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TRANSCRIPT
AlkaloidsAlkaloids, group of mildly
alkaline compounds, mostly ofplant origin and of moderatemolecular complexity. Even invery small amounts, the alkaloidsproduce strong physiologicaleffects on the body. All containnitrogen atoms that arestructurally related to those ofammonia.
Nearly 3000 alkaloids have been
recorded the first to be prepared
synthetically (1886) was one of
the simplest, called coniine, or 2-
propyl piperidine, C5H10NC3H7.
It is highly poisonous; less than
0.2 g (0.007 oz) is fatal. Coniine,
obtained from seeds of the
hemlock, was the poison used in
the execution of Socrates.
Some 30 of the known alkaloids
are used in medicine. For
example, atropine, obtained from
belladonna, causes dilation of the
pupils; morphine is a painkiller;
quinine is a specific remedy for
malaria; nicotine is a potent
insecticide; and reserpine is a
valuable tranquilizer.
Pembentukan
Pada Biji (Nux vomica, Areca Semen)
Pada Buah (Piperis nigri Fructus)
Pada Daun (Belladonnae Folium)
Pada Akar Atau Rhizoma
(Ipekak Rhizoma, Belladona Rhizoma)
Kulit Batang (Cinchonae Cortex)
Tumbuhan Atropa belladona
Tumbuhan Cephaelis ipecacuanha
Tata Nama
Basa Organik Piridina
N. Genus Hidrastina, Atropina
N. Jenis Kokaina, Belladonina
N. Umum Ergotamina
Aktivitas FisiologikEmetina, Morfina
Nama Penemu Pelletierina
Fungsi Alkaloid
Sebagai Racun
Hasil Akhir Dari Reaksi Detoksifikasi
(Metabolit Akhir Pada Tumbuhan
Yang Membahayakan Baginya)
Sebagai Faktor Pertumbuhan
Tanaman
Sebagai Cadangan Makanan
Pembagian Alkaloid
1. Piridina-Piperidina
2. Tropan
3. Kuinolina
4. Isokuinolina
5. Indol
Pembagian Alkaloid
6. Imidazol
7. Lupinan
8. Steroid
9. Amida
10. Purin
Sumber Pada Tumbuhan
A. Golongan Angeospermae
Fam : Leguminosae, Papaveraceae
Ranunculaceae, Rubiaceae
Solanaceae, Berberidaceae
Labiatae, Rosaceae <<<
B. Golongan Monocotylodanae
Fam : Amarylladaceae & Liliaceae
Ex : Hiosiamina (Solanaceae)
Kolkhisina (Liliaceae)
C. Golongan Jamur
J. Claviceps Alkaloid Ergot
Sifat Umum Alkaloid
1. Mengandung Atom N (Primer,
Sekunder)
2. Tidak Larut Air Dalam Bentuk
Garamnya Larut
3. Berbentuk Kristal Padat
Reaksi Identifikasi
1. Reaksi Wagner (I + KI)
2. Reaksi Mayer
3. Reaksi Dragendorf
Aksi Farmakologik
Analgetik Morfin
Narkotik Codein
Stimulan Strikinin
Midriatik Atropin
Menaikkan TD Efedrin
Menurunkan TD Reserpin