alice and the cat, a special moment in the history of the
TRANSCRIPT
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Roma, 5 Maggio 2008Seminario Tecnologico
Alice and the Cat, a special momentin the history of the Universe, andsome Apes, too
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Roma, 5 Maggio 2008Seminario Tecnologico
ALICE and the CAT, a special mo-ment in the history of the Universe,and some APES, too
CAT - COMPUTER AIDED THEORY
ALICE - A LARGE ION COLLIDER EXPERIMENT AT CERN LHCAPE - THE ARRAY PROCESSOR EXPERIMENT
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THE HISTORY OF THE
UNIVERSE
← Standard Cosmology
← Particle Cosmology1. GeV ' 1013 K
← Quantum Cosmology
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PLAN
• THE INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO
• PHASES OF QCD• HOWTO
• LATTICE DATA GRID
• SOME RESULTS
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THE INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO
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ITALIA
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APE
• 3-d Mesh
• First Neighbour Communications : limited but effective
• Chip Architectures optimized for complex a*b + c
SIMILAR PHILOSOPHY : QCDOC, BLUE GENE...
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I Progetti APE nel contesto mondiale
Nicola Cabibbo Il progetto APE 8/2/2006 8 / 20
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Grid computing e Grid computing e fisicafisica teoricateoricaFrancesco Di RenzoFrancesco Di Renzo
Bologna, 26 Marzo 2008Bologna, 26 Marzo 2008IFAE 2008IFAE 2008
Un'occhiata a Un'occhiata a theophystheophys entro la lista delle VO di INFN entro la lista delle VO di INFN GridGrid
Certamente una VO piccola Certamente una VO piccola se confrontata a quelle dei se confrontata a quelle dei grandi esperimenti ...grandi esperimenti ...
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US-UK
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image credit UKQCD Collaboration
The QCDOC chip integrates 50 million transistors and con-sumes approximately 5 Watts at a clock speed of 400 MHz.
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USQCD: US Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics file:///home/mp/USQCD:%20US%20Lattice%20Quantum%20Chromod...
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USQCD home Physics program Software Hardware USQCD Collaboration
Links and resources
Particle and Nuclear Physics USQCD is a collaboration of US scientists developing and using
large-scale computers for calculations in lattice quantumchromodynamics.
Lattice QCD calculations allow us to understand the results of particle andnuclear physics experiments in terms of QCD, the theory of quarks andgluons.
USQCD All Hands Meeting, April 4-5, 2008, JLab
Call for proposals for USQCD resources, due Feb. 29, 2008
Lattice QCD Meets Experiment Workshop 2007. Dec. 10-11, Fermilab
SciDAC 2007 Lattice QCD Software Workshop
2007 White papers
Lattice QCD summer school, Aug. 8-28, 2007, Seattle
USQCD in the news...
CERN Courier: Tackling the Challenge of Lattice QCD Symmetry: Computing the Quarks Nature: Weighty Questions CERN Courier: QCDOC Computers Study Quarks CERN Courier: Lattice QCD and CLEO-c CERN Courier: Joining Up the Dots with the Strong Force Nature: Lattice Window on Strong Force
Computing
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All Hands’ Meeting 2008 file:///home/mp/call.html
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Call for Proposals
Date: February 6, 2008 14:00:01 PM CSTTo: USQCD Collaboration MembersFrom: USQCD Scientific Program Committee
Dear Colleagues,
This message is a Call for Proposals [NB: Edited and shortened ]
At BNL:
QCDOC supercomputer 12,288 processors running at 400 MHz.
At FNAL:
120 node cluster ("QCD") 120 single-processor 2.8 GHz P4 nodes 1 GB memory/node Myrinet network
520 node cluster ("Pion") 518 single-processor 3.2 GHz P4 nodes 1 GB memory/node Infiniband network
600 node cluster ("Kaon") 600 dual-core, dual-processor 2.0 GHz Opteron nodes (2400 total cpu cores available) 4 GB memory/node Infiniband network
Projected ~1000 node cluster ("J/psi") 1000 quad-core, dual-socket xx GHz Xeon or Opteron nodes (~8000 total cpu cores available) 8 GB memory/node Infiniband network
These clusters will share 80 TBytes of associated disk storage
At JLAB:
256 node Infiniband cluster ("6n") 256 dual-core 3.0 GHz Pentium- 1 GB memory/node Infiniband 4x fabric
396 node Infiniband cluster ("7n") 396 quad-core, dual-processor 1.9 GHz Opteron (Barcelona) 8 GB memory/node Infiniband 4x fabric 50 GB local scratch disk/node
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GERMANY
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Nationales Höchstleistungsrechenzentrum "John von Neumann-Institut f... http://www.fz-juelich.de/jsc/nic/de/
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Startseite | Impressum
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JÜLICH SUPERCOMPUTING CENTRE (JSC)
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> Höchstleistungsrechner
Das Nationale Höchstleistungrechenzentrum "John von Neumann-Institut für Computing (NIC)" stellt Wissenschaftlern amForschungszentrum Jülich, an Universitäten und Forschungseinrichtungen in Deutschland (und z.T. in Europa) sowie der IndustrieRechenkapazität der höchsten Leistungsklasse zur Verfügung. Dies umfasst die Bereitstellung, den Betrieb und insbesondere dieWeiterentwicklung der Supercomputer und der technischen Infrastruktur, u.a. der Datenspeicher, Visualisierungssysteme und Netzwerke sowie der Software. Weitere wesentliche Aufgaben des NIC sind Benutzerunterstützung und Ausbildung.
John von Neumann-Institut für Computing (NIC) Supercomputer IBM p690-Cluster JUMP Supercomputer IBM Blue Gene/L JUBL Supercomputer IBM Blue Gene/P JUGENE Benutzerunterstützung Aus-und Weiterbildung
letzte Änderung 03.04.2008 | Sabine Höfler-Thierfeldt | Ausdrucken
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FZJ-JSC System Configuration - IBM Blue Gene/P http://www.fz-juelich.de/jsc/service/sco_ibmBGP
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> Central IT Infrastructure > Configuration > IBM Blue Gene/P JUGENE
IBM Blue Gene/P
JUGENE - Juelicher Blue Gene/P
16 Racks with 32 nodecards x 32 compute nodes (total 16384)Compute node: 4-way SMP processor Processortype: 32-bit PowerPC 450 core 850 MHzProcessors: 65536 Overall peak performance: 223 TeraflopsLinpack: 167 TeraflopsMain memory: 2 Gbytes per node (aggregate 32 TB)I/O Nodes: 152Networks:
Three-dimensonal torus (compute nodes)Global tree / Collective network (compute nodes, I/O nodes)10 Gigabit ethernet / Functional network (I/O Nodes)
Power Consumption: max.40 kW per rack
2 Service nodes IBM p55A:Total number of processors: 8 Processortype: Power5 1.6 GHzTotal amount of memory: 32 GB Operating System: SuSE Linux Enterprise (SLES 10)
2 Login nodes IBM p55A:Total number of processors: 8 Processortype: Power5 1.6 GHzTotal amount of memory: 32 GB Operating System: SuSE Linux Enterprise (SLES 10)
Internet address: jugene.zam.kfa-juelich.de
High Messages for the users
Availability of Systems
The IBM Blue Gene/P is available for selected projects which run massively parallel application codes scaling up to several thousands ofprocessors.
Projects/applications that may be selected must meet the demands described in Allocation of Computing Resources on BG/P .
Users on the Blue Gene/P system must have a valid account on the IBM Regatta p690+ cluster (Jump). Generel information about allocation of computing resources is available as well as online forms for resource allocation.
For more information refer to publications and ZAM documentation about
IBM Blue Gene/P .
last change 20.11.2007 | Ulrike Schmidt | Print
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JAPAN
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jldg-fig (GIF Image, 633x544 pixels) file:///home/mp/_files/jldg-fig
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Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba http://www.ccs.tsukuba.ac.jp/CCS/facilities-e.html
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Facilities
>Computer Systems>External Network Environment>The massively parallel cluster PACS-CS>Small Sized Parallel Processing Resource>The New Generation of Astrophysics Simulator FIRST>Workstations and File Servers
Computer Systems
The computational facilities of the center mainly consist of a massively parallel cluster system PACS-CS
and its front-end computer system, and the new generation of astrophysics simulator FIRST. The front-end computer system consists of the system controlling servers to manage the PACS-CS clusterand the small-sized mini-PACS-CS for program development, Magellan (Hitachi SR11000J) forpost-processing and analysis on generated data by PACS-CS, 120 TByte of large capacity file server tohold all data of these facilities. There are additional medium to small size clusters for data analysis andgeneral networking services. All machines are connected by Gigabit Ethernet LAN to support high-speeddata exchange. Two of high-speed Ethernet switch connect all facilities in the computer building andresearch building with 10 Gbps Ethernet. All these facilities support various style of computation such astraditional vector-type scientific computation but also the cluster computing to support our computational
science. The operation of PACS-CS is permanently monitored on job execution status and detailed systemtemperature such as CPU, chassis and network interfaces on each computational node. The status of themachine and air conditioners are remotely monitored to detect any failure.
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facilities_PACS-CS (GIF Image, 256x192 pixels) file:///home/mp/_files/Tsukuba_files/facilities_PACS-CS
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The PACS-CS system is aPC cluster system which con-sists of 2560 nodes, con-nected by 20480 Gigabit Eth-ernet cables. The systemachieved 10.35Tflops in theLinpack Benchmark, ranking34th on the June 2006 Top 500List.
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PHASES OF QCD
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liq
T
µnuclear
gas
QGP
CFL
RHIC
compact star
non−CFL
M. Alford
Three issues:thermodynamics, symmetry, confinement
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I. Thermodynamics
Z(V, T , µ) grand canonical partition function gives
• Thermodynamics
N = T∂lnZ∂µ
S =∂T lnZ
∂T
• Effective potentialV (φ, T, µ) = −TlnZ(φ)− Jφ
Veff
Veff
Order Parameter
Order Parameter
T*
T_c
T=0
T>>T_c
1st Order
2nd Order
T_c
T>>T_c
T**
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I- Thermodynamics: Gradi di Liberta’ e Transizioni di Fase
10-2 100 102 104 106
5
10
20
50
100
200
T [MeV]
QCD
ggs
ε
BBN
annihilatione e −−
SM
MSSM
+ transition transitionEW
da : D.Schwarz, 2003
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II. Symmetry Breaking Patterns for Nf light quarks, m=0
Pisarski, Wilczek; original discussionBasile, Pelissetto, Vicari 2005; RG analysis
U(1)A anomaly suppressed anomaly at TcQCD SU(Nf )L ⊗ SU(Nf )R → SU(Nf )V U(Nf )L ⊗ U(Nf )R → U(Nf )V
Nf = 2 O(4) or first order U(2)L⊗U(2)R/U(2)V or first orderNf ≥ 3 first order first order
[SU(3)color]× SU(3)L × SU(3)R︸ ︷︷ ︸⊃ [U(1)Q]
×U(1)B → SU(3)C+L+R︸ ︷︷ ︸⊃ [U(1)Q̃]
×Z2(1)
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III. Confinement
“..parvemi tre giri,di tre colori e
d’una contenenza ”
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III. Confinement–Deconfinement - more poetry!
”..svaniscono i corpiin un fluire di tinte ”
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III. Confinement : A mundane view!
Confinement is one of theMillion Dollars Problems..
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HOWTOstudy a phase transition?
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The First Ambient Temperature Superconductor http://superconductors.org/185k_pat.htm
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The First Ambient Temperature Superconductor
- Antarctica is Cold Enough -
14 March 2008Superconductors.ORG
On 21 July, 1983, the Vostok Research Station in Antarctica logged the coldest temperature evermeasured on earth at -89.2 C. This is equivalent to 183.95 Kelvin. On March 6, 2008,Superconductors.ORG measured signs of superconductivity just over 185 Kelvin in an optimized1223/1212 intergrowth, marking the first observation of superconductivity at earth ambienttemperatures.
Like the 181K superconductor reported in January of 2008, the 185K superconductor appeared asa minority phase in a 1223/1212 host that was doped with extra Tm and Cu (see structure types at pagebottom). Through trial-and-error Tc was found to peak with slightly more lead (Pb) and slightly lessindium (In) than the 181K formulation. Eight separate tests of the compound produced an average Tcof 185.6K. Interestingly, the 3-to-1 ratio of 4A to 3A metals in the insulating layer is also the ratio thatproduces the highest transition temperatures among binary alloy superconductors.
The structure type responsible for this record high Tc isbelieved to be a 1245/1212 intergrowth (shown at left) with formula (Sn1.0Pb0.5In0.5)Ba4Tm5Cu7O20+. This structuredoes not form stoichiometrically. It results as a byproduct only. So, commercial prospects of this discovery will hinge onmanufacturers developing a method of mass producing andrefining it into a pure form.
The graphs at page top show a resistive transition justabove 185K and a Meissner transition just above 186K*. Thevolume fraction of the 1245/1212 phase is less than 1% of the bulk, which would normally require multiple plots to besummed together to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.
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A DICTIONARY
Specimen←→ Configuration (collection of gauge fields)
Repeat Measures←→ Use Independent Configs
External Fields←→ Bare Quark Masses
Observables : experimental choice.
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Adelaide SSC
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Wuppertal
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THE STORAGE ISSUE : GRID
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ILDG Portal file:///home/mp/ILDG_Portal
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International Lattice Data Grid (ILDG) Web portal for the ILDG Lattice QCD Data Archive
Home Search XPathQuery CSSM Portal About
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This is a web portal for searching distributed archives of lattice QCD gauge configuration data from participants in the International Lattice Data Grid(ILDG).
The interface can search for data at the following sites:
USQCD - United States Lattice Gauge Theory Computational ProgramUKQCD CollaborationCSSM - Centre for the Subatomic Structure of Matter (Australia)JLDG - Japan Lattice Data GridLDG - Lattice Data Group (Germany, France, Italy)
Currently the interface only supports searching of data sets based on metadata attributes.
In future the capability of downloading lattice configuration data will be added.
Portal developed by theSA Partnership for Advanced Computing
Problems/Comments?Email: ildg-at-sapac-dot-edu-dot-au
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List Ensembles http://www-zeuthen.desy.de/ape-cgi-bin/ildg-mdc.cgi?action=listEnsemble
1 di 2 04/05/2008 09:46
List Ensembles
LDG Home List Ensembles mc://USQCD/LHPC/aniso/wilson/NF2/wl_16_64_5p5_x2p38_um0p4086 [usqcd]
mc://USQCD/LHPC/aniso/wilson/NF2/wl_16_64_5p5_x2p38_um0p4125 [usqcd]mc://USQCD/LHPC/aniso/wilson/NF2/wl_24_64_5p5_x2p38_um0p4086 [usqcd]mc://USQCD/LHPC/aniso/wilson/NF2/wl_24_64_5p5_x2p38_um0p4125 [usqcd]mc://USQCD/LHPC/aniso/wilson/NF2/wl_24_64_5p5_x2p38_um0p4148 [usqcd]mc://USQCD/LHPC/aniso/wilson/NF2/wl_32_96_5p5_x2p38_um0p4086 [usqcd]mc://USQCD/LHPC/aniso/wilson/NF2/wl_32_96_5p5_x2p38_um0p4125 [usqcd]mc://USQCD/LHPC/aniso/wilson/NF2/wl_32_96_5p5_x2p38_um0p4148 [usqcd]mc://USQCD/MILC/asqtad/2_plus_1_flavor/1648f21b6572m0097m0484 [usqcd]mc://USQCD/MILC/asqtad/2_plus_1_flavor/1648f21b6586m0194m0484 [usqcd]mc://USQCD/MILC/asqtad/2_plus_1_flavor/1648f21b6600m0290m0484 [usqcd]mc://USQCD/MILC/asqtad/2_plus_1_flavor/1648f21b6628m0484m0484 [usqcd]mc://USQCD/MILC/asqtad/2_plus_1_flavor/2048f21b6566m00484m0484 [usqcd]mc://USQCD/MILC/asqtad/2_plus_1_flavor/2064f21b676m007m050 [usqcd]mc://USQCD/MILC/asqtad/2_plus_1_flavor/2064f21b676m010m050 [usqcd]mc://USQCD/MILC/asqtad/2_plus_1_flavor/2064f21b679m020m050 [usqcd]mc://USQCD/MILC/asqtad/2_plus_1_flavor/2464f21b676m005m050 [usqcd]mc://USQCD/MILC/asqtad/2_plus_1_flavor/2464f21b676m005m050rhmc [usqcd]mc://USQCD/MILC/asqtad/2_plus_1_flavor/2896f21b709m0062m031 [usqcd]mc://USQCD/MILC/asqtad/2_plus_1_flavor/2896f21b711m0124m031 [usqcd]mc://USQCD/MILC/asqtad/2_plus_1_flavor/4096f21b708m0031m031 [usqcd]mc://ldg/dik/clover_nf2/b5p29kp13632-32x64 [ldg]mc://ldg/dik/clover_nf2/b5p40kp13640-24x48 [ldg]mc://ldg/dik/clover_nf2/b5p40kp13640-32x64 [ldg]mc://ldg/dik/clover_nf2/b5p40kp13660-32x64 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b3.75_L24T48_k0.1660_mu0.0200 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b3.8_L20T48_k0.164099_mu0.0060 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b3.8_L20T48_k0.164099_mu0.0090 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b3.8_L20T48_k0.164111_mu0.006 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b3.8_L24T48_k0.164111_mu0.0045 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b3.8_L24T48_k0.164111_mu0.006 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b3.8_L24T48_k0.164111_mu0.008 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b3.8_L24T48_k0.164111_mu0.011 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b3.8_L24T48_k0.164111_mu0.0165 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b3.90_L32T64_k0.160856_mu0.003 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b3.9_L16T32_k0.1609_mu0.0075 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b3.9_L24T48_k0.160856_mu0.004 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b3.9_L24T48_k0.160856_mu0.004-2 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b3.9_L24T48_k0.160856_mu0.0064 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b3.9_L24T48_k0.160856_mu0.0085 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b3.9_L24T48_k0.160856_mu0.01 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b3.9_L24T48_k0.160856_mu0.0150 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b3.9_L24T48_k0.1609_mu0.0075 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b3.9_L32T64_k0.160856_mu0.004 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b4.05_L20T48_k0.15701_mu0.006 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b4.05_L24T48_k0.15701_mu0.006 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b4.05_L32T64_k0.15701_mu0.003 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b4.05_L32T64_k0.15701_mu0.006 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b4.05_L32T64_k0.15701_mu0.006-2 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b4.05_L32T64_k0.15701_mu0.008 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b4.05_L32T64_k0.15701_mu0.012 [ldg]mc://ldg/etmc/tmqcd_nf2/tlSym_b4.05_L32T64_k0.15701_mu0.012-2 [ldg]mc://ldg/gral/wilson_nf2/b5p32144kp1665-12x32 [ldg]mc://ldg/gral/wilson_nf2/b5p32144kp1665-14x32 [ldg]mc://ldg/gral/wilson_nf2/b5p32144kp1665-16x32 [ldg]mc://ldg/gral/wilson_nf2/b5p6kp1575-10x32 [ldg]
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SOME RESULTS
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EW PHASE DIAGRAM, AND HIGGS MASS
50 60 70 80 90mH/GeV
80
90
100
110
120
130
Tc/G
eV
The Standard Model
symmetric phase
Higgs phase
perturbati
on theo
ry
2nd orderendpoint
Rummukkainen, Laine, 2001
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EW VS QCDT
m
Higgs Transition
T
m
?
???
? ?
?
QCD Chiral TransitionQCD Deconfinement Transition
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QCD RBC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.00.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55
Tr0
∆l,s
Nτ=8
asqtadp4fat3
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RBC
100
150
200
250
300
140 160 180 200 220 240
T [MeV]
χtot/T2
0.75*p4fat3asqtad
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WUPPERTAL-JUELICH
Recent Result in QCD Thermodynamics from the Lattice
140 160 180 200
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08151(3)(3)
10864
0.5
1 175(2)(4)
10864
140 160 180 200
1
2
3
4
T[MeV]
176(3)(4)
10864
Figure 7: Temperature dependence of the renormalized chiral susceptibility (m2∆χψ̄ψ/T 4), the strangequark number susceptibility (χs/T 2) and the renormalized Polyakov-loop (PR) in the transition region. Thedifferent symbolsshow the results for Nt = 4,6,8 and 10 latticespacings (filled and empty boxesfor Nt = 4and 6, filled and open circles for Nt = 8 and 10). The vertical bands indicate the corresponding transitiontemperaturesand their uncertaintiescoming from theT 6=0 analyses. Thiserror isgiven by thenumber in thefirst parenthesis, whereastheerror of theoverall scaledetermination is indicatedby thenumber in thesecondparenthesis. The orange bandsshow our continuum limit estimates for the three renormalized quantities asa function of the temperaturewith their uncertainties.
8
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OPEN PROBLEMS AT µ = 0
TC - CHIRAL AND DECONFINEMENT
UNIVERSALITY CLASS OF 2 LIGHT QUARKS
Staggered Fermions:
• O(2) or O(4) with Nt=8 but scaling window very narrow - other behaviour cannot be ruled out (Kogut Sinclair 2004)
• O(2) at strong couplint very high precision low masses Chandrasekharan Strouthos, 2004
• First order ( O(2) / O(4) ruled out) Nt=4 Pisa Group, 2005
• O(2) Nt=8 Kogut, Sinclair 2006
Wilson fermions:
• Apparently compatible with O(4) scaling Nt=4- CP-Pacs 2001
• In progress su apeNEXT - INFN-DESY-HUMBOLDT
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THE CRITICAL LINE AT SMALL µ
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HEAVY QUARK EFFECTIVE MODEL
Double limit: M →∞, µ→∞, ζ ≡ exp (µ− ln M) : Fixed
Evolved ‘quenched approximation’ in the presence of charged matter
T
= 6, n =3τN f
µphys = 6µ T/T/Tc c
(µ phys /T = )
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0.5
1/3
0.6
0.4
2 3
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
5.75
5.62
5.50
5.55
5.70
5.67
5.65
5.80
5.85
5.90
T/Tc β
1.0
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
µ = 0.4
( 2.4 ) ( 3.0 )
0.5 0.6
( 3.6 )
( 4.2 )
( 4.5 )
( 4.8 )
( 5.1 )
( 5.4 )
( 5.7 )
( 6.0 )
5.72
5.60
A
B
———–µB
Polyakov Loop
Results for Nf = 3 :
• Identified phase transition
• Indentified Ridge in the T, µ plane
• Studies of diquark in progress
Di Pietro, Feo, Seiler, Stamatescu 2008
MpL - QCD at non-zero density 19
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DENSITY OF STATES
Luo, Azcoiti et al,, Ambjorn et al., Anagnostopoulos and J. Nishimura,
< O >=R
dφ 〈Of(U)〉φ ρ(φ).
R
dφ 〈f(U)〉φ ρ(φ) , φ fixed
Density of states – ρ –
constrained partition function:
ρ(x) =R
DU g(U) δ(φ− x).
Results for Nf = 4
• Signal of two phase transition
lines
• Indication for a triple point
Fodor, Katz, Schmidt 2007 90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
µq [MeV]
Τ [MeV] multiparameter reweighting
DOS method, am=0.05
DOS method, am=0.03
MpL - QCD at non-zero density 23
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THE PHASE DIAGRAM FOR A FINITE ISOSPIN DENSITY
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
β
0 1 2 3 4µ
I/T
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 1 2 3 4 5µ
I/T
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
T/T
c
GC MCQuartic fitCritical pointHadronic gas
Plasma
BEC
mπ/T
Binder cumulant
Forcrand, Stephanov, Wenger, 2007
MpL - QCD at non-zero density 27
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STAR PLENARY REVIEW AT QM2008
TJH: QM 2008, Feb 4-10, Jaipur23
STARSTAR
Ultimately the focus of such studies in the future: Beam Energy Scan & QCD critical point search
LQCD predicts a rapid transition from a hadron resonance gas to a quark-gluon plasma.As the baryon chemical potential is increased dramatic increase of fluctuations on the cross-over line suggest the existence of a critical point in the phase diagram.
The location of the QCD Critical Point,if it exists, remains a matter for experiment
STAR Collaboration is planning for initial beam energy scan in Run 10 (fall 2009) (See G. Odyniec, Session XXIV)� Primary tool: search for anomalously large particle identified fluctuations with comprehensive particle identification for charged particles provided by TPC + TOF
STAR@QM2008
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FUTURE
LHC
THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENTS
NEW COMPUTERS
MpL Roma 5 Maggio 2008 ALICE and the CAT 56