A SEMINAR ON BIOFUELS FROM ALGAE

A ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF ENERGY

with

challenges and opportunities By Bhushan Bhusare

BIOFUELS Fuel is something that can be burned

to produce energy in the form of heat or power. Fuels include coal, oil, natural gas, and wood.

Biofuels can be defined as liquid fuels produced from biomass(Chisti,2013).

They can be produced from agricultural and forest products, and the biodegradable portion of industrial and municipal waste(Dufey,2006).

HISTORY OF BIOFUEL From 1978 to 1996 the U.S. Department of

Energy funded a program to develop renewable transportation fuels from algae.

The main focus of the program was known as the Aquatic Species Program (or ASP).

Production of biodiesel from high lipid-content algae grown in ponds.

Utilized waste CO2 from coal fired power plants.

First generation :-Bioethanol from starch and sugar crop and biodiesel from oil crop.

Second generation –Agricultural residues, trees and grasses for production of biodiesel.

(Department of Energy. 1996)

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TYPES OF BIOFUELBioalcohol

Use as Fuel

More expensive than other

Methanol, ethanol,butanol,

propanol are use in Bioalcohol

Fig.No. 1

AVIATION BIOFUEL

•Similar like kerosene

•There are 2 types: Jet A and Jet B

•Use in Aeroplane

Fig.No. 2

BIODIESEL•Pollution free

•Protect from global warming

•Made by green vegetable and corn

•Algae are also used

Fig no:3

7

SOLID BIOFUEL Made by solid material like wood

Wood, sawdust, leaves,dried animal dung's are used

Fig No:4

WHAT IS ALGAE? Algae

Simple plantMost live in waterPhotosynthetic

Capture light energyConvert inorganic to organic matter

NonvascularRange from small, single-celled species to complex

multicellular species.

MAJOR GROUPS OF ALGAE Red Algae

Benthic Macro

Green Algae Chlorophyll a and b Plants Freshwater

Brown Algae Benthic Macro Kelp Marine

Diatoms Single celled Silica cell wall

Blue Green Algae Vertical migration Fix N2 from air Freshwater

Dinoflagellates Toxic; suck out O2

Cause red tides Organic matter

CHEMICAL CONTENT-FOR BIOFUEL

Algae are capable of the synthesis and accumulation of a variety of high energy molecules, including fatty acids (FA) and TAGs, the major feedstock for biodiesel production.

Lipid content higher than 50% is frequently described in many species, which represents one of the advantages of using microalgae instead of vascular plants for biodiesel production.

(Chisti, 2007).

STORING THE SUN’S ENERGY (PHOTOSYNTHESIS)

What is needed Sunlight CO2 Nutrients

Storage of Energy Lipids and oils Carbohydrates

http://www.veggievan.org/downloads/articles/Biodiesel%20from%20Algae.pdf

ALAGAL BIOFUELS

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“There is no magic-bullet fuel crop that can solve our energy woes without harming the environment, says virtually every scientist studying the issue. But most say that algae… comes closer than any other plant…” National Geographic October, 2007

http://www-csgc.ucsd.edu/NEWSROOM/NEWSRELEASES/2009/AlgaeForBiofuels.html

WHY ALGAE Global energy demand is increase for fossil fuel but it is

not sustainable Global warming Alternative source of fuel which are carbon neutral If food crop used may be arising of food shortage Less oil yield from plants Plant lifecycle and time span Land problem for crops Labors and fertilizers Energy security foreign exchange savings

(Balat, 2009; Kan,2009; Yenikaya et al. 2009, Demirbas, 2011)

Algae can be used to make biodiesel Produces large amounts oil

When compared to terrestrial crops grown for the same purpose

Once harvested, this oil can be converted into fuels for transportation, aviation or heating

High growth rate and easy to growWarm Seasons

Amphora sp. Tetraselmis suecica

Cold SeasonsMonoraphidium minutum

Use of diatoms and green algae

• Algae does not compete for land and space with other agricultural crops

• Algae can survive in water of high salt content and use water that was previously deemed unusable.

• Algae Biodiesel is a good replacement for standard crop Biodiesels like soy and canola.

• High yield per acre

• Up to 70% of algae biomass is usable oils (Chisti, 2007).

• Contains no sulphur therefore no SO2 emissions(Hu et al. 2008; Johnson and Wen, 2009; Rodolfi et al. 2009; Pokoo-

Aikins, 2010;Singh and Gu, 2010; Liu etal. 2011 ).

• Mostly non toxic and highly biodegradable

• Adaptable anywhere even at great distances from water

• Help to solve dependence on fossil fuels

• Microalgae can generate as much as 40 times more oil per acre than other plants used or biofuels (Schenk et al., 2008).

EXAMPLE OF ALGAE USED IN BIODIESEL

Botryococcus braunii Converts 61% of its

biomass into oil Drops to only 31% oil

under stress Grows best between 22-

25oC (71-77oF)

www.kluyvercentre.nl/content/ documents/Verslag2biodieselBaarnschLyceum.pdf -

WHERE TO GROW IT Extensions onto our water treatment plants

Clean up our waste and generate fuel Agriculture runoff

Exploit the county’s many farms and vineyard.

For waste water treatment Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus, Ourococcus

multisporus (Ji et al., 2013), Chaetoceros mulleri (Juan, 2006) and Tetraselmis suecica (Perez-Rama et al., 2002).

Microalga Oil content(mg/l/day)

Marine strainsProphyridium cruentum 34.8Tetraselmis suecica 27Nannochloropsis 61Isochrysis 37.7Chaetoceros calcitrans 17.6

Freshwater strainsChlorococcum 53.7Scenedesmus 53.9Chlorella 42.1Scenedesmus quadricauda 35.1Chlorella vulgaris 32.6

Some algal strains and lipid content for Biofuel production(Rodolfi et al., 2009)

CULTIVATIONTwo basic alternative for microalgae cultivations Open system (Ponds) Closed system (Bioreactor)

OPEN POND It carried out in shallow basins open to environments. Most common types- Raceway circular inclined mixed

Molina Grima et al., 1999

ADVANTAGES OF OPEN POND SYSTEMS Cultivation can be made directly in pond Operation and maintenance costs are relatively low Used in pilot projects partially funded by the government In wastewater treatment plants In commercial scale algal cultivation for the health food

market. Spirulina ,(Arthrospira platensis) ,Dunaliella salina, Chlorella

vulgaris and Haematococcus pluvialis (for astaxanthin) production.

BIOREACTOR These are systems where the cultures are

enclosed in some transparent recipient.

Types : plastic bags, flat panels, tubes, According to (Suali and Sarbatly,

2012),Vertical tubes are among the most popular system

easy maintenance, high surface to volume ratio Increased surface area

Capital costs relatively more expensive

Haematococcus pluvialis commercially in Hawaii and israil.

ADVANTAGES Resistance to contamination by wild algae strains or

herbivores. Artificial light can be provided by any regular light

source such as tungsten or fluorescent bulbs. A locally isolated strain of Nanno chloropsis showed a

higher growth rate, lipid productivity and different lipid profile under blue light (470 nm) when compared with growth under white, red (680 nm) or green (550 nm) (Das et al., 2011b).

Photo Bio Reactor Systems

http://www.braziltexas.org/attachments/contentmanagers/1/1Thurmond_PDF_Presentation.pdf

A Photo-Bioreactor in Translucent Tube from

GreenFuels

Global Green Solutions/Vertigro Vertical Photo Bioreactor System

PROS AND CONS OF PHOTOBIOREACTOR AND OPEN PONDS

Issue Photobioreactor Open Pond

Control of of culture conditions pH, temp.,dissolved CO2

Easy Medium

Susceptibility to culture contamination

Low High

Water evaporation Low High

Productivity per m2 High Medium

Energy input High Low

FROM BIOMASS TO BIODISEL

(Solix BioFuels. 2006)

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PRODUCTION OF BIOFUEL FROM ALGAE

Romano(2009)

HARVESTING The choice of harvest method will vary depending on the ultimate use of

the biomass. Example-Neutraceutical products may require physical processes for

harvesting, thus avoiding chemical contamination, and maintaining the product’s natural characteristics.

Methods used for harvesting of algae Centrifugation Flocculation Filtration Sedimentation Biofilm formation Nanoforming technologies

(Chisti,2007)

Centrifugation(Dassey and Theegala, 2013):-Advantages : The method of choice in small scale It is highly effective Capable of harvesting all but the most fragile species. Drawback : The method is too energy intensive.

Flocculation Chemical flocculents Chitosan or

polyacrylamide,alum(aluminium potassium sulphates).

Filtration:- Most microalgae are too small to be effectively harvested this way

since their small size and extracellular material quickly clog filters that have been tested.

Chlorell vulgaris and Scenedesmus Obliquus=2 to 10 µmPhormidium sp.=1 to 3 µmDunaleilla Tertiolecta=9 to 11 µm Sedimentation/flotation:-Merit : Some microalgal species have the peculiar properties of either

sedimenting or floating in the absence of sufficient mixing. While this property could be used to advantage in a least an initial dewatering process,

Demerit: the applicability of this method would require a high level of species

control during cultivation

Biofilm formation:- simple mechanical harvesting was achieved by simply

unspooling and scraping the cotton ‘‘rope’’ fiber that was used (Christenson and Sims, 2012).

In another approach,algae were recovered by simple mechanical scraping (Ozkan et al., 2012).

Nanofarming: The process doesn't harm the algae like other methods being

developed, which helps reduce both production costs and the production cycle.

TRANSESTERIFICATIONhttp://w

ww.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/

fy98/24190.pdf

ALKALI-SODIUM OR POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE

WHAT AFFECTS OIL PRODUCTION? Climate

Cold weather reduces algae oil productionOvercast days reduce sunlight and lower oil

production

OIL YIELDGallons of Oil per Acre per Year

Corn . . . . . . . 15

Soybeans . . . .48

Safflower. . . . . 83

Sunflower . . . 102

Rapeseed. . . 127

Oil Palm . . . . 635

Algae…. .1850 [based on actual biomass yields]

Algae . .5000-15000 [theoretical laboratory yield] (Chisti, (2007) Biotechnology Advances 25 294–306).

OTHER USES Hydrogen

Algae can be grown to produce hydrogenDiscovered first in 1939 by Hans GaffromLate 1990’s it was found that if sulfur deprived,

algae will produce hydrogen Biomass

Algae can be grown to produce biomassBurned to produce heat and electricity Can still produce greenhouse gases

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BIOFUEL IN INDIA OilgaeCompany name Location

Oilgae Chennai

Abca biosolution pvt ltd(computer controlled algae photobioreactor)

Punjab

Shirke energy Maharashtra

Biodiesel tech Kolkata

My neo energy Maharashtra

Growdiesel consortion Delhi

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Sapphire Energy - Using algae to make fuels

southern new Mexico. A 300-acre integrated algal biorefinery . Making jet fuel. he plan is to make 1 million gallons of diesel and jet fuel per year by 2011

PetroAlgae facility in Fellsmere, Florida

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DIESEL HYBRID-IN EUROPEAN UNION, SEPARATESTANDARDS EXIST FOR BIODIESEL INTENDED FOR VEHICLE USE (STANDARD EN 14214).

(Knothe, 2006).

WHY BIODIESEL Biodiesel is an acceptable alternative fuel for diesel

engine, due to its technical, environmental and strategic advantages

Biodegradability The characteristics of biodiesel reduce the emissions of

carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and particulate matter (PM) in the exhaust gas as compared with petroleum diesel, so is environmentally beneficial (Knothe, 2005; Lapuerta et al., 2008).

CHALLENGES Isolate/select algal strains for mass cultures Manage ponds for algal species and culture stability Maximize overall algal biomass productivity Maximize C-storage products Demonstrate large-scale, low cost algal cultivation Develop low cost harvesting technologies •Processing

for biofuels and higher value co-products. Demonstrate waste treatment - nutrient recovery Photosynthesis limitation Light saturation

OPPORTUNITYBiomass is the leading renewable resource that can provide drop-in

fuel replacements utilizing existing infrastructure for light and heavy duty vehicles and air transportation.

Making the biofuel cheaper .Production of low cost bioreactor.Use of unused natural water resources for algal production.Genetically modified algae such as transformation studies.After lipid extraction use of remaining material for value added

product that may minimize cost of biodiesel.Grazing and contamination problem in open system.Phytological research .

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