extracts (19, 36). Allelopathic potential of

flowers and floral parts of different plant

species like Crocus sativus, Cassia


occidentalis, Dodonaea viscosa, Silybum

marianum, Acacia melanoxylon, Inula

graveolens, and Celosia argentea has

been widely investigated (2, 4, 5, 9, 14,

26, 30, 35). However no much work has

focused on allelopathic potential of B.

spectabilis. Hence this study aimed to

assess the influence of leachates of red

and white bracts of B. spectabilis on

germination potential and seedling

growth of two flowering plants namely

Cosmos bipinnatus and bindweed

Ipomoea marginata.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant material.

Dropped red and white bracts of B.

spectabilis were collected from Sangli

and Kolhapur cities (Maharashtra, India)

from the same localities. Certified seeds

of C. bipinnatus cv. Sensation Mix

(Namdhari Seeds Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore,

Karnataka, India) were procured from

local market. Seeds of bindweed I.

marginata were collected from fields of

Satara District (Maharashtra, India).

Preparation of B. spectabilis leachate.

For the preparation of bract

leachate, 100 g of dried bract segments

were washed with water and soaked in

500 ml distilled water for 24 h. Then

bract leachate was filtered through

Whatman No. 1 filter paper. Then

collected leachate was diluted to 20% and

2% and these both leachates

concentrations were used for further

studies (18).

Testing of B. spectabilis leachate on

seed germination and seedling growth.

Healthy seeds of C. bipinnatus and

I. marginata were surface sterilized by

treating with 0.1% mercuric chloride for

5 min. They were rinsed 4-5 times with

distilled water. Twenty seeds were placed

on Whatman filter paper in sterilized Petri

plates. The filter paper was moistened

with 8 ml bract leachate and same volume

of distilled water was used for control

plates. Seeds were allowed to germinate

at room temperature (25 ± 2°C) under

laboratory conditions.

Germination percentage was

recorded at 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation.

Seedling growth assessment based on

root and shoot lengths was performed

after 120 h of incubation.

Testing of B. spectabilis leachate using

soil bioassays.

Soil bioassays were carried using

plastic trays (25 × 21 × 5.4 cm and 22 ×

17 × 4.2 cm). Trays were filled with soil,

500 g in small trays and 750 g of soil in

large trays. Soil was moistened with

distilled water. Twenty seeds and thirty

seeds were sown in small and large trays,

respectively. About 30 and 50 ml of bract

leachates were applied on alternate days

for 5 times. After 10 days of incubation,

healthy seedlings were uprooted

carefully. Seedling growth was evaluated

based on root and shoot lengths.

Determination of chlorophylls and

carotenoids contents Pigments like chlorophylls and

carotenoids were estimated using acetone

for extraction. Two hundred mg of fresh

leaves of seedlings from soil bioassay

were crushed in chilled mortar with pestle

by using chilled 80% acetone and MgCO3

powder. The extract was filtered through

Buchnor’s funnel by using Whatman No.

1 filter paper. The extracts were kept in

dark until used. The absorbance of the

extracts was read at 645 nm and 663 nm

for chlorophylls and at 480 nm for

carotenoids. Chlorophyll and carotenoid

contents were calculated using standard

formulas (3, 21).


Phytochemical analysis of B. spectabilis

leachate. For the detection of

phytochemicals in B. spectabilis

leachates, 2 g of powder of red and white

bracts were added 10 ml of methanol,

mixed vigorously and kept for 24 h.

Mixture was filtered through Whatman

No. 1 filter paper and used for further

analysis. Aqueous leachates were

condensed and the residues was mixed

with methanol in 1:5 proportions, kept for

24 h and filtered through Whatman No.1

filter paper before being used for further

analysis.

Both leachates were subjected to

Gas Chromatography - Mass

Spectroscopy analysis for the detection of

phytochemicals (allelochemicals).

Statistical analysis

Data presented in this study are

mean of three independent

determinations. The values were analyzed

statistically by using standard deviation

and checked whether values are

significantly different (at P < 0.01) from

the population or not.

RESULTS Germination bioassays.

Inhibition of C. bipinnatus

germination has been observed due to

leachates of both red and white floral

bracts of B. spectabilis. Complete

inhibition of seed germination was

observed in presence of white bract

leachate (Table 1). In case of I.

marginata, seed germination was reduced

by 55.55% after 24 h of incubation and

by 5.55% after 48 and 72 h using

leachates of B. spectabilis white bracts

(Table 1).

Table 1. Influence of leachates of Bougainvillea spectabilis bracts on germination of Cosmos bipinnatus and Ipomoea marginata seeds

Cosmos bipinnatus

24 h 48 h 72 h

Control RBL vs

WBL Control RBL vs

WBL Control RBL vs

WBL

30 10 vs 0 50 10 vs 0 70 10 vs 0

Ipomoea marginata

24 h 48 h 72 h

Control WBL Control WBL Control WBL

90 40 90 85 90 85

RBL: Red bract leachate (20% v/v); WBL: White bract leachate (20% v/v).

Seedling growth bioassay.

Petri plate bioassay. In C.

bipinnatus, seedling growth with respect

to root and shoot lengths was completely

inhibited due to both red and white bract

leachates (Table 2). C. bipinnatus root

and shoot elongation was completely

suppressed due to red and white bract

leachates (20%). However, I. marginata

seedlings treated with 20% white bract

leachates showed 18.43% decrease in

their root length and 39.75% lower shoot

length relative to controls (Table 2).


Table 2. Influence of leachates of Bougainvillea spectabilis bracts on

growth of Cosmos bipinnatus and Ipomoea marginata seedlings (Petri

plate bioassay)

Cosmos bipinnatus

Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm)

Control RBL vs WBL Control RBL vs WBL

2.43 ± 0.087 0.00 vs 0.00* 2.62 ± 0.132 0.00 vs 0.00*

Ipomoea marginata


Control WBL Control WBL

4.07 ± 0.155 3.32 ± 0.346* 5.71 ± 0.083 3.44 ± 0.125*

RBL: Red bract leachate (20% v/v); WBL: White bract leachate (20% v/v).

* Significantly different from control at P < 0.01.

Tray test bioassay.

In tray test bioassay, seedling

growth with respect to root and shoot

lengths was reduced due to B. spectabilis

leachates derived from both bracts

applied respectively at 20 and 2%

dilutions against C. bipinnatus (Table 3).

In fact, root elongation of C. bipinnatus

was reduced by 26.01 and 15.04% using

red bract and white bract leachates at

20% v/v, respectively. Seedlings treated

with red and white bracts leachates used

at 2% v/v showed 4.02 and 7.53% lower

root length relative to control. Shoot

length also declined by 25.91 and 32.12%

using red and white bracts leachates at

20% and by respectively 3.58 and 13.91%

when treated with these leachates at 2%.

Tested against I. marginata, root and

shoot lengths were declined following

seedling treatment with leachate of white

bracts applied at 20% (Table 3). These

both growth parameters were lowered by

2.72 and 24.75%, respectively, with white

bracts leachate used at 20%.

Pigment contents.

C. bipinnatus pigment contents

with respect to chlorophyll a, chlorophyll

b, total chlorophylls and carotenoids were

increased following seedling treatment

with leachates of both red and white B.

spectabilis bracts whereas those of I.

marginata pigments were improved due

to white bract leachate based treatments

only. In fact, as shown in Table 4, C.

bipinnatus chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b,

and total chlorophyll contents were

enhanced by 39.00 and 21.18%, 24.27

and 7.24%, and 36.37 and 18.38%,

respectively, following seedling treatment

with red bract and white bract leachates,

respectively. Increases in C. bipinnatus

carotenoid content, achieved using red

bract and white bract leachates, were

estimated at 32.22 and 14.99%,

respectively. I. marginata seedlings

challenged with white B. spectabilis bract

leachate used at 20% showed 51.06,

27.22, and 4.91% higher respectively

chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and

carotenoid contents compared to control.


Table 3. Influence of leachates of Bougainvillea spectabilis bracts on growth of

Cosmos bipinnatus and Ipomoea marginata seedlings (Tray test bioassay)

Cosmos bipinnatus


Control RBL vs WBL (20%) Control

RBL vs WBL (20%)

4.19 ± 0.516 3.10 ± 0.300* vs

3.56 ± 0.273* 7.72 ± 0.195

5.72 ± 0.220* vs

5.24 ± 0.531*

Control RBL vs WBL (2%) Control RBL vs WBL (2%)

5.71 ± 0.230 5.48 ± 0.385* vs

5.28 ± 0.151* 7.26 ± 0.319

7.00 ± 0.396* vs 6.25 ± 0.108*

Ipomoea marginata


Control WBL(20%) Control WBL(20%)

5.88 ± 0.411 5.72 ± 1.075* 6.14 ± 0.315 4.62 ± 0.402*

RBL: Red bract leachate; WBL: White bract leachate.

* Significantly different from control at P < 0.01.

Table 4. Influence of leachates of Bougainvillea spectabilis bracts on chlorophyll content (mg/100 g) of Cosmos bipinnatus and Ipomoea marginata seedlings

Cosmos bipinnatus

Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Total chlorophyll

Control RBL vs WBL Control RBL vs WBL Control RBL vs WBL

46.4 ± 6.11 64.50 ± 5.26* vs

56.23 ± 4.80* 12.98 ± 3.55

16.13 ± 6.03* vs 13.92 ± 5.01*

59.22 ± 4.18 80.76 ± 5.15* vs

70.11 ± 6.08*

Ipomoea marginata

Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Total chlorophyll

Control WBL Control WBL Control WBL

58 ± 6.00 57.64 ± 2.38* 67.72 ± 5.24 102.30 ± 3.87* 125.68 ± 4.79 159.89 ± 9.02*

RBL: Red bract leachate (20% v/v); WBL: White bract leachate (20% v/v). * Significantly different from control at P < 0.01.


Table 5. Influence of leachates of Bougainvillea spectabilis bracts on carotenoid content (mg/100 g) of Cosmos bipinnatus and Ipomoea

marginata seedlings

Cosmos bipinnatus Ipomoea marginata

Control RBL vs WBL Control WBL

13.27 ± 4.24 17.56 ± 6.82* vs

15.26 ± 4.99* 14.26 ± 3.87 14.96 ± 4.44*

RBL: Red bract leachate (20% v/v); WBL: White bract leachate (20%

v/v). * Significantly different from control at P < 0.01.

Identification of major phytochemical

compounds in leachates of red and

white B. spectabilis bracts.

In methanolic leachate of red B.

spectabilis bract, the phytochemicals

detected were tributylamine, tetra-N-

butylammonium bromide, 2-

dibutylaminoethylamine, N,N'-

dibutylethylenediamine, 2-acetyl-3-

phenyl-acrylic acid, t-butyl ester, 3-

methoxycinnamic acid and 2-propenoic

acid, and 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, ethyl

ester. However, in white bract leachate,

compounds detected were p-

hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid, carbamic

acid, phenyl ester, phenol, tributylamine,

tetra-N-butylammonium bromide, 2-

dibutylaminoethylamine (Table 6).

Phytochemicals like phenol, 4-ethenyl-,

acetate, dihydrocoumarone and

henoxyethylene are detected in aqueous

leachates of both B. spectabilis bracts

(Table 6).

Table 6. Phytochemical compounds identified in methanolic and aqueous extracts of leachates of red and

white Bougainvillea spectabilis bracts

Red bract leachate White bract leachate

Methanolic extract Aqueous extract Methanolic extract Aqueous extract

Tributylamine Phenol, 4-ethenyl-,

acetate

p-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic

acid

Phenol, 4-ethenyl

acetate

Tetra-N-butylammonium bromide

Dihydrocoumarone Carbamic acid Dihydrocoumarone

2-Dibutylaminoethylamine Phenoxyethylene Phenol Phenoxyethylene

N,N'-

Dibutylethylenediamine Tributylamine

2-Acetyl-3-phenyl-acrylic acid

Tetra-N-butylammonium

bromide

3-Methoxycinnamic acid 2-Dibutylaminoethylamine

2-Propenoic acid, 3-(4-

methoxyphenyl)-, ethyl

ester

N,N'-

Dibutylethylenediamine


DISCUSSION Seed germination and seedling

growth of C. bipinnatus and I. marginata

were reduced by B. spectabilis floral

bract leachates. Some workers have

studied allelopathic potential of flowers

of plants like Erigeron annuuus,

Fagopyrum esculentum, Acacia

melanixylon, Inula graveolens, Lantana

camara, Rhododendron formosanum and

Parthenium hysterophorus (8, 11, 15, 25,

26, 28, 38, 41, 42). In Lactuca sativa,

Raphanus sativus, Peganum harmala and

Silybum marianum seed germination was

reduced due to extract of flowers of I.

graveolens. Organic extracts of flowers

had inhibited seedlings growth of all the

tested plant species. Also in soil

bioassays, seedling growth of the plant

species was decreased due to aqueous

extracts of I. graveolens flowers (26).

Radical growth of Ageratum

houstonianum, Amaranthus inamoenus,

Brassica chinensis, Bidens pilosa, L.

sativa and Ocimum basilicum was

inhibited due to aqueous leachates of

flowers of R. formosanum (8).

Pigment content in both plants was

increased due to treatment of leachates of

floral bracts of B. spectabilis.

Chlorophylls are significant components

of pigment protein complex. As these are

involved in light absorption, energy and

electron transfer, photosynthetic

efficiency is dependable on the pigments

(32, 33). Carotenoids are involved in

filtering of light which reduces light

intercepted by chlorophyll and in the

protection from Reactive Oxygen Species

(34, 40). Contents of chlorophyll a and

chlorophyll b are not affected by different

concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5%) of

extracts of Xanthium strumarium in 7-

day-old seedlings of lentil (6).

Chlorophyll contents in 30-day-old

seedlings of wheat were increased due to

treatment by extracts of leaf, stem and

root of Sunflower (20). In plants of

Brassica napus (10-day-old) contents of

chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total

chlorophyll were increased due to 0.5 and

1.5% extracts of roots and 0.5% extracts

of shoots and these photosynthetic

pigments were reduced due to 1.5% in

shoot extract of Sinapis arvensis (13).

A variety of phytochemicals was

detected in methanolic as well as aqueous

leachates of B. spectabilis. Fifty nine

compounds were detected in needles and

roots and divided into phytochemical

groups as phenolics, fatty acids and

terpenoids. Needle leachate contained

oxygenated terpenoids like α-eudesmol,

α-cadinol and α-terpineol and roots

contained fatty acids (10). Two

allelochemicals, namely hexanedioic acid

dioctyl ester and di-n-octyl phthalate

were isolated from Fimbristylis miliacea

and their allelopathic potential against 4

weed species Ludwigia hysopifolia,

Echinochloa colonum, Cyperus iria and

Paspalum digitatum was studied.

Germination of all test species was

reduced due to both allelochemicals (16).

Chemical composition of volatile

compounds from fresh leaves, stems,

roots and litters of Rosmarinus officinalis

was analyzed using GC-MS and α-

pinene, 1,8-cineole and piperitone

inhibited seed germination and seedling

growth of Eleusine indica, Cynodon

dactylon and Digitaria sanguinalis (7).

The dichloromethane extract of bark of

Ipomoea murucoides showed presence of

n-hexadecanoic acid and 3,7,11,15-

tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol which

caused inhibition of seed germination of

Tillandsia recurvata (37).

Allelochemicals like (-)-epicatechin,

procyanidin A2, kaempferol-3-O-

galactose and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde

were present in leaves of Litchi chinensis

(39). The GC-MS analysis of whole plant

of Cleome viscose showed presence of 3-


O-methyl-d-glucose, benzofuran, 2, 3-

dihydro and n-hexadecanoic acid (23).

Phytochemical examination of crude

methanolic extract of stem heartwood of

Kigelia pinnata showed presence of

compounds, tecomaquinone-I, dsesamin,

paulowin, wodeshiol and kigelinone

which also caused inhibition of

germination and radicle growth of lettuce

(31).

Proper germination and emergence

of seedlings are essential for successful

plant establishment. Most of plant species

rely on the process of seed germination.

As seed germination and seedling growth

was reduced in C. bipinnatus and I.

marginata, B. spectabilis may also affect

further growth and aesthetic value of C.

bipinnatus. Bindweed, I. marginata may

be controlled biologically. Alterations in

pigment contents may affect further

metabolism of plants. Different

phytochemicals present in the leachates

of both the bracts may synergistically

affect the growth and overall performance

of C. bipinnatus and I. marginata.

Moreover, allelochemicals released from

the red and white bracts may be applied

as herbicides to control weeds.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

K.B. Pawar is grateful to the Head of the

Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India, for providing facilities for the

research work.

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RESUME

Pawar, K.B. et Rawal A.V. 2016. Potentiel allélopathique des lixiviats des bractées de

Bougainvillea spectabilis contre Cosmos bipinnatus et Ipomoea marginata. Tunisian

Journal of Plant Protection 11: 13-23.

Bougainvillea spectabilis est une plante ornementale commune. Elle est plantée dans les jardins

familiaux, en clôture et au bord des routes. Elle est marquée par une chute fréquente de bractées

florales. Ce travail tente d’étudier l'influence des lixiviats des bractées rouges et blanches sur la

germination des graines, la croissance des plantules et la teneur en pigments d’une plante à fleurs

commune Cosmos bipinnatus. Dans les bioessais menés en boites de Pétri, une inhibition complète de

la germination des graines et de la croissance des plantules, estimée à travers les longueurs des racines

et de la tige, a été observée sous l’effet des lixiviats (20%) des bractées rouges et blanches. Dans les

bioessais menés dans le sol, la germination des graines et la croissance des plantules de C. bipinnatus

ont été réduites par les lixiviats (dilués à 2%) des bractées rouges et blanches. Les lixiviats des bractées

blanches ont causé plus d’effets inhibiteurs que ceux des rouges. Ainsi, l’influence des lixiviats des

bractées blanches a été aussi évaluée sur la germination des graines et la croissance des plantules du

liseron Ipomoea marginata. La germination des graines et la croissance des plantules, estimée à travers

les longueurs des racines et de la tige, ont été réduites sous l’action des lixiviats des bractées blanches

(20%) à la fois dans les bioessais menés en boite de Pétri et dans le sol. La teneur en pigments chez C.

bipinnatus et I. marginata a été augmentée sous l’effet des traitements à base des lixiviats des bractées

rouges et blanches. Cette étude a été corroborée par une analyse phytochimique des lixiviats dans le but

d’identifier les composés responsables de ces effets et d’étudier la possibilité de les exploiter pour la

gestion des mauvaises herbes. L’inhibition du pouvoir de germination et de la croissance des plantules

de C. bipinnatus et I. marginata peut être due à un effet synergique des composés phytochimiques

présents dans les lixiviats des bractées rouges et blanches de B. spectabilis.

Mots clés: Bougainvillea spectabilis, bractées, Cosmos bipinnatus, croissance des plantules

germination des graines, Ipomoea marginata, teneur en pigments

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ملخص Bougainvillea. إمكانية المجاهضة لسوائل براكتس نبتة2016باوار، كالياني باباشاهاب وأنّابورنا فيشنو راوال.

spectabilis عشبي ضد Cosmos bipinnatus و Ipomoea marginata.

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 13-23.

وكتسييج وعلى جانب الطرقات. هي نبات زينة شائع. تزرع في الحدائق العائلية Bougainvillea spectabilisنبتة

أزهارها. يهتم هذا العمل بدراسة تأثير سوائل البراكتس الحمراء والبيضاء على إنبات وتعرف بالسقوط المتكرر لبراكتس

. في تجارب بيولوجية أجريت Cosmos bipinnatusالحب ونمو البادرات والمحتوى األصباغي للنبتة الزهرية الشائعة

إلنبات الحب ولنمو البادرات عبر ( البراكتس الحمراء والبيضاء%20في أطباق بيتري، تبين تثبيط كامل لدى سوائل )

في التربة، تم تخفيض إنبات الحب ونمو البادرات لنبتة تقدير طول الجذور وطول الجذع. في تجارب بيولوجية أجريت

bipinnatus .C البراكتس البيضاء أكثر سائلوكان ( البراكتس الحمراء والبيضاء.%2باستعمال سوائل )مخفف إلى

أيضا على إنبات الحب ونمو البادرات لنبتة اللبالب الحمراء. لذلك تم تقييم سوائل البراكتس البيضاء سائل تثبيطا من

Ipomoea marginata تبين أن إنبات الحب ونمو البادرات المقدر من خالل طول الجذور وطول الجذع انخفض تحت .

أطباق بيتري وكذلك في التربة. وارتفع المحتوى ( وذلك في التجارب البيولوجية %20)تأثير سوائل البراكتس البيضاء

سوائل البراكتس الحمراء والبيضاء. وقد أيد تحت تأثير المعاملة ب marginata.I و bipinnatus .Cاألصباغي للنبتتْي

إدارة هذا العمل تحليل كيميائي نباتي للسوائل قصد تشخيص المركبات المسؤولة على التأثيرات ودراسة إمكانية استغاللها

ناتج marginata.I و bipinnatus .Cللنبتتْي نبات ونمو البادرات األعشاب الضارة. يمكن أن يكون الحد من قوة اإل

.B. spectabilisسوائل البراكتس الحمراء والبيضاء لنبتة في عن تأثير تآزري للمركبات الكيميائية النباتية الموجودة

Bougainvillea spectabilis، Cosmosنمو البادرات، محتوى أصباغي، براكتس، إنبات الحب، : كلمات مفتاحية

bipinnatus ،Ipomoea marginata

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