All of the Parts of Speech

You Will Need to Know to EXCEED STANDARDS

on the CRCT

Nouns: Beyond the Basics

Appositive Abstract Plural

Collective PossessivePredicate

Noun

Common Noun

NOUNS: COMMON & PROPER•Names one person, place, thing or

idea• i.e. shoe, fish, bubble, head, girl, trash.

• I threw my shoe in the trash.

SINGULAR

•A general name for a person, place, thing, or idea• girl, hand, face, school, car, hospital

Common

Nouns

• Names a specific person, place, thing or idea

•i.e. Michael Jackson was a fabulous dancer.

•Campbell Middle School is where I go to school.

Proper

Nouns

NOUNS : ABSTRACT & CONCRETE

Abstract Nouns are “ideas” such as freedom, peace, devastation or unity. They are also “emotions” such as pain, pleasure, joy, happiness, or anger.

Concrete Nouns person, place or things such as desk, shoe, aunt, school, ball, kids, or basketball practice

NOUNS: PLURAL & COLLECTIVE

Collective Nouns

Refers to a group of collection of things but is

singular

•class

•team

•group

•collection

Plural Nouns

Names more than one person, place, thing or idea. Often formed by adding an

–s or –es.

•Boys

•churches

•children

•women

•men

NOUNS: POSSESSIVE•Shows ownership or relationship.

•Use an apostrophe to show possession.

•Example: The man’s car broke down.

•Add an apostrophe and -s

•Example: I ate the dog’s bone.SINGULAR

• Add an apostrophe. Example. The dogs’ race was long.

• EXCEPTION – Proper Names. Ex. Mrs. Jenkins’s desk.

PLURAL

ENDING IN -S

•Add an apostrophe and –s

•Example: The children’s book was good.

PLURAL NOT

ENDING IN -S

APPOSITIVEa special kind of noun

•is a noun that identifies or explains the noun or

pronoun it follows. May use commas to set off an

appositive or appositive phrase

•Examples

•My brother Kevin arrived late.

•My dog, Fido, won a medal.

KINDS OF ADJECTIVES

Proper Adjective

Common (descriptive) Adjective

Article

Demonstrative Adjectives

Describes or modifies a noun or pronoun

A descriptive adjective…

describes (modifies)a noun or

pronoun

will usually proceed the noun that it is

describing

EXAMPLE:

The big black cat with the white mustache

farted on my dumb little brother.

Articles are Adjectives

A

An

The

Proper AdjectiveAn adjective formed from a Proper Noun.

Proper Adjectives are always capitalized.

ChinaChinese

food

MexicoMexican

flag

Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns

Interrogative Pronouns

Indefinite Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns

ANTECEDENT OF A PRONOUN

An antecedent is the name of the noun that the

pronoun replaces

My father opened his mail first. He

couldn't wait any longer.

My mother bought her shoes at the

shopping mall.

SINGULAR PLURAL

This These

That Those

•Points out a person, place, thing or idea.

•The Demonstrative Pronouns are used alone in the

sentence.

•Never use he4r or there with a Demonstrative

Pronoun

OBJECT SUBJECT OR PREDICATE

PRONOUN

Whom Who

What, which, whose

•Used to introduce a question in an interrogative3

sentence

•Who is always used as a subject or predicate pronoun.

•Whom is always a direct object, indirect object or object

of preposition

• **Don’t confuse who’s with whose.

RELFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

Myself Yourself herself, himself, itself

Ourselves Yourselves themselves

•An indefinite pronoun does not refer to a specific person, place or

thing, or idea. Indefinite Pronouns often do not have antecedents.

•Indefinite pronouns can be singular, plural and singular or plural

•Use a singular pronoun to refer to a singular indefinite pronoun

•Use plural personal pronouns to refer to a plural personal pronoun

•Use his or her when the antecedent could be either masculine or

feminine

•Often the phrase following the indefinite pronoun tells whether the

indefinite pronoun is singular or plural.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

SINGULAR PLURAL

My, mine Our, ours

Your, yours Your, yours

her, hers, his, its Their, theirs

•The possessive pronouns: my, you, her, hi, our and their come

before nouns.

•The possessive pronouns mine, ours, yours, his, hers and theirs

can stand alone in a sentence.

•Some possessive pronouns can sound like contractions.

(Your/You’re, they’re/their, its/it’s)Don’t them confused.

Possessive Pronouns never have an apostrophe.

Transitive & Intransitive

VerbsAction Linking

State-of-Being

Verb Types Verb Forms

Verb Phrases Main VerbHelping Verbs

ACTION VERBS A verb is a word used to express an action, a

condition or state of being. The two main kinds of verbs are action verbs and linking verbs. Both kids can be accompanied by helping verbs.

Action Verbs….tells what the subject does, even when the action cannot be seen. The action may be physical or mental.

The cook picked up the fish.

I believe the fish spit at me.

Linking VerbsA linking verb links the subject of a sentence to a word in the

predicate. The most common linking verbs are forms of the verb “be”

Forms of Be

• be

• is

• am

• are

• was

• were

• been

• being

Express a Condition

•appear

•become

•feel

•grow

• look

•seem

•smell

•sound

•remain

•taste

STATE-OF-BEING VERBS

State-of-being

verbs are a

kind of linking

verb that

expresses a

state of being

State of being verbs

•has

•was

•is

•have

•were

HELPING VERB Helping verbs help the main verb express action or

show time.

Forms of

be

• is

• am

• was

• are

• were

• be

• been

Forms of

do

•do

•does

•did

Forms of have

•has

•have

•had

Others

• may

• might

• can

• should

• could

• would

• shall

• will

VERB PHRASE & MAIN VERB A main verb can stand by itself as the

simple predicate of a sentence.

The verb phrase is made up the main

verb and any helping verbs. Together,

these words are called the verb phrase.

Transitive & Intransitive Verbs

Transitive Verb is an action verb that has a direct object

Good drivers avoid accidents.

Intransitive Verb is an action verb that

does not have a direct object.

They stay alert.

PRINCIPAL PARTS of a VERB 4 Principal Parts - present, present participle, past,

past participle

The principal parts are used to make all tenses and forms

Used to indicate time of action

Present Present

Participle

Past Past

Participle

May add a "S"

Helping verb + "ing" to the present part

Add -ed or -d to the present

part

Helping verb + past part

PRINCIPAL PART OF IRREGULAR VERBSPresent Past Past Participle

GROUP 1

Forms of the present,

past, and past participle

are all same

hit

hurt

let

Put

Set

split

hit

hurt

Let

Put

Set

split

(have) hit

(have) hurt

(have) let

(have) put

(have) set

(have) split

GROUP 2

The forms of past and

past participle are the

same

Bring

Catch

Lead

sit

Brought

Caught

Let

sat

(have)

brought

(have)

caught

(have) led

(have) sate

PRINCIPAL PART OF IRREGULAR VERBSPresent Past Past Participle

GROUP3The past participle is formed

by adding –n or –en to the

past.

Break

Lie

Speak

Steal

wear

Broke

Lay

Spoke

Stole

wore

(have) broken

(have) lain

(have) spoken

(have) stolen

(have) split

GROUP 4The past participle is formed

from the present, often by

adding –n, -ne, or -en

Do

Drive

Eat

Fall

Go

Know

See

take

Did

Drove

Ate

Fell

Went

Knew

Saw

took

(have) done

(have) driven

(have) eaten

(have) fallen

(have) gone

(have) known

(have) seen

(have) taken

PRINCIPAL PART OF IRREGULAR VERBSPresent Past Past Participle

GROUP 5

The last vowel changes

from “i” in the present to

“a” in the past and to “u”

in the past participle

Begin

Drink

Ring

swim

Began

Drank

Rang

swam

(have) begun

(have) drunk

(have) rung

(have) swum

GROUP 6

The different forms of the

verb “be” do not follow

any pattern.

Am, is, are Was,

were

(have) been

SIMPLE VERB TENSESA tense is a verb form that shows the time of an action or condition. Verbs have 3 simple tenses.

TENSE Singular or plural

Present principal part of the verb

Past Past principal participle

Future “Will” + the present principal

part

THE PERFECT TENSES

Present Perfect Tense

(Have/has + past participle

Past Perfect Tense

(Had) + past participle

Future Perfect Tense

(Will have) + past participle

Present perfect tense shows an action or condition that began in the

past and continues into the present. Past perfect tense shows an action

or condition in the past that came before another action. Future

perfect tense shows an action or condition in the future that will occur

before another action.

THE SIX VERB TENSES

Present add -s to the present part

Past past participle

Future (Will) + present part

Present

Part

Present

Participle

Past

Part

Past Participle

PartHelping verb + ing -ed or -d Helping verb + past

form

CONJUNCTIONS A word used to join words or groups of words.

Coordinating

Subordinating

Correlative

Coordinating Conjunctions

F A N B O Y S

for and nor but or yet so

Subordinating Conjunction

A subordinating conjunction joins a subordinate

clause to a main clause.

An adverb clause is always introduced by a

subordinating conjunction. A noun clause and

adjective clause sometimes are.

A subordinating conjunction is always followed by a

clause. Many subordinating conjunctions can be other

parts of speech.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSTIME CAUSE &

EFFECT

OPPOSITION CONDITION

after because although if

before since though unless

When,

whenever

now that even though only if

while as whereas whether or

not

since in order that while even if

until so than in case (that)

As soon as which

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION..

…is a pairedconjunction that links balanced words, phrases, and clauses.

both . . . and

either . . . or

just as . . . so

neither . . . nor

not only . . . but also

whether . . . or

• An adverb describes a verb, adjective or

another adverb

• It answers the questions: how, when, where or

to what extent.

• The most commonly used adverbs: Very, really

• Adverbs are formed by adding the suffix –ly to

adjectives. i.e. bright – brightly cozy – cozily

ADVERBS

Some Adverbs that are confused with

adjectives.

Here are the troublesome adverbs/adjectives

Good/well

real/really

bad/badly

One Word Prepositions

Two Word Prepositions

Three Word Prepositions

Object of Preposition

Prepositional Phrase

Prepositional PhraseA prepositional phrase is a group of words that starts with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun called the Object of the Preposition. It may also include the adjectives that describe the noun.

The bee flew (into the hot bee hive).

Object of PrepositionThe noun or pronoun that ends the prepositional phrase is the Object of the Preposition.

***Knowing the OP will help you avoid many easy mistakes. This is important because if a word is an OP, then it can’t be a subject, predicate, DO, IO, PN, PA and others. The OP is Queen Bee!

The bee flew (into the hive).

OP

I gave the box (to her.)

OP

Common One Word PrepositionsAbout

Above

After

Across

As

Around

Aside

At

Atop

Against

Along

Before

Behind

Below

Beside

Between

Beyond

But

By

Despite

Down

During

Except

Excluding

For

From

Given

In

Inside

Into

Like

Near

Next

Of

off

to

On

Onto

Out

Over

Past

Per

Plus

since

Than

Up

With

upon

Through

Following

Regarding

Outside

Including

Towards

Unlike

Until

Via

Within

without

Two-Word Prepositions

• According to

• Ahead of

• As of

• In regards

• Aside from

• Because of

• Close to

• Due to

• Except for

• Far from

• Instead of

• Near to

• Next to

• Out from

• Out of

• Outside of

• Prior to

• Regardless of

• Thanks to

• That of

Three Word Prepositions

•As far as

•As well as

•By means of

•In accordance with

•In addition with

•In addition to

•In case of

•In front of

•In place of

•In spite of

•On account of

•On behalf

•On top of

•With regard to

InterjectionsA word or short

phrase used to

express emotions

“wow”

“OMG”