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(Contents)■

(Unit-1)

(S-52)

1. : 'jRyi'JI, (Political Science : Definition, Nature and Behaviour)

1.1, (Objectives)

1.2, (Introduction)

1.3, (Definition) • ,

1:4, ■#> ̂ (Scope of Political Science)

1.5, ^ y<j5fn (Nature of Political Science)

1.6, tl'jUlRli'IIW ^ (Traditional Vision'of Political Science)

1.7, oMdSK'ti'O ti'JinlRi'n (Behavioural Political Vision)

1.8, (Post Behavioural Political Vision)

1.9, TTTW (Summary)

• aiRra-TTH (Exercise Questions)

• ywifqn xns (Suggested Readings)

2, TP^I rfSJT 3RT (State and Other Human Organisation) ,

2.1. 3^?^ (Objectives)

2.2. (Introduction)

2.3. (Definition ofState)

2.4. TPq % rlR (Elements of State). ' f

2-5. TFR 13^ ^HN (State and Society)2.6. TPq sfr ^IRTt (Stale and Government) . ■2.7. Tpq sfR Tn3 (State and Nation)

- 2.8. (Summary)• (Exercise Questions)

2-16

17-26

/■

3. TT^ ^ % f««siirt (Theory of Origin of State)

3.1. 3^7^ (Objectives)

3-2. nR’aq (Introduction)

3.3. TRq icrRi: (Origin of State)

3-4. TFR ■q?r ^ dnm (The Divine Origin Theory)

3-5- WWlIRlch ^ (The Social Contract Theory)

3.6. 7FR ^ <Jc91tI ^ (The Force Theory)

3.7. Rf^HTllfM=b Ri.&m (The Patriarchal Theoiy)

3-Hi HigwTiirH'h 177313 (The Mairiar,cha,l Theory)

27-41

{iii.)

(iu) '

3.9. (The Historical or Evolutionary Theory)

3.10. ^ irhfrl xndeed'd ftl^RT ( Mark’s Theory ofOrigin'ofState)3-11. (Summary)

• (Exercise Questions)

42-524. 7T=^ % fMcgTfi (Functions and Theory of State)

4-1- (Objectives)4.2. Tfry'M (Introduction)4.3. 733^ ^ ^tpj (Impoilant Work of State)4.4. 7p5j % (Limitation of Field of State)

4.5. Hn^sirt (Liberalist Principle)4.6. (Socialist Principle)4.7. cfr^-^fr41*J|'4’Kl TF^ 3T^yT7TTT '3*41 '

(Origin and Development Concept of Public Welfare State)

4.8. 'FTltFl (Summary)• (Exercise Questions)

©

f^-2 (Unjt-2)

(53~?9)

54-621, .'5^44x41 (Sovereignty)• '5^4431 33 aFf’lW*! (Meaning of Sovereignty)

1.1. (Qbjectives)1.2. 141733 (Introduction)1.3. 34*} tra'14173131 (Meaning and Defirtition)1.4. .tl^Frai % ■feîrl ■33 sTdîy (History of the Theory of Sovereignly)1.5'. ■^’JTTrn 37} fq^Wnnt (Characteristics of Sovereignty)1.'6. ^’JTTtTI ftfi4=l (Various Aspects of Sovereignty) ■ , .-1.7. '51^7431 347 347T7}^T3 74337 .(Sovereignty and International Order)1.8. 3Rcit3 7f^*4H ^’JFrai 3?! 34oP-4T7nn ‘(Concept of Sovereignty in Indian Constitution)1.9. 3^74441 3^ aâic; (Sovereignty and Pluralism)

1. lO. TTTTITl (Sunnniiry)• 34’3ra^'SlV7 (Exercise Question^)

2, 34r«J3rT7 (Height) , • '

• 34ft4^nj ■33 73?tq (Nature of Right)

2.1. 3^^ (Objectives) t •

2.2. (Introduction)•■-.IX ^ 34lWl7f Tfft ird'yiMdltt (Meaning and P '' htnofRights) ' '

■'/2:4. ^fy%R'3%..7F3 (Rights and State

' '2-5'i';i3T}*4^3^'.33 q-FlthOJi (Classification ./

65-78

((;)

2.6. Hl'iRchT % ^ r^Ri|f»d srfv^ (Some Particular Right of Citizens)

2.7. 3f[7 gtl ■?|siy (Relation between Right and Duties)

2.8. HPiR'* % (Duties of a Citizen)' 2.9. 37fy^tTft 3|R 'TitIom'I ^ 3T^’WK'Jll'|

(The Concepts of Fundamental Rights and Duties in Indian Constitution)

2.10. TTitm (Summary)


79-903. wnaoi (Liberty)3.1. (Objectives)

3.2. (Introduction)

3.3. ’TffqM (Meaning and DeEnition)

3.4. t<td:trtl sftf (Liberty and Sovereignty)

3.5. ^ (Kinds of Liberty)

3.6. Wd'^ldl sfk (Liberty and Law)

3.7. TffeyR Wd'^ldl ^ (The Concept of Liberty in Indian Constitution)

3.8. (Summary)• (Exercise Qtiestions)

1,

91-994. (Justice)

4.1. (Objectives)

4.2. (Introduction)4.3. ^ -arsi Tisn trOMlNl (Meaning and Definition of Justice)

4.4. ^ y<+,c-mi =fn fc|*itH (Concepts to Development of Justice)

4.5. (Universal Postulates of Justice) ,

4.6. ■=’1Fl ^ 44RdKl ctsjT ^Kuil^ (Liberal and Marxist Theories of Justice)

4.7. tztpt % (Various Forms of Justice)

4.8. ■=yF1 ctyi Wd':tdl Try'y (Relationship between Justice and Liberty)

4.9. yRdly TftVFT •yry (Management of Justice in Indian Constitution)

4.10. (Summary)


\

feFTf-3 (Unit—3)

(101-136)

102-1081. WMMHT (Equality)

1.1. "3^7^ (Objectives)

1.2. iftyy (Introduction) . .

1.3. tjyiddl ^ qfryM (Meaning and Definition ofEquality)

1.4. HMHdl atldS'it'* TT^' (Important Factors ofEquality)

ivi.)

1.5. WHiifli % ^ (Forms of Equality)1.6. WTBrn -afiT Wd'Hrll ^ (Relationship between Equality and Liberty)1.7. 'FRHftl ^ (Concepts of Equality in Indian Constitution)

1. R. «K))'i (Summary)


2. cnlchria (Democracy)

2. L •s^^q (Objectives) ■

2.2. qR^q (Introduction)

2.3. 3t4 trg’Tft’TPTrt (Meaning and Definitions)

2.4. (Types of Democracy)

2.5. 'nWn)i % '(pT (Merits of Democracy)

2.6. ’7R3 '4' ^ ^^MHlii (Possibilities of Democracy in India)

2.7. mkRi (Summary)


3. (MHlPdeb ^?lfTr (F’olitical Legitimacy)

3.1. (Objectives) ,

3.2. qR^q (Introduction)3.3. TTSRtf^ ^ 3^ MRyiHut (Meaning and Definitions of Political Legitimacy)

•3.4. ‘5?) (Characteristics of Political Legitimacy)

3.5. (M-fTfct-* ■^ycir % 3TIWR •sih #cl (Basis and Sources of Political Legitima#**

3.6. ti'fl'nlRi* ytrar ^ (Crisis of Political Legitimacy)

• 3.7. ^yrt; % fcTtr sty^T (Conditions or Solutions of Political Legitimacy)

3.8. qqioVi (Summary), • 33«TO-)I7^ (Exercise Questions)^

4. "îl

4il. (Objectives)

4.2.-MRx|q (Introduction)

4-3. q<qti (Tradition of Principle)4.4. 3TR îRkl ^>1 Rn^m (Montesquieu and Principle of Power Separation)^^^

4.5. îRKi-’jyqqio'i ^ Aiicilan (Criticism of Power Separation's Principle)

4.6. S'd-i ■p Tfl^rTTI (Separation of Powers in England)

4.7. arpfto ■qTfrW (Separation of Workers in America)

4.8. ^ (Superma'cy of Legislature)

4-9. Rl4id ^ (Honesty of Principle)

4.10. TTTTTT (Summary)• (Exercise Questions) ■

109-120

121-129

130-156

(uii)

^^Tf-4 (Unit-4)

(137-177)I

1. % 3T^ afrr ai^ ^jnf (Organs of Government and Their Functions)

1.1. (Objectives)

1.2. (Introduction)

1.3. Wt+K % 31^ (Organs of Government and Their Functions)

1.4. (Legislature)!.5. y'laH (Composition of Legislature) I

1.6. % '3^1^ (Functions of Legislature)

1.7. 'r>i4Hirci'»ii (Executive)

l.H. (Functions of Executive)

!.9. (Judiciary)

1.10. '<ti<tHirri=hi 33 '4^1(3-1 (Organisation of Judiciary)

1.11. ^=!TT33l%33 % 334 (Functions of Judiciary)

1.12. Ttrorr (Summary)• (Exercise Questions)

2. TT3Hrt33> (Political Parties)

2.1. (Objectives)

2.2. (Introduction)

2.3. 31*} T3;3' 3ft’331 (Meaning and Definition)

2.4. • fS'td 33T 3^^ 3^1% (Double Party and Many Party System)

138-147

j • 148-158

2.5:

2.6. ■ % ■5'n-3t3 (Merits and Demerits of Party-system)

2.7. 333 % TTSTTlfiw (Indian Political Parties)

2.8. TTOTT (Summai7)• (Exercise Questions)

3. (Pressure Groups)

3.1. (Objectives)

3.2. '3^33 (Introduction)

3.3. ■?np’ 3ft nR'Hi'ti (Definition of Pressure Group)

3.4. 4? '3^73 % 33T3 (Cause of Rising Pressure Group)

3.5. 33T3 3ft f37T33Tit (Characteristics of Pressure Group)

3.6. 3313 % y«nH (Types of Pressure Group)

3.7. 3313'H’JF % 3rT4 (Works of Pressure Group)3.8. 3313 ^ ■yn (Merits of Pressure Group)3.9. 3313 % 313 (Demerits of Pressure Group)

3.10. % nH»5ld (Principle of Representation Groups)

159-167

iviii)

3.11. 'CTTRT (Summary)• (Exercise Questions)

.4. (Public Opinion)1.1. (Objectives)

4.2. (Introduction)

4.3. 'ni'T'Ha ^ 34*} ^ (Meaning and Definition of Public Opinion)

4.4. (nWnn ^ (Characteristics of Public Opinion)

4.5. '441 f^rtrW ypR 3Trôqf<m (Formation and ExpressiorrofPublic Opinion)

4.6. ciWha % F'ihI'ji ^ ^yTt( (Hindrances to Formation of Healthy Public Opinion)

4.7. '^37^ 'nl=n*ia % PPsiî ^ a||ct^4'+

(Necessai7 Conditon for the Formation of Healthy Public OjDinion)^ .

4.8. nWHti (Measurement of Public Opinion)

4.9. - ^Kiî (Summary)

• 34«iro-3r?=T (Exercise Questions)

1

168-177

1 '

'4^

I

&- ,v

TT^pfrtrl^nW % Iôsm

(Principles of Political Science)

1^-1 (Unit-1)

1. <N4ird!^llf5| : y'Îa i>Hq&K (Political Science : Definition, Nature and Behaviour)2. TF5 37^ HMq •yîd'i (State and Other Human Organisation)3. T!^ ^ ■3?7f% % r«<sid (Theory of Origin of State)4. TFj^ '% nH<sia (Functions and Theory of State)

I

1

1

; vfih(/•jf

u«m 3T?zrro

TTjRtfrT^n^ : y<ji1d(Political Science : Definition, Nature and

Behaviour)

(Lesson-structure)

1.1, (Objectives)

!.2. (Introduction)

1.3. (Definition)

1.4. ^ (Scope of Political Science)

1.5. TTSPrHriTTn^ ^ (Nature of Political Science)

1-6. ^ ■'TT'TtFTcl ■jF^qilui (Traditional Vision of Political Science)

1.7. o^q^Kqi^l THprtl^ (Behavioural Political Vision)

1.5. oqqplWi'O O'jRlfaqi (Post Behavioural Political Vision)

1.9. 7TRT71 (Summary)


• stwiirqfl ■'tra (Suggested Readings)


aajTt) g>i y^tfci afr? ^ ^XM-ilfayii-o «}?1 ui'iuRv, ■SJcT^tR^ rTsn ^tR ojqgiRcp fclcRTO ?jr3T ^ 37UrZR JRTRT 'Jin’'ii I

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• ’■il'Jinila HxuxiqfcJl ^ rTSTT TTFTTf^TSr new ^ Stqnd |

• Xlui'jHa?M'<'> 3tiZRRr e)^ W ffTT OTTl ^ I

• TTjrfrfcRITTg ^ yf)fa 3tR cF^ tTTH I

• «j=jeixc|]41 §+tcfl Tfrpraft, f&TfWT3T) ^ oTR qy^ I

• v3tR cqqgixulc;, tJTfcf?) t^ qff qrH I

2 (;'n-tl/aw«( ^ Pft^in

V’ftfy1.2. (Introduction)

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SPf

tl

xiM-flfci R5IH 3^ Tip’T iW ?T«r WN’flPi' iW ‘Politics’ (h'iRiR<i\i)

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SPT- iTTH Rtn SIT I tft^-tf[^ RT3SI SST^ ^ iIScTcRt |3T7 ^yli^fcw' ?!«? iff

1.3. (Definition)

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3. 'Î'jt'flfcl Rsil'd S^ RT^ RTvfST rfSJT RTRSflR ^Pft s^ 3Tt2RR I

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ti"2. 7TtJnft% R31R ^ RtWei ^ STEggg nywyi'id ^fegiftrf s^ ^15 RsiHf ^

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1.4. TTSHtf^^TT^'5)T ^ (Scope of Political Science)

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Ryy dc^HH ^ cRTT t, ?^fTyy fcT^^WrTRRP 31KRH lifR TRRt •qifS'^ 511‘f’l '^f^JpftlrRP cTSTT^frich w<ai ^ I" Pidjui^tc yy ^>5*11 ^ f&) 'Rryrffl^ IRi511*1 ^ ^ yy f*Rit^ Tiyy^7if)?j?f f&R? RTW^ ^ t. ^ $ TRfy yyrf, yyT??Tt3fr?w#!T i”

3. ÎWR y>T 3IC3RR—'Tiyy 3P^ t RiffcP TRcRR vj-dO’l cqiqei’R^’ 11

cR^^: RWR y? f yft 'TKRi y?i y^r fthqiPga yR^ ^ 1 yr^y ^ Tr>flgiRi f&Rj yn^ f I 3TcT: RRyyR siyzRRT ^ ^ TTyy ^ siKitR yy yjt^ *ie^ ^ l'JM'^lfcl ^ -dMOiR ^ QRieiRiy) f^yiKl, îv> fctpRi 3Pft, RRc^ mk'îRci^ yRsff, TR^RR

|ciPi'*i yyy^ tjy yRy^R ^ yrryff yR yr^yRR f^Rir ynm §■ 1 ^ signK, 'RryRftf^ lî*iyvjR ^ ficyt yy ar^^rn yRwr ti, yFft ynry y?iyy yy, ^'ji yRia sfyjt yy cTstt

v^lfi^fr) ?rR5 7RH ^ eiyi^-^l'S/^ yy yRcTT § I” ychK 'ild'Tlfcl fcTsTR ^ cT?TT ^RyiR yt^ yy RRny^ srsyRR I^rit yncn 11 f«*iT<»> ^ sr^yfR,' xiviilfa iq511*1 yy Tfysi '^ryy yay sty 7Ry>R ^ t yft tîPiy> ■^yrsft tt yryft cpf iiJJ?! yRc?[ |l I"

4. TTvRftfciy’ f^T^fat ^ 3|Mi<i*i-yr<lcn '^RyyR Hgwûl Rlîd'l "R STraiftcT ^rfl

f ytf^ RiîViT ^ ^fRyjR y^ tr^rt, att? yyyf yy f^jW W7^ 11 rmrr- ^ Rifl'd srl^RRyf 31SRT ysjTsff cfe yyr ^ fcRRR ^ t afk yyft-yf^t f^lyry ^ftfcreipr ^ 5*1 yy \dc^<9 yy Ricini f 1 TTyRfrf^ [^511*1 ^ ytRR ^ yy>R ^ '<MdiRiw

Ri^Tdl' yy RTyReR s^szrzR cran Rs^rjq f^Rir yrrcTi 11

5. ^fejpfry. rr^ri 3itR -^RrwiaiV yjT sjyyaRT-ycfyry yfraxTif^ ^ ^fRarpfRi ^yyiRR yy Rr^lq «ra yyi ^ 1 y>yRT: rstp^Ri RRsnsit y?i yyy wjiic?! sftR Ryi*îy <i*i'Kiisff ^ I^RiyRR ^ RRansTt y^ ’jRryy Riyy^ff^ f^siiy yy stotr Riqq yy "yyil ^ 1 ^Tpffy RRRyT3?T yy f^TiyR^ <ûo*Î*( ^ ^ f^yr yy RTyyy 11 gy)% ay^f^ Riyy rt^Rj 4cbi^ ^ RdT ^ ^ <f)i4'!ci ^ I s-dRy^ RSRfry crair rt^Rj y^lqy y?I RRyyratf yy yRyr vi-icp RRiyRiy '^sny yi-^n yRRT Riypfifrr fS511*1 ^ siOTyy yy 5^ f&yy § 1 qmiqic ctsjt RtyR tiiki*ii' fctyiRT ^ cFRiy yyjyf f^yy yy? scni^ y^ 11 yyy^ t •dvAdifa- yTTferyf fRT stfRi^ty yR^SRR y^ ynif^ yR% yr^ RRwstf yy ■yfy sikrr 1%yT yn?TT f stt? vRc^ f^RryRiy ^ ^?ny f%y yy^ f 1

6. 7TRPT yyai ^ ajElRRT—RrRTRR: RFH} ciaJT TRyiR 'IIvjtiIRi |ol5ll*1 ^ SRZRR ^f&yy f fy^ ^ iîtw yfy ^ tr^r ^ ft?^ ■# y?rRR w aisyyy TKsyftf^ f4siH ^

y?l 3l1y«if4vi ^RfTSft 3?^ 3iia?t)crdl3ffvjIdciT

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sfR

(j-fl-tllowwi ^ /«-S/(1 5

: Vfbjm, v^lh 3irt|f^lcp ^ i Oci‘11'1 ^ ^TfTRR % 3frj y-cici^ fqqy cf>[ cp^fpl^ t cTSnft cTTcR TORFT ■^T«ft^.3TWF^ Ri<sia yM-lUrl l^ffFT ipT '>ff f I

7. 3RT ’fliîiluiq) fusil'll ^ Mi’«iPi<t> dftSj'iiH—’<i^'illa f&lTR 3RI (clstl'll ^ ^81^ gVd’^ 3N^ ^RTQTSTf cpT 3TS2J^ cf?^ 'ÎcpcTT I Vilify 3RI -<11*111^1=0 Itlsil'l *i2'>y^ «0iyii| JTPTcr 'Jllq-'l ^ f=ti^ ^ f?r^ TO cPT STEWT f I *r5^ ^ yffcR

f^n^FT ^8T tiplto ^ ^ ?f«rl^ f I '<i\ji'illri=o f&^TRf IT^TTf^T^,^Vilfci=o, *i*i13siiftco arrf^ coi-<cp1 sfETcfT cTc«rt ^ coiwTi TOra m-sai ^ i

1.5. «^ln (Nature of Political Science)

1. XIVJl'flRl f^3l*1 ^ 3|8J^ -M-OH—«PTT '<|\Jl'llfa f^SIlA ‘RsIM’ ^?^ YM^^tfcT f&sTR =PT -AsflER W^qn uTTcTT t f&TO SsIlPicb ^FcRoT

fcfro ^ f&gM) Mql'-A, *Trn^ |f I mi-Jm ^JfTPff qi?fPico 5^ fclTO =f^ '-WdT^ fcIslR'

=PfT co-^cii 8JTI c^<a=P ^ 5^ f^TTO ^ *iiicily ■?T»Î?TT ^ -Q-iIsia 7^cTTHT fcIsiN HHcTT 11 STT^f^ ^ 3T^ f^TcI^ cTSTT côôl RllA ‘if&’MJl ?f®fl, ¥Tf^.•ci'cjri<4), v^cft^RT PicisPi^tc, ’TT'f'C 3TTf^ RR vdct^taAlq f, fcfTO ^ f&lTH ÎPT^ f, eff^R 3Tt7 3?^cp c^<a=r> ^ fclTO =f^ IcIjim ^ if -wilqiK *7^ I ^ (^-ycbl ^

Q>l* ^ ^jTOT 11 ^ fcijlM STf’^HTO XJ? c^f ^FR3HT

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^ Slf^yiq—Riqq fO*i«cS sTH =Pt f | -^*qtf ^[qgin ^ 4R*1iqi ^ gX7 cp?T TOT t "RlglN Cf? gTR f XTlt ^ffij yqVl xj^ OTaiRd ^=^ ^TTSJ-^TO vjlt ?T8TTr'T=f5 ’Têrxi XSTOTcT cqqRejrT Rnglcft =^ 3i^fdxjrr^ f I" xi). iii-iy =ogdi t, "Raid f^TTO ^ xff«r1tld’ xgrr ^jqTiiya sTR rRt xpt =p?t xjn -Atmii |f vjft fclltiqa 'T^ârW, 3T^XTXJ cTSJT 31HTTO =^ ^TTT XTRT cl?f ^ 3fR fvRfc^ rTSZT

sjcfRerd’ cfsJT cpUfo %xj to ^ I"45llPl<t> sTTR ^ rR^-35llPl=0 5FT XT^ cTO RfTO TOTO f-

1. fcTirR ^ wri)=r> Ri;SIA 'TOTORrP xrffaTO aaicIT TOR ITtI f^'f=TOT XjTT RXRcIT 11

2. 1=1 Slid ^ RRPTT. gR cTSJT «PRW =^ RfSI ^ ^ W TOP^ f I

3. f&HTR =PT xrRxp Pi==n4 x^ PiRqa yfsbqi =f5T mRu||*i ?RT § I

4. fxfsTO =^ Rrei # 3TO RFfxnjyl «r[?r ^ f% =1^ R aif^ xjr xjTT RrRwcT xrfrRTO

^ x3R ct=pr cpt xrffaro =R R Rmp^ xtct; toth tor ^ 11

5. SgllPfcji ulfhqi if RcMcTtR =J?I 2TTOT PlRd bRT 11

IImi-tKa fciyll-l ^ tqîi R Hn^ MÔ (qgld aflT 01^ rl^

<Pi*^, xifR f^. 3Trf^ w tor xjr^xRR |: f&i siTR ci5t cpfroR Rerf^ if TOXjpfff^ RfiM ftro rft ^ xj? =pciiR ’ff rtoI Rx»-I1 ^ =f>^ 11 ^ST^RR, XiTR if ^ xrffaTT XTRI Xfif ^-=aai f, fvidcni i<?l4=P TOpfff^ ftgTTR ?tTO t cT«f

TORf XT7 TT^ 6ff^ ?Mco XT? ^fro f I q>1cRiA =PT cog'll t % 3Rf TOP =1^ f Rlti=ol TOTO 3?8f if -Avrt'llfa RsiM Xp^ XJTT TO=^! 'iM'lllcl Rsil'l Xfj) cl5iiPi=oai XpT 1%^ XPT^ ^ T^q4 Rival t -iivjitoRi fcffTR cpl fcfsTH TOTTO R Rf qiiPdlq t 3fR R #1

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1. 'H<fHI'^ Pl<j*iT ^ iH'*irq—(MmIIci RI51M ^ ^ ^ Piaia 3T>TTcI %’fffrT^ Rlsii'i ‘iPio ^ vTlff f I 'iPio ^ ^ 3ft7 ^ "tfR 3^^ ’Hlfci'^ R15111 *j'<>wicn4'J| ^

^ t X77 ^ fclgul' <PT TlcT 11 5^ 5niiR IcTsTH Îjf f^ftrtT % Î^^'I'jIH 3f[T an^RffuR ftcRR XTpff eH t ^T>?[ yt1litl?liR-::(^gRT''Ml«PI'< viTT^ % fcf^ ftHH f^Rfr Rl<SIO Sfr^ fcftlRURT ^ .Rlgfll ^‘1^'Wai ^ uTT^ 11

<;j?i7/nw«t ; 'T/TVTO, nfiTn ZZTJfFK

2. xrq 9XTR ^ ^ SFTR—^ xjf^ xjrf f^Rxta ^cR^ XR giR ^ xjncTT 11 cRF x^ ^ x^^ ^ -^l

qq 5Rra XTS2J RRtjci fr6ra"-xrn7 xjrr^ ^ xfrf^ Ri511-1 x^ xiazfr ci?tXXcf iJJTTcr XPT ^

XiTFcTT t cpiyJixjxifrTT ftxtl t 11 ui ■I'l Ri Ri 511-1 x^ araTXR 1%X7 gTe?f XRRSTf x^ qXRxqRlRxia TRXT XTTXTT -Jiiai XPRxq Xf? f 1% XTXJTxfrfrRR yc'ii'^ 3T^Xp Xfffecf XJiRWfx3cqR ?td7 fxjqx^ RiRtio cpKui qxi RRna q^txp .xtctti? xirr ^Tw 1

3. ^xitR xjq= q-flfiiyiY ^ aj^rrq-xfrf^ aiaixrr IcIsim! ^ q^tq ijcf qf[8fJT gM craxff q^t'xrgfe q5t xjrrxfr ^ ifrl^xp q^rsfl xr? qxfriTTrraT 'xS xrrx-ifR qxjtxr xrxx^ xt^ fciffHf ^ cTs^ff q?[ -rtrîcii xpr 1101 XjTt ncD'ai f I ii-Ji'Tlfa .f^jtii ^ ’ffl^xp asjxrr Mi'j>Ri‘n f&sTRt x|?[ qxfRTTTelT qxfR ^TcT 'q# f |

4. PlRxJd SfeqxR xj^f^ q>T ii('*ii‘i—iivn-Tlfa ftfTH q?l 3TexfXR Mcgfrl -QpiRâ ^ 11 fc|f*1"1 Rlgldl gM 3TSZrXH 3THxT-3IeFT H^sRi^l XpT Sl^-diui fexq qXlT 11 Riel'll 5T7T XfXeW x^ 3T1XJR XR ^2zff XpT yRmg'l %XfT qxn t X3fq% Rglll gRT geRR*Tq> ’jq qXTRTRXfJ xq qxJ^gTxrTTXqq; H<gfrl XPT 3T^XRxq Rhxji iRq -JltjRh ftgPTt gRT XPcHRTXf; XTcJ yiilJiTrdcfi zq XTxJ^SIxilTRTXp Mcgicl XfiT 3T^XRXXT XJRX^ cRzfr XpT f&ctxR f^njT qxn f |

5. 7^ HiH'i q>t ei*iai q>T SHTR—*iim'1 xi?1 SRfiT Rsim x[?r xxxq q^rxrjyi Rsiticii ^ IXR^ TTXjfxfff^ Rsil-i -î TqxRT XItT eRclT XpT 3T>TTcI f | iM-^frlvi 'iRiRR-yl x^xj ftpxnxfXcTTqf XR

x^ 3TT^. xTixm, xj^xtrt srt^rcfrqr, arrf^ ■qRcfRi xrsxit xr qqjq xrgrrr 11 (^Rb-i ^ cRq 3fR 3T^?q f Rhx^l ’ll 'x^q î qllcicp x^qrafl cf?r qff^ ^qqxr qiqq Rrtt

XjTT XTXprfT I

6. qR'Hiqi xjq TRggTcft ^ TTÊI q^gxicTT ^ 3Fnq-q^XRrcq xjq gtqr Rsim q?[ xjxf) Wfg’^yt R^lqai FTcfr f I xr^ '<i^n'Tifa R51M ^ ?XX yxjiR xf?f q^xfxjXTT gq Pima 3Rncf f | RPm TTXirfftcfXp Ri.gia, 3?qXTRXJTT3Tf cRTT fcRTRXIRT3Tt x^ XTSiy ^ Rgl'll ^ q^XFgcTT XpT Paid •SWlcf xqzq

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^ sjqm-RsiM ^ ■>?[ qgqr ststctt mRuiih x^ xwa qRyjciiuH3TSJcrT qRoilHl X^ XRiXT ^ X^PR-dd

7. »1p<»qqi«riXf?t qq xicpol ^ I W5 TTXJF^tfcf Rsiia ^ ?XX qxpR ye'll qRc-Udlijtl q^ x}?r viT nxpcfl I

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il'fl'flP Iqjiia (ci?ii'i q Hii^ ciT^ y*j^<3 fq5,n sftr 41^ XT^

iivf'Clp R51H xj^ fcTfirq qqrq^ gr^ q^ RgiP ?trt, qYgr qi^xr, Ki'cîcfl,Pdii^-w. qi'fx 3TTf^, q^ f I ?q fcJgpfr ^ ii-Ji-ilP Rsim q?f ^sttPxrctt x^ qar

P*dPiRfla qgxs" qxf^ qx^ f%xj f-1. '{ivji'flP Psiid ^ wq qq xjq czjqf^sRT sYqi—Rsii'i yR*ii'=ii ^ qt.

qr^x xp^ |: ftp, "fcTfnq spqqig wq t qft -esPa qxpR x^ Pffsrxp, yyl'i ^xctxrt qxrr xnffxtRur gRT qM |3TT ^ I" xrf^ XTrM xr qêTxq fcpzrT XJnxx cfl XRT q?TdT t t% XM-^lP f^sTR XR> R5iid 11 qqfRP xi^Ji-HP Rsii-i qq nrq aRxiig crtt cyqR^ f 3ik x^ qfxrq qxpR x^ Piiwî, HtiVi, 3RXRiq 3ft7 xnffxjRUT gRT qjxq Rjyi qrxTT ^ 1 xm'iIP Rqii'i ^ tt^xj, xrxpr, XM-^lPch x?xi XM'HP'*' RyixyKijff xfq tpqq^ xzjxrRejcT 3Rxraq ftPXTT qndT 11

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3. ftrerat' crar ctmiY ^ atiRt TT^rfrfcf Risin ^ wylci Risiiil ^ trr'^PlRâ Riîci 3T^ Pl<j*i '?T^ cRTlft 57^ lc|q<j ^ '*i4*ii'>y I^c^m sreTclT TTSTT aTcRZI \iIT^ 11 177 3Tf&g) (clgL’i ^ f I ^ 3Tf&^^ RlgM ^«rT?T ^ *ii'i4 ^ ftp ciWaiRc^J 'fixtPK ^ ’<|vj|flc^lcH<^’ TTTcPR STftl^ elt^ cpc^TM^*!^ el41 ^ I?7ft y<PI7 71? TlT^rpTI CTSTI f 7M ?ll^ cp 5«>M<jl<l ^ Rglg virHÎ ^ f I

4. h44«H''I 7T«TT 7fira-7KjFfrf!T ?T8JTI ?77^ ^ PlR-qa TfPTT 7^5 qT^clOT 7TSJT

\dgl6'<u| yfîig 3T77^ ^ 156 ^TTt ^ TTTTT^ Mc^f4 att7

7^411445 sfciera ^ 7t?^ sistjtr fcpT? sfk 57i«^ stk tt? Piw^ Picpcii vjIHÎ 11 cfT^ WTfTT ^ 717117 7p ciWqiRtcn '^Tfr Tlf^lJRf ctiqgiRcp TTfTi’ff ^ Pi'^’C ^ TTg^T aiKTTR cPT^ 31?^ ^^TfRl ■'TTvTfff^ lêlM ^ IfTTt’rTTTcn ^ ^3^ 5Rit^ ^ fcpq ^ ^fcp^ j XR^ TTuT^tf^ Rlsin ^ 7nj4 in«f 'HHN 316?^ ^ 71^ ijtli wql'l?lTcil # I fyfTrt wr^qj ^ ^ ycHI 3TSJcfT nr4'^> ''l^>11x1 4iT wql'i ?t<TT $ 3ft7 -d'Mcp 311917 17 Pi«p4 IFcT S I

5. xT®n UiTR ^ TT^d ?HT-7[f -^tcp t fcp 7N41f?1 f^lTH ^ 1^ Iclsinl Ijt ^tfcl

cJITtJ cTSn I’M cpl ?rir8T TRST ^ 7T<b'cn I 1^ f%7 ’tl 1c^ 9^ cpT cPTT^ cgTJ 9 ^319771 ^ ?tcn # 3?t7 v37T7pl Tpp^ ?9 cTcR 7RT9 î m1% To^r ITHTcl cp cpTTTfl 3TcFT-3TcFl IcTTI vfl^ f Tlf^ I^Tlf RISîRT umr

?9 ^Tlf ^ Jpff^ 7pT7^ irg; v^ ^ f |

6. ^Rwiîufl 9ff tHHcll W Bt^T-'IM'flfrl RsIM ^ 1îi% fcTsTRl 91!^ ^ 14«Jell'll 9^TIt^ m TRPctl 11 1^ IcFTl 3197711 f4i fTl fcllTI ept »lf4<êll'll 9^ 911 <14)41 11 SldlRp §711cPT7

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^M'flfcl f4$IIH 9>crT ^ TiR' 4’-5lH 7^ cTlclflf^ ITTR 9>r 911 9>eTl 11 TPHT 70971171 ct4 iû|dl 1919 TfiTfl f ?R11 3T9^ 3ft7 4 9719 9174 eft 81991 1919 9>7cfl f dcicîcfi 99 9>§9T f f4l, 'VM-ARI fSelM ^ f4W9 7f4 314sT1 HHT 99 3Tf495 9T9 fH f §7199 7199 7199 ^ «ji«6iRcd 7191719 9211 144719 ^ f I"

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1.6. iMHlIdVIlW '^H' <^nc«»)|u( (Traditional Vision of Political Science)

^ 3T^7fR Î'Jl'flRl ^ TFjpWcRi ^fclcpTH sfU ‘‘JrT, ■'^fcTSJ cTSIT yivjl'Tllrl^ TR?JT3Tf 3THRR ^\\':^ yTlf^CI HMI ‘ltll ^ i

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1.7. «4C(5UC4i«{l <i'Jt'iHn«b tjficehûi (Behavioural Political Vision)

cZIqgiyqiq StSTcP cijq6iyqi41 'dm'f'M 4lyial ^ yM-lif^ RlsiM ^ XJXp ^

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1.8. ■3t5T w«i6it«’ii'0 TRRtfrrar ( Post Behavioural Political Vision)II

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M'fÔ cRtTT 11

1.9. îKiVi (Summary)

3tk '<qr*1lfc|0 |c|0im*1lRrt0 ’<l'‘ic;i 3T^T?T 3tiq?q0 f I xrg?-HHIvj! cI?I 3iiq?q0ai ^■ferg? OTxft t 3fr? qft cqfchl 4 ^ ^ 3fko*TM '0 001oIT*TT

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c^ XT?^ 3frgcT 3liq«q0 ^ v?rR?f 11^-

snsji^-TI^ (Exercise Questions)

1. Ill’llfri fcl^R 3fk viOcfi yciXiig cfTT cM^ cfj^ 1

2. <;0olRi [cisiM c^ 8^ 3BT?XJ I3. cRIT TTXjfxfti^ IcIsiR xrgi fcffTR t? ^ I

4. ci|c|^Kq|i(^ fiMi/R cF?t f4^'|qai^ cIcTT^ I

5. 0041 fri [4SIM q^qyiMo tj'C0lî ipi fcR^W cfr$ I

6. X3fR cqqgKqiq cf^T Xcqi^ ^ |

7. xjijtRTcIT^ ^ ^xR cUcr^Kdl^l ^fecf^ ^ 3TfR Wfe cE>^ 1

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3. ’<lM41lrl 14SIM 318131 Rsim IxTC I

4. 0041lo 14SIM 4 ciiqei-iqi^l grTIT? I

5. '<l\:f'414 45fH g?I MR*iiqi 4110^ l ^ ^ qixoq

3nxT cTUT R?5f4 f I 'd't10'

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ITjTXWgTTTfS ^ /«.s in 15

hnnsii '*717 (Suggested Readings)swr

1. 3TT?^ «rT^, sn’cl?! 'jTIcif^cPci tzM I2. TTpf?, Tfl^ >7^ <iq4^'c I3. ^ arsj ?)T srf^r^rra 114. ciificlcl, Risill ^ W, <P3 afR mcTT ^ I

' 5. Ji'ilfa?ii«^ ^ fTc^r I

6. SIR. I

7. (Tii-wl, ^ 3TTO I8. Tfr. TTjfl. Tj^ Ut. 3Rf!fe 4flc||W0, 3TTgl^ TT^ntTfcW

9.

10. few ?fT-yi\ji’Tlfa«ii«( ^ Ri.si'H 1?? fefRtJRT I . 11. TiTw terra, ^ 'Ttferfera i

□□□

16 * fTWrJ

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tTSIT 3T^ H\^ WTOT

(State and Other Human Organisation)

. » Tlt3-'^TT«RT (Lesson-structure)•' :■>

2.1. (Objectives)2-2. (Introduction)2.3. - TPq -gf) 4R'Him (Definition of State)2.4. Tr>?T % (Elements of State)2.5. TRj T33' mrsi (State and Society)2.6. tfsi sftT 7Tr?R (State and Government)2.7. TTTR afR (State and Nation)

2.8. 'OTRTl (Summary)• 31t3inT-'5RH (Exercise Questions)

2.1. (Objectives)

3i£zini ^i-• im cTc^fr ?pt storr• TTvir aft? TREJI ^ 3TcT? ^ 1• ?Fj7i aft? ?n?R «fT^ ft arezRH tfftift i• ?Rq aft? ?T^ ^ aioRR gftrft i

2.2. (Introduction)

?F5^ Tlviftllrl fftsTH ^ aTKRFT W tiullvlcn fclq<j ft | cR^: ?TvSJ eft StHRR eft

awra ft xRjiftila fcisiM ^ 31^3RR epT eftsTra felqej ft 1 ?TRI^ yiR cRIT aRJ ?TRI eft ?TFT ftirTT ft I' TTRI' -ilulftlRl fftsTH epT ft | f?T

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eft) tjft ifpn vjTT TTefmr I ?Ttm ?mrftt1% fftiim ^ 3is2rr ^ f?ft HgT^l eftt tzlR ft ?73ft §tj Tnftx ft f^xai ft \|vj|'il(rl Rl511*1

TITH wvr Tjm #7372.3. ^ (Definition of State)

^ ?f6? *^7521' 3T^ •m\ ^ ‘State’ ^ fifl Wcfûi 11 3TMf W ^ State 3)H^ 3Tn7 ^ I cRfff&> g-fici?! cyrMlrl ^ ^fcTT $ I ^ §nw 3T?f'facial ■'RTT 3it7 7t#T fcRTRcfi f%3iR) WtP $-^4)1 3?8f TFfra ^ ^ trj7 |

asj if cpT tldusiT’T yyVi sccll ^ wRi^g '<|\Ji'Tlin5i Î^^TTcT^ ^RT v3^T^ |^W45fife (l513) ^ fiFRn fRn I '{lle1gc?l' ?iaie41 ^ ?Ie^ cPT otW ^ cRTT I

(Definition of state) ^ ^ WFI-^TTO fil^fef 5RT #hR*ii'ii4 ^ ’T^, '3'i‘f>l ’ife rfk ^ Pl^^RiRaa ^ iTFfr ^ «ffeT tin

' 1, yi^'i fiRTRcj^ ci5t tiRniyii^,2. 3)1^1^15 fcp^R^ ^ trR'H'l'II^ I

'S'H'i'liTO PTc}^1. arsTlH f^TjiK<DT ^ hR*ii'ii'T—Riti-^X '^77^ 3TRR^T^ srrfe’ ^^5 tniffe

Rlx)K<n'l' 4?f 'TKHT ^ Tfefife M^HItlli^ firi=T ^Tcf^1. 3R?^ ^ a^'tlK, "7TT# nRqKl' cTSfT ITTiTt cfif '^fer t fyRIW tp>t cRJT

3(irHl^4? v^fcR c[?f Hifia ^ I'2. ■Rrr) ^ 3(3'<1K RTt?a cpT tjcf> ^ 6|g<d''!si|cb ’î^cilil t STfifcPRf cj5t -WHM ifFRT

cT?JT ?fpfi 451 yrrffe if MK-wRch gRi t r3.

RlîfiJi OTTT^ -ti'iO'i ^ yq'l'i) 3it7 i??! ^ feR ?T3TT mk+mRct -tiycnc^FT 4?f yiRo ^ f^ fifen I'

t- .•HcPaT

f-

’, RKSJ ^ cqfckiq'l' ^ >M*1S)1ai ?RT Rffife '^RSn t

yi’Jl'1 ef^sRfe 5RT TTvtr 4?! ^ MR*iiqi^ ^ tlf f3TTtJR <77 #T?7I RlHfciRsId HeRT

^ t-1. 41^ cqlchoq)' <}7T tJcR f |

2. 'il'JiJ cfn vb^?i| cj^ 31^ 3)irHp|'*f^ 'Jllq'1 tlqR 4RFT ^ I

3. 'TTHT cl?f f|:?T ■^T§fefeTc*T4i ‘‘TTcRT ‘lirIJtficH $ |2. 3TT^Rra> f^ni’<«i>Y ^ hRhI'IIV—^ OT^RrP ciych) cl?)

MR'îitiiQ Rri=i

1- «cic?ie(l c^ 3T^7TR, "f&Rff RlR^n ^ TTtJnfl^cp ^f cqf^ql ^71^ 4>?T \niai ^ I”

2. îTtT c^ 3T^7fR, "yi'jq TPlfecT §<151^ ^ ^TtT ^ *iMq \j1iRi <PT filf^T^ ifFT I”

3. ^5^ f^Ffra, 't)cf5 f^Rc^ci yfe?T ^ 3)d4a f&fil ^ fcTtJ TFlferT uRcTT ^ 'TFT 7TF?I gf I'

4. 6T«^''-S ^ 3T^7rT7, *7T^ 3T7fetT ^ 4‘lO'i ^ fuTTT^ PiRia TJ^TTtR 3Tf&cr>iy slcll 1^, Rn-dA STSTcTT Pi Run #7f g?) §wi. Nd-iwl ^ 3T1^RTR TTofr ^ Pr?) 4) Tfem ^ yiTT^T Tfcft # I"

5. f^cil4Y (Willoughby) ^ ar^TTR, "TT^HJ iT^sff c^ ^ TTFIvT 4i) cpgfe f, f^TTT^ tjcf?TFtTT Frf RTtff t tjfT dTTRf 3)cl4cl cyRkiq'l' afp oyfR^n TT’J^ ^ cTTTOt 1R pTtfew 7?^ ^ cT? Tcrq f^R?) pRfeTW 'A H ^ I”

6. (fl-St) ^ 3T^7TR, \|\«j tl^jqiq) ^ d^qi4 ^ I"tR^ll'liait gn' 7T^ Tfesff dMxllctd MR'diyiafi ^ fcTVpiRT cJRc^ tpTC ?feT t fiP

^^7 el<sicri'| cf?| fPittFT^ aFjyf f, cfeffctT vj#^^ ^ 11 ^ yRHmrsTf

hR*1I'1I3T) 'A 7T^ ^ ^Tclffir# FBWJpf rTt^ TTTFJcTT cRT vicÂ'a f^ÎT RÎT 11

flycni>;

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TÎTTF 4?t qifflfAcp cT8TT 'JtMcniCl TTFTT 7TF?I ^ iTTS 774^ # ^ iT?TtJ7JJ7f ?Tc^ W vipiA'ta Rhqi FJJT ^ I -JiciRh

c^TTtfq

18 <|j|‘i)/n?((«f ^ liiîn

fctgpfr 3fnf^ ^ tfhi ■^rRIct fci^^ §■ I ^TR’TTTO^f ^ 7r357 ^ c<(«if&cf? v«<Sq ^ <H'?)iJ)'l >/)('lW(’?l PM ftcft ^ I

tjcf) >dalsq 7TypflfrfP> ^ | 7TP^ ^TT^TR ^<W cM f P(<?i‘P’< PPP^nfui ftcTT 11 3TcT: cf?[ ^3^ MRîm ^3^ '^THT 'jIl'tl^lT, ^ 3TRT?>J^ cT^

■'SmTFR f I 3TMtFT?^, f^lc^jfh!, RlcitPi^tC cTSJT P>f '^TRIpR'IRTP vd«^'ta’Tlai 1

^ ffW 3TS7'J?rra 71^

^ 1^

2.4. TP^ % (Elements of State)

^ cRP (Elements of State )—ttlRfR Rgi'i'l ^RITMI ^ Mff ■?r«ra 'î j^pzjcTRj cZJM f«Ml MT,# I f^ctN) 3TTcRPP> Mf[ PP MvRP %PT t-(l) -timiRnm i^cpai4 fsn f3TT arsM trm (2) ^ tttm cR ^ wr ^ otiwn 3fk

cprfotfr ^ ■#R3Tt 35) Ri>yIRa 35?^ 3T^ RiRan 312J3T SiRtRaaRi<j*il 3iai3T RyN'l 33 -Î'cpci'i |

«cic?icfl ^ 3T5j3 ^TR ?T^ 3cTR ^—

1. 2. 3TMT, . 3. tJ3>ai 3ft3 4. •<i‘ion

mi4x ^ ?T5ja ^ "clR 3TT33335 cTRl PPIR 3cTR f- '

1. 3^ m 1?^ ■^75373,2. 335 fl^?l Rjl"^ 3 ^ i3. atIciRcfJ 'd'u'^fll ?R7T 3T1I RTJRRT 'WciolcfT ^SIT

4. 335 'll\ii^frl3’ 'iH'IdH 31ST3T cfsT. ftRT^ 5RT 3RcfT 3?f <11*3,1^3?r SlRlcyRkl ^ ■77^ SfR ^ TRpi ^ RT^ 3TT ^7^ I

4cci ^ R33 ^ WR cTc^ WT -dc^cS %37 t—1. 3Rrf7 2. P^ 3. 77735R ?T27T4, '^TP^l

■7733 ^ ^Riqi4 cffcl) 3^ ■?rfSM f&4tR RfR P3)R t-1. «FRRs3T (Population)—^733 33 P9R 3iRl3l4 c78I7 3?Rnjpf Ml ^ I 3737R577

3^ 3^ 377 tlôi 1 '1733 3733 ^ 7T33=t 35) 31) MIRt, \377^ SiRfictj u)'i'rt<wj P? ^ Rtj)^ t) ^sf)))^ R>f) Rlfii'i) ^ 37^77537 35) R3q 357

*18T3'jyI c7c3 37R ^ I 3TR)RS37 ^ 3?f3Tjyf p?3 P873, 37RFTÎ7373777537 ^7?[ ^ 1

7737^1)1% fclsIM ^ 37^ fyacnT •) ^ 31?f 37 Rlfliy f&>37 t )?P 7733 35) 37RR577 f^57T^ ?)^ 777l%3 I UItJH ^Mf) Rl’a3> 357 35FR S77 1^ 335 37737) 7733 3?) 3FT7R537 5040 ?)=)) 777l%P I ^ 1^7^ 377-{^ ^ 773p 35) 35)^ RiRyci 37377MT 3^ «(ai4l ’)) ^77357Hmi 3? t 3? 3 3^ 3Tf?)35 ?)=)) 37l%3 3f)7 3 3^ 3R I 37f^ 3ll^Rl'47^ 7773-77781 71T7T3 3R 77^^ | ^7l) ^ 37^737 7^ 7733 35) 3737R537 10,000 ?)^ 37f%7J I37^; ki^d), 7577) 2J7f^ f^7J7735) % 373^-373% 7733 35) pRRsTf^RTf ^ ST^TTR 7TR7 35) 373777517 357 tJe^TP [457)1 ^ I 3n^Rl35 f4?3 [c)Rl"i 7733) 7^ 773*) ^737 3773 77) ^^5 7T377) 35) 3I377753T3>7l'dl î 373)45 ^75 35t 373777537 378737 7777^ ^ ^ 3787)7) 37377^37 7^ ^ 4 37?3l&353^ |f, 373f4> 35Ty 3t457T^5c7 357P5t ^ ( 77377 7^ 37377^77 73R)) ^ ?)^ Wlf^ f4ta4 3) fcl^;vRTT^ 3777 3ff7 !Jl^Rl3’ 7RT733 [cTtlHM 11 Ml47 7^ 7173) ■^, "373777537 7733 c4 77333«4 Rlyl^ 7^ f^ 7T78J7 ^ yyl'n ?)5?) feTP c78TT TTRI 77733 nylklr77%tj MT 3? vJTT^ 37)435 =rf[ ?f)4) R)%R, [yin'll 7^ feTP 38)7 7733 777M M3['<1 ^ 1"?77t^ 77787 ^ 7733 f^RTrTT, TT’jfe 7)3 ^^37 1^ 3? ■»)) 37733335 § )cf5 7733 35) 737337 77)4338)7 c3f43?3 35)^774)75^73735)^1

<4 )437 7733 37)4m7 34 353P3T

I ^(/■nil/owwt ^ l»-Bia 19

2. ftRua ’'J,—^TFT (lerritory)—PlRqo ’J;-'>TFT ^ ?Tc^ |r| isRTPift’^c ^ yivTiJ 3Tf^cTc5 ^ cR?CHT ^ ^ 'ticpcil | «cic«icfl ^ "v^ cpT

czrfcRFra amiR #, ^ otîr 11' 11^ ^ ^cPT ’<ig<5liJ ich-til ’J;-’Trn’ ^ TSTPf! ^ 'I^ vjimi I cT? cicp ^ ^F?a cp^ \5TT'ticnqi I f&jg 3T^ Shi’JI'1 CTâtnl PiRt^n IT^ ^ cR 3fpiqi4 cToT ^ ^THT11 ^ ^ f^rar $ fcp ■\i"il’fi41 yidietTl ^ ^ cRsIcP ^

7735 ffW 37R vm 77TO7

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^ h4?i ^ ^c^'d' 'I^ Phijl ^ sit? c^«R 5T87*T o1'UI<P STT fyRT^ 1817 C ^ ^ f^lil^cfTf^ ^ S)|cf?ch JTTTTT r f%f^, FTcf, ^l^l'J-S, fc^fteft STFI^ fcl'glll % pll^nci ’|r'»TFT S^T ?T^ cR 3ncR7T«P ^ ^ ’THT §, STf^f^ STRI ?pfr STl^f^ IcI^pff ^ ^ STSW

7R5I cR 3)iq?^4> cTccT ^THT 11 'il'f’C ^ SI^'MR, '^*icw-5 (^3FIR^t?T) STcRMT ^ effri ?R7J ^ Pi'll”! <i?i nftbqi ^ ^ 'Hcbct § ^ era era? ?i^ 'T^ ^ crai ^ 'w^St ?!ra ^ f&RitPf1>«ra 1{_-'HFT TR ^ ft ^ r

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wr4«f> ?R7J tjTff cR STTtPR F?RT f^fl’ll TJep ?T^ v3?ra^ ?8TT^ <1^50! ?t I q'^â: TTjq cf^t cT^P ?raG ^ dH-d'lsyi ^ Sj^MId ^ ?Wt raif^ I

?Fra ^ ePT Sfl^TTFI ^qcl RJR ^ ^ Nid«P 5ia4n t W^ Hiyfricp diy^STT 'Jiia § ^ f^<Tl ?Rra RTcT, wfR rfSTT ^ OTeT ^ |

tii'ii-yaqi ?PHr ^ Plf^tia '>J_-'>7FT ^ sieRfcT Pi*^f^Rga 'dP^fcia gtelt f I

1. 7T^ ^ STrTTf^ STT^ ^nRT I

2. ’1,-3^ ^ STcRfrT 'dP'ilcia >Jici*ii'i

3. 'JlcT v^—Ph'i^l ?TyÎ cTC ^ 3 iffR ÎT 12 ’ftR <R ti^s I

4. ?ra?f ^ S!a4d sn^ ^TRT qiy'i^'Sei I?Kra cR ’J;-’TFT ^TTT Ft^ yft Hi^frlci’ xi’<iiU'il .^TajcIT <iiPiui tr^Tajf ^ Ft | ^ ^ 'ii‘iR«r>T cl^ 3TTRTpr4?rn yM ^ ^ I

3. ?R^R (Govemmeiit)—?R3>R ?rjir cPT cff?RT SiPiqiJ cTRT ^ | ?RRR ^ STf^RPRT f. ?RT ?Tv?J 3?f gtwi 3fPl«jctd Ftefr ^ 3^ Ich'iJiPqa Ftcft f I f^Rft PiRaa 5?n

^sn HR^tu ^ ?ra era> ?tri ^ ^tw 'T^t ^ ^ ficRal, eira cra> ^ 'eiOi’TlIciqj ^?FrfefT I ^>;cf)ix; cR cfF TTFRT^ SFT t I^RT^ gRT ?R7T ^ xSiRff ^ ^ ctRcTT 1^, Rrttiqi v3'^«r>l -fi'iO'i fepR yTTcTT t i 'Tpf? ^ 3T^?IR, RRcR? ?R7J gJT cfF ^tT^R ITT TR t

FT?T ?T^ STSjfcT di'll'^ ^flfrRTt sIt? tii'ii'^yi'ieii Si'fi'iloa JIT STTTTTTTP R^RI^ ?RI ^ Ft^fl Titt ^ ■*?! ^TTjJ STRTTtpn\’

'. 1^—'ifSql 3TTf% I

1%eff ^ Tjfet Ftcff 11 ?Rq>R

?I?«PR ^ JpuhrlcTcR, cJJcTfeTTf^cR TTSTT RITWfcIJPT JTFWJ^ SR ^ 11 cPr^MlIeHcR ?(i'ti'i «R ?RITpR TfRcff ^ sit? qji'j'it ^ [stTiyiPcjci cn-eol 11 czraTenfJtJR JPT^J^ ^ Pi'ifi'r

cp?^ t rfSIT RTTJRTfcraiT JPT^ ^ «ji’<sqi cfRrff $ | ?T?cPR cTtJPeRIcrT^t, l^cbd-=ldl<{l, ?f?T^, STWISTTr’raT. ?TEITRI5T, TTJPTRcP STTf^ «P^ ?'ra Ft^ ^ I '31^ eT^ ?RJPR ^ 3R^ JTT 5^ Ff^ cPT %, '4'4\ ?R<PR ^ SRUT sft? Mi'll \Jiiflt % ^ vRi%eT ^ ^ '^Fd «R?^ mwt 2^t?pftJpJpRir'FcRft gt I

4. ?ni^?TT (Sovereignty)—?!^ ^ ?Tcifl?rcP FFTJPjyf cTR tiwâi 11 wwâi «l^ ?P3JT JR TJTR q>gi vTIcTT § I ÔTJrTT ?TvJr ^ JJF rlW |! Rt STRI >(i<iO'it JP?cTT ^ I <iw|jai ?1THIcl?f cIF JiPkl t vjft ?ra^ c(Ml4l 11

Sn'aRin aft? ^TW ^ WR ^ Ffdt t—

,1. 3TTfrR ?T!jJI 2. «iTFT 'd'u'5^ ^ arPtnuT t f^ ?TTj?i fcp?ft dt ttjpr

ci^ ara^ ^ aicTTfcT ?raTcg ?rf^

JfTFT RnfPRT 'f Ft I

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20 x/'fl'T/Zaww* ^

1. TF«T ^ ^ MH^mt RnRsm.!

2. 7F?I % fTf^ W qull

TTsHff^tWTS ^ pH^ia 21

77357 (Tw 37557 jjm2.5. tiHM (State and Society)

ITHcf 'M'lO'l tPT 'Mc|IR}cr> -WII^SlRlc^ -M-TnM ■?T«f ■?RFjT ^ ’<1*1|R|'C f 1 wra ^ alc^J Cijfctaijl' ^ f, ftRRPT ‘^fFTHT ^ cTaTTtifr 't^lvJllRi ’TTcRT' ^ ■?T^ ^ I

ti*ii'ji ^ srf^TtrR—WTRi ■HcncN sfk v3t?2f f i w '»fraTTra 3isj^ ^ cztI^ ’m*ii\ji ci?f 't€r ^ cftil'Rh aicfji'^11*11'^ ^ ftcTT I ■'(SHlui ^ qR*fM-51^ ^ qitn^ ^7^^ f-, if aralcte^frtjg? Pieniyl 3iyciT ^ lc|Ri~i wyl-Ji'i'l' 31^ viic^l 'rt‘ita ■^rfSTTaff xifâ, #57!^ 11 ^ 5^ TTjSTOf 3TFrfr ^r w? ctstt ^ f<PT^ cfr ^ ^Wnf^P' ^TR cTt^T ^ r^*ify| <fR^ ^ ^ ‘'ti*ii'Ji' ^ ^TFTT^ ojmcp tth ^ Tjfpn >Jiiai ^ I'

^c) ^ ^FTO ^cR ^<)ci ?Pj tTRT: 3TR?fcrTf^ if ^ tT^f^ R<gi4 t 1% ^3fR 'dHI'Ji ^ ^ ^TFlfr f I 3fR aJTf^ ^ if CT2JT TWra cf^

at?T7 ^ 2TT I 3TMcfK^ c^ '7)|Rl'<-C 3fR ^Tcjff&cfjRcTT^ 7F3?Jt if ’ft R<gi^ >7^ t ^cRIT ’fT’TTtrf Tfif TJcf; ttr ^ f | ^ cpT mRjih ZI? ^3TT t 1% yflci-i yr<tai S^

ctIRT ?t zizn t ctatT cilRkl'id t<<a-aai vJr^T^ ^^cIcT f^^^ ^ cRg 7? 11 '^JRT’flf&xTRc^ c^ eft 7Fj?T TJcT 7^ RFHT WRiRIR .8TT ZRjff&j ^3Rc^

3ft7 5R RR? TFjzft ^ Picimi ^ ^ ^flq’l if elT? ^ st cf vd’l^

RRFJTT^.’ft «f^ 7RH 3ff I

'<ni'j| tfif ZTcFf 17777^ g?r ^T^TT-FTT^ ^ HIR’i'i f&c<gel vjRia 'Jtf TTRra i?Zf5 11 ?RT^ 3TrR <1^ 7TR5T cfRT 'JRzffTf) f |

t ^ ^ lâi| ’fl 7T^ f^RTRR-RTRR

if

TTRI 3^ TTOPT if afar (Difference between State and Society)aft? ?i*1M' ?TR?fT Rm 11 yitH'i ■^Rpfi Rj'ato

K^cl TT8JT 3R?^ ?T^ rfan TTRFjf if Zpf^ 7^ Zisn?f if ^ ^fRt if RRf'cT 3feT711 ?TRRK 3fR RuTI if gzsj 3fcR f^PR WR f-

1. vJcmItI ^ ^ 3ftT?—RR7f% cl?l TFf TRTKJf tT^jq qq 5757^ ^ afzjfrf RRKrTRft yc^Fn ^ 3ftR RTR if TTvflf W yptf ^3TT I 3)|R*7 ^ ^ STOTZTR cf5?^ tR 7^7^ ?tcTT# % R?T TTRR TTRKjf cpT ^ SJf, ^ eff 3T7TRfecT .2TT, c^l^'l TPRI R# afl | RRcTTcl?if tfR-^ TTRJ gn ftzpRf |3TT I

2. 3ii<jJK gff ^ afcR—sTTgR? gfi ■R ttrirt tfhj stf&cft f&'ftjd Ran sqw 11TTRlRf R^sfr yivjtiilfflcn, TTR^^frfap, tllR^, 3fTfSfg>, iffaep 3TTf^ f&f’RR RSff ?1T\jTgf&5 TRjZf cp)T Tfgtl Z^cTR R^ R2T 11 ??T tfePT? TfRKff- ePT aTRR? ?RRIaf^Jfliyei «f^ 11 ,

3. q>t 3T'cR—RRTvjf Raff TT^TJ if 73^?7J eftf ^ ’ft RRfiR 3fcT? ^ I TTRTRf<PT R^ gp RicpKi gRRT t, >Ji«(lMlfiici Rt^g 11 TTog ^f^gRRT ^ 3tij5imi RRR 773^! gR pRiR gRcTT f 1 ?Tvg RR ^gTRTR 5^ Rt^R ?Tgr=fttrig>cgg?®TT gft Tariff rr^ ^ Rrgf^ g^ ?t?8rr sft? arg^R ggiR gRRi 11 qigFt Ri^r if, gft ^ gtRt fipR f I Tjgg a^gef xp? rfr tjg? ^ \3t?gt ^ fetj ^tRj f | iRRg if^ TT^ff cgiRcp aff? aTRTR R’ff? ^ f i"

RnwTRc: xfgg

4. <i'*IO*1 gff ^ 3f'cR-?TRTuf R2JT TPR if ?fR3RTcRg> ^ ’fl 3fR? 11 RHM 3T^ Rrggrgt fifcrgR gR?fT 11 afsifef ttrirt ^ aia'Ia ftl’f’R RF^giRt gg atRcieg ftcfi t [ ^ Rf^grg -tiMfoa R2tt aRfRfeR gfgt gg^R ^ rtzp^ f i ?Tgg ’ll ?Tgg g^^ Rf^grg) if tjcp TT^gig f I TPg ^ ?lvjr’ftfcTcP Sjg^ ^ RTR if TTR^R ftRT ^ l ??? tPPR ttrtrt TTRI^cT Raji 3RfRl%cT gtRt gg>R gg ?t -qcpai t, eilî Tfgg ttr^r fterr 11 WiRh tpr gfr ^ fiffigu ugg? g?f ?tr1%?t TTRpftf^ RraTerr ft^ f i

22 7Riti<mm fesTfr

5. ^ ^ afcT?—■?F?TuT yjâi ^ fgPi"i ^ risn P^yf^W ‘PTc^T^ I ^ cPT cpnf Ri-Kjci rTsn cijiHcf) ^ i ^ <ItT^ 1?^ '^(jS 'il'Jl’Tlfa^cJJcR^n <fj\ PplW <P^ '<1*1I'J1 Tf 3T5?IRH n8JI oqgw ^ >:la'll 11 ^1^ cfn^ gg|c|«ir ^T2JT fcl-Mja f, êtPR cfiHj -wlfâ f I ‘fil'lPH 'fTHT ^ ^ TTRcf yflq-i^ '(Inn'llicl4> ^ST cT^TT '<i'Ji'Tlla^ sjcRSJT ^ ^ ^ST ^ I

6. ^ 3f?R-y'^^ H^Tr|iîj[ efSP?! 11 ^T’JWfn ^ ff^ ’jcP cTsjT mn ^ 11 t! yij^ f^rf^ ^ 11 ?Tf^ ^r?

■TTv?! 3Ti^ ^q'w'l «I^ 3n^ % 3fR qci'^4ct5 cTT^ q^yai t. (APh'i TFTra fTl JT^PR cf^ty^<lTll <lf^ q?!-! I

7. Piq7l>'l ^ 'M'CTH ^ ^ 3TcR~'7l^ ^ WT?ff 1^'iJT3lf 312^1 sTTW TRSTf ^ Plq^^lWO I f I TPHj cpl-^H ii'iRcnl' ^ Pi<i*H'i f (^Ph'i WTF3f «fTKI f^qi-aTfTTTar-^ cf5t aiidR^ ftRrrar! ^ ’tf trst t^sctt 11

?7357 (TW 37^ vm #737

2.6. TP^ aftr 7TPR (State and Government)

■FT cfW 3PT^ f^-Hlafci'l qialdlH ^ 'TT^ ^lltl'l qqlqq|-ql TTR^ f 1 ^1^ ;îxj I^RTR ^ ^ cPSTT ^ cTF 3^77^ ^ ^ oiW’<l*TT ^ ’TcR «PFTT

TITFcTT 8JTI ^ 'TT^ T3^ eft TJTT^ cpfT, '■Sf '^TTvII ^ f^ciii tTTFTT ^ 1' '^Tvq aft? TTTTT^Tjg; *ii'i-) g?[ y^% c^qcl uR—tlltiiûi ^ ^f'lPin 'TT^ TI? ^ '<I'Jl'llfoq> fcRTTTtPf Tf ■jft fS-ail ^ 11 vdqi6'<^'ii'4, (Croce) cbs'ii f fep, ' yivn'i'ifcicp T^ ?imi 7?55€f 4tvjr 11” ’Tffrt tift. '^. t(7I. 3iT fcjTTR t 1^, *?T^ TTcp ^-i^qiq 3tI ?im'i cZig??n ^ 3)faR<rri I' ^'t'fl TTft. ^F7?, ^ Tift <ftol'< cTSTT cil'tqn 3TFf^ fcl^Kq^•iPT 4) tr^ *fTFTT ^ I cT?^ ■îT cPFTT t 1^. "TT^ 711'<11 TPT cqiqpiR-ri igT^ cPT t ^ ?)f% ^ ^ § I îrn^ -iiii'^ ?T^ ^ ^ «PT4 aTTcTT § I ^ q’^ga: ?n?R ^?tcn ^ I ?T^ aft? 7imi ^ ^ ??T ^ ftsrPfrcp grfTTlftT? I

TP?I sflr ■^TT^TIT 31^mq7l ‘TTTjTJ' ■fTajT 'TR^TR' ^ '<llJl)4f 4 5R;W j^HJT 'unm 11 tPRT

cpT ?rffT3 iltq^ ^TF «R?fT SIT ?T«?t f$Tfe?T qi^tPlT’ ?T^ 4t ?R#R cTSJT ?T^ ’ cPff 3f^ f<Ptn I cilt^^ 'oyicieiRq} q7li'<ll ^ Hqlsni 7K3?J 7li'CR ^ 11"

ycfiK TJ^. qjl^ cngll ^ '7T^ 'tlll^jl î TTTTFT c^ ■<l'jlllia7’ 'zf^ cpTTl TJT atf^#'Tff ^ r §?T W7>l’< '?T^ Sft? TRcPR cpT qqVi ipiff-cp^ ^ 3l4 ^ Rbqi RTcTT f

TjajTSf ^ ■?TvH7 cTSTT ?T?cPT? # afrR ^ I 4 afcR RFT tTSJR t-?T?^PR Td^cni 7^ cTc^ ^rra ?T^ 4*101 ^ Ri'W^

tFRRsTIT, RiRtIcI ’{,-’71^, TfRcPR cTSTT •ei'yâi ?fR ?T?g ^ f, I f?T^ t ?RcPR '?T^ W 7(3^ cRtf itra # I tif ?RHj 3§t ’frf^ Tjyf 4<i'ai ^ t,

2. TT^n tpp 3T^ ’«*rei |l, vjiqf^3T^ tUTT^ aiaicfT cPc'MHI t. c^Rbl 'rRcPR 'a>Hcbl

fyf^ FT ^ ticpcl, Tarqfcp RRcpR (?pjtl 3ft? ?T?#R ^ 3TcR) 5?T 3f^ tp

4lfa7> ■^ ?tcTT § i'3. ?T7ja cjft 'rtqtqcil 3TPlqrif $ 4Phi ?R?)R ^ ?TR^TrTT 3)Plqi4 ”7^ ?T^ ^ft 'tiq'<-q<ni

&yPH ^ atPiqi4 ?t^ 11 qc4cp sif^ vttf srPTcntfu: t^Rft ^ f<P?f[ ?r3zt.cpT ?tr^ 3TcRti ftcTT 177^ ?RcpR clft •oo'^qni cqRftT ^ atliql4 TT^ ?tcf[ | !Jr44j cqf4fl 'îF 3ifiqi4ci: f^T?f[

f&Rft ?r3a cPT ?TR^ FcTT ^ cIF ^ 3iiq^qcr> 'TF ftp cT? ?RcpR <PT 4t ?T^?7l F I

<F

1.

T(cp 3T^ t

?7?«PR vj-^cni cqiqgiRcp ^ t-?T^ ?TuT4tf^ RlFT <F ^ 37?;^ F?I TnTT 11 ?T^ 3TTM ^ 4t1%

?lF? ^ 4t1% vj'Wq’l ’Jrf ■^ ^ I t^cltF F,?T^ 4 'tf? ^ ^ Rh^Tl c^r^tl F 4fcRP cTSTT ^fFP cqfckq 3ft?

<i'nillh‘fiii’^ ^ tj7377 23

4. TFjir wtfl ^FRcR t TtWR aWTnfT ?tdt aih 'd'<4>K ^.-FR^ ^3TcR 'Zf? t 1% TPSJJ ti'jiOM t \inrl% aTfSTpft 11 yi'^cnK î 5rra; ^t^cJcf^T ?tcTT■7??TT 11 ■??r «i?i 'M'<«pK ^sjTfiifT t eft ‘pjfr f«tj^ ^ i ^r^r

^ eRoT^ 'FfRT-'^FRT ^ efft^ MRcicf'l Ft^ I

5. TFR ^ 311qSii)cR t, ^RePR ^ PiRâ W ârf^clRf elceJ % I iJ,-’TFT ■^Ra ^ srf^cRy y?f epos'll ^ ^ vJTT '{i«pal I clfcbi^RepR ^ ’ft Wlf^tcT ^ 'M<f)cfl § ! ^ t^nj t^'dfy *1^1^ ^ fsl-^ll 'Jl4'fl ^STTjP’RT ^ y>R^ yjt ^R?ft ^ Sry’ft ^Ry>I^ ^ ■RTTf^trl ^R ^ aff I

6. 'TRa 'Wl41 t, >Ji5|fch ■?R?rR vRTcjft êjep t-^FRf cTSTT 'fi'<<ni'< ^ yft gel'll ’«ii*ilcRTT ^cRj ^ TRsft ^ î ’ft yft RT 'ttcpol f I qtga: ^RepR ^ 3T1^0'!''I f, fvRI^ ^ TPR aryit ^Pt trr: % \ asM ary^ 3tt^ yrrfi yRm t afR 3Ty% f^f^FT ^prat yy•FnTTcRf iîyeii ^ I 5^ yyiR TRy ^ ejsyt yft wyy^ irt yft yyeft ^ 3fr? ^^RyjR yft 'fnfr Tif&eRff ^phi ^ yM ?tef[ 11

7. TRy wgeTT Pifia fteft t, ^R^y? ^ y^-TiTr^cTT 'TRy yy iRffsty? y?Ri^ eTcy 11-eiHgai cnqci ■'FRy ^ Pfâ ?tdt ^ I fiMgai ^ yjR^ ^ ^Ry yff 'tt‘io'1 y55T ypyr § 1 ^RyjR ^ ^ry’jyr yfi ?teft 1 ^RyjR ^ryit ^Rn trjj ^ yRT yReft 11 ^r^pr mRci^h stt^ y^ TRy y^ yft^ Tryiy irayT 1 yyffe y^^Rn ^?Ry ^r PPn Bteft #, ^frcpr ^ 1

8. ■y^yTR yy f^yr rt ^rpctt TRy yy yft-’FRyy^ \nini ^ '^yy? ?t^ 11 y1^TRyyy yH’yy’Tiaff yfrP^ anyy^y yReff t ?ft ^-ini ’ft ’(Ryyy w fit^ ^ ^ 1 y^'Ji'iai yRy yy y^ yR ■yyyft i yyff^ yRy ^ 'Jtiai ^yy ’ft îiPci ?tcfr 11

7757 rmi 3r^ mw 77^737

’fr?

2.7. TT^ aftr TT^ (State and Nation)

yRy afR 'Hhm yr yRy aik '?trh y?f ’frf^ yyft-y^’ft yRy afR yp? yft ’ft yyfyyr^r ypT fcRTT yTTrTT ^ I \jyT?Rr -iimi-y effy^ ’TiyT tf fy 3Ty?R ’iRctty yr^ yisy yy yyty yR f Mi«i|ch ^ yytyf ^ yiyy fpri cjiwRs^p anyry ’TRcfty yp^ 11 yygcT: yray ^ Tjy> ^yr^ Pqm yRyr t, yyr ^ eft yRy afty yr^ yisy yy xrp # aisf yyty fterr 11 ctfepy yf^ fep^ yRy yfer-# yR^tyerraff (Nationalities) yy pqi'ei t, y^ yr^ afty yRy yis^ yy yiyry aiaft yyty ar^^ i ^yrwyR ^ pR yyy P«ag*s ^ ^ atiP^yi—wy^ yRyaiil^yi, Ftf^yy afty yRty anf^ ar4y> yr^tyerraft yy f^yRT sy 1 ^ ^ anP^-^yfiyyi yRy eft yr, yy yt^ y^ 1 aryg, yRpft1%yiR=5 wiî) y? ynj’fty ^ yyafeR yiyF ^ 1

yje^ yy ar^yft yyfy (Nation) $, yft ^1%aft (Nation) yi^ ^ P^neii 114Piaff yy araf '^yr ?tyT‘ yr yr’y y^ yRyr % 1

atet; c^fri (Etymology) yff 'ffe 71^’ yR? yy 3tsf t-fe# ’ft yeTH ^ Ptyiyft t^Ryy ytyy-yyfty (Ethnic) yR ^ 1 yr^ ^ lyt ataf yft yyte yR^ ^ y’fyr % y??! t f^, RT^ ^ ^yft eri'l'Mesqi t Prt4 yRy-effttep T^yRTT ypft yfT^ ^ afR yff PtflyeT ’J<a«« ^ pqw yRcfi ^ I" yp^ yff y? yR’yyr yfeffyyy y^ ^ ^ff% yi^ ai^yj eteyf ^ yfyty yRT yy f \ji«iRP ^yi yRinyT yt^ ^ e^y?i ^ yeefr yryy-yyfty yyRtT ^ yi? PtyRT yy ^ f^RiT yyi ^ I yt^ yy PetW yR4 ^ eteefr arfeTRyy tyf, ’nyr afR yrR^^f^ yyyytaff tjy v'cnai ’ft arryytyp iteft ^ 1 yr^ yy P*ilwi yR^ ^ yft etey yty^ arPty? aTtyyyyi t. y? ^ yy? 'jRyi’j^ yft yrty yf^ yft ’nyyi 1

yr^y aity yr^ ^ 3fR yt^ afyy yyt Tfy t, y&' yr^ ^ ?yi yj^ ^ aRsfteR? yyR ^ yiTeti t, 'y eft yt^ arPtyrêt: yRy ^ ypy ^ yfyf^ yryynj^ t afR y yRy aipqiJa: TR? 7T^ ^ |" yjR yy arf’RtR y? § yj^ fcPtfl eJRyt^ ^ yry appy yRTflfeTyr

3?)3 ^ /77S77T24 '77^ ewwr

1. Tr«i ak if 3TflTtwnr

X

2. TP?i affr if SiflT

j

\ii'Hilfhfiif-^ ^ ffi^in 25

'tt'fO'l 3Tsrf^ '<|vri| ^ ^ Pl*lf'J| cp? '<-1<PCll gT I vscjlgyui waâi ^■Hiya 3?[ vrFTcTT 7P3?J cpT ^ Pl*ll‘'l ^7^ cPJcft sft, c^Rb^ ^ 3tcr?Î sff IWT?I ^ cb?Ht €tcf; t fcR "TT^ TT^tWI (Nationality) f t-ciaoi ^ ^ 7cf?f^

■qf 3Tlcr?Zfcp ^ f f% 71^ aff^ Tpjq c|?r 'R^t it I W ^ ^ ^3Tf^ 71^ it ticpri f I t?2T*T fcfTcj^ TTtHff (Multi-National State) ^til - ■

77357 (f«77 37^7 17773 777737

. ^r®5fl7tdl ^ tTCT—uejD 3tfl4a Tiioinifrico cTr^r îRh-i giyT^ cTcf5 Rhtt) yinti'jf ^ ^cR>tWt tj^ it^ ^ -eiâi I HiRb’Wii ^ f^Rft'T tt^

g^sJrT: W thT^ ‘iTRHT tttt, ?I^ ?T«I5 W cpT PIhI^'I ^3tk 3tici*iM ^ ijajcb yrya ?) (jlRh-i yfej cft^ ^ ÎrFcI^TfcRFft ^ ^ 4t^ ^ f^, ^ ^ 3P7^ cftf ePt 3tt^ yFlt^vJtp3T tjgi TJSJcfJ TT^ttJ 7J1 c!§t IFT ct?l I WR 7TMl^l yfrnr t, TT^ ^ 3T^ tJ^FfTt vjtrfâjf^ 3TTcR7qcf> f l 3T?T: H Cj?! JJIscJIcletl î cfJl

t ■'ti'ôai 9^ ^Tf '»fff^ atic+m-^cb 11”

q’t^MycT) f, TT^twr fRlt^silPlcfi t, tiyi't-q tlyl'tlRlcn f, VHîjdl fn-'^Tt t, TT^HIrcT cni-j^ 9?f f^yfrf ^ ^T^t^cTT STRRPR t, ^ qiRirq t fyRTSt eniqfRqa f%9T ^

t, '(I'^qai tJcB ycnii! cf^t »TrcRT, Ri'a-I rRTT yffcR ^ t, TTtHI^ tjcj7 SFcR'STT t olt Tl’Rf uffcR ^ Rlci'i ^tt ^ ^ I

2.8. tiitiVi (Summary)

YK;9 mRcII^ rfSTT TTFlt cPT ^ TW t fyRT^ ciafT 3TTrfrf^ yttcFT 9?)yil^ 11 91 qgtt'^&yq? ti^qio t tjfr 3pTftt9>r^ cl?! '^RM 9T99T cTajT eTRt ^ ^HK-i-qRcn R19t9 ST7r vJlT 11 9R9 \Jll[fl 59 tJ57 RlRuc ITFI '*tt 5)lt 11 ^ 3T^y7K,"'tly'U RRTyf 57) 576el t, foRTt tj^ TlrTT 5Tt yTTfti t 3T9^ 31d4d cqRjnqtit? srf^rRP)^ ^ cniol TR y<aqi ^ c^Rh-1 gf TtR f&Rtt l^ncioRT ^ 9 it I” 'TKSJ t’55 TSTlt'ti'lO'i t yiqfe RWR ycRK ^TtHJ «ii*it 3tt7 TR5?R 5tt -^qcn 9RT îdi 11 3T9: ?Ty9 ’^^^9 ^ Rt59R ^ 1^ 3T^?TRR 591^ yon 59 qqiri 5Rrn 11 ^Ty5 59 tJ5Rra ^t?9 y|yinifa57 SJ5W 5)t ^-SIlftcT <Rt lyj -IMiRcitI' 57t ■?Rei5 sty 3T5R^ 55T5 5R9T 11

3R9Ftt ltdt 11 ?#

(Exercise Questions)

1. ?T55 fSRT c7^ t? qRmtll TRlTTiy |

2. 7T5q ^ ctc5t 59 ic!?iy 5^9 cnlRiu' |

3. 9159 3ft9 -tHHM ^ 3t?R 99^ 57tf^ I •

4. 9T59 3fR 9TT9R 55t 5^9791 9Tft9 9TW?^ I

5. 91f9 afR 9T^ ^ 3TfR 99^^ cfftl^ |

. □□□

. !•

26}. fi'niircifiit^ ^ r».sin\

% ■Rt^SItT

(Theory of Origin of State)

(Lessoii'Structure)

3.1. (Objectives)

3.2. (Introduction)

3.3. ^ arnlfl (Origin of State)

3.4. TFJq ^ ^ 5H(Ri ^ r«.sin (The Divine Origin Theory)

3.5. ^ ftrsra (The Social Contract Theory)

3.6. ^ ^ ViHki (The. Force Theory)

3.7. rngtHTiirH'h ftrSTcl (The Patriarchal Theory)

3.8. fFiSm (The Matriarchal Theory)

3.9. 3T2M rqcM«q|.{l (The Historical or Evolutionary Theory)

3.10. TR7 ^ dcvFTi ^ *<iq4qi^1 r^îa ( Mark’s Theory of Origin of State)

3.11. (Summary)• ar^rra-Tl^ (Exercise Questions)

\

3.1. (Objectives)

fTT 3TSZrro 3TN TFHI cl^f ^ f^îa'l ^ 31HRPT I• '\|\ry ^ ^ cP^ I

• >FR?M vdc^f^ R-icgid) 3>T 3TS2I^ I

• TPTSM WlX^l trg .fqyoH |

• tjcf 'iiqeiTtic’iqj Ritgiril ^ |

• fcl<t>l'Hdl<<l Rt^gial ^ 31?ZflET I

3.2. trfT^ni (Introduction)

irgRj ^ ^ fofsn^ nrjft 11 3tt^ ^ ^jRtr cpf^^ 31)7 f&«pre «l?l 'Jll'icnixl cP7% ^ yqrq?Tlpl TFT ^ I ^Tfl 31^^ cR^3Tf ^ TI^cPT 3)wiSv> fTFWJ^ TefT^ 11 TFTT^TfrT: fcPTft cJTg <}?[ vschIt! ^ ^ ^fclgixi H*iiRicn yiHcPl’^ TTTTT ^ I ciRbî TPHf cjft ^ if gfaeixt ^ ^Tff w^tiRw uiMcpixl \iHeiaJ 'T^^ tn^ ^] ni'fx T), uRR^yfrlqT 3iiRi*i »iôg'l ^ TT^Sf^T xiofilRiqj âii tft

TF^ ^ drvft ^ /«<s/C7 g3TT sfk ^ Rh'<ii ycfii'^ vi'io'i ^ ct®^ ^

?ft RlciSJi^-fc ^ 3i^'fii'<, 'Î'Ji'ilfo'î tIcHi \J^ cjft MRf^«ylr|4)l fclqit glagm ^ ef^ cPH STSTcTT feic^gci viiiiri I gfcigm f&’T^ ^ vjiicli cj^ ‘Peg'll ^ f I’

■=Tt7 , 3.3. TP^ -s^Mph (Origin of State)

3T£^m'l ^ ^ ^ f 'W*iici ^ ^ 'timiRncp jrp^ff ^ aft?'d'H^ 3j*)cp a)icj?4(g)ai3Tf ^ tjl^ ^ fuR f^fcRj cpT Pi*ifu| ftfJtJT

T «P^5?sII 11 ^3^ ^ ■JJ? ■?TN> t 1% ^ ^jRT

^ ^3TT ^ I clfcb'i ^ vschRi ^ ^ ctiqcl §a'll oTR

#3T Wf?l ^ # I If? iff aiiq?<4cp t feS ^ 1TFT cf5T <ig>;i4 ^ 3TKZR^ 3fR

7TRI ^ ^chItI ^ W£T ^ yM-i'iRl?ll'«< arraM ^ ^ Sjfrl^lcH feiRT t,'3'^ I 7T^ 3?f \3r^Fn ^ ^T«R ^ ^RT^fffrTWT^ % ^ Pi*^RiR9a !%«gtrff ^ ^raf^t-

I1. ^ vdc^tTi giT Ri.si'i (The Divine Origin Theory)

2. ?t1^ RicSid (The Force Theory)

3. Rq'jciw Ri<gia (The Patriarchal Theory)

4. diq*^cicp Ri«sid (The Matriarchal Theory)

5. TTRlf^ra? ar^^ Rligid (The Social Contract Theory)6. ^fîRicp fclcpi<icii(il Ri.si'a (The Historical or Evolutionary Theory)

7. *iicr<|qi4'i Ri,gi'd (Marks’s Theory)31T^ ^ Ri-Si'dl ^ ^ dRlcn RI-wik ^ feInK 35^ | aTOTR 7 ^

’9T? Ri<sicil ITT fcRTjT Tfjjj f [ aiezira e a^ 9 wnfuTcp ar^ti Rt-jiid aff? f&grr^rar^t Ri^lfl w Ri^-ad ^ I

3.4. TP?I •atvPn W Risgifl (The Divine Origin Theory)

■<1^ 7[?r ^ctld Ri^ld ^ ’WTTr YFSJ ^ vJd^Ri ^ TT^ ^1 ^Rsf^ ^-(I'li Ri^sid ^ 'idtfri ^ Ri«£ia § I <)ccl ^ ?T«?1 ■*ii'iql<j §lagm ^ trep 3T^ ^sqy <t?I

TTr^tar TRiTT ^fTrTT STT cT8TT ^fRtPR r ?Ti Ricgid cPT arfimra ti? 11^TF?g tPT RTHfui ^ ^ f^RT, Hr^d ^ ?ft f | 5n#=T cpTc? tpf cf>T v^^cR

TTifl ^ IR Plilû 2TT afl7 c#Ti ^ If? 3TR tSTTcfl sfl 1^ ^ 3N^ Tfift 7mTT3Tf •Mi’a'id £Rf if Ricgid ^ tfn? fjfl^ f I c!?f

’^TRaff rf TRTT ^ ^ afR cRRT 3frf^ HFff ^ Î'qlRld 1%7fT 11 ^ ■*ra ^ ?TRTStuidii ?ri? ^ TOR f^Rn TOT 11 fvfWT afsf t-’f^ g?r ^ ^ 3f8ff?T

'dftHsmKd ^ ’fl RRT cR) ^ tttR TOT ^ I vi-dcp ûTrivcS ^ 3RT TOT ^ RvTT ^ v3R%

i.vedi

^?cR cT)T ?T2J I TRTR ^ TPft

\

TO, TOR, t^. arRH ani^ M am ^ ft 11 fTf^ ^f »fr 'tott ^ tott tot t ark.■^RT TOT t TOTT xTit qicicD tt Rfr ^ elf^ TOTTO aTTOTH Ht) chTOT WTl%tJ 1 f^3Tt ^ t) TO^Rrora Rtto Pidl'til TTf^, afR yiiqi'Ti anf^ TT»ft ctRt Tran ^ ^ vadtRi arr^ ^ i tj^ cttf tR 3tto^ ^ «n^ to tot rt tttot t fip'd'^'l'i tRtarr rr ^ ?t[ Ri.sid to f«P7JT t toUcP ^ rto tr) yi^Ricp ^ arsTfcT TO 7TTO *Tfszfr TOT7T TO RRuTO R^t STT \ t^TTTt ’I) TOR c[>f vjdtRl

• .Rl<Sld TO TOR TOiafR f^TO f I TOT?TOITsJ, TTrT RTR TO TORT TO, Tfr^ aTTTOT TOffTO TOTOTt arsfRT ?Rtt TOfff^ t^cT^ TTtTT ^ ailrlRckl 3TR R^ft TOTT Rtt # I Rt TOffT filTOTTR

I■ /

20 x;jT->’/ft7ww< ^ iw.S'f’

55? arv/o. ^ fnîat, ^95^ % Pry>w 5>7nT t 3fh? ^ ^ 'fîyoi ^^0)1 I'

cjiT cOTW TTilR ^3TTI slaem f&?tW^ *iHlc) ^ 57?~f3c|l>5 ^^-^sif 5^ ^ ^757 ajT^ ^ ^ 3^ 3^5^§^ ^ticni 5^ w*iiRia cp^ cfe l^r^ ^cra 3^ ^9cr ^ •=TteScldNI I

ti'lcne'Sl 77277 •d^Heal ?iciif^<4'l ^ 4^«ptfl'i 3fk fc<fl'i 3lTf^ ^rf-'^yKcp aia'ici'i (Reformation) ^ aft vJ^t sft, 7T^ cf?i TJcqfrT Ri<gia 55) 1%^ ylwiei I

rjitgia 3ioi5'<<it ?iai®{l ^ 3TcI ?75> clViT ^R-cittpl 2R ^5^77 ^ 1 îitttpV% Ricgia 3TI27R tR OT%arRtcpi^ grf ^?ira-^7T^ feg cpf^ ^ rf^ <f?[ sfi 1 xjsfir % 3ftrff yw<* “The True Laws of free Monarchy” ^ teraT 277," faTH UTPR rTy^TTcfTT f>rq 2r €t5)7-f5'^jfl ‘P't'll pi<;4lR fcp# waliai'l cpT 'iflarf ^ aiajf ^tciqiq cpx'll ’tr 3Tf77cf ^^75 ^ ^ I' SlOlg^qf ?iai«51 7^ ^ aJjt-yjft aRcTT '^TaT^tfrlcP•m7FT73ft 5?) ^ ?tcfl Tf^, -^Taa 7^ ^ fWfl W ITH ?tcT7 W |

71^ ^ vjcmRi ^ Hiagia ^ arToft^^—?Ta77 'd^^fri cpT Ricgia ariaf TfTfR^ 5T2I: 'jft rfT? ’g^Tf 11 cT877f&, fTt Ri<sia cPT ‘I'll^sliPi'n ''Tfr^T 11 an^Rfcp TJfaft 27?

cp^ f^TJT f f% MitHq cpT^ ^ TTalT ^371 2p^ ^ | ^ aFfcTT 27gr aiStRl^cflTI<R2^ ^ ^ f. 375^ îf^n î t^t 537^7% 577 Ri<g(a ^ ^yfcPT^

fft^-Rqiaif 55t cZJTîZIT xiatnRii^g) gTT^ f I

. 37^27 Rl<si0 ^271^ jtn #7277 f aft 375% 37f^77cG 2^ #9277 ^ 11 WI 2ltt t#t TJ^qf^ ^

f^<^ld T7a77 2^ <7)7 TWsfq 3ft^ yalinRl ÎQÎI <7)7 fcf#fa cp9c77 # I ^3ff, TTaTl 3fRSfcTJNI^t ?t^ #, 3fr7 §+i<PI 55t# cPc<u7 ^*i5t q#t 377777 f&) qyîirH; 3fqq7 ijfclPlitt <l27t a-iiai # I 3ft9 975) 5797 f^l^lR 5>9% q9 27? Ritgid felatgci RTT97R ^7^ q-sai # I <77?Rcf ’^t 2iaq2^ y^lrl 2pf #927^ q#), 3Tft^ aftf&Kp #[ qciiol ^ ^7^ q?2fl # vi-dA fe79^ #, 'aft <19^ 'dlal'i c[>t f \3^ 9tta79 2^ 77f^ 'ddRci 2p9 5t 37k 2571 279^ #92R <7?[ f, 232# #92R 2^ gf?) -ddlÔ <f>9 5t r 371af<Rcf Risili 3ff9 272777275 2f>t 3"lf?f 2^92d^ 27?! yi^fn 5514)1 a779 27275? pft # 3lk 521 <i) iDci2<J'«q 3T«I 972527 2f)t TJrgRi 2pT Riigld f<ie<gci g"? ?t 27277 # I ,

2759777 #, 257t 377257 ifl 2T9lfk?7 # I '3qie'72'lr4, 37T257 ’tf y?ItJl4 9Ta773ff 2f)7 972527 5)f #41 Ndcqirl 2P7 Ri<gid 372)Rl«q797 2t?[ ^ T79 371W7lRd 11 'dl*llfai<t)

?7q9 cpoly 77?R (#5277 # I 3T7^R<n 97a7#tfcf2p fcttI79<75 97a2I 2pt '(^ fj'dl

£7# 37k 972572?# 2pt T^-^9k 9t 3Tdf27

3.5. ttiHirj|<^ HHfilnl "5iT r^cStiTt (The Social Contract Theory)

9Ta27 cfit \32qRT ^ 9ra£7 ^ ydIcHd fclf#£7 Ri<sidl ^ 9T727Tlaf<P 9f2T?M 2p7 k77?7c7 2(275 27^93 97cfTs4t 2^1 972jf2ft1%2p f#r779£7797 59f kf7STc7 <757 f&9fq dgrtl 9?71 972727

2Pc79<f9oq ?97 Rlîld 2I?t 2322# ^ | 2(2p #41 979577 27 ?t2p9 ^TT^tcf RiRd 979577 # I 2f? yi^facp 2(f^

2PT 257^ 27^227) §797 7-4xyi 4 f#># 27# 9727?# ^3771

977277faf2p 9727?# 2^ ylrl4lq<f)l' 17797 Hiiq §#1797 2p7 #1 277777 q'ici ‘iq| #—

1. yi'j)fd<J) 37279577 <7)7 cl^dt,

2. 'Il'lRop 2#tcR <^ gf# ^ 277^ <1)7 <F)7c7 1

-HHiilrl klif# g57 §1r7?T97—9t72TTfaT2p 97275# 2P7 Rlîn 37?2irf OT^# # i dpldi'ld q# 3722I72I-67 A <P?7 27277 t #5 q?k 9fa2I 27ai73ik27#t£I2l<F)t2?f27slill fk9I<t?l c77#l 3'd<t)| #77 cfToft cPlldcl 9fRdl4 ftcft 4t I §97 3T9725T<f5 3fk 2p^q797<p k?7# #1 ^#97 gp<f <759# 2^ #7# 91#1 97(27 sfÎTaft <^ 27797 27# 3ik 972577 Ri^<fa 2p9# cl# 2# g# | 532724) Ml4di <Pt 9<tl<n19 <7)924 sl5lla?l # 27^ 2pf 9T25T7 Rty<ffi 1%2f7 I

Rf^tl 17#f 17577 18251 g# vicylrf <4 #41 Ri<sid <4 #95^ 5jft g#f#5277 539# c4§97 Rlcgid ^ 3759TR 97253 2(2p ^#27 9T957T t 97773

<4 97f#

^ /«^(rt 29

^ ■Jfl î rfi«gifl cFT cpjH g?^ ^ f^tgi ^ ftf! SiiRcpici^ '*TR?T ■'f SMvIcPcn. 3T?[ff^ Sfk ■l-sei'S) 85t [ STTr; eit'ff ^,'*^3 clcj-tOfl (>ij^4cj'?Tl *T3)

3P7gT TT^ ^ fcRIT I pfWl ^ >3^ ^ ^QIQK gg ’TFT FSTT ci^miRcp g^3Tfg?f gF gncft ^tfi ^g^ ^ wf ^ 7<ffg>R g>? fcFn i §'<icp gg^ gignsTf ^ STFft gRrrr g?! ^y«TT 3itg -yiy g?r f^F^grfi ^ i witfii ’TigcfUj yM-iUri ^ yRi«g fcigM 3TcT^g> gg FFFfrt f^ «ife tlifery cTsg 7^ yiiRril ■>% yii*iiRicf)_^FI?ftfr Ri-gia cPT vdc^yi f^wai 11

ui'41-17JFFT fcitjRg’f ’ll Ricgio tpt gfcFugg f«pgT ’nn i yiil^yc;t^ggi g^ Tgraff giF^ ^ 3ltg gff^ ^ fcp grgg gj^ ^ arg^ 1%?fr g?f gfin c^.-jcgH l^gr I -dlRb+c fTRiRg^ g?f ''ff1% ^ g'StgTjl^gg tcFiRcpt % gjt ggrsff grit fptt i

'diwi chi'll ?ji gr4g> gg ■^grat ^ c^jyiai ^ i ^^Bfcrg ^ cgl^rrgf ^Hyy^y yi*isilai 1%gT % gi^ ’ft gtt Flt^ ^ gfgrg’TT afr? f77 yusili^ ^ TT^g gtt'S^Ri I , _

TJ^ ^ arv/n ^

gf?

4*1 "1 Rl'îyyiyi fi iff f73 RiiSici gg '3g^75 I4cnai ^ I 4*1^1 RlQiy«r>'l cpT gi^FT STT1% vji'iai ^ yi'Ji'^Tii atf^ ^tcl 11

g^y'i i ^*isi1ni Ri<sifl ^ ^TF®Jg g’TF'T Rci4 f i *gKe41' ?mi4i{i if 4hii1c^ (Manegold) ^ ?77 Riîid g?l gsFT TTC cgFsgr §4 g^?! sg f4> Fjf^ cRrTT t lurgcft ar^^ TKfTr ^ ’FIT 2IT, .rft TTTtrTT^ sTR c4 3I^77R g?^ ’7R it ggfl ojyai f^Riff .g? afk ggrr gstt ®ft |T

irgn 51? iFT?jt4 gtt ’tn'ji'idi grt ansTTFigR

t, Rl4cicfty ^ ngg gigf4) irg^ wg fir f&?gra gi riW ^

4yga! ?icii64t 4 TTFFT Tjg^tgM 4 fi7 Rt^tct gg t^rgr i i4d^<5t ?i?ir«4t 4 Rti4I, '3F1JJT, gngf airf^ ift 51T Ri«sig gg gf^tgigg fegr ggr 1

-MiHifvjicfi iFT^fffr Ri.gia g>r iTgff4g) gf!g>f$ig?TT izit cran isit ?iai64t 4 wr ^ 1 irit gsir 1 sit ?iai«4 4 ?T^, giT^ gsiT '^Fat sttt ifi- Ri^m gg lcj?iq gan angg? f44gg f«PgT ggr gsir

gftgrfiig ggrgr ggr t 5iftf^ urgrfvjg^ ift?^ Ri<gia wsi cirgi cFIT iFat gg • FTF ail^ ^ ^ Tg;?T f an t i

8hT*1’m 5Twr (1588—1679)—aiFRf ?fefr §<(^''•6 gg gg> fftf qi?lPi«f> sit i ?fe7 4 5'ctu« ^ 1642^. ^ 1649^. gg^ ^ ^ TTFiaT iFi ^ 4i3T 8g 1 ^ c4 qRi'iin'l ^ g? aiFig ^TftâiT 1 5^4 g? 51T Rragf gi g^gr 145 4 îRkiynwt yMo-a g?[ langgr it ^ ?Tff4 laiif^gft ticnoi 11 aig: ftoH 4 1657 4 wggRid argit yRiig 3igg5 4Ri<ji«r (Leviathan) 4 ^THiluig^ yi*i&ll4 ^ Rr^fg gg wfrlMiqi <«yi4 Piycg?i yivud-a TPT 'FFtsR fcb'yi |

g'lsM 7^ tiMiRricn yiHsild Ri«sid .gtt sg^gr Rfg gggg ^ g?i gg ggT^ |:—

grgg ig’rrg-ft^ irgg gg aiKigg grgg igigg ^ titi’T g5i?fT ^ 1 g? gitig’TTg ^ ft igrafl. SFi^r^ gag arf'ggit gi’it grggr 11 iggrg '4 # igrafl t alt? ai^ ^

3i1?ig5 ?ifcki grg q^yn gTfgr 11 ft^ gg gifFT t % Rpott igraf, anttRlg afk ang ^xwi^, ■gigg «it ’TicRT, ’Tg. ■355 gag itni gg ai? g?t g^lrf *i^«i gfrg’ji Rl4qai^ ^ 1 '

yiyRiu arg^sTT—fT^ 4 ggg g4 'schRi '4 ^ g4 Raifrr g4 niyfciqj argian gg Rrgw wygci (S’<11 ^ I yiyfciqj argiag 4 "fcRTgft gg^ yyicnl 417'' ■gicft g^sigg HT’j^ftcft aff 1 ?i(4ri?itc4 Rrigt cgf4ggt ^ 3Tf&gg4 gi it aj 1 ?i14g, atgnar^ afti yg^gr gg gtgrgrgg an 1 mfr'giFF '?g5--^ 4 grst 41 ?i7 artiag t ■gRrg afti ar^Rig, ’gm afti aFum tgr <4t wg ntt an I 44^ afti 7Tl4g gt ^ ggti gg4 4i ir^g iigt t ifgr ant g? argian n?4g5 czjf&g gt ggt «tl4ri 4 irrai ^ gt argiag aSt 1 yiyfd<f> argiag t 'n^ gg yfldd ggggt ,14afg, TgfriTg .g^-ggg ati eTlRrg5 tfgr an 1

yi<hlfig5 aigian 4 gg ggig gg cggmi nigg gmg gi ft ifT an 1 fuferg fi7 aigian 4 aei'l'i tiy-ylci, grgr'gRgfg, iigg Ri*ifvi, qiai<iia ct maigt gg irn. aiift it gtt ntf ftgr an 1

30 >73?7?/35W?g ^ Ri-sin

^ Wl^lcl^b STcIW 4 cf?I ^ T-l'^fcT afl'^ fWf^ ^ ^ 3(^7fW ^ /«>5W

3ik '0? #STT 31TFRRffm c^ ^ ^ ^ 3TcT ^JfHT |H)cici; MiyRicp ^ 3ra <1^^ ^ ^ c3lf^ 1^ TKfT^tf^ ti'llvjl ^ 3it7 3TO^

|3n■—wiylflcp 3Tcrw fgf^T^ sBf% frSTT cRfS-i crf^f^STfcR# ^ ^

11%^nrat^ ^ WCTH

^ arfcHill' arPT^T ^ '7^5 •n*isriai 1<fi^ I froftcfT ■?riTO SJc^vj «jf«ki <Pgfll ^3PR ■fTRTT ^ artÎcPR ^ wjfcifT siaicTT ?i^ ^ ^nr^ ^ am^ ■!fra arf&cfjR afr? 5^ rR? >3^ Rrifr wf! i 5^'■«*isilq c^ '^>ci't<i'<^y ^T’^t cel'll ^ aPT^ arl^îR 17^ wfchl aiSJcTT THTT ^ I fuRP^ ^ vjc^Ri ^ I 6t«« cPT tpgil ^ 1% ^ '<iMa"lai ciifcJriii^ ^ 3TPRT ^ l^<yi afk ?rRT^ RR5i^ ^ ^PhIcici ân 1 5^fTf^ ci? ^ ?rA ^ Ssn ân 'T^ % 1

RIw*T ^ ^ f^RT 'H'isflcl ^ PtRTT ^ 'FT^ t 1% ^ pR<g?T'<l'jia'5iic*l«f> ?TRH SJcRSJT ^ cp-irfT 1 ?lltl«f> M'jyt ?lftffT RPRT afk ^'<icp ^RTT ^ 'Crf^

?TPfR ^ fc|'p<s tci's'ie ^ arf^JcRR ^ aA? f^xTl ’^t ^?fTWtf’K 6l®fl •<l'Jia-PIIC^ti»i5ili^ Ri<sld ^ p*^fcif<aa vdct^<a4l<J f&'StWcTR ^—

1. clan îmcD g?t vdojlri ^ 11

2. ?TRPF> qr wg <i^5AA ^ îiRta) ^ =T#

’HPg ?TRT^ HTg, ^ I3. cKJlfi -WH^dl 'rra cZlfcf^ ■g?| 5^ ^ FtdT 11 f«tRA ?jT ifl ^^ ‘>PT W ajfijtpR ^c<ji^ gRcTT f ?ft '^RRIrTTSIP^ \3^.^f«a

cFR •a‘*dl 11

cpt^ cptfcq 11 ouRki^l' ^ # ^ gRRfT ^ 5rr >M<rai # (

4. yiîa^ 3T=Ran Rbiji IRIT -ti'isilni RTRlf^RB daiT ^PJpfffrTP 1R>R cPT ^ |^ £(Rr rTaJT TPjRtfTI ^Nt Cjft 'ôiqh âjpRT ^ 'Jll'^ ^ I

5. ^HMfyfcP ÊRSM 5RT cfr^ff aPT^ 'TtR 3Tfipc7)R '^wg ?TRR5 ^ ^ fe RI'fylA^ MRuii*i«i’diH ^rH"i gtffT |r 1

arr^ ^ cRpjg ^ f i

^ 1 gr^ TOTT ^ aRynJl

6. ^pjg îi'<^'p ^ f igg ei'iiA ^ gyt arPicPR ^ i 'wtg7. 'd'HsilA ^ ^ 3Tir^ ^TfRcT arj^RFR afh? anT=A ^fpr yr^fricp ^rrn tht rtfi

tJTR 6lR arf&cpR RiW ^ ^ l^tR^t 5Tcf?R ^ cTTTTOc^ fqslg cfR% <FjT arialcpR ^FRcTT I?imv>

8. RFI?it^ ^ tfR’ÎFRcRPT i^cP R[^?r Rrag ?IR|cn CRT ?t?n 11 W RIfITcR? ^ aiicWPHi ag^Tfn ^ 11

^Tww pi«5id ^ îpil^ni

FTRr c^ RfRirfîTR ^ Ri«gia ^ cP^ aTTcAPFTT cA | cRTR^^TRTsfcR f?JtJRcRf gp?T f^«Sld cf5^ aTTeFt^RT^ cf?[ 1 XTcR

>!M'dTllc|l^l ^ gTRl cA g«icn afcni«R< cT^ cRgT f^ cpf^

RjI-wA fHR '<i’5rai5, Iclaciititiia afR tiAs'le ’RT ^ r^fsR fcRflA ^ TTg^ RR P*^lciRaa aTRPft 3TTcfRRT 3?t RTT^fl t-

1. *FMd R^r*TR ^ g«f>nfr l^fpRi—gr^ Arcrtci ^ cp^Pr cfr^ cA wafl,iR^Tcg afA 3Tg^)if[ RRT # I ■'TPra wTTTi Rra?f[ vj-hcA snw TjcRfA f i crAPP if cpqiTi 3ti^ yijRiAi A ?tc?i 61 mA^cpR, RiFTggf^, anf^ ar^cp ’ARTT^ f 1

ff '^•

iirntii^ ^ 31

2. MiyRl<l> SraWT ^ ^ iJl^frlw 3Tcrf8JT ^ ^ y'tga f^tjlcT? 3)rtj|tlcf5 SNFTtT rRTT WW 11 •wj'l'fch gfrlpw ij 5^ i^wiy cjff fflffrl'iJ ST^TSTT ^

-dcTô ^ f^câi 11

3. aifV^ ^ *1^—eTeifi 3>I cTlf^^ ^ 'icin Ftrrr | cfii'lfchyR 'd’ti^ iclîyl ^ 3TraT7 *TH feRJT vHT^? 1^ Miyfn<7) 3?cR8TT cfJT SlfilrT ^«rr8fi, ei-si^ rWT 3nTRTftTcJ5 STT Wf Î? v3CJ'-l ?kn # ycpR ^ Sl’MIÎlfvrlcp ^ 3fR'^TT^nftraicfl ^ ■‘TTcPTT ^ ^TOTI 3?cR8TT î 9T^ WtpR ^ cpfclo'lIRT 'fTvir g?i Tsrmf arfRci ucftcT ^ 11

4. »RI ^ •'TT^ W 3fraR îrRT Tr^-5T®fT ^ ’RT cTSJT W?f f^ ^ ?FHrW^HT ^ 3TT?JR ■'THT 11 EêfT ^ ITF 3Rf^ 3fR 3T^f^ FtcTT # |TPHT g5t ^SJFRT ff cii'ttiRlcp ■RoCf ij ^ftptjVi, flcSHFciHl 3ft? <ii*iiRttcf)rn 31S7^ 'tii'iii^co c[5f■’TTcRT cf)T Icl?!'^ ftW^R ??T ft I ^Pb'l ftlRT ft cIRTT ^ ^fffT c[?[ ft, 3ft? ftft cTRff iR ^ ft, fftpWl ^ ft wtagiRcp ftftRH ■^rftt ftt -ti-Jidl sn 1

71^ ^ 3'ov/n ^ Ihî^

ftte

5. ?IRR w ^nraf^T Tela—gi*ti ft 3Rft Rf<sicr ft fft?^?T 3fR ^ft^yisrrft7IRR cPT ?Rsf^ f^4T,ft I vRTft ?TRfcP c[?[ îfckiq'l tR cjftft Ift^^RT ^fftt eFTRIT ft sfR?TtftfTftf c|ft 3RfrfftcT THT ft I TJ? STRUTT etWa^ ^ fcR^ ft 3ft? ftft Pixcg?! ?rRR5 ^SlRcirC ^ witkiiil' cjft <iici^ ft uTrftt ft IWyW wa^ât

stt? 3iiflRci>it cprft ft ftIftR Siicilacpl' cf5T Cleg'll ft .ft?n ?FHI cfRcTT ft I ^tl'O ^f^RT ?T^ ^ •’Mcfcil ft, ftft ?I^ efft

cDcD(j^|u|cf>l^| 57nHJ ^ <P?T uTT 'Hcpai I f?T FRPR ftfs^T ft yiel'rt ?FSJ f&?IR c|5T fft^fT Rnticni ?Rsf^ Fftt f^4)i ^ ficpai 1

7. xi'J-a cRTT xixqjix ft 3IW? WRRT—BT^ ^ ^Hifyicn ^ Ri<sia 3?f TRlft cTff. ^ ?r? ft fft> ftlRT ft 3Frft ?FTBftft ft 7m rTSIT ^RTR ft gftft sftR Fftt ^THT ft 3tt??l«j) ^ 'HFRTahF) ft Frftftr Rb<j| ft I fêftftt ifn wgîi ft, *?T^ 3ft? ?RcPR ft 3TrR ^ *TRFTT ^ viXiciTl ?1Tft Tit ft 1

6. ÎcRT ?T^ ^ fftaix Tola—5T«?T ^ ST^TTR 3TT£pn ft ?eTT TRTT3Rltfft ft ?8TT TRTT ?T^ eiciol TT \3 4x'l<TO ftf UTR ft cprft ftt

ftt

eft

3.6. TT^ ^ ^ VrffttT InsSli'a (The Force Theory)

«i(^ fft^RT w arsf-?r3?r ftt ■grftft ^ Tifftr Riîa t? .sIcirtt Tlfftr ft TRR gft ft I yiviiftliaeD ?RTT ftt \3cftft ft fftl? ft fToI 'g^S? '^HT ft 3n?TP ft, Vll'ticft 3ft? TTlfft^ i ?R?Q ftt \JwFn ft ?tRt1-Ri<gin 9>T sftftiTO ÎF ft fft Pl^cft ftf SfTTT '^RT TTT ft^T3it? F?l Tra ft STTsO TTRF T?RT cZIcRTRJ ^ IRIT TT I ??? fft^TcT ^ ftcT ??T cPFRIcT ft fft 'g<5 ft ?T^ ftt ypF 1%T' mr ^jfTcTT ft I yiî ttct ft wiftft îgt^j ft 3frt ?F?r ufiqi FTiftr ^rftt fft ill tn 3ft? cTF ftqoi cpftot'l ft ?TiT ft ftt ft'ifoa an, cf>ftft ft ?m?ai 3mft ft ft xiaft ?iRa?iicil cilfftn ftt 3Tm xixqix gn ftft ft 3ft? nF xixqK ftt yg Ftnr air i

Jtifftn-Ri^m ftt HXHXi—TT’jir ftt vicyirT ft ?ifcki-fft«sia ftt mx’hxi ^gcT g?Tftt ft I ftftf ff TTT ft fft ftrrg? xiym ft fticTT T? Tfifftn ftt tt cm vs^tft ft? ftt smi ?TuTr gnr

3ft? gxift nVaiq tftjRI yRT ftt I iirfttT FRcT ft SfRIlft ft ?T^ W 3FT ftt FRIT ft Ifttfcm ft «ra yqftt ?i1ftrr nn wm ^ftrft gq tft ft fft ftft ?iw 3FRTf?tftt ftt ftF f ft, ftt qoiqiifftftftt TT FFF yR ?TTft ft 3ft? ?njft RFTcT ft 3RTnFPcTT ?FPftt ft I Hl?^lr« xicnq^f'i ft ftt ?TmT ft ?iffti-Ri<sin ftt TftRT XM-itlaq? Ri'm ft 3TTfft epT^ ft ftt ?rftt 3n ?ftt ft I 'o^ct ftt

ft fft ?m?l ftt vsdRi

'RmRcI4>' ft 3TKJn ft WcT FtFT ft fft ^ fft^Rftf cPT cFf ftffT ftt ajT ftt F^fft<Slc1 ftt fftftl F fftftt ?iy ft ?fttcPR cfRcTT 2F I ', ft Tm’ TRf ?l?ftft^?T

32 <(->nt/owM cf> feSTff

fetichC1IM

1. ^ ^ «<'jli etiir>n^|

\

2. TP?I ^ fw ^ ^'i(«Ki-R<«sia frfftn^i3?I'I

t

^ Af^/a ; 33

^

■'itfcrft^ ^ ‘iff ?Tf f^^TrT ^ ■<-r»?R l%zrT 11 ITKI ^ mR'J||^1 eRTRf^? ^Wl ogyi^ | viqieyJTTsf, f^Flt^ 'tiKl*! ^ feRar 3TT," tI ^^ 3Rf^ t ■^MT aft? ar^RJira’ ^ f?cr?-(lrg^ ?rRf î ^ t Tjft 3t?cpi? arcyi^R,

uxn-o’Mc aft? cffiT SKI ar^T^ i?? <15?^ ^ wyc^Ûci ^ ^ i' an^Ri«ni <pTe?A âf^^rl cii?fp|ch ^ 5^ Rl«SI^ ^ mRihI'S'I [chill ^ I ^-wcp iJcT ^

^ 11 '3'^'«iq| ait? ^TcTlft^ ^ ^ <^>is|ch1 âftfcir^ Ri<S r^k; f I ?4iri? ci(f^ciiR<il ^ cqfchn ■Ruci^cj ff 05'<i^ ^ IRT f%^gT?T cpT anWT fcRIT 8TT | ai'<iuic{5aiciiisl (Anarchist) iff ^ m7lf&cR «t??

cJiT Hcftch f I HicKfcncfl ?r^ cpt ?ffW aft? '^Î'-Hfii cpT ^?TT ?rRH 'fi*iarl f, ftRTc^ gt?T

iSrMitfR ^ ?TraRf c^ Rram ?7%?t cRf ^ 13?^ atw aft? Pi-U'ûi -aiRTt? ??:^ f 1 aft? «i46i4T t?r4^ c^<5fchl 6j?r OTtR 9ft ^^Richo y?f?TT ci?f t aft? ?n?H c^ ^fcTicTR ^

a(Tci?'Ucf) acq HRT ^ I c^ a(^<Ml?, ^xfitcp ^RRRfra ■vqfifl ct? ^ 'jft 9ftSWI 99 9M cRT ?rcfnTT 11” ^ 3T^?TT?-'?Ff&TT 'iiqT'cq ?t?9 t aft? 9^)9 ?I#f t, ??r99Rr^hr ^ c^ ?T?T ^ ^ TtcRcTT t r 5?fffcFff aft? ^ 9199 c^ ?rf&^-Rttîd cpt citiciîR^)

?^9 rSqi I vJHci) f&?JT? ^ ?T9q a'qfct c^ 9cJ yql'l 3frT?f‘^t9 ^ ??? r^cgia 99 Mien fctRTT [

Vlf^-fti<6ld ^ aTTcfttFTT—§?T^ 9ftf ?f^ 9^ ^ fcf? ?lf^-Ri.si<1 ^ 9?rII 99 cf99ft 3f?T % I ?T99 gff arMfrl aft? M'llrl ^ ?i|ctrT ^ 3999 ’99 fcRfT ^ | ?f99 cpt 3T9^ aHclR9i^ ^ «nfc) ait? ■gc99?89 999^ ?F^ c^ ^nff-cpift ?rf&cT 99 uqVl 9)79T aiiQ?qcp ^ vjiiai ^ I §'<fl ^199?, 9f^ ?T9g v39R 99ft epf^ 91?^ 399999 ^tcTT # | rR ift \3^ ?ff^ 99 3TT9T9 ^9T

^ I ?TT^ c^ 3T9T9 ^ 9ff^ iff

ff ?9Taf-?IT99 C^ f$9? 9ft chRai f, 9F ^Ria 11" ?t99^99

^ aiRciw c^ 1^ ?i|chn cpt 3Tr9^ 3tT9?99f ogciqi ^ I atoiygql yic1l«fl ^?F39?T9q 95t ac^fri

?T99 9ft acql^ ^ ?ff^ Ri.sid ^c^ 5«1«t9 9ft Iqqdlq?T99

^999 an I ?T^tzr aft??mTP9

?T99 vjfUcId 9^ ?5 ?999TT I

efanf^, 3Tf^Rf9> ^ ^ ?T99 c^ vtonfri 99 Vilcta-R^>ein f^tTcgci fnm mn 11 n? ?T99 9^t arqlri ^t ?iickl 99 ift aff^T 9^ g9aj afT, ^f&R ?r9?7 nft ^Rifrl 99 ^

tRfnra 999^9 9^ 9HT 99 Rcncii | ?T99 9?t cidjRS *f Sfif aft? ?9Jpftfct9> ^tcHT ^ clriff 99 ift RnTfann ?Tai ?Ft an i ??f Ri^m ^ 9>^ a^cR f i ??[ Riigin ^ ?nfan9 ?if^ 9>t anr^ î ^ 99^ aiiq^J nm ^ 'I aft? 'jft ifmj 99T9 ch?^ 'f i n? Ricgia '^qo*i ?9?o9 99

aftfqcn 1^15 9i?nT tnftcT Ftnr 11 ??t^ 3ig?n? ?r99 c^cTcT ?9rftt-^995 99 99^-0999? nr^ ??criiai % I 9ff -dril 9ft?fr ^ ^ | 3TT^fft9’ ^ ft fftn^TcT fftccgcf aT^9^9cT f 1 a99f 9)t «rit 39979999 7111% t aft? %'MK ft 7Ttf% dftt ?anfft9 ?t 'dcTo) t yiqfch ?T99 3f9ft MHwRch RlqiqT 9ft 'Qcisiift c^ fcR TTlftrT 99 99%! lalc^cl c9PT

9T99 99 anan? ttRtt n#, t-?i[^-Ri<sio c^ ?i9ift %k#f atMltni f«rf%7r 3997f9T^f fftwi?9> ^ tf9 ■rff9 ft 9ft ft ait? 9iFr ft ffti, "TTcRf 99 3997? Tffftn 9ftt. $xWT ft I' 13?lft tcf-yi ft, ‘Rj|q c^ fftRT Tflftn 397799^ fftft^ ftt fttep ftt ?T9Kft ft 9?^ '^99 eft ?TTa7 ^îRan fttft 9? Tlfft^ ft ?a,||Rlcci 39 99?9 ft I" TTfftrf-Rflgm eft ?maf9ft 99 9? 9c7 fftj cjidOl ?T99 anftTTf 99 MIcHH cft9c7 v3?7cftt 9'1'icwyl TfrfT eft 99 ^ ftt 97?%) ft, '9cTcT ft [ 9?^: eftn ?T99 eft 39ft?ff 99 91979 eft 5?ffc9^ 97?ft ft 99fl% ft ?TRJ 9ff99 eft RftJ 3TT97995 ft I

M-Sdl

%teR ft fft7

ft

3.7. fH^'H-nicHch f^^ld (The Patriarchal Theory)

??f RttS'9 ftt 3t^?TR ?I99 9ft 9fft9T? 99 tftefTRfef 999 997 ft 1 RfTfft fft5 fft?9 9ft 9?^ fttdt ft I Mpqi? ft 7(95 c9fftfr, a?7etft 9fftt cfan 99cft 9# fttft ft i mRok 99 (jRaMi fftnr fttm ft aft? hRmi? eft ?Tift ?T9?9t 9? 53?799 aTia)95R nan ffttRm fttni ft i nfftn ft 9R9N an, mRctr eft

34 c-Jitttowtfl ^ ftiîn

[clcni^ ^ vJlTi% 3)R-arq ^ 3Tnft I WR ^ yiiiri aft^ ^H^RJ ^rJT ^ «ReTTcI 3?niT |q>|tMICl'! ^^ fel’dl %, RF^ IRP ■>JF^, ^ ^TSTH mR^R, '^RTH3^ 1^ aicT Tf TR5 ■'FTmi^tb ?fR ^ f^Rfw 3?RTR 'T? §3TT ^ I"

' fMq^TiirHcii ■ft^^gRT ^ 1q<»ii^

fi^q’flriic*i«f> Ri«sia TRR ^T^RT Ri<sm % | Mi-Jl'-i FSJT ^ sRiei'ti F^TcPTRI-KIR T<??R3 r*1<7ioi 11 ttRcTR ^ RR SR 3fR ^Rciiy n?TH^ f?J?TT ^ 3Rft1^ 3Tf&^PR !?rR sJ I ^^TRT ■?RTRT ’^t, c^df^lcll cPT hR^K >77RwiRr fJr sn i '>?f cnfr^ jrtt# ^ ^rcr stt, fîA xr? q|^ nsiH tTPrr^lai ^ I an^Picp ^RR ?RT 5^ Ri<sm ^ RIRT ^RT ^ | ^ ^

4^, 1^P'<)<; %. “Ancient law and Early History of Institutions” RW 5^^ ^Rifl'd ^ ftj t, 5rRpR5 RJf ?t?TT Rt ef% a5) RRTR31^tRn ^ t^FT 11 mRcjI'I ^ JTR ^ ‘gcT RTcTT 11 ^ '^fR ^ RTI^ RT RrH FtcTT ^ I RlfcRlcR jfR TER Ri f^mW «fRR t r

rM*j«TiifH«ti mRcik ^

lyq-tiTiic^lcp Rltgici cl?f fcRtRTR yRR

1. Rq'î-nir»icr> RT IcIc^Ria ^ t. ' ,

2. VIRildthlcH tuivji g?[ ^cpl^ ciiRhri R FRR nRaiy STT,

3. >3^ fciciie c[5t asTT ut(fcia sfl 3fk ^ ^Ra<4i FtcH SJT,

4. rRRR ciRlI^'ia ^ f I mRcik ^ ^RR «I?[ ''J^ ^ M^qiq

Rfr ct^tT cjiRtr «rl fa urt ^ ^ 11

PlqtiTiir^^p IRt^TcT ^3TTcfl^RR ct?f RTTcfr f-

1, i^q>H'dlrHch Rl<Sld R>T RFT ZiF t fcR R? aiR R?f 3TRc1 '^RR SJKRT ^RfcT <}R?TT t, dJjfi Uiyl^fî dTRiRrtcn yif^R ZR uI'kR f^, FcRT TR?T ^ an 1 Riciji)I5’«: ?T^ 'Rqyixiirdcr Ritgia RR a?f vdiMlti z^ RTcTcR Ri'^'ia j^zRRT yyqd ZJRFT ^ I 3Tl1^ fR

^ tiyd 9JTI fyld^ ifl ZfRp^ RRKjT Z^ RsIZT ^ ?ftzj ftj RF '3^1^ dfSid Z[?f

31^ yi'cnci ZfRFT t r2. Rl'q'HTlIrHch Rt<sici ZItT ffcTFRl ^ 5IRRr R^ Riciai I ^RcIRTR *ii4n. 3Trf^

eR3Zf^ ^ 3R^ 3RZRR ^ Riancii § 3Tc?l^ ^ ^RT ^^1^ RTfRR R^ an RltWTR RFT ^ I FR <d<a'Til RR tPFRT ^ 1% RfRRT R?f tTRp^Ri FRR^ ft^RrTTcRZfj df^RR R eWt RrqRRRRW R^cfR I

' 3. 3TTRffRR4 RR cpen t f?P RlqyiTiic*i«n Rt<sia ^ nRîyl vscmRi ZTRRT RR f | ZJF

R^ RRt1% RtT RJRRT

4. RlqdriirMcp Ri<slq RRafzffi ^ RRrR R^ RRTR Z^ RR^ uRRlcp §cf>l4 RIRT ^ ^Rbd Stldldch)' RR cbdHl t RRTZjf Rft RR^ OT?pR? FRR^ 17^ i^xvIcK t R df^RR I <«4)d7 ^

cRlt R^ ■'dd^frt RRt ^ ^ RTT^ ^ <g^ R)T 3ff? SIR ^ Rf^RR R?[ Rdjfrl I

ft^RRTRRRj RlifilR RR RF^—RFIPl f^ffRRTcRR’ Ri<gtn ^ tjiRtZfF fcifF <pPio'l f RRlft RF f^=dlc1 RFxRfyt ^ t afR RRR Z^ fcfZFRI RRT ^ FRRR trzp STTRR fcT rRR ^ ^

RtRRTR TFT ^! Rj^RR R^ dJdifylRi cRRfRT RR ff^RT^ aJIRR RPR RR 'RZTkR f, RRH% 3TT5R MIdd, 3Tf?IRPT 3^7 f^TRRR R?f Rff^RT RTfcpcT 'RR^ RF^ ^Rcily ^ ^ #^3FT 11

■RRTRf €1 RRR RR ^ tdTZR | ^WfR? % RZiR Z^ F^ f&ZFR? jfTR Zpf F^^RTR^ Z^ cZifitiR'! RtI RZf> ZfRfcT

f-

q—f&qZRRRTZp Rngra R^ Pl*dfrtRaa 3TTRT^ zr

Rfi RRcR

^ fT 35

^ urifh ^ UitSiia3.8. fôsm (The Matriarchal Theory)

Rlq'<iTiic»id5 f^^ln ^ ’fff^ ‘iiq’îTiir'icp ^ ^ 'fl ^ ^^Rcik W fclwRici WT% 1 ^ ^ W‘4ct>5' 1: ^JR^np '^Rmn

*TT^-HWM ^3TT cPT^ ®) I ÎT^-ytTH nRqi'il ^ sR'^liH'rq'CTH ^ ^ yrMpo ^ I 5^ Rl^M ^’fT'^RTT t % yK'R^r- ■?HF3I WT ^ ^ mRqiR<^) >Jllcil W ^ ^TFTT vIT^ aJT 3ft^ ttTcTT ^ ^

^ ^ciaf an I 4‘rc^^'i (Mcleman), npfn (Moragan), (Jenks) anf^ RgMRi<sia ^ 57n?f fwafcp ^ ^ I

*im'MTii«^<» Ri<gm ^ f^^t^cTT^—nT^>FrTnrnn5 Ri^gia

■=ite

■nHcRT

t--1. ^ RlqiRl^j) SqiRen

2. mRcik ^ mm ,<ft ^tarm ymn ^ an,3. ^ mm ^ mn ^ an,4. wRi î Rcwt m ^ vjmTTf&niR mm mrm an i*iiq'tiTiir*i^ Ri<sia ^ ancfrsRT—Ri<siVf ^ Ri^-ileiRaa 3Tian^ n^ anrntmn n5t mr^

t-1. Ri=sia n?! mf^ m^rnmcnm Rnsm ar^f^mRrm i ^

5tm nnnT n^ Rcim nNRrm, nRnR a) i2. Riq'dnic*i<p Riîa n?r ?R? n? RngtcT ’fl nRnr^ ^mRi mt mrcnm

vJc^hRi cf^ m#r mRsm i3. anmfîmf mr m?m ^ fcisii nft ^ 5m Ritgin mr ezmFrRm

% i Tn^ i^Rqiy c?^ snm^ mmR Rin'i Icpnr mn f 3^R nRnR mtmmfuTm yfimr ^ ?nn^ nmn mm ^ fcicpra am an vdc^<a f<fmT mn % 1 nannRi<sici5mfn a^ R^lq n^m 11

Hiq-fiTiirîm Rl<sict mi *i6Tq—RlqtiTiirMcft Rl<Slci mTR Rl«id n? 'flrqni araan f^miH # mR^kI mm mm? mnmi aft rnmnn nsrTmjpi aVian ^ 1 fm cTan aft SR^tann n# t^m an rnamr % ^ nRar^ ^ mm arm f^mr afRam ^ ana ^tgarat an f&anm gan afR nft a# mgarRim attn nRaR ^sff mm nr^nfa attn fcfanm an anw? a^ \

t ciR’'i mm

^cblui ^ ^ # mam mmfif^ 13sum aft ^MgTM

3.9. ^trtgiRjeh 3TSraT iqchitictiq) IwcSiVi (Historical or Evolutionary Theory)

mm ^ v^cmRi ^ ataa ^ Ri<gid, ?il<ki Ri^m, m^mmcnm, mnri^ra>dMsilc^ an Ri<sid, anf^ Rngm nwRnr nt f 1 ^RhM ^ f^P# '»fr Ri<sid aft y-41«K f^mr an mpm [ aaff^ ^ mfl Ri<sid ananRra> mnm nm an^ 11 ^ Rt^tct, aif^ Rngm mn ddsildi RH«sid §M mm aft nm mmr Rmlm ^fwr mm mn 11 maf^ ft^^Rncmp mn Miq-dTiirMcp. Rt^TcT ^RT mm aft nRaR an Rwr mm nm ^ 1 fSfg amsj mm n ?ft mna Rtf^ m?mT t afr? n ^ mft nRaR an f^miR mat mm an mamr 11 ma4 ff npf^ an a’snr ycftn ?tm ^ f%, *mm n âan aft n aF v3^ aflR ^ an^rRa) aar an nRmn t, n amna m mn?M ^ ^rfct t a?R a €t aRam an Rr^ am t i a? nt ?pRfa> fânm ^ TjcR ^frifiRtm aRen # 1'

36 ilil-llfhWM ^ Riîn

RliSia ^ «2Tr©n—clsIT [cjcrmqi^l f^f^TcT ^ 3T^7TR 71^ ^ f^TfR fpf^^ <l^ ^ <Jfv/o ^ /Wîrt TRn $ 1 gA?ii [citi^nM ^ t f^Fr«PT f^r^ fcra^RT

?T?tt ^ ^ I rO<*>T«i5 ^ <jfcw'i'J| cpT g'? f^rai ^ f&), \ivt4) ^^ STTOT? ’T? ân # I 5'!i«pi sfriem 'hrw cct wt rfsn artncr farr 11"

eel'll w <^’5'iT ^ f^, '•<i'K4 *iHc) fcfcprf? ^ f^RcR fcicpRT 11 f^fficpr 5n^ airiicf ar^ aft^ fci>^d arf^wjcrn 5'l<r>’< ♦i^wj't ^ ^ '?c! ■\ii4*il*i fi'io'i ^ 3Tt7 R|cf>m §aTT

trÎF ^ ’TPTT cpRii cR afT? 3Tf^w ^ aTFIT I^ Hf^«g TT8jr qjciK (Smmemer and keller) ^ 37^T^ (The

science of society) ^ f^<ai ^ f^, ^ TFjJI TWI 'd«i'A tJF^ f4<i(i4 ^cf)^ yc^K atTWI t JIcPR ^JF cpgî ^ f?R cf>«l ^f^cf) Pi<j»i 7JT ■J’l'jM «T^ TJT cM

^cfT ân ^ yqcf) ^ rTT^ ^ ft'Pi'tl 4 'ttei<t<75 ctc^—TT^ ^ Rcpi TTfenarf 3?r •ifrf^ ttjjt ’fr ar^ aikqkksjf^ ^ -ttycifl IcTcRRT W ylay5(?i t r

^ ftJcpRt ^ clc?fr .'^ *i5Tx(i^yI ^Plchl Pl'HI^ t. '^3^ PimI^Rsci f- 1. ^ WrrfyRj y<}^frl—TFSI ^ t[ci Ricnm Tj zfrT ^ crrai cTf^ î^mj

^ 'rti‘Jjfyi=pn) ^ ’Tg'i] aiajcT Ij^fri §) 'iO*i)ci ^ ^ ypft $)c!i!^lPich arrr^ ^ t czif^ trm ^ tfht aisrar 1vi^ trkst cA anîeticpai # TT ^ cRfffip gF arr^ arRî^ti^^cftT^ttiT 'km r iff arkf TnsJf

^ I ftt îcpR ^ 'iHHM 3iaTgT arg ^ tttsj tf^ gff 'ioi*iilcicn^ timiRjicf) gflcPT ftcTFf f^ ^kfT sJk-îk 'Simifiicn '41^1 ^ vnficiai^

afk vSctT^T ^ cnfl I hR''i;*1'«j'W4 tjgj TRerr arargr ’w'mo'I g?r 3(ig?<ja)fli vjTT^ uft F^ 'M'lvoiaff afk vjifSciaiaff «bt trttsift gR i ^ ^ TRreg ^ wr ^ 'Wi'*iiRlg>

^ 7T^ g^ Rig^'l'd ^3TTI

arîig g^t

2. TW Tfgsi—iggg girf^ ^ gkf^fcp g^Tet ^ rf tpts^ gR^ ^ Tg^ ^ arggr Ri?l^ gPi i ^gpr Tfgsr ^ ftR gtdY^, ^rkp aik grg ^ Tfgg gn gp^r ârr i TR ^ fci<ai f 1%, ‘^Ttfraf gT IJt^HiaH FfcTFTTT gff an^Pigi ^kff g? fn«t>4 pcncidl1TT^ gff ggj^ ^ «ng^ grerr gkfiTgi gspr Tga '^ffw gr i' kr:Tr^ Tgr Trgg tjgicrr arggr wgrfvrgj §g>i4 ^ PRkr gn yr^PTcPT tr 11 ^cpi^q-j cpfi t fS^, kgrt Tfgsi tthm g^ gRt ^ t r iJkiT ^ frf^ ggpT gfkrR TFk aikcicg ■# ant 3?sjgT in^ otr uRcik sg, tr?^ cg^t

arsjgr cP^fk gF ggr trt krftgri g>g tpfeg ^ i PPg fti cTct g^ aTT4fg>R fcRn gn -Hcbdi Tg^ kgsr gr TRg TT^grn g^ gg^n ^ grg^ î gFrg’jk gfggR ^ 11

cRTtR atsfRciT alk ggRT igg ggrr fg gfrgt. k> Ti*^ k. *7gcT Tfgg ^ ^Trgpfff^g? gffgg ^ arf^grzf § (”

3. Epf—grgg ^ 'jîra ?tstt f&ggrr î gg?! gfgg gff ifrf^ yif w iff gkrgpr tft igkPlgj ggirgr gggr ctsjt spf ^ wP'o gkrer sn i ?tt graV ^ fôjrgRT ^ lci<ai ^ f^, "gkH ^ ggrT grgg ^ snf gg gpg sjt r ‘IRici arg^grR, "gg^ gfgg alk sgf gg? ^ gg^ ^ gt gpg ^ alk gpjF ^ gi’oi gg <Pcf^ gff ^qiyfa gra sfi i” gr^k ggggf ^ gkgjg sk ggn ân cpg^ ^ I urtfcn ^cf arsjgr gkf^ gpT arm gg^ tk §an gjgcn ?n i gff kk gg^r gfgg ^ an^ng gg gngrftpp ^ sf, ^Rfgfr âgiTRi M<glci alk ^gR k gg^ Fkr ^ i ?gi gg^ gg^ gfgsi kra

alk gyg g^ gpR kgiT, sk ^ >3^ •^'j«ai pgR gfi i sfk-sfk sk g^kf ki oiaFig gff«jqgK ^ «rk î Pnkf gg kgkr fikn grk ?ftt affg

gcpoTyikifcin g>g^ ePTT I ^ ^ gigt gpfg kggf k gng kkR gkiTf^ ^ 'crt i gg^ ^ tk 'ff fciggra g^ gr^ gp^ k cgf^ngl k ark

tN'fl/dWW ^ liiiBin 37

^ ^ Tran 3TT^?ff ^ tneR cr^tt cr f^ i jtrI^ cfira ^ «nf^ atk f^îyl'^ ^ 'T^ 'Jiiai SIT I cfsiT. ^TfTT cj5t amrrarft sitt hm-i aif^cpiîa: aicnsiTarmr^ ^ f^sir ■^jITcit sit !% ?ii'tivi <j>t ?iRn ^ i 571 ttw ^ Rtcispi^’tc % fcrar t, 'mkRi^p -fRR SFT wrrf&cp ^ ^ sir, cTf ■IJ^: ^ SiiR<n Cp^ SI>f cPT fTFrcPJJlFISI § I” ^ \|'j1'i'iRi'^5 Rcnm ^ yi'if^cp ^ 3fr?M cpfS-i ^ srt ^«i4'<ai'^''I a)Jicf>ai ?>T 'TT7T sp^ ^TSpT | ^ ai^?ii<-ii cTSiT ^ 5l% aTT^-’TT^ >drH'^ Sf>^

^ r4. ?Tf^—■?T^ f^cpRT ■# ?lf^ c|?t *ff ’jf^RPT 'ift f I ifejR] 7T^ cpT

3TFSIR 'T^ § I 7T^ ^ R)cr>iji cpT <i\ji*iirricp 'ii*ii\ji if MRcicfif YHfrTJ^ v3HI<j1 ^ 'T^|3n I Tjw iiRcJciH ITTT âiT t r‘ t^cp 3ri -^sipt SR t f% 5^ mre wÎ^SIT I TTT^FT SPTPI if Vl(chl?il<i) cZlfcf^ c^ (jqicpy 3117^ STsfRl cR? ^ 5^ | JT^

TT^T TPScT ?R^ cTF^ ^Tpffcp «PT 'STT^ sf" | vjiedcH ?R^ ^TT^ TFT^ TIW sj ] gKI ■•rd !^li«ltl5llc41 sp4fcft ^ RT^PT cp^lell SR 3TTfsI^ uPTPIT 3ft^ WR TTStJJ Spt wi^R|<pdl cTSIT -d'wâi ^ ■?cR)H TITs^ §3TT I 31^ xivrii'l’ cTSIT ■diyi^ry'l ^ WTspTT <PT cTTRPTfeR> spRTJl ^ ^11 aiTuT ’ft Tpjftt ^ 31SRT aiRdTti ^PTT? ^ ?lRkl Spl 'dgKl ^’TT STgcIT 11

5. 3TT^^ 'iRlRlftiqt—3flf5*1 S(ft 3ITf§fcp ‘llclRlRi<y'l ft ^T^ RitPI'd ftftftr^TST I Hlf51l«f)iei ft ^ 3TTf§fcp 3ITcRÎcPcTT3Tf clft ft fftp? ft 'dgft'i ftt ’TTcRT^fSpiT ^ I ftt 3ticR4i<«cii ftpjpT ftt 3TTcRJIcprfT 11 HFftT ft 3n^ sp^ft 3TSpft3<ias4)cftai cfft cP? ftcTT SIT [ ’I'lvrt'l ftl cic^Ri ft sftft-sftft ftt cnîil fftPSW I ^ftft ft fclcpi-d ft cpT^R pftcFT ft fftRcTT 'drMH ^ cTSIT ft TJSp êiR il? PlciKl <RRIT TTlftl cp? fell 1 5Trft TTfftf ?isir ■=Tnft tpt fftpi^r âir i fftftt ftsifftr ft fftspy^ ft cpttst fftcrr^ vddH-^ ^ ^ i Rioift ft fft^cR ft fcP? ft'io-i ftf aiici?<jcj>ai arîra pnfl 1 ftft ^ ft'io-i ft ^ ft ^tshi spT §3TT I ft ?rftt ^ft, "aTiRtcR fftRft eTITT ft fttfcTsp aiftarraft ftt ftl ^SIT in? ftf ftylri aff? SR cpT ^fSR fftilT TRil ft 3IT???iP rf^ ^ ^ 1“

6. ?TwpfricRj ftadl—7TRI ft IftiPRT ft ft? ftft ?Tft fftftR rlcft ft TTTjffttfcRP ftadl ^nftfslcp P^rSPjyf cTSJI § I Ri^jpi^tc iPI cDpdl § fft, RTSR fftftR ft Tift ?cft ftt cTT?, fft?ft TcR g gft ftftcT t, Tpjftlrfip fta-ll t ft Tiftw cIR 11" TTRfttfrRP ftlR ft 3TRT? ^

ftf snfftr ft fftj -Jii'i-wcpai ft, fftrft ft^ tfr fti tsitsrt ftt grrft ft i y+â: tsi^ ftftsi aftr sift ft apSIR SR TRf&cT s??? ft gfiJ T[ip fftl^WrT sR Iftqm gRR TTR? fftill ft 3TSrftSTTl^ft aTTg^gspcFTafr cTS? gy^ 3TTfP?ft ^ ft TR? ft ftft-ftft ^?ft TTviftfftp ftadl ftt giqdlsjcsjR gft I ftaii TTTftT ft igS5 ftft ft vJcSRT ^ fttft, ftfft? sftft-sffft ^ ftaii SPT IftRTR ^3? afR g? ftcRT TRISjf ft 3RI fttftt ft ftt ^RR ^ Tfftt | Tit. ftfelfft?! ft ?Tftt ft, RlRI ftt Wlf^ CpT aftftftgr spRsp cftftrft ft tt’J^ ft ftrpftftr gspcrr ftt ’ttcrt f i g? grcRT tttsjI^cp cofftirg ft TR ft TfsrfecT FtgR aifftcgcR ?tctt ft r

ft?

3.10. TPTI ^ ^^Pti ^ TITcRt^T^ ■ftr^gTfT (Mark’s Theory of Origin of State)

STT sni' Rgcp g^gsp ft fftcici ft, ftt fft^Tcf *ii<rff ft TRg ftiisJt tftgR ’1848 ft wcpiRia ^ sSt I RTTiggrcft ftWR sr* ggef *il<rt( gsiT ftt ftgipT RSRT ft I sttcfftftt ft H??iq Tt’t 1884 ft S^ftoTI ftt SJcp g^fcp ycpiQia Rjl+icpl ?R "sifftTR, fftftt ftsifft sfR TRg' sg I g? ^rggr grgrt: spift ?TcFft ft arocpifftct g? ansirlftT ft i sjsRtcR Ttftt TTRiaif

TFR ftt \jcqRi ft ftgfstcT gigftgtftl ^fefttsjj gft vniicpiCl fftcfft ft Ift fft

38 ^ /gg73

■^ITT r^qichcniM

1. ■ftngITT ■3?JT %7 §««hi (nRay.!

. 2. TP^ 'acvf^ ^ Hi«»4<ai<sl fVi«5ifl ^PTI’ ^? f^Hay.!

-s •

\

#>■ fhsi'ti 39

■u

TF^ ^ anfv ^ ^ 'ScnIti ^ ^TefST if q>icf*ii<rtf ^ f^Td, 'HHiRji'i’ -^nsflcil Rl<£(ld, afk l^'SIfl f^Rcin? I ^TT^ ^ ^511 t ^ vSChIti fcraro ?RT | c^fcb'l *IT^

gi'ii yfciMiRa 7T^ ^ fclcpifl cf?l 31WW 3fR 7Fj?i ^ ^ fcRpRfcrr^ arcraiw if Hlfci«b3TcRtl

,7T^ ^ ^cMfrl ^ ’« tt4 '^—■^TFR^ ^ cng-ii f fc}? ifRci ?frlfRT ^ UKPlch ^ ifSTTI if cll'i 'Ji'ici'f if ^ 3ft^ ’TlW ^ HfRi fipf? sj | Sjf^-jff^ pfTTf

r^î IFH rRf '5^?)T 5rr^gsTTI ^fl’Tra, 'Wi4i 3ik '5^ cpftif fîRiid g3TTI wifirat if arîf ficff ^ -^sn ^ gan i ^Mcg ^ if iff 'dl^cH'Tl y'lqwil ^ if ^ffcR^ % 7T^ ^ ^yfl^ ^ cf?f <fi|4ct>lR^41 'dRlRl ^ I 3fk vi-Hcf^ 3fg^nfii4f 7T^ cpT ypff -mmIti (DKî ^ g3TT ^ I 'd'jRi vj?^r ^ ’fnsj -dHM, TfrwafR ?ilRa ^ R'fldt cpff if ■>Ttj | «i<;cial g^ 'nRl^lciaTf if WTfrRir^ cfrrf ^ artf^ f|:?ff ^ êrr f^ tthi «pff i

*ii<r4 aigdK ^ sfcieitH ?i1f5a eftij cnf '^ftr^ ^ FfriFra 11 wi41 afr?WffcT afR Ichfiii, Tjjoff’rf^ aft^ 9f!if<}5 cFff ^ wf •dtj'l ^ % i *iicr4 ^ arg^TR

'<it]4 if ?llq<R ^ ^TTSJ ■?FT f | ♦ii«rtl ^ cpe^ll RFJJI ^ ^ 3f1%RcRT 3fRf^ f^ff^ arRTTcTT t cTif^ aiiaRcp afk eOFi ■an4 vRicfft ■d'MRi aft?

?6TT ^ ?t r^ *ii<rtfqif^<4l aig'tiK ?Tvsi ?ft^ cfji f | ?ftw ^ 5RT

?ftf^ cnf ^ <}R% gTeff ^ '3Hq)y«i ^fRf ft | HF §i)Mq> ^ # fftcft ^ ?8TT cfRft cfTeTTarrtiî’P *n?2FT ft i xjufc^r ^ ?i6?t if, ira ft, ftkr cnf gjjR c^f ^

ciRW ft r??f ^fcpR »llcr4 ^ qig'll ft 1% ?T^ ^ dr^^Rl ?ilqcf) cpf ^ ?8n ^ ^ ft I ?T^ ?ilqq5

cpf ^ ?8TT ^ «HT gan ft I f?Tf^ Fra?f cPT ^gdl ft % ?il«u| TTTt2JTi ^ gft ftRT xtilftiJ I . .

41<ai I ?fg? cfPT g|% ^ 'Mi'll ^ aft? 3RI c#rff gff afW ^T?f ^<W'<dl

ft ?frw cfft w ?rra fft^n ft i?FsI

?TtXl'KJ

*ii<r4qiq ?)T ROT—'iiqvlqic: ?jT 'di?ti tjcp 'îvtiRlftli ?WM ^ ?eTTW ft I \5?rft TJcfi ftft ?rTOT=nftf ti'ii'Ji ^ ^5RRfT cift ft fyf?fft ^ ?fr cpft cf)T afRd-M ftRTT aft? ■=! ftt ?T^ ^ I ar^ftf gFcRP ?TTRIcJTftt ft 'iicr4 ft -Mfftcjft ^ qî’fr) eft Rfft RRW?T ft I F?f fPila ^ M^niq'tl4?KI ^ W RTTR ?STTRfF ftftn, ^'Jilqiq ^ gft F?F ftt RK^TT I ?ffW aft? ?ftfftcT ^ ^ ftq>1iq ?f’TM ftfft ft ?r3?I eftf ftl gftft 3i|q?qcpai ^ ?F njII^'H aft? sfR-ftR ?Iu?J gRT ftf RTWI

‘liqft ^ ?TOT ?fft£ft ftftq if ?FHJ ^fftsft ‘iiqftqi^l Rl<sicl eftt g^ FTOTrTTftfft^ yef)K ft-

1. ?T^ TTgi ^-qI'*!IR^ wiylaw ?f?8TT ^ ft I ?ftftft?TTftt ftftft IT?T ai’Tft fftftf cf ?<fTsft ?F?JI ^ ?STT’RTT ^'Jfft I

2. ?r'j4| XJcp q'Hq ?T?STT ft I ?IF g^ftFfrWf 5T?r arfftep efft cpT fftcT 'fftt ^ tiepai I3. ?TOT ?iRki R afRiiRd ftfcTT ft I ?Rft ft, gftftftft epf ?pjq gft ?qTn w JfftftT arqft

?crTSft ^ '3?T cRft eft 4ffi|^ eft fc|?)<d eRft ft |

4. ?TOT TTcf) 3T?STTft ?TRTT ft I ^ffftep epf 3fcTcT: sfftlft ^T?T 3JR5JT ^ ?r^T?n ^ftFT I aft? F?Icft HRuim'M'WM T'lfftftftr ?TSJT ?FHlfcfftft=r TFTFjf el?[ ??IFPTT ftf RTgftt |

*ii<r4qie0 Riegid ^ ?Tft^5rT—?T^ ^ wftft ft ?fftfiftT *iiqftqi41 Ri<gia ^ afft^ Rlgi'i'lgKI 3TT?ft?PTT ^ ^ ft aft? *l|cfftqi4l gfecftfni gft iêfftftf cfSTT êft?f ef^ trjt ft 1 3ITRl?ref>f ^ 3igp| ft 1% ?T^ ^ ?STFRfT ^ ftf eft fftcT eft fftift gft ft aft? ftf ?!? ?lfeffr cfafT fft?Tr^? arrarR^ •d'lop ft i ^ ?r3?r ^ r;rt ftfft eft qiqyj^q ?tot ?f«isft ‘iiqftqi41 sfT?iTT a^RfrfelRi'C FFOT 'i'iaftl ft I ,

îft ?8TT eft fftrft

40 e/'Jni/irww! ^ ft/iS/n

^ -soJ/rt /?757cf3.11. WnVT (Summary)

jrara cPT 11 ^ nschRi ^wi

!îyfa<T> 'FR?!^ ^ 3T«jfcT TTjJI R^sff ?rfcffT-l^^ld ^ eiaini

«f5T STf^lyro DeJcil ^ ar^R’ c^ i 5^ wcpk rcp^^ctt^ ^ ?ftwafr? •j?iyini cPT XJcF TR5I^ f, ftfFIc^ gM vdcMiQ'i ^ 'Fiiy'i'l Pl<n'fli tidgKi cPf ^

3?^RT PT^c^f Pl4c^î PjRKJ f 1 ftlfe?! RlqKcn TTtnft^ 3T^7fR, "TT^ ??[ an^TR ?Tf^ 11” aif^Rcki Rlq-MTiir+iw i^<sici ^ .aT^W7, TRJJ mRcjk cfTT (cl4>f^dW7 TRIT ^ cA *T?fTT 11 ‘SI^Hl'^ gTT cttgll ^ ^3^ •w'lcH ^

-%z% 1% ^ ^1 Pf?! 75^ [tI ^■^FHI cpRW

o

-fimRi aft^ [ti?lqi[ticr)i’<'i cItI ^gn i aicT: ^ vjc’rf^ ?i)qcp ^ ^ 7stt ^ aff?cl? ift^ ^ cf?| ■ijaTT ^ ^ ^ ^3TT # I Micâ: TIvHI ’FRlsft HI4y)dl<fl £ITW 3RRT Mg^Tcl

11

3TWir?T-Î^ (Exercise Questions)

1. ^5) \3rd1% î f^R f^ngTrft cJtI xjtrf ^ f I

2. RRI ^ ^ vschRi ^ f^nglcT fctcRHT coifin' |

3. WRlvIcP '<i*i&ld cR Ri<Slcl PPJT t? ct^lfull,' I

4. RtRj cff) «if^ Ri»sia ^ cpjf^ cplRin; |

5. ■^TRf ^ 'Jt^fri cPT *iicr<-lqi«J1 RlIRl^c ^ t'?’ ferf^ 1

□ □□

^7■j;'7rt3777F^ % fh,sicl 41

37S7RI

% ^JT4 T^ %^g[RT

(Functions and Theory of State)

(Lesson-structure)

4.1. (Objectives)

4.2. (Introduction)

4.3. TFHT % (Important Work of State)

4.4. ^ ifhTR (Limitation of Field of State)

4.5. r<H*in (Liberalist Principle)

4.6. w‘Hi'Jiqi'0 Rh-sih (Socialist Principle)

4.7. TP^ ^ ^ cl*?l fq<»im(Origin and Development Concept of Public Welfare State)

4.8. RTTF^ (Summary)

• (Exercise Questions)■t,

4.1. (Objectives)

^ 3TaiPi arm cpi^ t^ ^ sioppt i• ;^FHi 7^ 3Tra?^PP wqf cj?[ #RT3ff ^ ri^ 1• vJqr^cJIcfl RT<gld) ln^ 31KRR \

• Riisinl 7I7T ■srcztzH |• eiW‘4>e^l'J|cni^l afb? Ricpiti ?jT 3TSZPH i

4.2. (Introduction)

\ ■717735 75? ?trfT t tJTcPfcT «PT RtjfR Rbyfl tpf fcf^ ^ cpoTIFTcfTT^ 'TTtHJ ^-iMiRcn) «|^ c4)i4m 7?T7 >77 ycjM cf?t vfTcft f I TTTTH '1HiR<«) *11-1 Ri^, ’enV^lri'O,'tHIHlRicF, STlflfcp cTTTT 'TKJpfrf^ ftcPTTT ^ t I cTF ?fr^ 7PT 3^

11 ûfrtrfcpff sff? 7^ ôuiîx'lcnycii ^ I 7T?7B,

75^ !j'lrt1l6'1 ^tTT t I RlsHt, 3Tm1%7jft TPHl •eticI'JiRlcn ■gf^TITSTf tbt

^ 3it7 Tof^Tft rfSTT TR^rfcPlf ^ ^ TPT^ cf? PTJTTI V’Xdl7I?f 7657 7^ TITpJR cpiT RwW cpTcTT I f^Tf^TTUcWf 7}?I TStlMdi

THcTFFf- 3TTf^ TpT RrW TPTrIT 11 vicjl'i cMT 7ZrTtrT7 3ft7 7J?1 7STT 7^ TRjRicf TJJcRTTT TpTTrTT 11 3I?f: fTT 7?>^t 4>iul gTTl Rlcnitt TPTrTT ^ I

42 ' /«*/a

^ ^ (J5'4.3. (Important Work of State)

yivrij 3(|cJîJch cMii! ^ ?rf[ cJiTZlf c}5t '’T'ÎHT 'f, \jft ^ ?llf^ 3ft? cJJ^?an

sT^ ^'1^ f I ^ cpRft ^ ^114^)1 Rich ^rff^ 3ff? cZJcJTSn ^ WFHT, 'Jllcj'1 sft?

?r1% ^ ^STT, cni’J;l1 W H<£<JN'1, ^STTfFMt ^ ^ ^ «rWHT, |cl4?il ?f«isft ^ 3ff? 3l4'<iRl<j'l ^ ^ 3TTf& ?llf^C1

§ I 3Tl^«|il?l etocnl ^

‘iRoil '<i\ji41frl^ Srt&cnK'l cPT f^rafxR 3ft? ?f?Sn WT^;

3TTcr?^T5> cf)4«j ?f?fttR ^ ??T2I +4l«t>l? ^ I

^ 3T^?fR ?Rq ^ 3TTcR7J^ cp^cQ Pl*-ifclf^r1 f—1 WI-J.1 sft? 3Jcf?STT ^ oftcR 3fl? ?W^ cftt ^ 3ft? t%?IT ^ ?8TT cP?Tn, 2. ’TfrI 3ft? qr^ff rTÎT

?fcrH 3fr? JTTcTT-Rt?rr ^ t?TTf^ ?f«rat ^ ^P?^, 3. 'Jll<y'3ici ^ 3Tf?IW, 3ft?RlPlHiJ cpT cp?-^( cTSTT 35^ Sft? 3PT?W ^ f^ yllt^qK ^T? 3TT^ c)lel ^ Rll^^ci

cp?^, 4, oyfckml' cf??^? cTT^ 3T^ST ?=raE5t 3TfijcpT^ PiR-â <4’'!'ll, 5. STOfTtjf ci^J hR*ii'î ebb'll sit? 3H4^ ^ PfRîn Vi'S'll, 6. 41 mil'll ’TTHoft ^ •^fT^ 7. 'll*lRv>'l ^ ?n3pWrf7P

cp?^, rfstT 8. «n^ ?lf4fl4|'l’ ?T^ cTcP PlRflO

cp'^HI, wigyl oaO 312JWT ???T8f'TI ^ ?T^ ^ ?eTT wy'li 3ft? 3fcT?f^t7j 4 \J?ra?l ‘isi'ii I^ ?F^ 7^ 3lic|?4l>^ 5PT?if 'JtffT cnffcp?TT| cpf ?<flcpR ichtii c^Rhi 5?rc^ '*yy 3)441

fenjufl fc4<;gi ?ii'fi'i ^ ^ ?ll<i)|il 3TTfSf«p 3ft? ^Rnp SI gel ??T?nj4 f 3ft? p*li^;3;t7? SZTFT c|?t f4?l¥ ??^ ^ 3TTci?<4spcii ^ ?T^

RnlclRycl cpcfczft ?ii1hc4 HHT ?M<P? cTTPTT, 3)|sim-PisiI<n <P? ^ Rl4^^, ijrilsb'1 sPT t^RfPW, tll4’JlR|cP tiyRl, \^—^rr^vpRra’ yl^lol, '(il4\JlPi^ 5*)l'<ri,^ >;M4?17| ^ eTSTT eTT? 3Trf^ eftt cZRTeiT sb^'ll l ^ ^ ^ ?Ra#5rcp cbefoif -4 ?«R? #n, 'Ht ^ 3ft? grg ^ ^ czjciw ?nf*r^ 11

?TvHI ^ 3)P|c||4 cfiiul f&cttR ^ 7IF ?’TC

TTTO; ?T>ft y I Mill ^ cbi'il ’TSeTT ^ 1 ?TmJJ vjcfvT sbitiT ipt 'T^ sR?cTT, eft vJ^RTT MilRla

??^ epfei-i f I

?T^

iPt «HR ??FTT

sb4ci|l,

^ SllRJiP cb4c4l ^

t t <Pt4 3Tj?j7pf?T ^t ^ f.

^Rt>q> <t>|4—'ilMil ^Rtfcp cri4I if>]4t cj?l <|UH1 c|5t mT! ??cpeft § MTt?Tm?J ^ 3)R<iai ?rf2JT 3l|qî|ib eft f, elRh'1 f4i? '’ft ?TMq vi'ig)! f?rf^ cp-iet f«Rfti% Tjf^ >1% srfcfrFTcT oil'll ^ ?T2ft '4 ?5l^ I^TJT mTP; eft ^ 7JT cfl 3)ql‘q ?)R ^ 3ft? 3l^Riei ?n'T ^ -eiHiRa ft’t tn Rc'igei 4yir4ci ^ 'T^ I cpiqf ^ Mi'leil 4fr|cp.sftf^Tp, TTFnfMTiP 3ff? SiiRJv) viHlel sp'i^l ?teTT % \ ^ ?T^4 f^lfyia Rbqi I 1. ■H*1|Miqi41 3ft? 2. -<1*11^1^141 <f>n} | ^ ?WTmR1Traft 3iRleii4 f, cfRhi ^ ?TMg gM 'tt4if4ei ^ ^ ?<rRTf^ 3ft? ?Tr?Rqf, cfill'lch Zft^ cf ?TMq gT?T 'J’^f^TeT eft 77T eft 4 Rloegol -<iHiRa ^ 'T^ Ft^t TIT clqRhiip vitll'l gT?T erÎeTT ??T8T ^ ?fmf^ I

^ ?TmJT vjR«ip ipefczft ^ Ri*^f^Ran spiqt epf ijiiRiol Rt>qi § I 1. '3?ft’T 3ft? cJIPTT? sPT f^TTSW 2. ^ iPT Rnt^ 3. qieiiqia Tift cZIcI?SJT ^cll epT Pl4->‘’l 3TTf^ -<1(^*1 iolO

-<|MiJ

T^ ^fxOTp sprat ^ 4t ^Riql 4t spirt ft t Mit

f 4. STcP 3ft? ,eIT? racl?en TPT §01^11*1 5. R^ft 3ft? 3ITf^ spl Tlsfsi 6. 'MK^ra 3ft? ?TRT4 TPT TRy 7. 'l-ftsll’ 3ff? 3RTt%Mft Tift 4i£I*II'^ 8. ui'ieil Tift ??MToft 3ft? êtt crai 3ira ^ spl4 T^ -irSq! *iwfeiq1 9. oira rfriift fcitii'1 *i€jRf4<j tppj^ 3ft? 10. ftrsniHip's'll

4.4. TT^ % (Limitation of Filed of State)

tI?TT—^R? ^ ^Tel Tpl cp^ ^ \ioot<il Tp? ^T^ ^ f&I qef*1l1 ^ Tiflyîil 14’final ?1 mTJ t^ cpT7f{^ g?! 3lf&Tplf?Icp f | ririft^rplft ^TTt ^ eft ?TmTI T^ spl4^

! T^ I3R? ^ 3fTP?T 11

scnitloTOM raÎP 43

uTlqi—fci«iK afk v3î^ '^Hiaff ■?fw ^ ^<PI§qx ^ ■??? 6*1KI 3T^ ^ST-wq?!-! ^TWT 11 SJcRSJT ^ WtRT sfk cZjf^cR^ gJT■^TWTH ^ TFHJ 3J|ci?i|cr7 Pi^yirMqj 3^7 |c|c(<j|r*icf> ^cfci) f Sit? fJT sfcIMfcjl^ 7W5r rfr ^37T^ aft7 vRT^ ’«l*lldfr cPT ^cTT ?FTT ^ | 4^575^ ^f7! 753 cPT 3Tf^rerFI f % TRM ?rtf% 3fl7 SJcJTSn 775^ 1^ \jff »fr 3)|c)!îJ4)TPTtJ f, 7FHJ cl^ cpT^ 7F37T 7^ ^ cPl4 f^Htl fTH3 cFT [cltbl'W 3)c|7><d

# 3T3^ ^ 7IT!%T1 I 7#3 7T^ 5«1»l4 cnc^|u|

^ oxjlRl FTcT^ -7^ <P7^ •yifî’ vilgit 57T Mq>i'< ^ 71? 'tM'cn:^ ^ Tin’? fif5 'rtiiJvjiPlcn -î <H5l<âi ft#ff I

TTviTrt aitr 'll'lR<t>Y ^ «Ji(t4q>l'«—Sllvjiwcl ^ 3rf&q’i?l cfranTWr^T^ 7, jTint ^ 3fÎMlRq’! Tpt ^^5 sri^tcfjR wc;m 7f)7^ ’<i'Jt”?lfa«> f^TT^’Tf ^ Tfr^TTSTf 7<RT.’ ^ 7^f«PR cfR fcTTIT ^ I 3Tf&^^ ^ 3TfrraTH’JT 1%7IT ^ +1<pai 3^7 ?T7T aiwjai ^ yTTTra^ff ^ I Tjf^35t 3T^ Tflf^frT cp7 ^7cf>^ f |cf^ 71? ‘IKcil ^ t f&> ^ Tl^t ■^f 1%7T f<Ji7?l ’^q'^lici c^'SMl’dll 3ft7 3Tf^lcZilchl Tjfl TTRfScTT y^'Fl | ?ii!fl'^47> 71?TT^ ^>7% 3ft7 T^TT^ Tpj ^ ^ 3Tf7l7F>Ry^'ll, TTTI 7^ 7T^ TTTrTia^^ ^( c[>t cp^ »f[ cf?f 3ff7 f^Rff ’ft yfT >i>T, cii'Rlyy7? cZfcRTTTr 7|t| 7<Rf3?fT ^ ^ \34*l'l'l 7p^ I Trejfcf ?77 ’JTPR v53«!7I 3171: 7T>ft cTt7PrRfR*TcP ^Tff 7^ Tlfclyi'll ^ 7?^ f, c^Rh'i S'icp 7IT7T ^ 7TT?J yi'cnccnicil'i ^37(71 '>fl 7?^ tIy)'l45 ST^TTR TT^tTJ 3TTq7rr 7^ sWt 'iMiRcnl' 7^ TJTfS 3Tf?l7pT^ c|^ TeiPtcT ^StIi vjfT TTcpcH

7t^ #7 ^ 1^' /7757f?

^ ^ ^ tl TTTfTi

TTyTJ cpi cpYf «PT^ ?7^ 3{1?Icpr^ cpT 3T3?7^ cf>ycil f cTt ^TITTJTTITI ?7I^ ’TTTcT 7^ TffTrypT 3T^7^ 12 ^ 35 ?T7P' ^ -fFTRcJ^

TITRR 777T^ 753^ ^ »TT3W,

tTpjTJ 7pT ^^771 TRn TTyTI 7t?f mÎcI 7F7IT |^, TTTSJ ^ TPT^-^ cRJT ?t7TT

7PT 73xT7 yi'Jl'^lRl r^PlM 7^ fcigl'l^ ^ 3^>R ^ f^TH 11 TPHJ 7^ Tpf^ 7T<'J&fT \iqKai<fl,yi*l|yiqi41 TTTTT cftTpTpeTHWTPT^ lîgia 7PT fcI^rPT 37PR t-

4.5. '3^1797^ r««s[m {Liberalist Principle)

^cTTFTRttp ^ viqiyciK 71^ 7^ 3TrT cTSJT 3IT^ff^ 7^ 3TW 7{>t fTTTITTTITTT 7p?TyTT TTTpHT ^ I 5-‘<?'S Tpt tj^TTTTK TpT TT7 ?)?T yiini ^ I fcraiTTP 731^ cl7<t> Tpt viqiyqiqcpT ypTTp 7p?T yTTcTT f I vi'-llyi4'l' TTcfTTÎ fTT f&7TT77TT7T TpT ciinq> ftTpRI g3TT I

cpT cppii t f&) '■<|yi'i1Riw fTTTTTTTTTTT 7^ T'TTJ yqiyyitTl ^ 'JSTTp-ijsjcp cT?7fr TPT # I l?7p <HWd3 t 3ft7 ajfckiqiq 11" *liycY-fl 7pT cp?^( % '7=fRF7fcfR 37 viqiyqicTl cifRki'ld 7<I?f3?TT. îftlTp '^7871 cTSJT >Hl'RiWlPiq> 7T^ 7PT Riîn 11

'Sqiyqi^l fctxfTTTnTT 7pT ciilchi ^ | TTRT^TTcT: 71? \3qiyqi41 aif4a 7^ y?lq'l 7^ TnYty<Ja->ai TPT TRsf^ TPT^fl ^ | vsqiyqifqq'l' TpT Tpf^TT f «4f«ki 37 TpH ^ 373

TTyTJ TpT Tpn)^ TffftcT ?t7TT 3i)7 fSI^H^ if 75777j5tRRT3^ ?)7TT tTif^k* I Naqiyqif^q) 7PT 7R?3T

# cqfchi Tpt 3T3^ fcIcnKi cp?^ cfe TTfcTS ’ETT%3 |

TTyTI ^t?7J cpTZff 7^ TTW ^qRcIlf^)' TpJ qRa^l'i^Flci <jtccq>l“ 1—71371 7^3cf cprat ^ 77371 3 «dc;i7c||Ri]l' 7^ ^fe-Tplu] ^ TTHTT-TT^fel 37 mRc|4h ^ 7# ^ I TJ^TTcPf^ 7^ Tpt ^ iTFff -4 31^ 33 777Pc3 t-

1. 3737T3rr ^fecp^T2. 311^Rl7p ^fecpû'i

^537133 3Y3Y ^RcqA'Ji'l 7pT 771^731 Ri4^l 37pN

f—oyRkl Tift ’yjf y-qn^dl TpT 7732f3 git% c^ TplTUl vjqiyqiq 7133 7P73T Tiigai 11 3737T37T \iq73R Tpt Pi4ytr*iq> viciyaiq Tft 7p?T 3373

4':?4>

t-1. 37371371

^ 7Pt4 ^ Tttftrl

44 ^

11 31 g>T sisf W a’M HRT W t I ichKlc^cb

^3TTcrr I: l an^^? {^ ^ ’TT’TTFTcT ^RccnVi aig-wa^'l (Laissez Faire) '^WcT ^ '^FTsf^ cRrTT

ti arrl^ ^ ^^ 'S^'âi ^ I f^r^ÎTcTcJi

HcpK ^ 'TKjpfltrRP ^ f?r^ ^ arrf^fcp 'îddsidl

vj^RcTR anf^ ^ ^ sifcttraT? ^ HeTd ^cft 11 ^ wn 7f7i^ ^ ^77^ m^JUf t cT87T 7f7^?7 ^ V^W ?J77R ^ TfcjffFJ *l)'ini 11 it7

"T^Tyi'ia ^fecFffnTC|3|i)1 ^ ^ 19^

a^ciiwfril hR“II*i 'dl'ld 3TT^ I 'JT’TTFra (jfccnVl ^ wlofih<^l ^ ^ view'd

gan, vj^ 3(i^Pi'7> <jfcco'|u| cF>?T \jiicii ^ I 9’<?ia: 'd9l'< 1^141 ^ didd i% 'TT^ ^ fTsrr cf5T?5 fcfj# 1?^ Tjep epf zrr aiar^ ^Ts.oirfcRrsff, cft! ■jjt

^ %cft ^ -rtiydi ^’<'11 *1^ cR^ vs-dcT’i 'Str^r 3 cTini fcTTt^ 1%cf[

diy-ii eft'<'11 ^ I ^ y'cftK 7T^ ^ eftiiil ■^^rd^cTT, cj?[ STRWT ^ iTf^cIffTT ^3n | Pl^wirHeft

7<Rr3fF cTSn 'TT^HJ c|>I fcRTR, TTcPRTc*!^ 'Wd-sldl cTaTT ^ fttlK '^Rqfâ ^ TraT I an^Rf^ Ijfccftle'l ^ -deftKIcêf’ ^ '’TFI ^ ’ft 'afHT \jn?TT f I '<ieft|'<|cHcft vleJI'êilQ eft 5^ wfdeiKcft

^.1?^. fft?i, ifftr, arpfto^, ?TciFraR^, f^, ?t«rr, HRefft, anf^ fftxTR^' 7% ^ 1

an^ch' (jfceftlui araj^ TTepRIRT^ 'J^RerR’ eft af^TTR TI^ eft <pr?f JTcT ’J.ffteftI f^rr^ gefif?

2. ail'^Pl'W ^Pteftl u|—7R7I ?kTT

WTjRS TeirfftcT efRft ^ ^1*11-41 1%fff âfR cejRki eft TT^TTw

ni t-1. >de;i'<ai41 an^fêft (jfoceftVl ft 7T^ ejft aildSileft ^7T^ ’T ^TRfft gtj ^fcieft Xjft

eftc'qjui^ftlft TRan ’THT vjlial I

2- TTeHJ ewr 7<Jcra?TT ft fftfttl ^ t 3^^ -Wdftdl eft loR 3)|ei?ejeft TTRRejfftftf W ep-en/ ^ /

3, 'dqKeji^ eft an^fftep ^feeftt^T ^ 3T^7TR TeTcra^ ^ TTefTRIRTcp ^feeftRl ef?T ylqniGd r&5 4ll XRIT ^ I S-deftl ’TT’TRTT ft ffti -idd^CII ^ TTXjJI eft *ilk4)H ^ ft[ HRT Icftill >Jliai ft I

4. angfft^ ^fceftlui eft ylaHIcjepl' eFT 71? ftf ep?7fT ft TTvIf ^RT a7sfcZIcRan cJ^ Pl'ye^^l TTsn Piy'l'Ji'i XJIHT ^nfftxi ]

4.6, tiHi-jjcileO l^nsItT (Socialist Principle)

TPTKrT eFT Rl<Sia 19ftf TRTR^t eft cgtftrTcITft) Rltgld eft R-p^ wfafêJI ^ ft aRdrt ft anTIT I oulchncilfteft ^ Tfftan ftlM'TllI TRTvHerrft) 7Kr3 eft Cplft efft aTl^TSi ft ari^JeF etjlHcp

eft 7TR77T -diti'i) XR 7T^ fftftoRT ftftjj TUlftx’ | viCHlei'l rl?n fftxRR Tfftf ^^5 TRTJ ^ ?Tftt ft ft)^ ^Tllftx? [ ajfcfd^cjieJl IcRfRTTRT eft fftqft? ■d*1lejiq|e; ^ eftcid ailRiep ft TTXjTI eft ft'^ aifTlcFR yqM efRcTT ft, cR^T ^ ftxftcrrft anfêp SfcRSIT

^ "TRRf ?R ft’TT ^TSdl ft I

xRRnf4vftfft1^47 ftftPiepi ^ ar^TTR ' ■dîMqiq ^ fttfftftr Rxâid ft Rn-dî eftftTj

ciWdcildien 7RTT eft 3TT^JR XR vddJiqd afR fcfrRxxT eft qd^M SfcRW ^ 75TFT XR XXcp cJjcRSTT

efR^n xJTWft ft I 'd*1l'Jiqift tlisd ft fft? 'iCHiG'l

ftrT&rrfxicT efRdl

eft ftft Tl'Jieftq -(ftiod ft T^XJ ft 4<adl ft ^lldqdi eft xftxIT nSOMI ft I

XJ^ ft ar^TTR. "'dHMdiq

ftrft Tftra^ ^ vs^?q arff^tep cRâft ftt afR arfitep ijft fftrRxxT ttstt

g? ft xft ■d^llvJ!

dl'W>l ft ar^TTR, "'dHIddleJ epT aTRRF vSeMICd afR ftcRui XR ftfn aft^RcIT TSTlfftn ep<n ft fyRift 5RT yctlcfi cftcM eft XJXT 7RR7T fttfrlep afR aiîdep cRâft ?TeF Xf^ ftt 77ft 3fR f^dft ?77t ^ afXift uffgxT ft) ■dcpdl ftr . -

XJep ^7ft ul'ld->ir*iep fcRlRtTRT ft Rl7iepl THTM ftft \ft fft cTilftrT ft) arffteftm xftRi afR

'ftd'tf ft ^rftf ft, "'dîiuiqiqtjef) ftTIT anf^fep xM-IOd WlfftcT cfRXTT eJR TTftl

Tdltilddi XTerfd

^rsfwtfwww ft Pti^M 45

^ cf)T 3?8f rTSJT 'rti4'Jll^‘P arfÎ^PR îRn

^TFTT t ■?fT8J # i?lWni-i51<J aiHl

^ wnf T^' firsfif

wfSfcT %rcT’-iH

3?^ MR^Î ^ ^ cp^ 3fR ^7 ■*TPT^

: ^ 3T^7TT7 “7TFTP3 ^ ’HlfciV) cT8n STTf^fe TrftfcWT ^ 'W'lfSo

7T*Th3IqRTier®

^ 7TtPc?f ^ TRTvT ?ifcki ^ TîRlfl ePT^ flieni ^ 1"

-^HMclK Icl(>t"i fclgl^ ^ W«f>TV ^ MR*iif^n fch-yi ?7Tf^ TT^TMcTK

^ diwf^cb 3iat cRIT ^? ^r? ■^>5'll cnfSi § I f% 7T^ ^ Tft.^.'^. «lt3 ^ (il^n fcR^T ^tT^R ^ ^ ^ t, ftT7Rl5t 3TT^ ■W ^ 1 <Rrff^ F7 ^ SJNW

t r ^ 71^ ^ ''-HHMclK RrRtC ^ a^-i-tR 7^ sT^cT^ cTTHT

^ 3T^7IR T^T eiQciai $1”

^ ST^TTR 7T37J îT ^PRf 8^^ TRTvierT^ f?RTT7ÎT7T ^ ST^TTR 7RRI ^ ^

RRT 11 ^ cpfTTT ^ 7RRJ

^jfHT xUft’? I

c^ ^ d 7T)?I -cPrJ ^ îrf^, ^ ezrf^ afr? TRTRJT^HMcllcfl ciifclaoiRij'l c[?| cTT? ^ eff TFHT ^ 3iiq?<jcj5

^57^ epT 5RIFT «P7ffT ’irfoq 11 ^ cITcTTcITW

TrTmor

oOFRp

^ arravp w f^TpRT al^ tttfth^ ftfRirITTTT 7T»fr aRTWia^f, Tf Sjj^

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^ aff7 qig^ ^ 7T^ ^ w4 ui'iai 'fimi'ci aTTfSf^, sTlf^cn xjci ^fcRP fêff

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t f^RT^ TTPra ^cR ^ î viRfct ^ I c|+^d:

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’Tt^4.7. ?it^-<»>t^PJlehi<1 TT^ ^ STÔTTW W TWr T^chtw(Origin and Development Concept of Public Welfare State)

cfra>-cpe<JI“Wl’?l RF35I ^ fcl-qR cf?T 3Tl?Ict5cT*7 R]<rm 19tFi cRlT 20^f ^miscTl ^ ^3TT t, 1%^ 3iiT$|cf> ^)vrr yiijldcpl^ ^ ^ ^ f^ciri 11 HI^W *TRcft^ cTSTT

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ftifl'idR—dRp-'^>cui“ii’T4 TIu^T '3^ 3^ 4ylMCii4 ^—

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2. cft^-<y’cuit|cf)i4

3^ ^ 3nf^fe êrr ^ fcpSR 3tm1^ ^ i ^ ctR’-^ 3|R 3ttR dhiRchl ^ arrlsR? jt^r oiym ^ i

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(/■) ■^?T ^ ’^xcii-<nc-qi''iq)iyl TFjJI ?>r ?)T4 OTfFFT ^ ^ 'TSTT cf>^§ I -{I'lfcia ^ yf^yaTT ^ SRH siN^qcn v^cicii ^ I

(//) ijiiTcl cI8TT ^«<q't«TT—StinRqi ^Tlf^ ?RTT ^czjgân ^ qiaiqy''! ^ ^ 'iiqRcnl^ yiq^cTl $ I 3TcT: StiaRq^ ■?Tfl% ?TaTT cqqyîTT «PTR yya^ ^ cpcîuwiyl

’TFjJJ i^feiyi, cTSJT 1p<txR aicRerT cpT wycil # I

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(/v) arrl^^ g>nf—q>cqiuiq>iyl TT^si 3TTRfcP wqf W yi'qiq'i wycii t v^-aR,ci'iM, 5^' qmi 3fR 1^, uRra nsTT yiR'îRiq^ yinfri a^T Mtf aR^ 3TTf^ |

(v) STRI ■ ^Rf—afJa)-q5(?qi“iq>iyl cgjq '^fasft Rlq*il aa RihIî cpyai § I gyicpaifriRcm aBaRiaafr ^raa arfiJaa^ crit a^fcaf a?f aR ii'iRcdT mywRcb a>T •

aRcTT2. ^Rwqj ajRf—cfrai-cnc-qiuicni'^ TTaa 'iiqRcpl' ^ a^ yjyiy^ cfSIT

1^TR TIcPR ^ ,a>Ta^ aiT yiMlq-i aR^ '

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fIraTT a?r coa^

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^ HTR yyaai § | §yiq> TFaa fyRiryiMq'l asJT iRTa^J? a>t âTFRT aRfTT ^ rTSJT uR RnaRRa?f ItiRbwi yaii aRcn ^ i

(///) qiaiqici ^ aTTER^ aa IRqjit)—^ 3pTTRfa^ fcta5T=H rRIT 'jimai a?l ^fcItTT ^ 1^ qiaiam Rnaat a^t 3na?aa) i aBanacPTfr ^raa ri^, aicBRf,far^ ar^f 3tt1^ aa RihI'î aRar # i

(iv) afaR ITTER^ ^ ftqjm—^ aaf^ ^ rrtr fnaaf aa a^ ataarr ffar 11 3TcT: V(c4«> aftEP-aBaRTaa^ araa ^gra^, rfR, ^feaf, ^cW^JaR snf^ f&aa^ aa saR ^ f i

(v) asTTw'Hcli IcHk; viit'i'i asTT caRR fScpiy-i wloMigA ^ I faaa araa garfâW wmiRicr>, ara a?f cacRsjT, caa^sasTf aa fâfw ycicril’ a?! arara^ta -agiadi, a^ aa RptfR, ^tar f&cRa a?f siaw, aRR -yldni 3fR ^ ■gaR 3tt1^ aaat a? htr ^ tl

(v/) AA^yviiq a>t ^Raiauf ^ qjiyi—aftaJ-aK^îaayl araa sra^ aRar at âRsaaatâR at ■^Riyi^ aaR aRt yyiJ^jiRiai \3ejMX at^ rr ■’jtt, aaaaam tf%at 3TTf^ aa aaa 11

(vii) tiîivji ÊiR aa4—'aa aare aRar 11 aqlRh ■aiRTftrcp y^fâl rim cgyllaq'i' CTWaiia<a aat^ t aimp ttar 11

(viii) ^ fta ^ asTT-aar^ ^ gttMcp irt^ ct oteir 11 ^j^tafcfatsta aT’ffar^ st sTfarar^ ^ aar^ at ^sa ct tcR 'â^ aa^ aa ftata aRcn 11

(Lx) ?raTT SRiftarf ^ acTT—cta’-aaRRiaaff araa Pi4al, sraiftaff, taafr rfmat aaa aa yigfya ooaw aRca 11

a5t sitRTrFa—eta5-cpRiRTaaf[ OTf^ rrmcqiHiy yiaa

lat crm at ^ aRt

50 ^ [iiîa

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2. Bte- ft TT^ g5t left'll <ftg fq^'l'iini.aTf ^

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35RR 7133

4.8. 'HKiT'i (Summary)

cTt35-35c3F1351# 7133 3# 3# '33#33 3Tlc#7RT^ 3?I 3^ ^ I vS'iO) 3T13R 37 5^ fcl^K 3# 3T7#35R 3# f#531 33 7135311 oTt35-'35T3RlcpT# 7133 33 533 3# 35731 373 35 3jf#vl «# 73#3r3 c# 3R##3531 33 713 7T33 # 3T137f # 3517'3 Tl^^l#! 3# 73113711 # #lf#cT 3# ##, 373 33# 35r3f 33 3573 3#7 3Ti^^ 33 vtTml ^ I 531 335R 531 f#^TcT 3# 3Tf#35f71 3TreTt331# 71371 TRTl 71##3 3# § t 53lf^ 3573R133# 7133 # 3337) 3# (#73 733333# ^ 3#7 5# 31331# 3{frlRcm 333 3## 'flaj'lRjci f#<Rc3 3# ^ I

feT# # 753 # c4)f#ri 3# 73713711 3313 35773 ^ I 35T3R135T#

7T# f#5# 3 1#57# 3^ # 313317133


1. 7133 3TT3733) 3#7 ijfxow 35T#! # 91# # 37353 I2. 7133 351#fflR «# 331 7#31^ f'i’ 73^ 3#f#T3 I3. 'J31731#f Ri.gia'l 33 cicf9 c#f#T3 I

4. 71313131# RitSial 3# 1##331 3#f#R I

5. c#35-3533R1351# 7133 7^ vJ^33 3ft7 f#3517T 3# 73^ 3#f#T31

□ □□52 . #■ fh-sitJ

^gilf-2 (Unit-2)

1. (Sovereignty)2. (Right)3. (Liberty)4. ■^(Justice)

t

53

THsm arsaiT^

(Sovereignty)

■qT3-«\^n (Lesson^structure)

• ^ '3tf*?5IR (Meaning of Sovereignty)1.1. (Objectives)1.2. nR-qt) (Introduction)1.3. 3T8i TTft’W (Meaning and Definition)1.4. U^^rar % fail'd ^ Îd^lW (History of the Theory of Sovereignty)1.5. ■a^HiTT ^ (Characteristics of Sovereignty)1.6. % ftrf»T=T ^ (VariousAspectsofSovereignty)1.7. T W'ldH (Sovereignty and International Order)1.8. TffeyH ■^1 ^ argviTtTT (Concept of Sovereignty in Indian Constitution1.9. sfR (Sovereignty and Pluralism)

1.10. WKiJfi (Summary)• (Exercise Questions)

Tnprn W 3TfW^

(Meaning of Sovereignty)

1.1. '3^9^ (Objectives)

^ 3t«TF7 •^-• ^ srfWl, 3T8^ 1^' ^ 31«Ty=l• % ifflpm tig [qsrlqtiiSTt % ^ -jii-^Î

• 3^tT .s«4i y‘ii3-i ■îl 3T«Tgil 'qi'j'l I

• HKdly 'Ffg^ ^ ■Jilt'll

1.2. (Introduction)

318fxi'jidl(a?ii'f-q ^ uR'cty STtrl fcHi^ tr^'drii (Sovereignty)^3Tc5irT aticj^yw 11 tjft f^t^FT cfST f | (Sovereignty)tFT

7STFT 11 W t OIJTrfrT f\ c[? tr^FTF 'b'tficfl t WT tjcfTT^SJ^ 3FIFJ (Associations)^ 3Tcr? slid glai ^ I ^f? ^nsdl srfcf^RTtf^

54 <i'’i'f!(hfii^ ^ ^73Jtt

^ iWf ^njfrfTT TTHj cf5[ pT^-?ircr 11 ^ arcpfcT 3t^ fvfrFfl ifi ?iRki<^1 3ih f,^ ■?fs| n'5^?fTT ^ vfltfR 7^ f I TTg^TTW ^ STTW ^ *1I1'1I 11

irg^Twr

1.3. 3T^ 1^ (Meaning and Deflnition)’Tl^

xjcj^ fcfcTcR Zl? ^ yTTcTT t ^ wi-WH ^ ^ f^ STg^Brn^ Srf^^TTO '<i»i5ni Rbnii 'j1<t?I § | c^fcki ^ ?T^ fclgi'i'l ^ W?5t irniT îfli^ I 3wfra>t f&^FT f«icll41 (Willogliby) ^ 3<^'«i'<-“'<|yinHci?ii<-a ^ cf^ ?T^ ^ $ fyRI^ vSTTJ fcTcIRcl^f ?cRT 3ff&cf5 *1dctPT^ ^ I TOR t, TOR7TOWrITOTR=a ^ TPJFTfn ?r^ ^ I" cff^ aT5?f (Lord Bryce) ^ '»?l f&TO iPt 3Trqrr fcfcfT^RTO HHl 11

^nj^RTT ?i6? cBT ■?iTOR (Sovereignty) 11 Sovereignty ?F^ Superanus^r^WfTT cpT 3T%IRr

f^cj^ clif STT^ 'TOcfl §Super ^ f^TTOTT fvRTO TOT, ^ I ^ ^T^PR

clit ^dclTw TRTT ^ ^THT vTKTT 11 ^ ’ficjlw ^RTT ÎFT men ^RT ti^dl § | 'TT^ ^ #?fl FfrtT 1 ?iRviW Swif^ch Pluî'l R^ FT^ 1

'j'icni f^R?t ■»?( TOR

TIÎTfrr ^ ^TF^—R^TRTT ^ ^ ^ f-3TfFf^ (Internal) sflT WI (External) IF5^ ^ ailVlR4) FF^^ STf^TFR FF t 1% 3TF^ yt?T '^f 3fR ?Tf&fRTT^FtcTT 11 vl'tHci^ 3fcRfcT PlUl'il cufû'l' 3fR ^ F? STTcRTO t ^vi^cf) 3TT^?ff RiylyiJ | F^^RTT ^ FTFI FF^FF STt^lFTF FF ^ 1% RTF? F?l fclRff ?lfchn cpT xITFir ^ ^jF7 F^ P)i|crn| R^ FtcfT I

I

M^flTll ^ MR'*11*11"?—F^tlTlI ^ 3pTs| ^ ^SJ IcIsmI ^ FFFit R?i^ FRFotmr 11 F^ F'^^ ^ SHRl icI fRrTFTF FRT ^ f l ^ fMrr î FRT^ FF vjf^lF ^

FR ad^lRFfl Rlsi'l'l F^ FRRTFTSff F?) ^TR51 ^ I OT^l^Fi FFcT 4 FÛrTf FT^ FF ^TF^ FF^ F^FT (Bodin) TOfR 1%FT ?IT I T3FT^ RyK “FF 'II'iRt-'I' cTFT TOT F?f ?rf^ f vft fcifsl FT FF^, (Low) ?RT Piy'Rra R^ 11" FtFT (Bodin) ^ FTF: ?iai6<^ viuyici ylRiytr (Grotius)

• ^ 1%^TcT FF fij^FR fctiFT FT I y'tftrV’H ^ F^^TfTT F?f fRrTFT FR^ fF fcRU t t^.'fvRTF>t ?F5T FF ^cRTFR R#[ fcPFT FTT 7TFRTT sff? Rti'în ^TrF 1^Rft 3TRJ ^ 3T^ffR R^ ^ ^3# •tTcjlrcl FTvR^)1%F> ?lfck1 F^ TT^'dru F)F^ ^ I' «^F) tcln (Black Slone) ^ f&FR "F’JRtTT FF- ■Wdl^, STFfrTFF, I^R^ST sfR Sif^FRid ^TtTT t Rn'ti*) 7TFF F?) RTF^ vS^ ?Tf^ Rldi-rt FRcff 11”

. , v^lcT^FJ (Jellinek) ?|65^ ^,‘ F’^^TFT FFF F?! FF 1=T?tFFT ^ 1oRR^ FRITF^ FF FF^JRR 3TF^ §xO| ^ 3)fciRcm STRI fijR^l FFFR ^ FtI&F R^ ^ ^TFFfl sflF R 3TF^ 3rlaR«Tl 3RF f«TRff ?lRki ^ *1<jfRa ^ ^ ■««pal 11" (Duguit) fcR?T 11%, 'F’3^TRT FRF

FF FTRF RTF ^ '^TRfecT FTRF F^ 5x^1 v3^ FRF 3TFF RTFIRT FR^ cncT FTf^RFfF^ 3TFfrr«fl^ 3TTfTT FF 3Tf?lFF^ ^ I” F’fRT (Burgess) ^ RR ■^, "RTRF ^ ^ FTf&fT^ 3f[F cFf^-ÎTj^ ^Trg^ F^ FR Ff^RTFT3Tf Rf FF TFTO ^

TO FF ’TFltl t, R’fl TO

F?) 3TT^ ^ F?l ?(fclR

RTt R*lfcIF>, f^r7^?T 3Tk 3T#R ?iickl t T3^ FR F^^RTT FTF 'TO^ f I'FRF FTT RTF^ RFWJÎ TOT t 3Tk RTF

FRF ^fl ■RRFR Ft RTTFT gl It FFRTTRT

7TRF FR RfRcirF f I T31Tc^ TOT^R

1.4. RioSiia W (History of the Theory of Sovereignty)

F^ ^ FFlf^ TT^TOT FR f^l^TcT 3TF^ 3T1^1^ RTF ^ FFF^ afR 'filcigql' ^laifeyl F?l #f vicFfri RTRT RTTcTT t, TOTftT RTRTFFtR ^ ff^FTTf ^ ltl<sin F?T RT% 'jfl FTTF^T ^'tl'll f I 7IFn^t1%?nFRT RfRFT aRR^ (Aristotle) ^ TFRTaff ^ FRT ^TsF FTT RF^ v)ct^<9 RT R^ I^TFTRT, ^f«tTR FF Pll^Rci FRF ^ 3TF^ t^F’ 'RFtw 'RtTI Ft^ FTT sTTR FT I 3TF^ FTRF^ RR7 RPjFT FTT FrAftw tluTi^ TOT ^ 3TTFR F? f%FT 11 F^JTOT FTT fciRK RtRR cPTcI ^

ifr 8TTI cpTcT ^ ^ >rt«ic cj?r ffOT ^ Tlcfrsj t, 5TJHtTT fÎgTcIfc}'<hl'H cPN?f 'H^lilcII 1 TT^^Hfrr ^ WI ^ WT^ ^ cPT ^ WfS fcpcfR ^ 8JTIS-ticDi cnKui awjicil'i TKrpfff^ STcRejT ^ff | ^ «|6<;'i î, ^ 3TRl«ni?iTFTRjT ci?[ 5rerR" ^FRen ^ an oi’wo ^ yiT^'i'i <j_'ii'Ti cTan <«cm'ii ^ 3T5^ ^ TRn tfhi nn cRt^ sjRdcci ^ an I f&Rff ift ogf^trnt n^ 'ti'ifoa f^rn^ ^Tnn xt^, n1^ ’««ic,Tmn, tim'a, 3TTsrm3 nn<T nn? nan f’Tnn anf^ arjanpif^ f&nnfr an i fcrf^ czrfafn n? 3Tn% srIannN nn (c1«ik ^ nra: yRiolRmi aff | j-yKe^l'^ ijiais^l ncp nn cnra sRieiti ^ siyMâi nn nn^ 11 nnn«i^ nn n^ aft 31^ n? nfrcpr ^ ^ 3n% f^nrn^ nn fcRnR cpn an i ci>?^ ^n? ^ TfmmnnnT nan^ ^ Rn^n nmni aft, cntTiy ■nm ir cpt^ vtmi-y nan

Rr4w n^ aft, 'd4aii^*ii'i jrgnr n# aSt afR n 'imiRcp «nnj^-apT nfff ti*in ^nrn

nfe

anrnan ^ TRn <}?i ?ffa}n sra n^ i ^ nnn c^ nmiftfcn sfR anf^ nRn?Nf ^

n? armTnnj ap? f^m fcf> ^nrmT ^ nnn a^ ^nn ^ i anrH ^ afR-^ ^minarm(Feudalism) apT nm ^ enn sfR vj-wcp ânn TR ■?7?Tcfn TT^tn TTnnt apT nnp^ ân i n^tn 'nnn3Tn% 37âp napR a^ nmnflftTap sTfatapT^ ^ nanfTn ajft ntn ap^ ^ i in nraff <ii4«’ n>ft fcpni nn napnr an a^ra 1^ ^finna# a^ 'wr ntn nr n4 api ap)^ f^rarnarr n^ ■^mr sfR maj ^ mnn. îifîa nn^ 3fr? affirtfatap 4'io'i ajof ^ ^ Tmn c^ Rrnnari if ot i 41«;s4l amiwfl mra

napm?T a^ ?im'icf)iei aji nRRT apm^ nrocfa^ ^ Snrfâp nt^cpcnm (Legal Fiction) a^ w? ^l aiiRcî npnm 3rmr

'ft t, c^Rbi cijiqgiRcp ^ nnapT ap^ ■»?[ srRnnr n^ 11 Rr^ ygnm a^ ?an tn^Rmn Ricgia "R stci'iI'^ciiRnT (Internationlists) afk arfanl^nf (Pluralist) ^ Mm anapnR f%an $| 3Tn7)ânf^nf apr apfnr t Ri nra nap ^r^tn n^nnr (National Sovereignty) a^ Ri<sm ai^ n#l rnFTT nnnr, nn crap n ft ?ft ?ifcki?iicfl Ic|?aci'-> (World Order) ajft # ênw ^ napcti t sfR n fRn? ■ff ?nRr # ft nap^ 11 n^nrlâft (pluralist) apr apfnr t % RRim apT srf&apR a^g^ a^ nm ^ 7?nT nrâj i nganf^ (Pluralist) a^ fcRiR ^ 'wnM n^sft a^ RlRi^c MRi^Ri a^ fein vfl 3T^ ^T^nraj (Association) f. ■nM ajft n^tFmT apT

3RT ift viMddy ^ nTl%n i

?! n^ sfri

argnm a^ nnntn

1.5. y^'MTii ^ (Characteristics of Sovereignty)

6 fafînmnejcicii^ ^“(l) Rf^srnr (Absoluteness), (2) îRiro (Permanence), (s) TTânnapnT STsnfT 'HicI^lRiW’ai (Comprehensiveness of University), (4) cmfn^ffeTrn (Exclusiveness), (s) arRltêiai (Inalienability) 3^7 (e) M>nT mann 5n 'tTRn fcRtnmsff r xtcp-tj^^ fcRnR (cRtr ap^ i

(l) PiX')<Hdl (Absoluteness)—niM '3?! ^TgaRTT 3T#n 3fR Rr^ST itafl tl apTajjft ^ yxi^P v3)R ap)^ nfrfW itm I >3>R n^^RTT a^ 3t4 apT fclânr ap?^ gn vs-wcpl of) nRnmT^ (Definitions) ^ f, an nm Rlci«gCT ^ nncff 11 an apmr tnjfmr r fcp^ iftn^ an ani^ Trfcfn api RizRrn t, mrat n^nnr apr ^ Rr^ ananr 11

RjaRTT a^ RaRmn Ritsici apT rnnsRr nR% nr^ Rigi'i'i ^ ^>(api

I "fr^ FF n^'MTii 3?rIII

apn nâmr Rfmagm sRitn sfR Rtf^st an vj'ii[ nn apinr 1% n^na^ n^R gapR af?t nzfferaff apr 3tt^ n#f ftpan w mapnr | 5Tra^ Rtnfm ^f oRâp ^ 4) fi? ^

amn nt) ^pjami ajft nartnrn +41«pix aRi ^ i f^tfRT a^ ^cic^cTl (Bluntaschli) apr nnar ap) gg^Rn niFi ^ ^ RToaff a^ srf&waf irt afR arfnRap annft

56

1. PwOjttdi % dtl^unr ^?

\

2. y^^r-ffi % ^ ^ p

/

Tra^tfeTBW ^ fV^fH 57

TTsjT 'ii'iR.'fl ^ Rnff^ ^ i' strri ^ § wr^ ^sirRr^^ y^^Tll cRt ^3TFI, c^l^'l wqgR hRisiST 3ia?i( § I^RRft (Dicey) ^ ^ ^PJfRTT ^ w<^'l'i fFRT^ CT ^ fcp^ uin^, eft 'jI'IOI(Sovereignty) ^ fcTcTf? cfR aft? ^ ^ ci>aci(Ethical Considerations) ân ^fflT f^ ^ ^ I efra^RTR yfcTSTT5^ ■‘TTcRT Ftrft ^ 3tt^ ^TFI cT^ >3^ ^ ':nai f, '3’ti'^ mein ^ w<jm ^ I

75?rrf7

TT^ aD? vRTcf5t ^rg^RTT ^ \j?lRln 'T^cTT t, 'vi-Wct^l tr5^=R3T '»fl rnlRln 11

t ( cianf^, f^Rft îifi.cn c^ .277^ 1 f^Tj% -^f SPJ^ tl ^

^^7«TT2frt|(2) îRTrq (Permanence)—^PJ^rar 2T2RT c^ 2=WR ^ aTT?fn cist t i ?t2p

TTtSJ cf5t cl^ TT^-tiTii cpT (clnRi ?t 'jfTcTlTîrdHI epT 2TF 37af ^ ^PJTT^ '^FTRITnifScniyl ?Ta7t 3ff vjTTrft f | Rj? c^cTR ?rT7R ^ TJef; SfR^PTcT nRcirln FtHT 11 fin^ TT2HI2^ 3T2iR57 572fT? ^1 21^ sTTaiT 'T^ 3TTrft I'

3f4T^ ’tliJHlRi<pai (All Comprehensiveness or University)—TTvg c[?r aPT^ '^?I '^. ’wdciii'Jl f)rfl § I 7T^ ^ ^^Tj?f2pR (Jurisdiction) ^ 37cPfcT mT)

3fR ^Tjerra Rraro 2fR^ fg?i tpj^TW 2ist tj^r ^ ^r ^ti^rcpR 2727 Rro^ 7?ctt 1121^2rrcT t Icl^?ll ^rfTcTRTr, f&Rff ?R2! ^ iflcR ^JtJRcfl ^ R^??l #naTf 3fR oyimRm VtfaPlltl<y'1' Snf^ 2F7t ai?Rl^t2J Rixtixiiy ifr^, trU^lrTT ^ Rlitotui ÎHT ylioi ^ I Rici5pi5tc ^3752TR, vJ^T 2^ ■•H237l% f ^ cpT wIaRiRie:i g? yim'âiai'H ctxgi 11 'timiâiam 2^ ■2Tg22J 37^1^ 2^ f&UR 2^ ^ 31«5t=T ^ f I 2R qK-qcj £( Ifg aTcRt^)2I ftf^rTT 2f)1 eTTcT § 3th7WjTTfTT ^ grRlf&2B ^Rhl 2t7? timri I iff '2T32I aTtf^tl ^PJ^Tfri cfST TOt^T 2fR^ ^ ^ ycfiR

^ ft?)^TRr2f5Ti^ afR argfciyiaff cRt 3R<ft2hi'2 21R 2T2pfTT 11(4) gufg'^rieint (Exclusiveness)—TT^^RTT 2^ aitilRinai 2pT # tj^ ^ vS'timi ar^RgRf,

2^ Cl elect aisTciT ciu^n^Ticiai ^ I ^'Mcni aiaf 27? t 2^^ ^ fl’^^TflT ^ xienol 11575 27f^ vflt ^ 3)27^ ?(f^ff27f wRjR/^c^ yew) 2^ 77^27 t, 27^ ^ 17^ ^ ^f afR 2rg 2^ ^27587 ^ 'McnO 1

(5) atl^-wÊtai (Inalienaliblity)—TT^^ffTT 2t?f atfclxtittai ^ ajaf 27? t 2^ iff 772^73PT^ 'diRcich- Mwiaff cfTt •!?[ arw gm 1%t21^ arq^ ^37275 ^ <m ■7T27)?rT 127275 aiHxlcio) c)<am eD^x (Lieber) 2757 275^277 f ^57 37:7^ ^377^ sft^ 572727^ 2^ a7f2l2pR 2pt2?^ '27275217 3737277 17275 cZjfcT^ aT2FT7 Rlni?l f&R! 3727^ effcR alR Rjfcfe7227 27>7 3727^ ^ fclei'l27^ 27R 77275277, ^t275 77275R igug ^ q^XHTlI 2f)t aTefiT *7^ (chill 1577 ^7^5277 I" 'Wttl (Rousseau)2PT 27^ f&xTR 2771 13Rr^ 275^7 ^ %, (Power) 27^ g-tfliaRa f^72T7 w ^72772771, eff^ ?x?fT (Will) 27^ ^ I 575^7x77 275 arfcRTHI (Inalienable) 2777

37R 27f^ ^ vd-eict)) ^27275 27R ^ f eft 5^72757 3T2f (2727^ i?f Tig STcTeT f^527T f | viniexî aifcl'-wJtiai 2757 §trlFRl 2^ 752277 R[22IT qniRlci ftTTT # I ^27 g^ gf: f^TTcR 21R ^ %ff327rn ^ a7fcr#tJ7TT 2757 27? 372j 27571^ § 127> 157g iJTlsg 37q^ fiTl# 27^7 apq^l 37c7iT27R ^TfT 1^, efr 37^717 ^ 2R ifl 'iXtep) ^'5^7777 27^ q?7^t ^ I

(e) IJ^TTTT 3727^7 a7f^>tivji*fliiai (Unity or Indivisibility)—27?! ticR 3755 fc|^)i7dl fvR7 iR oR7 fcRtTR f&i777 ^7^ 2^) 3^|c^?ncf>a| t, xj-rtc^ ticpoi 372727J aiRnivinltloi (Unity or Indivisibility) 11 '^71527 ^ T^xil ?rf^ ■^, 3727: 27? ■717^ t îlcfflchqcH 17275 ^ ^ 272RT^cpx vstfeT^q* (Jellinek) ^ 275^ fc75, 'fclgiTg ea'fsn, ^Ra, nciIRa afR 3l^fSR7 TT^tini 2757fcTxTR fc7^)2frfcR71 r 27f^ cT^giRy) (Pluralist) 2^ 5^ Rtigia 27^7 % qipfTrTt IJ275 37R ?ff 'TT^jg if 77271

3TR 27^ ^ <7^c;it|) afR ■ei^jg) î f^lf^cl ■??7f) t, cqicieiRch iFTq 15771J, TT) f^T2757

(3)

<7577117 27? f fc|5 g^tiTii 771327 2757 gm777c7

711327 2757 Rni?! gtgr r '^^5 c)'acr>) % g-rtcn 2^ (Ritchikie) 2757 cpgn; t Rijn^ 27?!

aT^Rtgr ^ 7#ift I R27l^ ^ 227R ^

56 W IhfSh

YFSI ^ aRTylWT yfKpfl I (Hobbes) % fc^T t^ ^ ITcfjfTT 11 |ci-E)K cf5t fcigM ^ ^ ?lf^TT?ne?t

’TT^ ^ f^yt ^ I f^<ai %, 'jrg^TfTT ^ I 5^Tcf^ fcl'*HifvJia eft’s'll g-eifî) y^yii ^ | tuRT TI^R 3?8j f5iy>lw| 3T?J^ 3!8j epf cl?| cpc^-ii ^ c[5t ^ 'ticpol t, 'J# TPPR 3?^-5PJ^T^ ‘»ft Step<74'^ly f r scic^htO. r^<?i’l4), ■*Ipf7, Pi<?iJPi5«. ■^^cl 3fR 3nf^ TT^H-SsiiPi'^j'i' ^

c|?r ?PJ^1tTT aif^îivjy ^ I

qfôim g? ^ % 3577777

ifr t %

1.6. MTjfHTii % (Various Aspects of Sovereignty)

^T’J’HTII ^ TKjpftfrt^n^ ^ W 5R^PT 3T^ 3TSjf 11

215 3tia?y«P 1% >d'ii:p 3T^ -fFTST ^ I 'MHl'yaill 3TT?ft^R^ ^ SPj'MTil ^ '!oq\ ^•TPPrra q’t y^<iTii ait^ cii'wfclcp y^'dni (Titular and Actiiral Sovereignty),

(2) -yifyiip a(k ÎsJTsI 5njfTW (De Jure and De Facto Sovereignty) sttr (3) qiPjyfT (Legal and Political Sovereignty) I

'it*i*ii7i( ^ ^•j’CiTii ait^ qi«iftqj tt^^TcTT—'TFPrra <[?t yTJfT^ (Titular Sovereignty) ^ STst ^ TMT TIT THTPS ^ ^ fîjl vHcrT ^ ^ *5ôy>ici ^ n^’wxii ^ STfiJcnKl

Vtl atcT?^ wyVi cp-âi ^ irifcb'! ^ 3T«I [<l<7icgci ^ I 'TPRTol (Titular

Sovereignty) ^ ^ TTHTS I viticp 'TPi yd^l ^ |Tpj^T ^ TPR?f 3Tr^ vi-eicp Tffil ^ ^ Plcp]^ vTT^ f 1 cqf&p 2TT -ti^yiy TT^ ^ 3TWR

eft ^ TETH 'WHic ^ TR cpcici Ri<sin 3TrT ^ I ai-taRcpat ^ §

^raf cffl t-(l)

/

■?T^ tfiTf ?lf^ ?)#, cl? HR(*i'Sei c^ ?T8Tf ^ ^ fcacilii^lcH f | ^

TRT3 <l?l ?lf^^'iai ^ fcR^ Tf ?ff cT^ cf)5T t ^ 'd+lt) 3T'7^ 7^ tf^^ gtaisi^ ^ f^ cp%. ^ ^ cf5 ^ TRkTT I TRTI ^ 5^ wepK

(Sovereignty) cl^ 'jTIctT t, v3ti<«i ^>RW Tif t fcR TTHjgjT?! TIW yi'tciy *! ffg 2JTI q>f 5^ # cbPJTl ^3TT 71^ aft I Tiufft, 3R cI5 ^ 7Tff ^ ift

TPrfT efft "Cr^' 'TFT ^ ^ 'dd'litFT Rbui wTTcTT § I OK-aRlcp ^T^-fiTll (Actual

?im'l efft Tfn TcTcT: MW

ft cpT<FTyl^cfTvf <ft cpKui Sovereignty) ^ yy)u TR^ eft ttw ft !%irT vlial f vft

I §'<^'« ft RT^ (Parliament) ft gTRTf^ jrg f |

TTw

^5nf^ra> 31^ âjjaf TI^ÎtTT—JT^^TtTT W i^cb 3T^ -yifclep afR Tiajiaf (De Jure and Do Facto) 11 -yiRicp a^TRTT (De Jure Sovereignty) fftf?T TF’TcT ^PJH^ 11 5^T5T 3TTaTR cftuel

'fttfêb (Physical Power) ft ^ ffcTT I fyRT eyf^ ttt eyf^-TPJ? eft FTTT "yifycr IT^^TW fftft f, cl? 5^ «ncT eftt cP^ TTcPcft t f% ■?TTTFr TPTft cpT fttnfftcp arfêPR FT^ f I fcTl^ efft ft Tift 1FJ^ FT^ frfr f afR 5^ qTjnrn eftt an^ ftft tjft ant?! ttcTF tfTTrft ?)T arfaFPR

ft ti Tif^ -iiiRicp tr^ efft srqftt f^jfcT ftr ^ ttr fftm w t cr ftt tjfpft trin ariftTr ftft tjft arift^ff eft <H;i7iy cfRlft eftt 2tj|PlcP ?liclT1 T?cft f 1 TITTTTfyRT HtfcT afR cTJcRSTT efft <jfc 'ft tj? vsffta ft f fftr tJcftcB TITTRj ^ FTTT ?im'i cfRft 7R dajif^cp 3t1^7J5H fRTT tTTfftJ |

yyin ux

3ij^ ’{ivji'flRicp ^^^TtTT—TPFjftt q^-wni (Legal Sovereignty) eft TRST ft tpp cRftcT arajefT -yiy?! gft ♦ll'ycil f TJ? TT^ PiRya fteft f i F^kRt ?TTTR ft eftl-jfl tF| i?cf5 ?TTTFP ftcTT f, 'SvTTcfPI (Democracy) ft ^ tjep ft TRFft f, bfg uRyc^ ft ftt TRnr PRya Vitsyi ft ftft f I TFR ft cPFJjT PftRt gRft cHcfl tjft 'ticllxy TWH fteft f, Rntim 3Trft?ft T? TFR ft ^TT^ aTT^RR ftcTT f, cpl'jftl ^ tuRTcft TSTtRRftf 3T7g?T 'Tft ft^, cT^ epi'jfti TT^ f | cRF^ gRl fftIftcT cpi-jî afyn ^ ftrIT, aTftfrRi ftrIT f, ^ ftt 'yiyii7iy''^'ft tprft eft fcTtJ Py?i f 1 §‘<r^'S

ft RRTcr TlffcT TfTR' (King in Parliament) ft cpi-jftl f | TTTR 3?l ^TPtefftt tR efttf ft'T cpi-jf)

sfcRST Ffl f 1 TRR (Parliament) eftt RTft^TfftrTFrTT ^ suft ft ft tifT W cP?T vflcTT f fq> eff Riuiy 5^Tcft tjg> Tft eftt 'Tft «I^ TTTpft afR tR^ eftt-Tft Fft TTcpfl aRtl TR y?l4 cfR TRnft f I

<i'J7

1.7, sftr tiMon (Sovereignty and International Order)

'{|v<4) ^ ti'iO'i cl5t wf ^ «n?n—3Tra WFTR ^ 'HM’)<41 *1X^1 ^ afk ?TTf!T c|5t 11 Ti^sj cpxoi rff ^ ^

^'11 I 3TT^Picf> ^ ^ ^ fctrjRcjjf 3I^^TT7 3(xi\ncpni ^ ^RRT

TJ xi'io'i (International Order) ^ ^SIFRT i cifî^ gf 1 ^ tjcp 3TK?f ^ ^ «n^JT^ f I $ Xl'Tij'l cl^t I

SltRf^)^ ^ xivgl ^ ^ <Jif>)Miq—^ xi'jq'l ^ ^Pi*-il^Raa PlW'l ^~(l) ^ 'cii?ii W ^ PiQîa «R^ <I5T t, (2)vdi^t) csl yim ^ XIiw*! cRiT ■?7? ’ft Plf^tid end'll ^ ^ ^>r} (3) ^J’ff ^ ^^ ^ arf&cp TMlt t^fj^ft Icf^ TT7 Rlqi^ ^ OT?, eft sxicni affetH fûifycn (4} sfrRf^t^T Xlf2li)i aif? 'H*isi1^ cficici eT<I5 «f£)'ict?i'fl ?t^ ^ viTsI cl^ xisi-s 7T^

3M feff ^ ^ 3ik vj’t flRttn^ ^ ^ 13ik (5) ar^r^r ’ftfM^ aff^ Pisjfxui ^ ’ft 71^ 'ii'jtil 3TT^?ff ^ ^^fepR ^ Xtcpcll I

'^f? cijcjgix if xi'jy'l ^ TJ^xitii o\ ^t5 »iqlqi^ eFT xicneil clf«fFT ’ftXI^ # f«P ^ ’Tct^ c^ctef vJ^ ^FRT ?FP eTPJ,?t^ f ^ eRP ■?i«r5 '?T^ x<Jlcnix

W gxsu cR?f^ 1^ '^|\j<j1 >*MX I^xfl filW'icpixl ^ ejft fetf’t’^ XlWt ^ 3)Clf^xt>iff cPI ?FH ^sfk XI*iM«ini ^ 1%(ft ^ QJFT ^ xxiiet ^ Hriw 'TPHI clft wiJqi^ d? eg® 3T^?r R^TT I xiexj) clft Riigici ^ HrqiRa ep^ ^ xi'^qm ^ Ri«sin (The Principle of Nationality)W ift Wf^nyit ^ TFT 11 ■JJF t 1% TNfdt ^ ^ f^^fcl ^ ’Wn(National Spirit) ^ # arftcqlehn 11 xinw) ^ tTJTlW ^ Ri<sm tPT fcicnixi 5^7 ^ gOT^ rilxlA xi«5(lq xivwj) ^ 5,^1 H xi'ji'ftlet’J’ vjfla'i 3PFTT TiFTF? SJT | e^fcpi 37^ Tsff--^ ^ t TT^ im fit^“?Tffrt ^ sTTERP |, TTvRfi <l?[ 5^^^ Rl<Sm ept ’ft 5^fRfl Plf?!-) cFft I

^qix ^FHT ^ I arKP

1.8. irf^siH ^ atmiRUTT(Concept of Sovereignty in Indian Constitution)

’iixcftq xiRlyM ^ y^^tii (Sovereignty) ^ ^ aren’t ePt^ fet^ ^d^£7 | xi*^'^xiRltJM ^ ^jtf^RPT ^ cT? ^ TT^^TeTT efft ft^FTRcTT cTSTT Xi'Rwm 'gtcl ^ Pl?qq ^

1 vi^l^leb! ^f tPFT ’Pn t f^, "FH ’TRF ^ ^ ^ apItfeT,' epR^ f I FTPPT arsf tiF ^ ’TRcT ^ ^ 'ot-iai if f^fâ I ^ ’TRcT

^ Tpp aP^F 5“cp|^ ’TRT ’RfT 11 vStf^PPI ^f ’IRcT ^ X|\«j) a?8J^ 7PT ePT FP^RF Fff $ I §xiep| arsf tiF t %’TRF ^ ^ apRiT TPHjt ^ fra fft gf ^ 11 ctf ^ffittiH ^ ’rff ^Xicnai I ^ffePTR f argt^ 2, 3 aft^ 4 ^ 37SfR xi'tllq #7ra xtiyixî tcRJH f FRT FtJ TPRTf ^ ^ f iJllPlci ^ xicpcfl t zn >d'l«nl WFRT cp^ ^ppdt $ I ^ cIcfFR TPRJt ^ RF, ^ afR vi-icnt^ftFiaft ^ TPpft 11 ’TReT f TPft cfRff elft ff 'ii<iR«nni 11 3i*ixl<Pi f RPT ^ 'ii'iRepai

otJcRQTT f ^ t 1^ Fg^RTT ^ cfRft f Rllêl ^ I 'ira FSJT TT^ aPT’ft-aTdft ?lRkl ’TRcT f pll'lt ^ FRT § IaTcPT

1.9. TT^mtii 3ffT stêtict (Sovereignty and Pluralism)

q§qiq ^ f<t?raeTT^-«ffcfT4t Riîn (PluralisticTheory) ^ gRraifl ffcTR ÎF t fiP ’tgra zffcR if ^ ^ 11 cIgciR efft FRRTT t tfi FgRT f aTTR-RleplXl f ^

60 il'Sllllhiiit^ 4" Ift-sin

1. %?

/ .

2. iftftnm % ir^^Tfn ^ ^ ^fHrrar ^ t?

^ !ft^ln 61

^ 3T^ ■^rg^ro i dgyiQ tpisJcp Icil>i"i c^4>gHI #

uTHT ^nf^ I 7T^

S(|q?A|cri § ftp ^HI\Jl

1%?ft cl?[ 78TT ^ ^ ^ ng+iTii ^ *i4Îfâ ’oa'ii ^15^ € I 'd'lwifcrf^r^ 3i^ «jq|>oi(4)«f> tigqiql cpt ’ft TTgÎW ‘P? 3f?T f^

STi^TcfiR 'T^ ^ j% cj? Mi'iRcrl

I'gmj

cPt3r#f^ arlslcPT^ cf>i •dM^Vi ^ i cIsjtPi, eigqi^l

(Pluralists) aRTMnpcTTcJTf^^ cift vfff^ yr^ ^ «*jci ’TSTm^ % I cTtf5 '':pq<7ita(|^(' 3jt7 3F^ ^ ^

xiif^ I cii’fqTl (Laski) ^ filxrR ^ YnJ!! ^ S^TTfTT cpf SRfPI ’IPRT ^frlcPcil ^ $ I vi'H^nTTcTTg^TR ^ arcRicTT ^ srgqj^ ^ 3^7 5rf% 1%^^ gyf 3jf&'^R ^ I 'Of^ *i5utf P>t 3TcRTc*TT 35^ fcB 3?l SZJcRSJT ’ÎTJT ^ ^T^TEIR fc|’0<g §, cff >3^ ^ 5r1% Iclfi'le ^ 3Tl^r^^ § I eigcjlcjl, a)|R<H ^ Rl<glCi cPTîg CRT 3TT^?T ^ cfTTgg ^•^'1 cR^ ^ I «(gqi<{l ^^sfcRt c^ ^Tg^FTR WigH ^ êjl^ 7TTST

I wgg ^ Mii?i'i cFRfr 7Tftf% c^ ■^fHcT^ <if^ 7?cfy ^5'rtfî' cJR^ § 'yq'l'fcR '<il*llfj^cp v^fcH 1^ f^c1cRI’<l ^T’TST^ f Sft? \dicn| STT^t

?t<f[ t i 5^ TfcRl ^ ^<»>isci^ (Mac !ver) ^ ?i? cpgni f f^, 'cRTgg c^ gig g^FcT^ î 'TRHJ cnqd g^ qiqq 3^ ^RfT § 31^ g^ cTlcrq'l 3^ ^ ^3ER 3TeFT 3R ^?TT ^ | g?fT35cpT 3ff?3cpf?I '*TR 'TTTHJ cR 35^ fcRsTT ^ 'T^ yTTcfT 1 yf^<S ag^TT^ fcl^KW cII'mTI (Laski) ^

^ ^ arf^ml^ w cRT -jy^Vi 3RrrT, ^ twri"S fcf^ cR ^TTJq 3^ 3RRff y«iif^ci zR^Rig g3 cRigg

cTpTT ^ ’isH') ^ 3TT>T

vSM<

3Tcr cRrf 1 _

WR? ^ ^ )^3?T ?t3T 3^rTT ^ I 1914—18 ^ fllfS?/ 7T735I7

3R^ cTT^ 3T5Tg^ ^ fcl'<)<g ^3^ 3it cTTg 3R^ ^ SRRReT ^ aft I Si^ldcni A gplcjM ^3TT^ ?gcIIcT 3i| STTT^ 33^ 3^1 STfB 33 wtcpK 3R^ 3^ 3I«4 3R f^3T ajT | 3RTft33 ■^t (Prohibion) 3>t atk cPT-fcT^ 33 7^ ^ 3TT3T fTT 313 cR ^'3c;i5-<iJ| f 3«r^ 3f|^ 'M'-ifSa ciW*ici (Public Opinion) ^ 'figj'a 7133 cRt ^ft ^3>3T 3^gc3 ^ I

3)7

1.10, ^KiVi (Summary)

ygTTxR 3? TTcftw, f^TTâT 3ff7 STpiqToid TTtR ^ fyTTT^ 7T33 3?[ 713^ 3rf^ PlctiTT cRT^ % I 7133 cRt PrgTTrR 3!7f)3 3Tt7 f^fT^ffT ?t^ ^ | 3>Tgj?l gfe vJTfcR '3)37 3^^ 5Tfrf33 3^

I 3F 3Tg3 ^ ^ 7I33t cR aTl?l3)T^ STTT aTt7 anciRcp g)^ ^ 3T3=ft y^la cTSTT Ml'iRcp)'

^ 3Tt?l33^ glTT Pl3R(d Ft^l f I 317^ 7TfejT3 ^ ^gTRlT ^ 7T33 ^ aTRPT ^ 3>f^ fcf^ ^333 3^ f I ■•373 ^ TrgTPfTT 3T7tT 3)t 3T33T ^ Plfâ 11 c373)[ ^ 3Tg7TR, yg'tiTii 3^ 3T7fr3 31331 ^f^333 ^ |cl'f)<S ^ I 3^ wjqgjy ^ TTvrR ^ Sjg'iTxl) ^ 3)37 37lf3Tg cRT ticpo) § I 3T^3) 7T33-25iiP|c|)i 33 3^ 33 t 7T3q 3)t ygTfrTT 3Tf^3T33 11 ^TRRt 3)73T, ?7T^ 3^7R73T tl

3n3jr?T-y^ (Exercise Questions)

1. pgTmr ^ 33T aT%n3 f?” araf TTftn 7r3?n^ i2. ■RgTTrTT 3)[ f^Tt^cnart 33 3^3 <Rtf^ I

3. TTgTTrTT 'cR f^f^FT '7)3 3^-'^ f? vdcÔ 3)tf^ I

4. ■CrgTTrTT 3ff7 atn-cl'^q 7t‘l03 3^ 7W 3)ff^ I

5. 3T7fft7I 7Tf&3T3 ^ OgTIrTT 3)t 3TcraT73T 33 31^ 3)Vf^ I

□ □□

62 i,i'^'flfh*iif^ ^ ffiîa

37fW^

3ISZIPT

(Right)

xira-«<^'U (Lesson-structure)

• arftran^ ^ «<rh (Nature of Right)• 2.1. (Objectives)

2.2. 4R^<h (Introduction)2.3. ^ (Meaning and Definition of Rights)2.4. arftraJTT 3?R TFJq (Rights and State)2.5. arfil^trd «PfNi7^ (Classification of Right)2.6. 11‘iU'tiT % 3^ftl^TT (Some Particular Right of Citizens).2.7. arfy^rri) 3^h ^ "OTM (Relation between Right and Duties)2.8. (Duties of a Citizen)2.9. ^ ^ 3^k trujonl ^

(The Concepts of Fundamental Rights and Duties in Indian Constitution) 2.10. ■hk'ij'i (Summary)

• 3T«Tra-3r?^ (Exercise Questions)

3Tf^ehl<7 W

(Nature of Right)

2.1. (Objectives)

^ 3t«2in? ^ 3tN 3^)T q'lf-rnui ^ 3lcliq| Cbcjoq) % ^ ^3Ttzm ^1

aflT r«iVl'ldl3Tf ^ 3?«J^ ■^l

• a^f^ranfl 3tk ^ % fqqq• 'ii'iR'ft % chtJoql '5n qiW I

2.2. (Introduction)

3Tfitcf)T^ gJI fî<sia ^ 3?cira WH '<<aai ^ I ^ <Fzn§'<i<ni ^ sTtScpKl gM ^ fkn § ^ ^khi f«tRfi ^>ref ^ 'ii'iR<n1

^ I cpT SiRflcti cpq<7i ?tcn 1% ^ 3n% 'ii'iR^'l ^ STTsTT him'IcJ>T fTff^ ?tcTT w ll'lRtf'l ^

cp^, ^RRsrfcTjff ^ 'il'iRcp ^ sfHdisft ^ 'dwi'i^ MRR*!j|ci^l' 3Tf&w^ § I diwO ^

^ ^r?H cp^cp^mi 7^, ■^3^ Rr^ ^ îRt cpTcTT ^ I 3TTr'! fcl<ri+i ^ Rrj '^ 'd^yVl ^ A U<*’K '3Tf^g5R î*iiRiiw xjfla'i «tTi cf trRRejRraf § Rpi^ STPTcfR ^ ’ft czrf^ srg’TT

’tte

gpt ^ OT?TT cp^ .^Tcpm. r’Riwq

2.3. dli^chlO ^ (Meaning and Definition of Rights)

3Tfsm)Rf t! Cg^5 f&?mTTT^ f | WicT: 3Tf?Jg>R gg; ^PT ^ ^gf^ ^JT YFjU ^ yffr ^ ^ 11 41^?^ (wilde) ^ RPtIR ^ ^ tjcl’ yRki<i'm

^ ^ 11 ^ 'Hi'HiRicP # # Ri gr^ ogRrT g>r 3ig^ ^ cPRif ^ cP7% a?l ■wd-aai gra, Rjfdcpl cg^5 RRiki 'HRR<yRi<j'l ^ ^ ^ Rp^n ^

11 arg’fr 3TT<Pi8TTait ’jn ^ Rr^ siRrt Rra ucPN gft gRR^rf^ gg grar «pg?TT t.

St’ft

^q?dl

oql^ ^ grt #r srRrajR # ^ f i cTR^ % Tratr ^ ^ ^ t, t R? tthi1 gjgg

grgr gff 'wcpm—g? 'W’friM cfft -w'uif^ gR ^ Rgr t firgg

g^ •iimRcp R gr^ ?t^ ^ i ^t^Tcpr) gg grgg Rrg ^ gRReiRraf ^tgr gR’ff grf^g RrR g? ’Mqlr^<c gR^r gf! ^ ggcfr Rr Mi MRR^f?i4i RicRi g? g? ^

Rrgf zjg t R; gr^ ?fgi gjgg R frei î t. vj^ gpf g>f gmri^ ^ g^g ^ f i" ?R?rt Rci’ft ^ giR^. 'd'lcpi grg gRgfg plai, gg Rgr?! gg gsp

*id^

TPfift t Rj Rr ^ Rt ♦11-yai

tl"'Hdcii

RRr, 3tRrrr ^ggr gg? grgr gjg #! gfi 11 gra g^ grgr aiRgg? gg ^ gRw <p^ t,?M ^Rtfg ^ I g? § Rr g^’ft ^zrR^ ^ ^

I aiRjgg^ gg v^gntg eft Rgci wgr ^ # R’rg 11 gR ^Rra eft ogRg gft gR gft Rgj giRg gft #ft

^ g? 3iTTg?gg> ^ R? g? d’ûf 'mîi'ji arRgg^ cPt vjgRg gR g^? ’Mgîi ciiRd R gR gft Rtgg? gRigâi, g%R I Mt RgRr ^ gft siRg ?iR?i?g^ Rgr, g? R stg^ gRt Rt arRrggg gg wt ^ ^rRgr, RRr gft cgRtT Rgi, g? gf # gmrn i ^R^g gR grgr wgr ?rt Rtfjg R gnm t, eft M 'FTjyf ^rggsr gft argîRei gra R ggeft t \ wr R gg’jg greT gft cggwr gj# f R) gigigr R ^’Frgrg Rgf Rr#’fggrg R 5g gRi R Hig ^ giR t

3iRggR R Rnj g? R 3gg?g<^> t Rp g? 5R? 3(tg Rriggn gg angrRer R |. Rt aggRf R Rg^ gR RR. vjggg gfR gR $ 1 vjgiFT’g gg grgr gR cp^ -dtPeii 1 ggg^ gg grgr 3TRfcig> eft # R, g? gR gft Rfe R R gR ^ 1 ■gf grgr cgRtg sfR wggi-Rgf R fcR? fg # 1 grg^ gft -wei'-sieii I^chR grfRj, R ^ggg g? grgr, ^fricpeii 3it? gR R Rgi 1 srg: Rggr gR gR siRtgg? gg ^rgR ^ 1 Rt R® Rtgg R Rr? 3TTg?gg> R1 sr^ (Aristotle) <Rr g? cpggr ^ fR, "Rtgg Rg^ Rtgr gg R gR R geêt argJt eRF R vjftgg-gg^ gRgr ^ 1” arRggR Rt TrTsfggrr ?Rt grg ^ ^ fR ft 5*11^ Rtgg-gg^ gg gigigg^g ^ g^^ ? 1

R Rrt^ {fft^ R czrRg ggiR gr g?t fegr jr^

2.4. 3Tftra>rf 3#lt TTRI (Rights and State)

3ftg aifêpK) m tH'gg-cjTfljgTRt afR ggg ^ ggr ^gRr t ^ g?g R Ri R ggg^|d<P 3TRggR' (Natural rights) R Rtcgia R ^Tgsfgff gg ^ I ?g Ri<siei R

TjggPicid § I ^jfR gr

-flfhtiit-^ R #7737364 Tra

^ ^ jWjt cRt Cp74l #1 ?I^ ^ ^vH’^^RT ^ f I 3Tl&Wf #? TFJJJ c^ ^TW ^ ^ '^;fRT ^3tR 3421^m1 ^ 'T'l-J^l Ri>sin ^

^ ti Q^cîci ^ ar^-iTR 3Tf&cf>i^ ^ ^jfe ■7F5q ^rt ft4t #i ^tftI^ ^cir^ ^ ^ 'TT^ EfRT WRf 11 'TFjU ^ cr>|-j;i 'll‘lRcf> cf^ fyRT

gjT^.^ 'gR^ ci§t ^ ^ ^ 3#cf>iy ^ w? ^ tirm ^ ynpm iii^jpcj ui^f^* arf&îr^ f^<îci ^ ^ ^TgfcTjpt yiRi Pil^n c^l^'i ^ yicff?T y^^cPR

JT^ f^<ji <jfT fiâi I ^ 7T^ v^'Ki

HHT ^ 'Mcpfli 3ilt|cni'<'( <PT SiRncq yT^

37ft WTT

arf&iPT^ 55T vjM'^'l'i ^ yRprTT%

3Tf&cp(y7 ^ HF ^ 'l^-yrsjT ^ ^sjci5 ^ t '3T ^ f^ni^ ^ yi4sn

tflcra ^ I yiF sTTcT [3<7<pci y'TO ^ ^ cnclc^ ^35 yiRf 'fi*ii\n ^ ^ fiiul WO

^ ^T^lTuT ^ 3Tf&^?R 'IRl ^ Rb'tTi cR^ cfJT "T^ ^ >icpdT 1 S)if4*i ^«ll’<lR«t> «ra it vJT^ f^ 3Tt&«PR

.'ti<pai

yrjTjf <i»iivji WTTRJ ’M5*ifa 3fty ’Mi‘11'^ ^ UlitllRcl ? I Fyf[ HcPR yf'ici ^^ 'dM'H'RT cfR^ t, STfScpiMl <pT I >!i*iivjt if fcfpR^ Î<h:l4t ^ ^TlllR^ 3fW

*il'iRi^ *a*l<il3ff ^ 3nct»?(-mci|^ gJT 3TcR t, ^ft^RT F^l 3TcR Ft^ ^ ’*fl ^ yr^^TPHRI

arUra?!^ ^ ^rth h<j1'i ctr^ t ■^^tf^r ^ fh '^la'i-yen ^ 3Tf&<iiR ^ ^ ^ iFR srfil^R ^ «4il'i cftR, cff ^ yRfj^ t ^ tt^ ^ ?if4ti Ft^ 11

ifra iRyRyi # wT ^ cfr FH ^ ^ w # % <go ^ arRmy??T 'dcn tj'1 ^ I

yTRT 'd'livJi ^ ;'Sf^ «lf4d fR 3Tf^cI>R cfiT vieriyi cJR?TT eft ^ ^ 11 FRH<f)R F^ RF Rtt 'P? ’«<n4 tep ypHT yRT arfScpixi'i' epr ^ i fr ^ aicR^j g>F ^ 71^ 3?R)<t>i<) ^ yen ^ym t) F^f) nm nft mF^ (wiJde) ^ n^FT t, arRmnyf n5t'tjfe ntt nR^ n^ y4tcPR nR^ aity RRnft yen nR^ 11" <fe4 ^ yny rf t arRran^ oPT Hieii c^nR ymn if cppjnt ai’a’f^ ti ytnn 11

2.5. arftranyf "^JT ^nffîrw (Classification of Right)

r—ftpy?i an^yf yRn nr yRmr ^ nmf^nft nft cFtiT-cfTjT Rir^"ilRiqjKY

fr^ yr^ynn?! ^nR nRnr jfêpR 11 yRncn «j?f vs'Îri ^ ynsj-tY-ynyt nF RfyiR ’It ?R -sell nyjT t '11‘iRcp! nft art^RP-^-arfit^ ail^npR xt

^ f^nr arf^Rpr^ ^ van’itn nR^ ^ ^ arfiRpr^ ^ flte^R sit nft anf^ ^ '^f nro ?t 1 Fyff.eRF n^Ri armr arfstepr^ cpt wftn Ry^ t, ^ roif^ affy a? <51^^41 «iai«ri ^ arfitnn^ ^ n^mft t’t’R 11 f^ nnny nF yn^ -t ^ arf&RT^ nn *iaq f&nnyr afty ^yynyFt yFT 11

?rar

aritf^ryt ^ aii^Pi^p 'e^'a<p'l % arf^cpKl ^ Pi**if^R9a xjr itcf nr^ ?~(i} nrîfcRP 3J®«P/ ail^j'R—wiyiaw arlyRPRt cPt 4t^-^tn> nf^’rmr ^Rnr ntmft ^ 1 nF yR? nr4tn cptr if itt yycRT FtcTT 8n, cUthn ynm f^Rpt aTf’TnR ^ ’jR 3Tl?tcpr^

RTcTT an \jft ^fêRPRcl Ft^ at afR 'Mi4''41h ^ fepnR (Universal Divine Law) sR ananf^ ^ f^. ytnn Rtnf crt afeRt^tn feim (Jus Genttium) F^ wiylaw aiftRPT^

f^?n ân an 1 yysF^f afR araiFy^t yrarfs^nt nF f^<sm rf ^ Rtapf^m ân 1Rpqfvraj yff^ Rf^gifl (Social Contract Theory) ^ cloy?) ?r^ (Hobbes), hT*(Locke) afR ypyft (Rousseau) ^ arl^cpRf ^ f^xjR cf?r nn nntR RIT^ «[?[ I F^^f^ yi'^f^cp aiftRpR 4 arfaRPR f RJiicpi wiy(ci«r arnyan (state of Nature) ^ an yrnn

^ 154 ai5t amyen ^ wntn apyyn 11 Ryft (Rousseau) ^ eft nap apFT t % 'nr^jf^ arllrapR- f{ an^ arf^rapR ^ afR at

<1*1511

^^1 yFTFvn®Hy

a^ 'seM"ijFt^ ^ ’ft f&FPTFt sit I (?il4’’i aiTR FTT nnyr^<i'Jiit)o?»«t ^ fiaio 65

3jfV9iTT

^ t, 5r?gc^ U’TfWTFT^ '»ft $ |

6IC^ ^ ^^5 'IM'llfrier} fcIrJRcpf ^ yi'J^fricrJ arftlcfiT^ ^ ^ ^^5'ii ^ Hiyfricp srfiJcpR ^ ui*+iRi<g arf&cfjR zfr aiiq?<rcD sffêpK gf fSRcj^t uc^4>^ \3^T^ fcltlKyKI %# ^ oOcRSJT

I 'd'Jlsy^l ^ ’JcTcrarTT, '^'imai, W^ni, \3hi<1'1i, yffcR 31^7 ^ThItI ^ ^Teftl cfT^37l^<»’l< ^ 3rf?l«|}i'< ■! ^ irr^cp 11‘tl^cp '357 xrilek; | (Green) ^ 'î,'3TTuTcf}^ wi^fri^} srfiJepRf f^<gia ^ cêJeT ^ ^ tqlcr>K ^ ■Wcriai | 3Tf&^}R

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^ tlaj|<siii vdicrir •

^ qrl*iR 3TcrWT ^1 e^ ^Rl<p fclcpm ^ 1^'fi*iai TjrfrfT t% ^TFT^-oOf&rTrg ^

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STfeffT 37ftIepR cpT vientjd ep^rTT ^ cl? 5RT ^f«ci FtcTT ^ I cpKiJl?r^ 3787^ ?c7rr cR^ cf?| r7c5T <t}'!'li ’ft Q'S'llq 3T'7^ra' ■^Tr’TT vjimi ^ I

tf%

STf&rFTT^ ePt ^ ’TT’ff if ^137 7HT •rtoifli §-(5)) 'ii<|Rcr> 37f&cf}R (Civil Rights) 3fR ^) ’Î'Jt'iUciep 3Tf&cf>R (Political Rights)

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RePR Rv^ ^ ^RR ^ RRrTT Î <?lfehl, Rf^ ^ R# RRrTT, eft epRPTT^ ^1 R^RfT RIR^ 1

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cppfRTtkRR RT cRRTSrrf^RR ?T7T R^ RRRR W TTRRTTI Rf^ ^TRR 5R STfsIepkf ePT 3(irlfp*in| RtT^ Riel RR’^ RRP?. ^ RtRkep 37R^ STfStR’Rt Rf) ^8T7 ^ 'RTRIRTR! ^ k 'TT^rTT % I rftRtrTR RR5 WR qgRR ^ WiR t. 37rT: Rf^ «Jg*ia RM TlfTT^ RrT 37R^ f&%ft 37cRk^RR} Re7 R^t IRrfRrfT RR 37R?^ RR^ rft Rft^ 377TR7f R?[ RTR R^ ^ | ^ffcfRTR 3TfitRR^ ^

RR RRtRTR RF.'t feB ^ 37t&ePKl ^ ^RRfR R>t ^TRRft '^TRTR TRrTRrR ^ I vSRe^ \3H*i'|'I ^ f^Rfl Rft ’ft RkiR R^ Phqi RR TTeprR I ^ 3Tf&RR^ e^ 37’7tR ff Hl'lRep 37R’ft RIRW 8TRrT73Tf RR

■rt'Hi't ^ Srf&RTrRRTRR 3TR^ kfitRTRt î fR STfsjRR^ RR RtsR’R epT^ § | 37RftRR, 37k ^fwIRR

^rSTTR R^ R)? RTR^ 37k vSReP aif^RrR egPori ^ RTT^ ^ I R^ RRRR R’Tfrr?ftRr^Rlt eB RffciRTR 5^ R}RR cB R^8T RRT?R^ f I kf^RTR % ’ft 37R^ ii'iRerf]' ^RlRrR-3Tf?tRRR, RR7rf^-3Tf^RR^, ^flRW e^ f^tRTtT 37ftlRRR, R’f-'WIrl'-pR RR 37f?tRRR, f^8TT 37k 'tl^^fri RTRsfr 37f?lRR^, '<1hRi RR RTf^TRRR 37k ^Flf^tRlkTep vJRRT^ RR 37f&RRt ftRT 11

66 «'»tl/(T?»«* Iriîn

1. aifijchlT ^ if

2. ^fns»i 3Tftl35tT STf^nR ^?

</'jr‘illnfj/wt ^ /wifiTcJ 67

SrfVWTT2.6. (Some Particular Right of Citiz«ns)

HcpR aftScoR ^rTT 3it^ fcfRT ?R? ^STT cDxiai ^ I Hlîcf>l«l ^ 3T5 cT^ 'il’Jtj'l ^ 7IT8J ^ SrfilcpT^ ^ ^ ’ft wRq’cf'i ?tHT tRIT ^ I ^SrfitîR vdtiigxî ^ ^RTcTT ^ SSJT vWf *TT^ viT^ 3TM vS'icpi 9^ *i5Tq 'T^■| 1 cRB 3li^95R ■^, f^Mcf>l Bl^M iPTH 4 xiprrl'a 8JT. afcpl fbr% 3TJ9f 3R?jrT

9Jr ’THT 9n?TT 11 vri’iai ^ 3T9Y ’TRRT 9?f TIT87-#-7TTSJ 3Tl?RpRt 95T^ ajiqcft ^fciT ■’RiT I ^ ^ 'ii'iRcf) 1%^-fcp^ arf^RpRf cpt cp^, 5^T9?t^4'M^â ill'll TfH9 11 ^fctR ^R ’fr F^T ^ 3Tf?rcPT^ 9tt ■’RHT rft 9R ^ fl9)4 f ^ SiMcp^ "IMiR^ v^RR ^ 3TTcR9cp uTT^ ^ 3fR 3TT^jRP?T ^ 3f1?RPT?rTTtHI '1|i|R*1 95t ^ <PT 9arRR9 TRIRT 9R^ f | ^ 3lf&cPR ^tq A RPHl^Rid f-(l) qttcPT «PT 3Tf&9)R (Right to Life), (2) ^zrf^JrRF ^<fct^rfT cpT arfsRRR (Rights to Liberty of Person), (3) 'tqn^ ’W’Jl sfR 9tl 3ttit9tR (Right to Form Associations), (4) 'tqd-sal tpT

(Right to Religious Freedom), (s) 3f^ti 9^ STltf^R (Right to Contract), (6) WT 99 srfScoK (Right to Work) (7) RraTT cTSTT 99 3Tf&cPR (Right to Education and Culture),(s) ^S'-si 99 3Tftt99? (Right to Family Life), (9) -Mîai ^ 3f1?l7FR (Rightto Equality). (10) -cimRi 99 Sri^tcnK (Right to Property) 3fR (l l) 9R9 99 Rr?1?T 9R^ tpT 3Tf^999 (Right to Resist State)

•aRimixT nR^cf^lq 3T9^ ii'iRml lllRT

■’fre

2.7. ^rftrailff 3^ ^ ^TSfU (Relation between Right and Duties)

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68 ^

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'timi'y tncîxi ^ ^ I 5^1^ oyf^ OT%cPI (ilcn ^ ^ yyl'i

cRcTT, 'i’HcPI 5^ ^ OTt^

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^ fil-W+l +11*11*^ cPPifM ^ xjte M§yal t, eft ^ eyf^cpyai

2.8. uMRer* % «»>Tfcti (Duties of a citizen)

W q'rT<»>'<"i—SifQcpi^’ ^ ^ cprfsiff <PT ^ 3^c?^^^ | 'IMiRcP c^.cBrfojfr 3?f 'd4’d**ia stiiil *7^ § cftj'tfcb f&cpra ^ ^TTST ^ ^TT8I *i^'>y ^cpxfczit if iff TT^ ^ I cTsjrf^f 'ii'iRcp ^ 5^5^ cpTfsqf cpt tppr enffep^w f^^n w'ticfjqi {l) 3PI^ ^PrfcZj, (2) mRci|'< ^ cprfcZj, {3) UPT, ittr ^TSJI TTf?T ^ uf^ cPrfclf, (4) ^P3?I lri% epficy 3^7 (5) *inqcii ^ ‘PrfcZI |

SR^ trfrT *Tfc^J-HM|RcP cpT -^T^RSni gJrfaT 3T^ UfrT ftm 11 f^TcPT sd^mR t hwIcd 'ImiRo epf 3ppft îi^lRcfj, PPTI^T^ 3ft? ^Rfen ^ fc]cpm cp^^ xTlf^tj |

^ 'tl*il'Jl ^ 3Tf&^ ^ srl^fcp -^cii cp? '^7^ I yr^cp •iMiRcn <PT Jf? cpxfoq ■§ f^ 'g? 3R^ WRMJ 31^1 ^ 3ff7 3T^ ^ 37^ fÎ8TT ^ TRTRT ^ | tift i|J|RTfcy—3R^ cPrfcJTt ^ y?yiq mRqk ^ ^Prfefr ??T T^TH 371^ IyRciK ^ 'il'iR«’ epT Mid'i ylyî cp'<ai 37cT: Mi‘iRr 3717% iTTcTT-ftm, IJTwRf, 37Tf^ ol||lkli|1 37^ W-TTsff cPT 3r5fl cR? ^ Hici'i nlqui ePT^ I

TTR, ^FR cTSTT TfcT ^ tifet q>T(oq—ii'iR^ TTR, ^7^ rCT TTM 5Tf^ iff epu cprfcqO

.■^ f, 'Î'lRcp ^ tif 37r?n ^ vTT^ # ^ ST^Fft yVyai Ifef TIT^, ^7^ fT5T7 TJM ^^ 3jf7 vS'l'P ni'iRcp 'Jilci'i ^ «i'iii< I ii'iRcp ^ ^ ^T?T ^ yiaMi g?

mRcIIX ^ 'R 37^% 77F7 ^ qRciI'< f%cT ^TTcT ^ 77717 c^ cpT

3#? ^ «I^ ^ WTc7 ^ W eifciqi'i «P? ^ I

xivii ^ Trf^ ^rfsT—'TRlf^ 77^ ^ 37^^ cpTfoy ?f^ ^ ^ ^TsZT RlMlclRilci

^ (1) 'ii'iR^’ ^ 77? 3)|cj?ycp Tprfaj |r 1% g? ^T«77 cni-jq'l cpT qiPR ^ I 77f^ -iiîRcp cpi-j-if ^ yici-i ^ ^ ?ff 'fiîi'Ji ^ 3)'<i\ji«pai 1 (?lRh'i md^ W STf’fyRT ^t 'iPiRcp ?r7i?7 ^ 37^R7c7 <PI*J;l'l cf^ iff Ri’<'|yi4 «P^ I <7l'«l0 if, \^777 dl’t^ % «PBT t'’g*lKf Hpctl ‘Prfel t 37^^ 37cT7TF7T ^ sRf '?7^ ?f^ I” STcT: 7TTJI7 <p|-j_d 37^f%lcT 3ff^3)^RI«p ?ff vidcpi fclyfy 1^ ^fep | 'Mylvfll ^ iff, <1^41 faw TPrfoJ ^3)iq?y f 3fR 'RT^ ^ cpi'jq c|ff 37^7 RiRqa cPrfcQ ^ vjfTTTT $ yR ^-Ticpl (77^ ^ «ni*3;i W) ^?c7fl77 cpl^ ’TTT^T ?fiTT 11" 'iTylyfl ^ ^>7^ 'TT^ ?jf fcp ,"^ «PI^ ^ ‘iM'ii fyidcril g*!!’?! Staxlcî 'm1<pi'! ^ g^n-Jl ^ Ri’OtS yT^ ^ ^ 17^ ^7177

^ STRTTtT’jyf cpi'Jî'l W HM'1 cp'<ii -qifî-, cR cR) viicp) iJeTI^ff ^ Pf^'fl)'

(2) y'r4^ ^l<lR«P WP ^ qjTêq t ^ 37^^ ^ 57f!f f^T'^ ^ | g+icp| 37pf777^ ^ 11^ tll^cP>ff ^ ^ vST^R c7^ 377^7% 37TP, eff 'il'iRcp cpf 7T<j7<i qfdqi'l cp?^ 7?^ xtlfB*^ I

vH^RTcFf 3m'i!l4t ^ ^ TJep ^ I c^fepd 4?r*iRhl 777 ^TÛTcTT cTTT 71? 377} ?fqT x7T1%7J TfTp ^ epT ^llqui cp$ I ^T^fTTcTT cpT 377^ ?ff 77? t Mc4cp ^ epf ^ Cp7

^fRrry xidcnl ^777 7p^ 37f? vd'iqi 1%cT ^ 377F7-«iRiqi’l <P?^ Tig'll yffâii qif^kj |

<i'n-»7/o<»wt ^ ftt-sin 69

({3) cJ^T^ ZIT SH 3?rZir^ atiq^-ych |f 1 <t)1f^<ri( ^ ^ 3?sf Zf^f ^ gtiHcH ^^ I v3'l«P ’IcT îi-rt-l Zf^t ■?T^8JZ? zpT ^ Iwa'l cp'<'ll xnf^ I if HMlRcf)! ^f^ zj^ 3iiq?qcf) ^ 'jTTcTT ^ ^ cf^-JlW^zT (Tax Evasion) Zf>T s^qm l,jc-yq ■^TZjZi c^î*i'+fl zp^ c|^ i<’<i'^cii'^cicn 1 5'(-(c^ ■?psj ^ 'TTvZT ’ft zr? 3TMT Ziff \jnc!t t f% ZJir qiJlRcpf Z^ Z37ZR 3i-qiqij_j| cp? Tj ci'in^ | ?TRR WT ZR Zp^ d'llcl ^Rzr ZfT^ Z|^ aPT^f KfH if 'zzt, 5^ ■^TZitr if yi^'i »TRq Z^ 'TToF^tfcTZP if Tit? Ridi RiddI ^ I vaqigyui gq Zp^zfy ^

^TTTFH zj^ TTvJTT z^ ?vZ^-?c^'Zp^ ei'lM qifgk; | ztziZT 4 ^ v3fra5 aft? Zpl .\3qip'<''l ^ f I «r?i'?T yt?T-STf?T 3Tzpff qiqr tjt^j gq iff^T ^ | i^Rhi ijr^j cpf tjtjtjjzt cp'flif 4 Zfir^ itt zp^ ^fqr I T?tzp ?ifR ^ Rpt? cp^ arf?T-aTt?T zp^ yZioilH zp^ g | ^fchi Zl^ ZT? zT^ ^ mdT-fcR '3'Ziq) ?T^ ^ 79? ZPT CTH f%zn vP 7?T 11 zR tfdZfR sSt^-sfR?7TZPT ZT^ZTH Zpyai c^Hhd z^ cpf CRp Tip^ 1% vj-d^ ?7IZpT TJgrvT Rhzfl vTT7?T 11 (4) 'il'iRco ZpT T^ 3R1 anZTTZJZp Zprfzzr Zjf^ v3ft7 3TTT^ ^Tdlltiq’K ZpT yq'l'i ^8TcTT ^ ^ I 3TTZjT vjiiaî ZpT ^ $ sfR 'jI'IciR if TITTR >Jllfll Z^ Tlf^ arixqiql ?t?T ^ I vHcf? ZJ?[ TTZpvRTT at'ciciVlcqi 'ii'iRwl zfe wR-> 3fl7 'S'lwl TTZiFttfcTZp ■qa'II ZR % I v3R?T ?iT zj? ZRH Zprfel f Zf? 3TZr^ qaqM Z^ 3TfiJZpR ZpI aiRa TTTZrarz^f

TraRr zp^ afR zfRzi ^ ziRzj cqfckiql' zpt aiw ?irtzp ^ 1

^ z^ arzRr ttI^, arzr^ qRziR, thtt, zrr, •gicT aiR Tfozi z^ Tif^ZPffel f, cF^ ^^cf> zT^zji Z^ 'TT^, Tfzjyt TRTR ^ Tlf^, ♦ll'iqnl z^ Tlf^ ’fl cgi> zprfcZJ ^ | 'ii<iR<P zpt Rf 3jt:R gq ^T?7Zf Z^ TfTST-TFRJ, ‘inq-oTTf^ ZpT ’tt'rtqZRj 3fR ciq^^K €t aTTxRzrr Zp^ 1

ziR

♦ll'iqcil

2.9. ^TTTrfRl ^ 3Tf8J^»TTt sfR cbTf«il SicifctKumi

(The Concepts of Fundamental Rights and Duties in Indian Constitution)

'‘TTTzfra Rf&trn z^ ztft 3, ar^z^ 12-35 if n'lRcpf z^ arf&zpRf fcfztzH f | fp arRrzpR'f zj?i zp^ rrr ^ TzrcfpicrT-ThTFT if Rl^d f i Rfctypr twi if RRizir z^ »tpt tr 33 f^Rr Rg> \3H<lRlfrl if 11 fcR ?Zp, TTPTT^ZpR 'Mplfa if 2 rfZp aiR RfÎPT 7WT if 25fRi fTzp I #r. arR^cp^ R ti'Riqii z^ zpt RrzrlRfzp anRiRicr zp?t sjt i y^Riwi,arfzjzpR, TPHj-zfrf^ ^ Rt^ttzp dczi ?yT zpvfej 'HRj?fzi RRzth z^ anziR’j? qvq'i zpt

ZPTT^ ^ I’^TTzItzi RfzRH if arRrzpRf zpt ^ ^rf&izff if ^ t-

2. 'Md'ddl zpT aif&zpR,4. Zllf*^4> TcTtRcTT ZpT aiRfZpR.6. R^zrrRfzp ?zRTRt zpt ailttzpR |

1. TfZTFfcTT ZpT arfzTzpR,3. ?fRR"Z^ 3iRR>R,5. TRZ^ ??JT Rtstt -Tfzfsfl arl^zpR,

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■pfra if afR ■gftf^

ZpT vicviq'l ZT^ Zp?T ofT TfZPcTT

# rft 5^ zpTzjp z^ TiRRzp^ if Rpzft afR 5^ if iR ZPTcTTTRTZT

70 (I'Ji-rt/ciwMl ^ r^sin

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"^gR aftR f^Rft ar^x^g g>t siIr TT^rT •r^ gR TignTT g? rrt Ttf^crrg gn rRH 3TTr»n t I 'g^ RJRJTSftTT ’TSgR ^ ‘'JTRTfty TtftHM ^ gg^H2RT' att? i-ifclwi'i gRT TSîRla 'y'jiiaiTîcfi ’fcpT gfl aiTOiMRieii' 35^ ^ |

-mciTxci Rfr gfxi

ut egg

RJiijiciy afR vsx^ ■'-xiiijiciij'i c^ gRT ’n’lRchi c^ ’ftfcig’ 3T(?tg>r^ gtt tstt. c^ fc^ ffcPR ^ i^'ia Rrft 1%^ an 'iicr>a f—

(ar) g^ gRicttgR^g (Habeas Corpus)—'«jfcki‘ia TcIrTWr c^ g? Tfgff^g^ WRrgyt 11 g? ^RT gjf^ gft mstgr m Rift ftfmr urw t gfr Tmfmr t 1% artg''^ ^ «r^t eniiii Tnrr t i fTTc^ gRt ,f% gg g^r ggR gg ccjfchn gft PiRxin

RjNicig g^rgRR cpt^ ari^cpiyi ^ arr^ ^rtr ^ Tfgg afR 7«jh g? ayfera g?^, f^Ri^ Rfigidg g^r

ggrg gn^ ^ ggRfr r fcfxiR gR ttc^ i gW gsff c^ gm -yggR Rrmicig fTt gm gg f^rofg

RngicRi g^ g^ gfRg gg^r gR^ srgg? ar^f^n gg Tt^—cpi-jdi Tig g^t ggnj gg ciiPta g^t grgaftgRyi

gRm 11% ggRg^t % t gi attg afR g1^ at^g ^ f ^ gttianiTT t ^ 11 ?gc^ (^<£1 aggR g? x-qa-aai grgr gR 7jg>^ ^

(g) gggT^gr (Mandamus)-g7gT^ gg ^ gn trzi gjRt f&rgr anm t atg gft^MqiftiTKi arg^ 7ii^cJiPiq> g^tcg gg Piale g^ g>R'd 11 frr gggg ^ amrigR c^ aggR gg ggrfstggft gtt ggfet gg greR gR^ gg an^gi gnRt f^gg aiidi f 1

(TJ) gfrl^^ (Probibition)-g? ai5liy-> Rtgfrg RjRrTefg ?T5TT \JTeI WJ|g|cHg) gRT f^RRRTrargrat cT?g attf-RuRi^ RjFjf&gRRf gtt rR) tr^ fg an^ ancg t % ?r gm^

arg^ g# ggdgrft g g>R, ggt% gg giddi arl^rggg ^ ^ griR f 1

76 Ki'^TiiFaîif^ ^ /«^/a

(^) MoJ't''! (Certiorari)—W 3TTWra STfSîlTTcT: 1%^ Rlqiq cpt f^TT^ ^lyidij vj^ ^ f%ZIT yTTcTT t, W 3PT^ ^ 3rf&g> 3Tf§RBT^ W[ OThW

^ g>^ JJT aiH-ll ?ll^ W 5<’Hi|Vl ^ ^ÎFJ ^ PTc^frT^ Ricgial ^ ^ I STTfTFra

^ 3TTyK tSTxSJ -^litielii Pim '^li^rtfl^ll Pqiql TRSI pT^ cf>^ ■Mcfirl

il /

(■^l) d(ltttf>K—iJWT (Ouo-warranto)-^ c^jRkl ^ ■*! «Pt4ci'iai §, ioi-eicfi ^ ^ cfin} cf)T ^ 3Tf&cP>R cfT "^litieiij srfsJcfTR—

3TT^ IHT tJTI czjfctrl ^ ^JEfrTT t f% fcp^ 3TmR ^ ^ cr 5^4 cP? t '3lk

?Tcp ^ cpT '(I'ci'lôl'l'^ T3fR ^rTT, cf? «PT^ cpg -Mc^ril I '

“jlpaq) ?NT TTWRW qf^-aifrRft ^ '^Wldij'l ^ c^cR 3Tg^ hIIPIcP 3Tf?l«PRt 78TT g?l oTT t, STTjRFT ITT fclsle d«llcb

TT^tff^g7^ <iqiCV5iel uImuii cR ^ tj^ *i1fdcri 3Tl?RfRT ^ 7STT ^ ciiRhl '

rgigidg ^ 'T^t «R I ?raR -etfcltli'l 5T7T 'iigiccpid 4 'il'lRo’'! ^hIP^ Srf&cpRt (vjila'i aff? ctifchi'm 'RfcfoTrTT 3tRrpR ^ ^fecR) TSlPtrT cj?f cZJR2TT

^ -q^ t

^ 3TftT3FnT

qi'idlg ■11'iRcn'l cPt TRq ^ (l979 3ff7 qiq) -m'hP qq StRIcRR ''J^ 3Tf£lcp>R

^ ^ qra q^ §, c^Rh'1 44^ tt^sjtRrp (30 3t^, 1979) TfqfrT qn srf&qTR3ff&q>R qrq gra 2TTI 1950 1978 rT^R 571 3Tf&qR c^ TT^q 8T^ TT^qrf^

7i?ftyq gt; 3ff7 q? srl^gR f&grq qq f&gq 7571

TTqfq % sifyehn % Iraq if frafq

TiRiqrq gg^ c^ grq ^ ^ si^qi gsfT ittt ttf qn 75T yr qTTTffq TffcpqR?i7i ir'iR>7)l' qif ycM Rbgi qqr gfg1% qg ^ arf&qR TTrqrRqq)—srrRfe qrra q^t wiRi aitjcp qq 7?T ^ afr? 57T qR^q -<14Ri aif&qq^ q^ ^ aif^lqR ToQ ^ q^ qqrq tist gnqr i 1977 ^ qrRnS qRrTT qi^ §T7T 3Tq^ qtRTiqq ^''»ff q^FT qqi yj 1% 'TTqf^ w 3TfSrqqq^ êf 3iRi<t)i7 ^ W7 '4' q^ ^hn. qqq uf ^qqr Tjqj qRjjft arffer^rq ^tqr r arq:

qfgfri 3if?lqR ^ TTia ^ 44^ TTcfyrtPqi 7T?fTyq (ar^ 1979) 4 Rtr ptpr ^ czrqqyr•q^ t-

^hmIti qg arf&qgq arq gq^ ^ arRrqgq q^ 751 qgq <nqd qqj qg^j^ ari^qgg ^ 1 -WmP qg arRrqgq' arRfqR ^ tr ^ q 75^ r ^ qg^ji) wIsPgi f^qr TRiq ?t7t 1%7?f cqRhn q^ -rtHp q^ gg ggMtl czjf^qqf grgr ■>^ 7T%Rq qg^ {Land Ceiling Act) q^ T^mr 'ftR ’jft t aik 571 R ^ TRf qg^ qR^ f cf) qjgR ■'5^ R ■gagqqn

f^qr qq czrl^qzff ^ ijP Tjgq giTi q^f gfl gg Tg^’ff 1/

2.10. ■Hi7iî (Suniniar>)

g[f?lqR cpqoi gq> qrqr qra q^ § 1 gjq qfff R^T arf&qR qg yiT’q qRcg ?Tq q? agRqq; 11% q? Tgjk Tiqigr giTi ft 1 qqf% qtt^ ifi ciiRhi agr^ arRfqg^ qg qqqfq q^ q>7 Tiqgg I arf^qgTt qg qRitq rff qtciqi TTqgjT ^ ^ Tiqq 11 r^ q^rfett Ri^yq

f^rqr arRiwiy'l qg Rfcpqq ai^ 7f ggRn 1 tiwt^ q? ^ f% qnfsq aiRrqR q^t cRft^t ^ 1 wrqq) arRfqR ggy qtt^-q-q^ qqfsr ^ 1557 ftrg 11 arq: art&qR afk cp-Haj Tgp ^ Ryggt 7^ qfc|^ f I qf qjfqr ftteicgei TTS ^ f% gft RP cgf^ qg ari^qR ftcg q^ TTqgg ^ TiqTq

TnnffwviR^ ^ Riîa 77

cpT cfJxfcZI spf'vjTIrfT ^ I -iMiRcp cpxfwl ^ Icl^^ ^KOl^ ■<li^k)l'l ^ ^ ^ I

3?I^Pl^ ^ 37^cf7('!) ^ ^ [^•y/ Wiylocp 37f?r^R, Sff^^N, ^/ncp

3Tf&cf7R 3^ 3Tl?Jcf)R I Mr^ch *i^nj fui'lcpi 3T^ ^cn W<ai I

■ 3TfV^

/(Exercise Questions)

cpT cl^ VtIIvU' I1. 3t1&W5^

2. 77^ sfh Stfficpjy) ^7£3l ^ ^Rnv I

3. af&Wr fcpjcT^ f?

4. 3t1?JcPR 3fR cfTrfczf) ^ ^T«JSJt RI^Fmci

<«lRrtk; I

5. 'ii'iRcp cpxloyl JPT cpllytt; (

□ □□

78 ^ Ri^irt

(Liberty)

(Lesson-structure)

3.1. (Objectives)

' 3.2. ■'fir^ {Irtioduciion)

3 3. 31^ ’Tfr^rra (Meaning and Dcrmition)

3.4. eqa'pidi 3TR (Liberty and Sovereignty),

3.5. tqn'^di % ’k (Kinds of Liberty)

3.6. 33k dicjn .(Libcuy and Law)

3.7. ^3TTcfkl itfkyn ■>7 '5k 3T5yTT’51

(The Concept of Liberty in Indian Constitution)

3.8. ^k'i?! (Summary)

• 33«jra-3J?5 (Exercise Questions)

3.1. (Objectives)

^ 3Tt5T5 k 331553) 355553 55 33k TT5' % ST^ffTTU 5335)5 3Tf55n k 355551 5k3355555 55 33«755 533353 tJntjTTTi

• 3555331 % 33k 335 5t35im skr 55^ Vfkl 533 3353555 '533711

• '355553 33k 5)JF51 % 53^ k '53551

• 35fikni sfk 53rj5 k 33555 kiki

• 5R5f5 ki5’-J35 k '55555T 55 335533251 % 5k k 53^71

3.2. (Introduction)

'355553' 331^Plm 5l65T5ek 3^ 3nq[[t)m 553feT5 5*53 k k 753 k I dldU-cilRhrtrt 535fkk5 Rl5)1X3 7^ fci7 fkR 33^53 uRR-Slfd^l 5k 3n57557?r3 kfkt k. 555553 k) 57^ k 753 f | cpkl-'5)k) k) 5^3 55) 061 51353 ^ fkl 7375 737353 k 3553 553 53) ’fl U'lRl 5k f, 5? 'dxxm '3555(53 UlRd k 1^37 1^37 77 OTrkt 533 k1 5fk'337 f I

'555553 3375>rk5rk) '5^ k I 5735k 57 5Jt>' 'Jis'l 'k '7773 5k 533 Xl0dl k Rinsl'k 7375-737353 5^ 6^151X3 77 5J3753 7715 5Tc3T k 55 77 'kl fkl'TTT TiYt 335717 3^71 33k 737^ 57 kl 75f7 537k 7k k I 7513551 5k 57? §715k 'kl 5kk 7357P75 7fk737T '571 53fk7 k I fkRF7 cxifkd gxxx) 3lPkrr5 7?7 537k k 1 77TSff7 k?3 5) RlqiR-tq)' c# fcl7 755535T 57 3Tfk7T5

^ la 79

I

Sft? "TcTTHHI’ TfRT ^>''11 § I fypT Tj iHI-dH^juai f^ycgîai ^ 3TcT ^ eiWdîrMV> 7IRR ^ bin'll TORT

TiTTrlT 11 ^'i^'d, TO?ra fciqKcp'l' cf?r ^ -wtd-aai W 3T{^TOT £JiRcp wf^'y'l 3fk ^y'^^yi'ia IcRcfR^f cj^ rTTO ?tcTT 11 ftR, vjfT

«j(ckl sirt^ Rl^qmT ^ ^ t, ^ ^tf?racTT cpT ^TccfT 3T9f : f^clfoi' ^ TfTi?^ f | 3TFRTT ?lfR ^^ ^ I 3T?T^; ^15 efdr ’Kldoiai TpT Tlf 3TSf if|ci^lld ^ 1^ ^ vST'T^TOcTTOT cr>ff <iisiJ<T) ^ ticpal ^ ^ g'cwl^-^lK 3TT^R’^. ^ TFTT^

RTT^TTJTOT? cRTTliJ^fcHa ffcTT 3lk cj^ cf?l q>'<dl t, 'Win-?4)-3(iqli7i'i ^ ^TTH ^ ^ ti'q'lftTn f^TIl

TOiR ’fii*iiRjicf>, yivn-fllrl^ TTT^lr|cf> yfrlqST ^ ^ I vsfiwlf&Rft ^

3.3. 3T^ hR‘HI’^1 (Meaning and Definition)

. WddHdl '?T^ 3T^tPTatcTT ^ ^ ^ W5ft ^ ^ T3toW1 t f&i ^NiyicjTl ai«i|c|cft hR'îHi ^T^ ^ I TOcf^rTT '^Ti? ^ StiluTl TOfri 'fcT«r^' (Liberty) f I 5’dq’l v3t^Tl%

1cT«R' (Liber) t, f^RT^ f-^^T I 5^ TO>R 'toa'ql^ ^ ?lll«;«P 3TSf 'gwji^ci^ci cprot Tf^r ^ ’^cindnar ^ I trl^ ■gH '<<ldo(cii Sl^f iig“i <r><d ■§, rft '(■qcioidTTOctTTOT TIT 'iW'acnai titF Hyltiqidl ^ vTTcfl f I Tl? 'fctdc^ni

TOrRIcTT qjl-jd Tf?f ai^tlf^Sjf^ TO yTTT?T ^ | f^'i^l ’fl TTHTjI cl?f 'I-ddq<dl WSI ^ WST TI?[ Wd-ddI cRT STOT 11 §TOfTT 3I%TO TI? t %

3Itr^ 3fR Tf?1 ^ ctrof eg® TlfcT^ ep) T^tepR

TOcTT ^ I

effi Pl^yicHeb fTTOcTT I Tj H epT tjft elf xIT%, \3^ gR^

mR'ÎÎI—3IcT; TOcTTOT ^TOT yfdqtff cpT ^ aTHTcI ^ | 'lici ^(Positive) df^ ^ f 1

TOtratTT gf) '«i'<i^g> fcRn? ^ TOTTTjT •wdqai depNIcHep (Negative) SiiW TTepRIRTcR c^cTcT 3IRTO ■geRT mRisiW) g?f ^ -d'cql TOrf^cTT ^^T pldl \ TO eR? "depd

egTPTOT g?l 3T^’7f^Slf% ^ ■grocTT 11 ^TOrTT ^371^ ef? TO 11 TOTR ^ TOTTTT iTOT grr TTTOTT I !Hepl?l TOT^ W?TO ^ | ^TOTOT 3)N?q<P ^

^ e^ TffrT^ TO TOTg # R Hr^cT ellf^ anTO-fcTeTOT ^ 1^ 3TTeITOeP TOTO ’ft v3Mc14l ft^ TO%^ I Tftg ellWt ^ 'f<ld^Cl(

3TTOTR e^ TOTcf ept

'dHI'Jl

TOPTWTeP gST (Positive Aspect) TO TOT f^TIT I iff’T e^ TOcTTOTT TOT TOTTgTOT Tpt cTrTO TOr TOTTJ TO5^ TO TOT t fuRT^ cqRhng^ arftlgTOT STTro-fcrgroi to ^3Icrr titto ^ ^tt^ i to ^ Tjf^ to Tif tot ttott to#

TTTO'ii'iReri g# gro 3i%giR tott #, to# stt# TORT-fttgror t# f#rg gro-gro ^feiTTj 'STOTsi # i

^ Tfigcr #’ fîrnff tor-tort Ict^tot tottott g# gtgf f^r^TOTOgr 3fR TOPKIdHch TOTOTT3Tt TO gfrel TOTO ft TOTT 11 TJft TO TOTTOTT TORI # <g® IcIsmI <# Rltiiyl TOTf^sIcT gR# # I g-ti-d TOcTOTT TO 318f TOTfT 3T^RTR RgcTTOTT TO flicM4 f&RRi TO TOTg f I cITTO (Lock) «# filTOR g# ^fiRfep RgcTTOTTgf # 1% gf # wrêp TOsg îfia ^ TOdg # cITO fefR# g# fwi 3T2ito (4yiRi41 gifisr T# 3TTftg f#t t rTO^RTOJ^ (Montesquieu) 3l^TOR—RTTOf # 3Tgtr[ TOT TOTTgff # gft epi'jd fTRl fd4R<a #, TOcTOTT TO 3ia} Siroft vtRia gitsl 3T^RTR TPItJ gR# g# ?ifchn tITO 3TTOf1 fR®T T# I^mOci f^Rf) grot fcTTI giRI g to# # ft TOPrrr # r ifR (Green) TOrtgro Rfgtfl giTOcTT TO TO TOR TO^#T5 gR #t # I TOTO^ #, ''-wnd^dl TOT TOfll g# gR# STSigi TOT gR^sft

TOT##! gR# g# ?if#a # gft f#) gR# ^ttoit TORtg t# gRg # r TORg# i# tot #, 'Rgdrorr tot

t fR#

# ep#) ?rg> RgrtTOTT #, rft f# totto tott to# gif ■# tot RTgro # f#5 rtto #

# # ^gfcRlT ft#[ I fT5?T (Hobbes) t#

g# # RgfTOTT # groj^ ^ siIciRcki to# ftriTOrf to TOrrg # iTOgi

RTTrof^rgr qRrkifrig'l to gf#ggf to TOTig # gft f#5 OTgRtgi totott # «jRidi t# ^t^-rtttot <# TOg^ggi ftrft # r T#g 3i1#gTi# g# gtrorr (i789) # gifr tott sit f#?,?Tf&d t tyTRT# ^RT# g# frf# ft#t I TOT: Wr4v) otrfctrf UiyRlep 3l1#gTRt TOT^tg gR# eA fro# 3ilriRgd g## Rftro -r#) # ^ tori RTgrot «# fcig #) s*#! srl^grr# TOi’fTO ^

gf Rig gR#RgcTTOT

»•'t?;#-«■‘S.r-

80 ^ Ir<4Sin

m-:-,-ib’:k---m

t .^ ^ r (Herbert Spencer) % fcT^ t, ‘'3?^ clf tpt TcRra

fi|'fl5?l ^ cp^(Ramsay Muir) 3T^^, "*1^ ^ tPT a#njra tJf # 1% cJlfctfT wf^-^FPJ^ ^cTcT-3)|dR<h ^W. ^ 1xidH ^ I 3T^% fcltlK'l' SJcf^ ^ '?Tc^ 3lH ^ ’T? apTTW'T <f>^ TF^, ^ 3TtFft fcf^ nfcTfroff cppj^ ^ ^ arq^ ^ TOtq ^ i 5^ ?qf ^ ^ 1^

^ srf&qq^ q^ q^ "qte qf^ I' clT^ ‘fcrci (Lord Acton) ^ ^ 'Wâi^ qgcT ^^5 cR? ^ [cltiK cii<TO f<fjq f I vd'^'i^ qtFT fif> 'tcid-siai qq q? ^ q?^q>czil^ ^ q? q>nj qR^ wTHT qTl%q 1^ q? ■#fq> dH^ldl 11 ^ q? qqq qR ficpcil ^ \i^cw ^ Pi4q 3i^ qfrq^tq 1 q? q? ‘P*% q^ qr^qr 1% ■^qqn ^ qq^tq ^ r qrqrq ^ ^qqqqr qq ’JeRqq '«id-a jttqq ^ | qf^ q^®F 3Tq% ‘iRa«n qq qqtq q^ qR ^TqRTT, eft atiwl 'ii‘iRq> tcidêiiq f^WRt eld) ^ I •

WridJdl fcFpqq qeff sfk 'HH'WJiaft q? yfî<g czrf^qqr^t fcl^K«n qffq Ptcl (JohnStuart Mill) ^ 3Tqdt ^^cTcR 'On Liberty’ ^ q’^R f&qR 1%qT ^ I |^«iq> q>t gdqi qjfcld q^t qqqqcTT qq qH-ql^qrqq qR^ ^ %q fcT# q^ f*i<xi ^ ‘Aeropagitic’ cRTT ^JRrt q?[ ‘Social Contract’ ^f^tqf ^ q?I vjiioI ^ i I^TH qq we'll feS RqcTRqr Ri<sici qq qqiq q^fl, atqf^qqq eqfctfiqf STSjqr IÛ'dl 'Jiifd cftqt ^qR q^ ?tqT qii%q | l^w-s) \iill% effq) ^

^ Pi'<<g?jri ^ ^ Nsixia oeîyi ) Ptef q?t ^ qj^ fcTqr^ 3ftq tjqqft qqJS q?[ ^ RqqqcTT f*)ci'^l qiflq I ftol f^tqR-'^qTefaj qfl qt 3TiqRt qR Rtqafq qReTT ^ | f^ra qq weHl ^ aTM fcTqr^ q>t RTq^RR qqj^ q?l w'iRri q?t ^TTeft f ^ 'eiwni t ^ qeiqR

■ R?^ H*iiPiq ^ I qj^q We? ^ f&qr^ ^ qq^q unqi qi, ot^" qqiqR ^ rt^ qqif^ ^ I ^RiT sfiR ôxia .^Rfc^ vjqiFTq f I q1^ qqrq qq^ qr^ l^dK ^ qq iff ^31^ r?^ ^ Ruflq I qft t 3TRTcq f, rif RT?q fcRIT^ ^ qqqR ^ qR ^ Rqq q^ ^ qiT^ 1 Rl?q sftR 3TRIcq

^ c«w>l qR 3R7cq fc)w/d W eft qJRI ^ wini ^ ?RJT RTrq f^xJTR sftR ift a^fsj^ 4«4Jn) ^ uJiai ^ I qRiqq we^n ^ t^, 'qf^ RiT^ qjqq wifd ^1 ^ qq? cqf^ tpft ^ cftqf qft 3TqqT qq qq>5 cRR^ Rtq?^ qq 3Tf?IqqR q^ f, dfq? qRff qqqR qiqq qn1% ^ if1 qf vjfild q^ ^ qf ^Rf «rf5n q>t 3tqqT qcT dwe ^R^ ^ Rt^ I'

qq ?qq q qRm ^1 ^ «rtRt qf^ q? f^fRfl q^ q5t RtqTq RyeracTT

qte

3.4. t«iftqnt sffr fJ^TU (Liberty and Sovereignty)

RqqqfeTT qq ftRfti yM-illriw qftqq qft fcRtqqiq q? t Rjqq qff q^RTdT aftR qft RqcRIelT A PlRdR qqt RFcH 11 RT^q ^ 3fqR q? RRliqiRlw y>^Ri ?tdff 1% ci?: 3iqift ?ifcki qq Slf&qqftJqj l^wflR qRqr RlfcTT 11 ^Rlft 3ffR cqf^ qft qF RFcft

Riqq Rif^ fetRdR qq uRirI'j q^ I RT^ q?i tr^qrq 3ffR qft Rqrtqqr frt SidfS^fq qft ^ RR3% ^ # ftll^^fcfRq ^RMwaidid"; sffR czrj^qqT^ feRTRqff qq qq # ^PJeq.Rfqiq Rtqq ^ oyfehn t-cin-sai qq qqqfq q^ qR RiqqiT I qf^ sifclei -wa-ani qq tjqqfq qRqr

^ eft q? 3(iq?yw § Rjqq q>t tr^RRIT qq 1^RTT qqR I diRhi tJ? f^jRTR RF^ q^ q^t ^ Rjqq ^ H^'dtTT sftR cyRin qft Rqcfqcq ^ 3)fdyi4 fcT^ ^ ^ | qft

Fq FR7 -WH'Wl qR vjFRF M^flRdl ^ f&xIR q^^, eft F^ sTTF eVdl qi-wiq RTuq qft q^JflRTT 3ttR cqfctq ^ 'MeT^dl qq5-'^^ q?F feFRRfF q#[ f I RTRqT^ qF t Rp qqA tiPi'« Rfqq t 3ftR A qqqft Fq qq5 qq’qft ^ f I

Fq FRt qicT qq q^ ^ qR ^ f&j Rqcfqqr qq srfêTeq wyc^ Riwi d*iM ^ ^ Rtqq 11 RqRf RIHM ^ iff f^Rft ezrf^ gft atPidlRia RqcfqdT q^ 1^ ■eiwnl I Rqqqcq RIT8I qqq sqqRqq’ Rnq cTif” gq f sfR q^^ f^RF Rqcf^FFT qq 'jqifiq qR^ ^ qi qR '«wr| f, qF c^q^ qqffer qr RflftcT RRiddcll ^ 11 qt^ q^ srqqffer ecid-yai qq xjqql'q qRqr tirt, eft FRtqq ql^'Riq SjRTqrqqTT qr 'qRq-qqq' qqn Ftiff 1' Riqq q?F Rlxq, RFqra ^ Rirfet qq zqq^^ qft REjrqqr w^dl fl sftR fRF qjcl qq trqiRF wxal Riqi^T ^ ^t^-q^, fêF-RTq^ Rr*fl

q^RfeTT 3ftR

, t qF

flieditl

^ ^rsTn 81

efr^fr cjfr ^ ^ cpT -aTcT^R | 'Jlf^ ■?FJ?r '^TfrTy^TT’T SKI ■<1‘1l>Jl ^ SJcRSJT epfT^ y'ad ^ TRTRT ^ cp'f, 3ff7 ^ SlPldlifci ^d-Piai

^ eft -dîW cZjf^rT^ g?! SUIT'D I ^ *1-1^1^ tîd-xni cPT xJQ*!!<i ^ ^ci^'j'] 31^

^^.cZlf&^T^ cpt I 71^ ci?|

wRh cirf^ cjit ^-ciaTfai ^ xic^'U'i ^ cR I yfiicP ajRkl 3T^^ ^d^ldT ^5^ cR? ^ fil'd'<^ % ^Rki ^ ?<^niidl ^ cJtT^ fcR?T ^"CTf^ST^ ^ ^ I

-^^d-Piai 3fR nTpfRTT c^ ejit 3T^ frf^ 3it? -<1*1511 W -d-ihdl f I ^ JTJHtTT ■ddlul ^ ^ cflcTTcR^ c^ ch'yol ^ Rn-dd Mr4|cf> 3Ti7^ ctjfcfdoa cPT Ricpid ^ ?T^,

Si's'll 'W'<^H f^Hs ^ I WT?T >3517^ cF>^ 3TT^ f ^<r?ra^ ^ *TSff-^RPRIrHcR 3?k ^T'PRTc'T^ I icoKirdcp 332j! -i-qd-îai Iffcrayt ^ ST^Tra 11 cdRbd, '5?

<^?iar 'iR'di'ii 'T^ |f I iiqci ÎcrasTf ^ 3Wra ^ ^ -did-ani <??! T^mdi 'T^ ^ -dcodl |Qi-MiRi* ^<rcra?TT c^ iRR^yfci'u'i sttcrw f Ridd «ifio ar’T^ ^ci-i cf?r3(]a?<jcf)dl3Tf ^ iJfT cfR =fTc^ 3it^ -dliq -illeld Midld ^ I 1 RRsifci<|7 (fH fd*ll''l cid^

^ elR 'deddi I efRT ept ^ cii-fepl ^ cp^ §, "-ddd-sdi dldl4 eddei yfddSJ

^ ^ ^ I WOiCd'. ^leRSIT PllM'dl -<15*1(0 ^ ^ mRîi*i ^ eRfff% -Widl'-yf^mf TTisj-^ .....(Jfciîfêp ar^Hci ^ fcTi? ^ i^Rm «fit f, ^

-d^Rld «(teR ^ ^f&WT ^ f I Vidcdl dld^ ^ fcR^r ePT^ ^ lyd'd ePT^ f I ijRI ■'^t STTtJN-eild^K ^ ^ RFff cf^ ^ -tilHloj f|:?T ^ ^ yfdd'RfcT ePT^ 37Td?dd)' \HFJ

eft ^HePT -<-c|tS:j’d eprdst^ ^ gcidl ufHT Wdildl T? 3TTfP^ 7W3TT iHHT 'Wlf^ I"t^, -eddddl ■g’^RT STRTJT ^ Sff^RPT^ SISRIT % fiRcpT îRdi \JWRT efR^

f I 'TTJJJ ^ c^gpT 5R 3Tf&ef>Rt 3fR ■gf&snsff ^ RptW ^ 3R?fT t, W 'RRPf cD|dj*l ’^t 'i-Odi f I ^ Rici'i di'iRep ?ifiddl ^ ^sm’hVi ^ f, arfêpT^ ^ j 33^: ^d->ai ^

TFHT TT^-dTil Slfidl-J |

^ ?R cR? ^ iTl^RerfeRff ^ eFReft 5 1%-ddlvjl%■

3.5. ^nafli % ^ (Kinds of Liberty)

^ THTf 1^—3Tf?Ief>f?I yMlilcien fc|tlI-<cfj) ^ -dddddl ^ ej^ -wSlcpK Rhdl

i-dd'-Sdi (Natural Liberty), didRed -Md-ddi (Civil Liberty), (Political Liberty), 3TTf^^ <-dd->ai (Economic Liberty) 3fR TT^tzi -<dd-deTI

(National Liberty) I ■=fr^ ■-wd-ddi wr-êp RTT fi-rtiK fcRlR cp^ |

1. yiyld<TJ -Mci'eidi (Natural Liberty)-wiyfder> -dddiHdi (Natural Liberty) ^ Ri^sin ^fiT t I ^ epfdl epfeSd f 1% g-depl dl-rtlRlcP Srl^fyKI w f I -dl'dKuid-dl '5ri^fcRP

-(■dd-ddi' cTRRlf?! cpj efR fclRt-d 3isff wdl'i ?trIT ^ I uR-RRI wiyfdcp '+dddidi ^ 3Tsf ^ ^R5n -Jlldl ^ yRRp dufio tpt 35iTR\ Md-Olpt ■3>v4 ^ -ciifê; 1 ^ StTIRI ^W^jfcRP ^dddl <ixtj'<c|cidt cf?t TRlfg cR tjneft 11 ÎciplR^? vftcR ^ ffePR 'tdd-ddl ePT dRu||*i 711 *11fiicp utt^ cpt eT?RI-R?71 ep-pRT ?t^ I TTFTifvRp xjildd ^ ?ITfeT 3ft7 -<l,t|R)

Tdi? ^ tjclldl -died f. eft -<1*1M ^ Rff-dl ’ft -dd-i-d'tPT *iddl?T epRf ePT^ ^ TRPett I

Hi^ldep X-dd’ddl cPT 3TRRI ^37) -wd’ddi ^ 71*1511 vifTeTT f, f^RRPT '*1^ TTRTfifep TlfcIRT Rl«Sin (Social Contract Theory) fcRTRept ^ 3T^7TR TTmtoRP 3fR tMdilden -l-idOd ^ ^

'ddd'ld ep-idi 2JTI SJKjifdep -<ddddl Ttt ?n di-dd) ^ -<11*11(^1 cp -dRldi Ri<sid ^ eft^RldKcp'l-'gT^ (Hobbes), effy> (Lock) 3fR iSTlt (Rousseau) yft •3RRT--3TcFT 7Rl f | ?f^

(Hobbes) ^ ai^RR Miyfciep sfcRSTT ,lâicT 'Ji'icitdd ^ 3T<RSTT eft 3ft7 I^RlRIBeTT aJT, 3TRRR cp-tdl 2TTI vS-ticp tJRR f&Rtt yepR yp f^RRRT STTI ^ fcJtlK ^ ?71 SIRTSTT ^ ytt TRcfyeTT y>t tjy> #i 4>-^'14l aff, g? sjt-vlTld^ I ftfTr oifid TRT

Rjid-dl srRjyi ?Tt^ fteft aft, rf od^l # 3Tf?ly> Todddi yy ^jyRtr yRry ap i

Tyersdr^ zf yfy'ttg yr^jfriyj yr ^nRfys-dejidfav) -Kidddi

82 iiîlfhtiitu ^ Hi’Sîo

1. ♦ansfii W 3T?f ft^Rav*!

2. tonafli % ^ «<«Ii

I

(Civil Liberty)—iMiRcp Wf?(rn ^ 3T8f atf&cpF^ tjg ^gfârsff ^^ crxcii 11 ii'iRcp 'Wfl'-ani ^

2. iMiRtp -Mrl5101 f RjI'IcpT ^fr«f tlQ-RJf, ■zjan ; fcTcTR afR iiNw ^ xicicicirii, ^ ^ «(a->di afR ^ stntjt, sizpt ar^

S93W

^ «ici5(ni arrf^ i c^ arrcH-f^^ro ^ >wci-3ioii| at^^ra atr^wft f \ ^TcRTsIflT^ TFJII gNT PtRn ^^ WR^h cufcSr ^ cirfcRi)

f R? ^ ■wnâiarf

f I ■'d''t1i'< ^ arf&cpRT cllwci'-air^liip Cf^ oi-iRcf^ â'-aoii^ cp^ f afR arai^n ?rrfR ■q? ar^

UlclM q>^ i 3)*iOcp| aff^ ’TTTcT dfclyM 5^fT^ v5<;igy''i f I

c^ftho, ii‘iRcf> ^qcfqrTTxviirii t R’ ^ at-oiwK"! qRReilcT^ ^ qr q^tq cpra^ ^ ?q ddiRcp wd'ycnarf qit

q5^ 'Ocpdi 11 '3qi5’<“i ^ f^ ^Kciiit ^Fff&qFT ^ qjqWT q>J t fcp yit^qj^ 5RT RicnioTl q^

anqRT q?r â^qtqwr (Proclamation of Emeiêncy) ^ yqcfq q^tq ^[TSTT R^tiv ^qprRtp Wa'oiaiaTf q^t f&qn qn 'owai ^ I

Ur^cp Tpjq atq^ qRT q? arl^Jq^R 'y'<f&lci

(Political Liberty)—'<i'Jinlfdcn win-aai qq araf q? f 1% di'iRm3. ’{|v»l*flRl<t>’<iui*illria> qfcTfcH&qf ^rff}^ qFT ^ f 1 ni'iRcp TT^f^ftfcIqi *<in-5irii qq 'dyn'l'i ^cici ciWd-airHcn

'Moîai

firaq-qtqifciqt ^ atodo ^ qi^ f qqfR> fq qrroq-qqrlct^ ^ aio‘fq ^ qqqq qq atf^ qRcTT ?TSTf <501 ^ I arl^l'iiticpqi.dl atsjqr ^rqifiiqqw^ ^qff î vjiiai q>t qqr^ftf^

■^qcTqqr qq q^f^ aisf ??cq vylRh q^ tqqqT ^ atq^ qqqrq iff -wd-jf alR îi-eH-^ vj'rtwi Rsif^ cpoôcii ^ qtf^ ^ i 7Tqpfff?Tqj qqqqfqcIRqft Icioi t "fqiqq 3f?f "TTaq ^ olfho ^ qT% ?iRki 11 010^4 q?11% ^ xii4oiPicp qqqf ■?TR qcqf ^ qR ff afqqr f^qrq, ^qcfqqn^^ q^qq q?? ■qq^qr î wqqf '<ii*j,Rcp ar^qq ^ arq^ ar^qq qq ^''iWcW q^fqqrq q^?^ q^f ^f&qr ^ qpq ^T^ft ^ qrftq I ximd q^ at^q^ q Ff^ qff ■qqr ^ Tsrrqf qq? q ^ i 5^ arqqr qq qqtq q^^ qr^ afk qq ^fWir ^ ^ 7^ qr^ ^ qV^q ?fqT ^qf^ i'

4. qqqrq qq ari^rqqq—airarq^ TfqR arf&qqq '^?fr fi qêr qr nfdPiRq> qffqqfq (Indirect or Representative democracy) qqfefq 11 sti'Pi arfifqrq q? ft? qtqqr ^RT ftfqfftfq

qqqR qtqqr #; qq^ qq ftqW qq?^ f, qfqqr firoq qR^ ■?, c^Rbd 4 affrFf ■?qi ^ qHcq ^ qrRqrtfi ift ^ 1 fterft ^ .qqqfq arft^R qq q?^

qr^ ^f

q^ q^ qfTcq I qffqtdq q^ q? xjcp anq^qq? TTct t ft? ■qqpif ^ qaiio qq arftqq^ '^qqfarqqT^, 'jqT?qR ftn? qrqcff, jf^^fqf, aTeqqq>Riff aflq q^ apRift^ q?f Bf^sqR yr4q? qq^

qit Rd'ii I efiqf qq ftqqq? dt'qni'^ ^41 "qifttj I q? ai jRin f | qqqiq affq sqq^ qq qyq q^

q?5'ii % 1% qcfqrq ^ arfîqqq ftp? ftraq qr qqftrijqcT 3TW^ q^

^?qT qrftt^ cRfl q? Rqqff qqq^ ?fqT ftRTqqq? ?qT afk qqff I qrtqrq qq arftqq? ft=qqT qfr iff 2^ ^rqR ijq^fqr ?tqT q"^ eftqf qq aiq iff qf ftqR # ft?, qq ^ftlcT ^rejRT iRfltl'q?^qfitl aTM ^ iff qfftR qr^fq? ^f 2^ Tmrq ^ 3iq^ qftrqT qq gqqfq qR 11

arftqq? qq

5. ftfqf^R ^ afftfqqq—qfftqjftq? qq qq Pi^fta ^ arf&qq^ HdqMarf&qq^ q?t ^ qq? ^qfttl^ 11 qft q^f q? afftqq^ ftqi qqqf % ft? atq^ qftfftfftfttqff "2^ eff ^ qr^ qq iff arftqq? ftcidi ^ "qfft^ R’ ^ ftqftPT ?f afft qftfftfft ^2^ qq ■?rc^ 1

6. Tfi^qfftra? qq q? qq.aqqraq? I ft?ft? i^ftvf ^ 13R qq ârraR qqftq qqq qr^Rw ^ ^ qqf ^ ftn? rI qrft 1 fsftqff ?TRfq? arq^ aftfq^qff ^ atqfR ifffcl q^ aj^nd f I 4 ?imn ^ R^RT Hexq^J^ ^ ^qfr ^ Piyqxi qR^ ^ 1 ifRcT ls)ft?i ?ii'Wcp'i ^ ifffrT aiH-ii^ §ft [ RT^qfftq? qq q^ Piyftn qq

Trqra ft BI^ ft ^ftft Sfftq ftf qft ft qft qq erq? Mgod qq arftqq^ FftT qrftq qqrft ciiqq? 3TTq?qq? ft'qai ^ 1 q? q^ Fl^ ^q1%2 ft? îdvJiPiq? qq q?T ft

84 fin-vfhfiif^ ^ /«i5i(i

3Ti?JcpR TTTsfe cfff ft ^ ^ ^TTR?! ^ Sfll^Jcf) f&^^RTT ^ ft I îf^ ■<i*i|\ji rf 3TffSf?j 3I^HHrll -^Sdl ^ ^ ftrSTT m Tra^cTT sfk SJcbK ^cpTiff-^P^tt vJStl Pi^Rkl ^ STTcTÛcp etctt ^ I '

7. îmd-'flfct ^ Sllcit^dl ^ clWd^lrM«F ^?lt ^ uiddl ^ ^ll-dd-^ttf^ ^TEFTTT^ 3TTctriHT ^PT 3Tf&cfR '»tt UF?r it^ | T^RTrRiP ajl'dltidl ^ 3T%rra W t 3llcl'l^'1l fT2^ T? 3TTyrf^ .f^tt trrf^ <^crcT »TTcRT3Tf ■=!#[ I TTRI^-cFf ^ 3Tg^'didl |r ^r 3nrit 3(lcl'l'^'1l '^'I'll H-dc;-cf>^ | yi^ld 3TfSd|4)cnciK ^ U§|?d ft?TT

, § I TTclt^ ^gTTJTcTO ^ ^ ^T’T^ 'fl^M 3it7 '^tf8JT3tf3>t ff^n ^ Tlf^ ^ ^TFT^ tTTf^ f fit 3Ticr?^ t F*1 yi^dl'Wd-p) 'HTW,Wd'pi ^ 2pfk +«d-> TPTT ^ ^yiPlcf) apTl^cFR fîxi «idd TTvrpttffT^ icJ^K^fcld?! ^ feii? 3Tcf^ Pi cl dywiy cilcpxwi viTlfdiyl ^ 3^1^ Tjf^ MRactdl cfit 3llc|?4(cf7dl eft

^ îi'PûI mnt ^ tjtt I Tj#! TTtfRfTa ^ g?eTT ^ ^fTi?R sfR ttrr «pr stt^jrf r Tif^ ctifttd ?lidd ^ Hf^cf> p^tf^ c|^ 3rra 5R?TT eft (ddH ijifctd cgPod

^ ^jTTcfl t 3fr^ cFf cilcpd-Pl ^ Tlt^ 'JffTf I ^TPf^ ?T^ "^Jcp 3tt? eft 3T^Ti?^nJt

?rf^ '9tt 3TKfl 3^7 3tt7 Sf^Tlddl Si'ddt'lrtl vTff cUfTTfR’^ ^ 3W>T^ «RT ^cfl % I IPl’d't eq^lldd 55T TTRF^ ’Tra vjttPd ?f df^pdl § 3ft^ cpfq ^ I"

8. 3TTfy^ 'Md-adl—(d'lcOdd d^di

-fcjciddl fil'l'l ^7 TFfFT ^ ^ ^ i ^ ?T^ ' fMdlldPP 31SJcTT •TFTf^ «idoldT

3TTf^^ -Mdddl ^ Pc^cl |f I 3nf§fe -ffidddl ^ -T^ ^ 'wid’o* yfel<4tPidr(free compition) ^ ^ ^ f I 31TRfe «)dP>idi JPT 3TtRR ^ f&i tff 3^7^ uttfcfcpfTRjN iptqykr sfatcTfTT ^ 3Mf^ sfR sT^rra ^ TfcTcT ’To ^ 3Rj esPrat ^ ^ «ff^“jPddJ ^ ^JTT^ f, gf^ ^ I STFTFtl ePe! ^ 3iiq?q^dl3it g^fffT ?t=tt ^

I g^ Îf P^cJId stdl flip ^ IR sRT ^TePfTT ^ 3tt^ ^ SlirdiPicqRld ^' dlbild 3RRT dcf>ai Î g?f ut’TT ft’lT qiPvi fcR ^^3ff ^ vSdHiqcp i[ gp^g H'qdfl ^

3T^^ cZrf&eifEf tPT 3TFrrfT Sff^ ^3^ TOc^t ^ 'dgf^ I dgcqt cpt fR? cf?t

•dîd-adR -T^ piddl eft cf T3^ gg c^ -^fff g ^ptf 3?stf ^ ^ ^ 3ft7

^ ^ f^ ?MR ^ g I"

9. ■?T^t7I 'Mdddl (National Liberty)-'!l'^y '^doldl cpT 3ist yf ftriT t wcil'ch

^ fTf efTct «}5T StfêpR 11^ eff 3N^ TTRR f^RT rRf cpTfT W( -ff^'dl 11 WTFJ ^ f^Rtt ?Tf&fT ^ y? 3Tf?tcf>R ^ yf ggt ^ iR 3fT’tt ^TgrTT WiPd I ^ ’ll ^ dlfdl 1% eft ^r t}?t SIstHflT ?t I ^ cPRR t 1% ul«l gt iRfRI ^ tjTT^ 11 fiW

^ >l<Jdddl 3R^ ’R^T^ yqid ffRcfl

11 ^dddl «R (cfrlR fTcT

H?did ^ «lf^?li<dl g3n ^ I 3"Tl'dql stdtsql ^ ^ ^ ^?ft «)dddi TTF^ ^ I 1833

^ ggH gsfpf ^ 3nfgiTRI ^ gro ^ ’RJT I cfifi yu^ t 1% TISRT ’Tfigg 3td^t^t7j Wldoidl ^ Ri=Sid ^ 3n?TR ^ ^ ’RfT sn I 3tc)Rf^ ^3^^ 'd'^nql sidlPl^tl ^ qPyd îfchl^llcll ‘^^ft

kjRiqi 3fR aiwTicni ^ ■^Tlt ^ 3RRT 3Tf?tW7 Wi^fT ^ fcRTT 3IT 1 3T^ ffcffRI q^'iqc TfT t 3fR tflÎTT cTSIT 3Ti3?f^ c^ ^RJ: THtt ^ ?R RTTR ft ’R f I

'Tf vjnrTT t yft

fit cigt ^ t vjiqfcb eff fiyidlRicp 3tt^ 3ftfSf^dcnai

t 3fk RTFT ^ 1^ y«jd TffTT ^ fcRfR 5T7ra ^ flyqffîfa ^

3.6. WfiPtni aftr efti^jd (Liberty and Law)

tpi'^'i 3tt7 tqd-Pidl ^ ^ ^ ’Tfl—lîgi 3^^ dqdddi ^ ^qR’R-f&g^ f&W? f I dfM fcRIR 3TR?fcITf^ (idealists) cPT # | ^ fttTRcf cfiigg 3fr? ^<ld-pldl cPT fPff t3R*fFT ^ f yR % ^TTyJI ^ STT^^ff ^ ^RtN qicH ?# | 3)K?fqiPqt' ^ gfe TTyy -ecidddl 3fR '^ffTWT ^ gg f I 3Tct; 'TTyÎ cRT ^t 3TT^ ^Riqpdl TIT Wd'ddl uP'gg R# ^ TTcPfTT I Tjf^ ait^, T<IfRIfTT cTH 3H*i'l'l TfR^n qiedl t, fft '3'ficp fcTtJ

\ ■,

<i'îllhfiif-x ^ /«*)o 85

t ^ 3^^^ PlÔi 3T^ 3Tf&g)Ti^ f^c?PT ^ I <PrjfT 3ff^ "^fl'-sfai^ 5^ '^FTefST ’T? fclw^cl^ ^ cfTN^t fî-iiii ^ I 'i<;ie’<'î (Aristot(e) ^ cP?Tt, 3117^ if yiiiyiRii] if 11 iq^ yfej g>FJ^ ?Tsn ^?ira ^ ^ 517^^ I ^ ^ 'Jliai I 5^ TRST^T IT5 § f^ Cf? ciiqcl ^ ^TFJJI ^ cppj^ ^ 3)a4a ^ *iiiql^<j 'yfff ^ ^ ^THcI îi-iai 8TTI 3TIÎ^ ^ 3T^[clî^cpi ^ iff *7^ cf^ 5^ 11 c|?t \iwRi ^ *ifc|«;i (Social Contract)fî<Si<i nfaHi'5'T’'i ^ 0p'li ^ fe 'TFHi ^ vd^lri ^ Plain vii'icilna ^ i3?ii ^ ngai sni 11^ ^

tcRTR t|

WMCT/

tl?l \ic^p| c^ H?x<iq ^ qtiTW §3n ^ 1 YTTtf -winâi 571HNai 11 'UtiRl 3T^ f^raRcp (Green) 3)i<;?ImP<7'l' ^ Tl«r^ 3Tfil^ u^Pkiqiql |i,

•wa'-aai 1^ ^ tjcf Njticp Cpl-jq) c|^ ’ft 3t|cl?it'^ OS'tNI ^ I ‘tl’HI'P W ’ft

3.7. ^TKtfhl fiPtfciia ^ t«tn5)di ^ 3T^?JnTJTT

(The Concept of Liberty in Indian Constitution)

’TRcfRI 'aTêjN tf?! vd^Picni if '^qd-âi' ^ ^ ’T^ ^ 1 Tj^r fcfWR,3Tf’fcZTf^_ Pl?c(i'd, epf 3^ OTTTRT ^ ■tqaâi ^ ( -alama 557 19 577^ ^ ai'iP^p) ^■5? gPoiql '(•qa->ai^ ^ 11 -wdâii^ f-(l) ’TTW 3?^ 37j^<aif&^ g?f '«lci^fll (2) ?fSRIT^ ^ ?iip|'^4cn 5?t x-qadtai (3) TTHTT st-iid wa->ai (4) ’TRct ^ if 77^3TT^-'jTTi[ T^t -Kld-yai (5) ’TTTcT ^ f&ITft ’TFT if Pqi'-d 55^ 3^^ ITT FTT^ Tftt -wdcHai, 3ik (e) 55tf c[1%, ytidTlfcicni, SJTFTT TJT TPTTtWR cJT^ c]t| T^TTFFT I waVati^ ITT^cp 'ii'lRcf) cf^ f sfR

■FTTTIToFrf ?F -tod-acilSTf 3|PR3^ ^T5 3TFJ 'Wa-ydl3ft WFTkP’tl '3CT?t>a PfFTf t : 'jflRld 5?t -wactai, ’T7T5TF 55^ cT^TT ^-iiq FT^ TTfcTFrfT, ^FTf5R-F^ 5?f ,<<(ci-âi, T-t'!0iTl TFFftrrRrTf 5tt al5>^ if 5^ 5tt 3Tt?lcf>R, gâici 5^1^ «PT srfiTcpR,

FTPr^Fft OTF 55^ cPT Slt^RPR 3nf^ I ^ tqa-aaiV STTflPfcT f 1 -amiRncf %7fr ^3T£fR FTFT FFT 11 -TITchK ’TT^ 5ft TJgTTrTT FSTT Sratgm, FfTHI cfff ^STT, 1«tt?ft TTFFf ^ FTT?J it^t^J’f Fra^, cft5T-cZI57eJT, Ri^CIFK ft TTFTFT? 1%cT, FJTFToTF cjft 3TWFFT, FTFFTpr FT 3FR1F ^ ntrflT^F FIFF if vjlFd FFTFT^ FTFf^tFf 5ft TFcTFcTTStf FT Ff^F

3TTTtft?f 577 TTFTcft I

ra" F? 5ft col'll F^t 5ft f 1 ^FTf^, WrÔi FTF^ FF P'Î'yTff^FTF ^ "'3TTFR FT ^ ^ TTFT^ 11

1. ’TT^’F Sftr SiPiciif^ Fft -Madiai—’TTF’F sftr 3TfHct|Rki 5ft, TFcTFcTT efl55?fF 5ft 3ITF5F57 ?Icf 11 ’FTF’jM FcfFTf^ TTTT^ ^ ?TT5F 3TT5TF TW 577^ ^ 57?T t-'^FF TTFT’ftl^FT fctFTT-f&FTf ^ 3FTIF if 5ft| ift Tl|4'<jlPt TjreTT—TIFF cjft ^fiTT cft57 3TcFcITSTT F’fk FTFt 5ft 3TtT 'tiwa TRcff 11 Rlsfle, TTFq P-Otg FFTFF 3TTf^ TFFJ 5ft ^cTTT ^ TTFkTT § 3frT ?TT5>T PlFTTW 5>T^

FF757R fcTFTT 3ffT 3Tfi|«jf4d TFcfFcfT FT 3Fg?T cTFT TT5Fft 11

3. ft^TTf ^ Tirar TTFEI-’WF sftr 3Tfi|oFf^ 5ff TFcTFcTT FT Ff FfrTFtT TTpiFTF(FSTF TTTTtFF) 3Tt&pTFF,1951 ^ cT'fiFI FT I ^TT ^FFSI 5ft ?T1 3TTFR FT 3llcltFFl 5ft F^ ^ f% 5TT^ FT5TT5TTF TTT5FT 5ft P4ti ’ft1% 5ft 3TTFFtFFT FT ’ft Tt55 ci'll^ FTT TTF^ft 11

4. FltFT-cFFTaTT-FFFcTF FITFTFfF 57^ t cft57-FJ5TFT TTTFTTF FcrTFFt ^ 3TTFTT

FT ’TTF’5 3ffT 3TPici|fcTa 5ft TFTTFcTT FT 5ft^ yP«F F^ eFTTFT FTT TT57?TT I Ht55-FJFTF7 FF FTTF57 SFpRTTsf f I ?TT57T 3Tsf TTff^ 5ft FF |f FTt T7T57R ^TTT FfI^ 3TT?tR57 f^PfFFt

FftFTFTFTTF TTFT’ftfctF’ TTFT5T ^ TTFTFt if FT^ FTT^ ^ |

/

^ ^757386

1. tein'ani 3^^ tw-j;! ofit

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2. ■^rfesJPT ^f ^H:1HI "aft ^ atcTSJTTW t? ^TfftriTI

\

^ f»iSin 87

I

5. nan ^ vJerf^ 3TraT7 ’TT^ 3ffâri^lttjlchi cl’t ■^<I?ra?TT ’T^ HfctstkT t?ij||4j| TiTT -dcpai ^ ciifch ^ <jfâ cT^JT cZjg^R

^ 6|X^|<^| vjTT I

6. '^rrar^nr ^ ara^TTHT—^rftîpr ^ 129 cT^tt 215 virqaM ttstt

'^l^lefilT ^ vd'ictTl 3<c)Hl'i'll ^ feP? ^ ^ ^ ad^JcPN ^ ^ I -^lyiciy ^ ^ *1MI ^!7FT?T *TT^ ^Jilki'Tl I ■

i '<4NIC1<J

3<cI*1l'HI 3fi^lPlA|H, 1971 ^ -iJ|i|ldA| SlcRFRT ’HkoIÎ Rl[tt<j'l ^ ?fl%cTT<P^ f«P7IT 11

t<?a»a/

^ «if^ ar^ czrfcfrr g?r7. HMSiPl—’TT^ afr? afftciifcki Ti^f 'wd'aci; *1l'16lPl cp^ cpT arfilTpR ^ uTMT^ ^ f I fch'd! cyRki ^ *i'Jiiw TIT frR^<PR ^ ’Tra

I 'HNfftTI ^ •w'f^dl ^ STRT 499 *1M^lPl ^ cZrcTTeTT «(»1I<?>'< ^ cn'<'ii ‘ii'igiPi ^ I

8. anr^ra ^ ylrHiSH—afk ci?t cfsi- 7t?arran 1951 vffer s^T 1 xjT^dH cj^t ^ arr?!^ y'lrtiis'i ^ ^ tfhi

7i?f ân TgcT^ vstt^ ^ 1 Tif^ arraR atk 'Mci'-arfi ^7 anijcfr cr? icrRmRi ^1

9. Mi'ta ^ ^^J^TtTT fT8?T aiia'-sai—'uRifcii'i ^ (l963) ai^^q ^ *TR?T ^cfsjT aixa^sai taa'ii ’T? ’7TW afr^ arPTczrf^ 7^ yfrisiy <7i'iiA ^wmTT

wlyfcl f10. 'HW^cIH ^ 'Md’-Hdl—?THT3Tf, \Jicj;<i'l afPf elW*ia cl^ yf^llsici 1%7IT yTTcTT

11 dRi'iii'i ^ cftdt cfd f&HT gRrai^ 7^ «iifci^4cr> 7f>^ cpT arf&îR I^tit ^ 1

11. ^TEI ^ 'Madiai—«jejRl dRiyi'i ^ ■iHiRtft'l 7|^ ^TTT Tfjt wd-acii elfcb'i'Ma’-aai 7R 'HRrT yg^^fTT cRTT aio'-sai, #cF>-cJJcRSTT tit '^T^raR î gf&^T^cRT 5Tf^SI d*IH| TilT -iicpd t i ‘TTTjpfrf^ TfcHI, <dyp|4)X 3TTf^ dtil 7^ ^Wt^ aiTcfl f I *i'Jtcj^'< ^ 6'Scilcl 7p^ Plmiy 3Tf?l7pR ^ ^ artScoK TRfciyR gRT yfrlT^'J ePTTTJT ^ 11

'12. 'H4?< ajT^-TifT^ ait^ Piqi'ti ^ ’TRcftTi 'ti'lclwi'i ^ ^Kolq 'il'iRcnf ^?iRcr 7^ ^ aiTnTi ^ ^ arT^-yn^ arf&TpR afR itrct 'hft ^ Rtctrt

TfR^ TRTT ^ 7jTT% 7^ 3TfsJ?)R 7f?r iii'i'^l “4^ | elfcP^ TJH ^TTTIRTT ^ %cfr ^ TJT Rb’41 ai^-^j^RiqTjRufrf^ 7^ 7f?[ ^8TT 7^ fcR 5^ arfTjTpR 7^ h<j1‘| tr wlrlTlTT cT^TR TilT 'î<f)d ^ Iai^jxjRia vji'ivjiilfl'y'l' ^ 1%?Tt tj?! ^grr t^ nf^TT w'li'^ 7PT vi^s-y vi-icpl I4Ri<^ ’TM afR 7^ ■ân 01'<'11 ^ I TTI^ §(?1loi ■f^ TTI^ dWr T^ 4'<WcW 3TT% ftTJI vJfR eft TJ^TT^ 1%^^ tioid gf [ 'TlKllello! ^TTfiaff, 3R7RcT 3lO'<l|tioT afR ki-s'-fl ^ oirsa oiVll 7^ aTT^-yfr^ 7R ’ff yfdoTI cI'ImI (tllti*ii’'0 ^THT ^ I

13. '^1^ cISTT cqiHK ^ 'tqa’oiai—mTcI'OI'I ^ ai^-WK ‘JTR^ 7^ "di'iRo) Tfjf ■^%, v3M^4lfc|Oi|, ooioiy 7JT TpRfifR 7[R^ TJiT aff^lTpR t | f^Rfl ift liqRcp 7^ vJTTTfif ^7??T 7^ I4<>«S cnKloK TfR^ 7^ fcJcRI f^RIT RTT RTTPcTT I TcRTRcTT 7^ Rifn-I 3Tl&7fiTRf 7|?t Rt1% TT? ailt|cpR

7^ ftcT 3Tf&7f)R IR yf^nôtl 3l%7iy cFTT 'RTpcTT I7^ R7frc?t RTfiaff afR Riciiqcl Tfgrafl tjit tzurr olyja ^ i

14. vjfiq'1 ?TSTT ^qf^qi 'tqdoiai RR 'tixci“i—Rh'4) TZifcSr Tfit fcTf?! gRT îRla yffhoi 7^ 3TRT7IT ^cR TIT 'OTfctil 3oRklOi WTRRT oRia R^ fîTH an -dOifll | RwIcIR -qiqi<7iq

7p?T f4i yflRla 7pT arlrTîR t^rr ?ii<1Roi 3)Roto cTtp; •dlRia R^ 11 RTR^tri rRrt 7^ ^TRT vjflfcia 7?^ TR arRiTPR if! Rrf^RfcTcT 11 'qioicio Rg "jf! RlgT f&i ^Rlo>l Tfif i^RRR RRf^ 7R '^RRPT R 7IRR1

15. enf ^ 'tqdoiai RR arf^r^R—RRcflR TTfcRlTR Ti?! \diRio>i ff RR7T 7^ RSi-f^rT^gr tilRa rîoi rtit i aisJ tj? ^ % trr tr amRT t^ yif r^ ^ i gg ^pf[ spfl'

' ■ •''.' 4

if[ RrTrfn Rff t afR 7TRR RFRTTRR’R

tlR7^ Tîf^n 7?^ 7^ 3l1^!7f)R ciRlrT TfRRT

RRTTTSI, /

88 <('jffl/(j^H«r.% /«*((? .■'V-

'OTR 3TT^ ^ 7^3rI7 11 25 ^ OTW t f«P srf&^nff ^ 3TcT:îT^ «|5tWd^ldl 3ft? srft ^ 3Rra ’TR^, STTtR^ 3>?ft 3ft? WR c}R^ cjft •MCTildl ^ I £T^ W n?n?5i?^ 3Tf&^)R ft «(ciiq ST^-mRoc^H ^ 3Tf?T?)R tiRîlcia ^ I 26 ft ??•?[ tiiR«n

^ W sft^TcPR ^ 1^ ft £jlf^0 yfttuRf tft fftnj ?t?2TT3Tf ^ ?îmi sft? vpTWhIûi '{icf>^ I ?tfftVFT '!l'J<y fftfft xft ftrfftcT ?T?2TT3ff ft STfft^ RisTT W yRiyltJ cfRcTTI ?lvll ^ Î'^cll cTSTT +I5i4jai ^TTR ?T?STT3ft ft yc^cp cîfftd ?ft t|lRy> fllSTT 'JfT \JR?RT.ft >3hR®J?T

^ ?tft cfft fi?<KracTT

3.8. WTt^T (Summary)

Wd^di ^ ari^nipi—wdddi ^ srft^ 3isJ f i RcPT?!?*?^ ft ?ci?rrt cfq^ gft31 ^MRvjRI 11 ?IW?Tc*R5 3?sJ ft ■Wlclftai ^ RrTTcRW ^ cRT? ’TR ft ??lft ^ ^ t fftT?TftoJT^ 3Rft aifftcpcR STTR-Iftcpl 'd ^ 3TWr? R- ?rft [

?T^ (Hobbes), eI7^> (Lock), (Montesquieu), (Laski), Fft^ ?ft?T?.. (Herbert Spencer), «ft? (Ramsay Muir), elT^ q^rc'i (Lord Acton), (Rocke) 3ft?

vSTr ?^3rft fftH (John Stuart Mill) snfft fft?fT?cfft ft tftci'âi eft ?ifttT ft 3r7ft fcRR JRPC fft^ f I ftftti ft ^dddl ft RRT ^ pifftd t-(l) WJR eft 3ftrftcT SrfftcRj^ -t-ua-jldl, (2) 'defenl ?RH ■WdftcTT, 3ft? (3) ?Tftf cilPkiyft ^ 3T^ ?TTftfftp, HHRlft> sft? ftfrra> ^ TTcftftt'JT 1ftgq?T

^ ?RH IWdftRTT 3lft? Rlf^<t>f^W, 3T?TuRRTcJTft) 3ft? cqfftrTelTftt fft«n?ef> ?RHf efft JT^^TfTT

aft? cdfftd ^ wtd-ydl ^ ftt?T fftft^T ‘ll'icl f I ftRhi vJ-leftl-'?!? wl?MI ?T^ 'T^l % I cR^Rsftef ^ t fft’ ft ftra ftftr f 3ft? ft wft w, iTep ft ’JR5 f 1

<IiT vdq’Hfti cftcid ?TRTuT ft ftt TTHcf ^ | t-ciriesfcil ft ?TTy ft^R ftf ftft ^ 1.1 f^lft nqllftcf -Wddidl ^ ^ t3PTjftTT ??? ■denct f | 'd'lftl toadtai ft ajfftaejl ftt 'dtaftcii

^ Pidl^l en'tol ^

TckRcTT

ft ftt^ fftR tjrrRsR ^ ftR ?TTl%tr | ^ -Maftai ?T’W ft ftft yiaiu?J|fftRfft ueftw oyRki STtrft cijiftricfl ^ IftepTO ?Tft I 5?T mR(1ct ft •tqaqdT ft RrW 3ft? '3?Tftt

?aTT ft ?ru?f ftt 5nj?fffr srRrarft 11?=^5radT aftR WPJff-ftRftenft) fft?TT?ftf ft 3l^?TR sftft^ Wdftcil ^ rift) tjqftR -ticfft

ft 3TTftft) eR ^qxim qicR 'q^ft ?ft I 3TKftclTl^ ft) ft ?IRJ ?ftjft -^qdftdlf yjsrfft ft 3ft? i)lclcpdl ^ tJR 11

■Mdftdi 3ft? ftr ft 3ftftR WTT 3T^fft?r 11 ??I Rl«ici ft) 3TF5 ft ?TRJ

cijfftd ftf •fuaftai ^ ^ ?TW1 11

.<

elipJfT 3ft? ?<ldftdl ft ?ftlft ft ciirftdqifftftf 3ft? SI-^Mq^dMlRft ^ 'Rd 3tiq?lqifftft' ft tTcT ft 11 ??r tRT ft.3T^?fT? ciRJfT SifftT ft) 'Wdftrff tT? ftrffta ci'licil f I ??T' ffttrT?R?T ^ ftw ?r? t fft ^ Piftyirheb qfiT q? elR fftR W 11 'Hft fl ePFJR t-etnftdT ft) '^fe R e?i?r[

^ ft vS'dftl aft? ?ft 3TcI?JI ef??ft f 1ct)i<s<y|

ft ft^—Wdftdl ft ftNl ft-(l) Ulît)4>' •(•cldftdl (Natural liberty), (2) H‘lR^ (Civil Liberty), (3) TRpftfrT^) TcfrftfcTT (Political Libeity), (4) anf^ '«<oftdl (Economic

Liberty) aft? (5) ?rtftftj 'Waftdi (National Liberty) I j?etcRKTT

ft ftftr 3?ft f I ^'dehl R?en arft t fft cftftrf ft ?<RftcTT t fftl?Ttf>T RtRlfftf^ 3ft? tl'Jl'llfq^'

ftft ft eiRm an i •didiRnen Rrfftnr fftftet ft ftm srgî fftrrriRft ?t®h,ftg> aft? ?n?ft ft yiyfftt 3ra?^ nn aTeFT'aTRTr fftr arfftR fftRi 11 nrîftW attRsn nn ft)?T?T

3TsJ n? ?R?tT tJTTrTT ?ft?T ftn 'nr ci-ni

yi^Rl* 'Mrtftdi—Hi'jjfdm ^-eidftdl ^nTugi efft nRft ft) I 5?mn '^?i?i 3?ft

ft Ift TcTcfftcTT ft fcTtJ '>3ft) 5m>R m 'i-cn'HlfSm ft fft?) yeOI't fft

77jR?)W57777 ^ t7T^ 69

•ii'iRV) tqcf'sldl ^ wf ^ 3l1t|epKl' Tjcf ^ $ Rnitpi>HHI\il ^ ^ ^ giTcTT 11 3ft^ ’IIW ^ 'wd'sicil, ^ ^ 'Mci'flai

sfk #lf^ ^ SIRW. oZRH afR 3!^ gff 'Wd'sldl HI’lR^ ’«id-5(ai»J 11 iMiR«n 'Wfiflni »f[ 3l*l«llfô ^ ftcft I ««!<»> 3R^ ^TRT ^ art^RpR xtani ^ aTHRTRW'<RR«<frlq1 ^ '11‘iRcr ^gd'sidl'jTf ^ wPrT ^

Rra^frtcW rqdcini—yiyid1(flci> tqcmni

Pfffsnn

*ier>ai 11^ Pi*^f?iRgn sncff «iiftci fcfRIT

(1) n(ctf^(fct4j'[ ^ aracTT *10^1'^ ^ ’7RT ^ ^ ailfcltftiy, (2) Pldi^n ?JPl ^ ^ 3T1?I^R(3) 'fiidxiiPicp PiyRn ^ arf&^jR, afR (4) ^rcpr ^ cpraf ^ ^nurHch arrat^^ ^•J(ffct<l>l'r aijfirajR ^ i arcRl^Rj ^Rr ^ î^Rr 'tcidam ^ fc^R if>RT ^ 'uvah’iIci ^ ^ vH’rt § i

(1) 1%*r idtraR îild'^dco '«*^ci'i ^ 'tod'siai, (2) TFR1 «PTT% ^ •wci-sini. (3) *TR?T^ xiNKj^^ ^f an^ vJIT^ ^ widsni, (4) ’TRcf ^ fSxil ’TFT ^ Rttii+i 9R^ afR eT^T vTT^ Tl’T wd^tai aiR (5) xdHyfK^cni, SOT^R ÎT «nKl«(K ^R^ ^ -rodani I

aiWJi^-’Uy’T (Exercise Questions)

1. ’Wd'Hcli aret Tjci nf^nim «f^r cj^Rh>^ i

2. 'RIcRIcIT afR TFpRTT ^ 13. 't^Jd'ddl fchn^ f? cpllwiv^ I

4. R^RracTT afR <niYl' ^ ^ ^ ^ 1^RTR IFpe ctjrf^ |5. ■*llxcTl« ^rftsTR ^ Wd^dl S’T WJIT arasiTT'^ ^? TJ^^RsT cplRrn^ |

□ □□

5^

(Justice)

. . '<TO“^TT«nr (Lesson-structure)

4.1. (Objectives)4.2. (Introduction)4.3. ^ ■SI*} Tl*!! (Meaning and Definition of Justice)4.4. ÎFt ^ êhirvii ^ Iq'fti'W (Concepts to Development of Justice)4.5. 'îra % ?lc^ (Universal Postulates of Justice)4.6. ^ «'tKqi<0 cTsn *ii't4qi'{l VR’^T^ (Liberal and Marxist Theories of Justice)4.7. (Various Forms of Justice^

4.8. ^ Wtl'yrn (Relationship between Justice and Liberty)4.9. 'IKcil^J Î^VR ^ (Management of Justice in Indian Constitution)

4.10. witKi (Summary)• '31«nTr-'Sr?^ (Exercise Questions)

4.1. -4^5'«t (Objectives)

^ 3T«TPT '4' 3TIWt ^ 3TsJ, 3^R: ^ Wd'stdl ^ 3T«TtH gtTRn '31113701

• -aira % arsl, ^

• ^ÎR tqa^lcfl ^

• *1R^ -^fwi STW ^1

r.4.2.' (lotroduction)

ÎtjpM^ yicneM'nOrf Tf ^ •eimc^ni ^ ic|?lq *igTd tlTO ^ I wmi'icpici ^ ^ g?t ■W'«heMHI 'IM’^Kcl'b (y'ct'l cPT ITg^ fclTO 11 ci-tga: ’TFT^ 'fP^RTT ^ vJ^ 3fp{ fclcpHT

^ ■^îra ^ 'McncHii TIR^ ^ [q'cil ^ ^ I ^ 3T>TT^ ^1 *TP1^^ a^Rfloa ^ cnc-H'ii =7^ cj?f W 'ticncTl I cTT^ ^ Sf^^TR, 'an^ ^ ^ 41 MwtjlTtJ cfl ai^ fcPcRT tRT CDCH1I ^ tFR -wend |' ^ TJcfjR RTRI TITRlfuT^ cTSJT

■ ^M-llfcl^P vnlqi ^ ^TFRI^ 3TT^ $ I I ., ' ' •; ’ • . 'f *

^ Ptiîn 91I,

4.3. '^jT Trar (Meaning and Definition of Justice)

1%^ ‘»TM ^ ’W ^ ‘Justice’ ^ t i 3T^vj?t iTT^^ ‘Justice' 3TN ^ ?I^ ^ I cRrf% 5^7^ \3^frf ’TM ^ ’Justice'^ ^ t lul'tiq^l 3!2f ^ vnl-S'll, ^TtlTTT 3J2I4T TT^ c^'IMI | ^ 3TWN •^JFJ ^ 3Tl^ryT7I vJ77 ciJctMT ^ ^ \jft otrf^rWf, 372TcJT TTcfictT^^fi <J5t tjgj sfracfl ^ | [cb-Ml cJfcTTefT «J'ii'si ,

# ■=7IRI t! crq'i'fch cf^ 'ift STcRen cfr^ 4^ xfcp-'^Tr^ ^ 7TT2I ^'I'S^ ^ ârarar môi # i

W5J ^ '<1>:pCN'1l ^ M'acp'l JTcpR

1. 'Tft. ■^. 37^77R, *ii''ycii3Tf cTSn RffMiarf ^ TTIt]- f f^'nnc4|RKi Tf^T 7f STfalcpR 3ffY ^JFcT ?tc?f f fvi'^ 7=RTv3 vifwa MHdl § 1

2. ^ ■^, "^WTT ^ fcTSTR TT^TM ^ TW^S cZIcTfaTT ^ 11'

3. ^ ar^TTR, «B1 'Stsf TT'jy? '^T cT2TT 3TTxT7tr[ ai^^w3TT^rM 7^ t r

4. rTajT Jlctf 3J^77R, •■tim cPT 3Ta} ^ vjf«f rras ’^^-’TTcT 1%tJ cRT ■JjftRT ■=7 ^ rTeT rT^P ciifckiu) ^ 'TT^ ouc)gK fcpTH vfW I"

Pic«j)4—viuyl'W 'tR’di'îaff ?t?TT ^ 'Tjttj ^ RiiQin ap?^ tcrt'? î ttkpjt

aTcrfct ?)?TT 11 't1*1l\Jl ■=^n7J ^ TTapcW arf^dc^ tt?l cPe<HT cf?[ TjfT 'ticnal | ^TIRT^ -fnivn ■pf cJjgr^JT tR >jfR ^ f cR^ arf^RPR cran eilyajl' W ’ft srar’T cjRrTT# I

’TRr

«-

4.4. 'ttm cK^ 41 ^ fcJiîTO (Concepts to Development of Justice)

cRTT qf^rpft vivji-illacp IRi'a'i =irra cfft ajcren^ fci^ ’Ttn 11’Tjra 7i4><i^’ii fct«PR7 ^ TtIsT^ IcI^^-I TTcjiR

I

1. ’7T7cff4 'tlvrt'flRlU t^TTT ^ g>) 3|qt|KU| ^ 3Ti% Ul^'icfld ^

’TRctRJ ’Trra fcl^tK fTffcf W’T 1%7TT 'aTTcTT 11 '^, '<-l'l*1^q, q>lf5i?<Jairf^ fci^Kc^) ’) TRTT cf?t cgcR-sjT ’arra fcRTR 3^73’ Taipr %7JT 11 yr#T ’tiyalu f%irTaP ^ aPlRT 8TT ’TTTTJ TFitJ cpf tJFI FlrTT t afR tjfr 3Txpft gtJH =4racj?[ RJcReri ^dT, 4f ?ffe €t ’T^ tiTTcTT 11

2. TlTirr?7T TRyFflfcT^) fW(R 4 ’^TFT RTR cfff arayrTRT 37T 7#3aj’7 cqcffêr^ f^cTcR ^ TTtjpftf^ ff '$73T tjfT 'MViai 11

^ apT’fl 'RqfscTcP' ^ ’Tira fcTtiR cpt ^d’TT arftfcp TiF^ W’T 1%7n 1%’JTT^Mcp ^ 'RIRTsnif^tPiy)' afr^ ‘cZJct^RcIT^ cft’T napR

Tfpft fegTcft cPT <g'>S'i cp^ ^ RuRnw ^ aPT^

r—Ht^qiw 'il'Jl'TlIaq’ f^ffFT

vBRfcpJ^ '^Rf&n' 'TT^T 'W 11 ^ TJjTFT ’TITO c^ WRlcfT^r,

Miqlcia ^ I f’T Ri^sinl ^ <pRrat aff I’^rra Ri<gia 45T yfdMK'1 i^paiT

tl'qiqj’t ^ ar^TTR, -RIRI ^PT aiaf f 3?^ cirf&d gTTT ’JTT cprfczj cpT Hieii uft 'd’eicp yiq^frlq'

■yjft afR R-aif^ ai^q^ci t i 'IH1R0 ^ aPT^ art 'cIcRT ?TajT îrt'JiRi^ rtfcR'd'H0l arrtrttjRT ^ Ypjjf apj Rrm 11"

■’TjTtj cpT cpp^rt araf ’rtt ^frtp aiaf ^rtn ftparr 11 'J^rt ’anar a^ «jRki‘ia cTarr arPTTfrtap rt ^p? tinn^ f 1 czrtfrrra ^ ^ aatraf apt airtyrai ^ 1% tr^cp aarf^ ^ fcparR, ’iiqiR Tran aprtt f 1 ^’rt aarparai apn 'TF’tt trt^rrap Rpaj ap tiFirtai ■fi^yp^ I RTRi tjap TTFllirtap 'ôr rt ^ 1 artffcp 5x1 PTaaR rt TRRP a^ IqRiî arti î tffcR] ajararr TTTwaai tjatpR rtan 11

I,

^ cpt ^ "RBrcnjcf itHT ^ I Rb^ ^ TcfWT ^^^5 11 3R^ ^^rro ^ TT^’P^ ^ HMcIl 11 cIlf&?T c^ ^TJRff^ ^ cb fÎf? 3)ici?.yct5 t % cf? 3?I^ '-rtgciRj' ^ 3FII fiq'i-^j'l nfrf -^facD cpJr-^'l ^ ^ MlcH cf5^ 1 3R^ % ■:?ITU ^ fSayulirHcf) (Distributive Justice) cTSTT ’giJTTrr'T35 îrTU (Coercive or Rectiflcatory Justice) ^ «fcTTt^ f I Iclayviifiicp ^jffq iRT Sfsi' ? Rt> TRjJJ 31^ 'iioRcrT''^ yM-Tifacn, ■ÛflHT cTSIT 3R3 cmff 31^731 J^yy^hiyT IRl ICUKI =IfTinpjf^ I ^Kic*icr> CRT 31?} t 1% TTcf; 'll-|Rcf> ^ ^JFI^ MI'iRcP TRJ P|i|T>a cRT^ ^ yiHlRlcft T^fcpT crJ oqqRsjrT

aiw

'=Tt7

^fcT inTotci^'i ^ 'ITTU 3^ '^fcf^tlf 'TTRII' (City of God) cRT ^T?W^ cTc5I ^TPfT t eel'll SJT cggên cb Tff^ 3T^C^C^ 3fR ITf^ TT^T^ ?t^ 3T^ cRxfczfT iRT HIcI'I 'UTTT ? I

', cftf^TcR 7TTrq ??TT ^?3fra IRjir c^ ft 'IfTO c^ Rqiy cRT (cfclxj-i ftRZTT § i vsyicRl cog'll 2JT RR 3Tf^ ^ ff îrra cRT STf’^nrU ^?3ylo Rnfclft c^ Miclb' ^ ^ I

\3yicpi

4.5. rTc^ (Universal Postulates of Justice)

^ cT?3 f Tjft c^ "JTTST cT^ f I rT^ ÎfTIf c^ yil4ciirchcn ???! cogcii'^ § I =gTir c^ yildwlRbcR 3TSJcrr TTT^’ftfffcR cTccft cRT ITf§r<T Rld^f^ TTcRR ^—

1. ÛTif CRT ^TTcifjîcR TT?Tcr^ ct?g 11 Tfra cfan ':imr irt irf^ ^ 11=3TIl ITTO ff ?)?!T I ^ ^ ■=IfTII cRT cR)^ '^ray ?trn I 'yJId c^ ^fda y?lK1'l cf)cTSyf y5l yfriicil 3t|cj?i|co ?tc^t 11

2. ^ stiyiyîci ^ •«*ii'icii—^yrcpi f fcR fcrfHj^ FFTeft c^ iryy fffctwR cRT^ ■^yry y?) ^ yrw crJ rtt^ fcRui tjtftt yiTtr; i ?7rc^ fcfyfra yf^ ycR ttr^ff ^yry y?! tjcr yjw cr) 3fR yyy y?! fcR^ 3?^! yr^RT y^r Hi^pfcRyT yrrar^yr sfk sT^yTTRjpf ?tyT i

3. 'U*ii'idi ^ ■*ii«t'ii—yTHi'icii y^ ‘bici'ii CRT 3Tf»TsrTy yy^ c^ yFTTy?TT § 1 yrry cRT yry yyRTrf&yr Pifâ ?tciT ^ 1 s'^yy 3T2t $ yy^pr c^ 3tîtr cyfckid)

^TT2J Tt^ 'dRM wjcjgix! ?Ptt xiiRli^ I cRppT Rb'ii'i cyfcki c^ Wy 'Jllfa, y4, tf?I, fcH'l 3TTf^ c^

OTijR 177 i^-iTTy y TR^ 14. ■^ytraciT—cyfcfff y?f T<in-Picii y^ -diRiivicR %ct y^ w'l-scny 3t^ 3tm^ yi yf^y y^t

ci'iiyi yrRT yrf^ 1 •5. 3f-H?iyT ciaiT yjy'Jil’t cyftdyT ^ TTTy virâ oyqgK—'^yry y>T tJcr yg^ TTTdytfffcR

cTcy 31’tfîyX yjcîcTyT yy TTTyrf^rcR ^ ^ yryTtfR yjtcfrfyf c^ y^ ârr yr^ ^ 1 yrry y>I yfy^ 3iy?Rff cWT y>yyft7 cgfcfvRTf c^ yrry yf^RT czjggrR f^ryj yrry 1

t ?ft

fi tiHi'ifli

-yy^ ■4t cqfcfy sry^ etycTT 3fR yrrys^ c^ 11 3icT: cyfim CRT 3Ty^ «Tym ^ yy^ yr^ ^ ^ ]%y?T

rllt^c; I (cR-dl Cilicftl cRt cRt^ ^TTT yTR^ cRT^ c^ Rlq?l (cR'UI 'Jliai

Vi <1 col ■yrysif c^ yT?y y?wg4 y?^ f-1, TuRsyco (Numerical)—'Um c^ wfefyj y?cg ^ ^ ^ Riyy^ yryty Riel'll

yTi%y I v3M3lydiciicil f^yrycR "vj|741 ^% yr^ ay 1% “Hcdy> cyfcRt y^ ycR vmhsii yyy cTyr fcpTft yj) iff XTcR ^ 3TfilcR y 71*i5ll TjOTJ I" !7l4ll C^'11'1 c^ ^T5 '1']'! RITTyt ff U? ygC^ §011 3TisTcR

ay TudvjiPico yy yRT ?tct yr^ vjiid i ■dt'c t f&r ^tiRwco ■'uiy fi IRi-tfl -MldvjiRy? yy y?t yrf^ c^ Rl?lu oVyai 3TaryT jrry y^ 3TTy?ycR y^ ^yy?y uimi |

2. yyrf^Rfty (Geometrical)—vouiRiaicj yyy yy 3i1RfyTy ^ ^ryry cyf^yzff yrt Tryry ysy

31'dHH y^ 'Sf-MHH iry^TT Tnyi i yyiffrcfry ûry ff ifFycTT, rtr d^y 3Tgyy ipyt c^ 3yty^ yy efcT fîy vjiidi I vritiRidlu lyry c^ tyy^ ^ eflyt cr^ sry^ ^ ytyRTy yyyf yff yryyT ^y%Tr i

6. ^ 3i|Riqi4cii'iil ^ yf^3igyiR ^ yyi) yry 'ticoai

t^yy yrryi t, yft

7fSrftfU777^ ^ 93

v5c;i6'<y| ^ cPT cp^ f | 'gf^ f^vfTH i!^ cp^ # eft ^ 11^ «jNiy <P<ai 5^ eft ^ ^ 11 '«JiRal'y-'=IM W 3RI

ar^^TR ?TRRT cp^ cl?f SlRki vi-icp! ■^t vHPff ?im'l cpTIT 3TTcTT ^ I

=5777

3. (Protective)-^«1lrH«P RJnJ ^ 'fRaTW ePT 'fRsHcfRcTT 11 cbnailyl' gff ;?T?TJJcn cpTc^ 3TRI ciWf ^ tiHi'l elT^ WU'Ueî tPTcTT S rfr ^ TRSTTtTRP t rtrj fW? ^ 11

4.6. ÎRI^'3^rraTêTSn’Tira?Nl^ ?ITTW^ (Liberal and MarxistTheories of Justice)

Rira ^ arsf, cfSTT ?i«i ^ ^^raff ^ Ri-ciw'l ^ trrj-’^rrt mRciJh^ § I <?iT<t> ^ sjidjlrief’ eppj^ ^ czicR&iT aft RJRI a5BT I «7 'M*iiiai, ailRjcy'^'^jai

anf^ aft riri Tma T5fr?T i a>T cpbht sn fiP Hta- af^«PT aRc^ ari^ hpt a^n^ t rit aB RiRi ^ I af% afn) aft anaRft afta) ârH aR fâr antr ^ aB arara Btar i

T^TJfr'^'aRT ^ Rira aft 3Tl?ta?Ba ^Rsar ^ aifSchci^ ^ ^ ^ arfâiftcT i aB Riraaft ci'lcpaifycft caawr ^ ^rafiJer HMdi sn i

aa^l^ va^Kciiqi Riqiycp Tiaa ?rt ?ftw ■gafr Bar apara «l‘il a^ atfcRf) anaacpaBiaff a?f aft ajia ara^ ^ i

aifa '^fcT ^ arg^TR Rrra arg^TR efra5-«P?aMaiTff aaa Rira aft atr?TTBa ^ttt ^ i 'itRna> crtt ^q<t> ^Braa^ta'dCKai^t fepaRaft % ana aft craf^JfBP 1%fT ^ am î aro I^rit # i

Rjra a^t ara'jtar^ sjrrt aaRar^ aRRT ^ 11 ara^far^ fcraRaff ^ ana aft a^Ri^’iaiawT 7TTSJ aftBi § i ara^tarfât aa araai ^ a^ f^Bta at^ ^taTar ^ ana ^ stfâea ^wa afi 11 arref ara^ an a>BaT ar Rtta an 3Tf^?iea a^ Rm t, at^ aft^ afram a ^ i ^ i^fci câat ^ja^ cpffel^ta Rwrar rf ^ Rfaa ^ i B^rf^ ^âat a^ff^t^ta ana aactst ^ ^Rnat 11 ?a aaiR aaRarf^ rRn araFfarf^ ara^-ara^ gfeaftm ^ Rna a?[ 'aeppaar a?f an^ ^ ti

I

a aR^ Bsn

arar hmai § i aac^

4.7. •<4i«4 % IcT^tl ^cRT (Various Forms of Justice)

ana fcrfcia asr ^ 11 ana Ba f&f^ aait an ’afitar fciâa fna aa^R #-1. Rtra (Moral Justice)-aaBft1%a5 f^'rin î aaaaaa aia ^ ana ^ ^f^«P ’KRoa

aft araarat anat nBt 11 ^fria> ana brt fctaR a^ 3mni^ ^ 1% ^ atataj araat ^naRgctftaa Bt% f aftf&5 âam ^ aânaai rtat atafâcHta ^ f i Ba yia^faep f^raat ^ stgaR v^taa Ram ^Rcn Rna 11 aca ataar, sta^ aifFtaft an af^ aan? ^ arna aaat, atfata tjavjaReTT aft.ataat ^ 3igaR amt aRar ^ yiy^laep tâat ^ vjatBRR ^ i ata agai Ba Pia4f ^ stgaR SptRRR rfsn oycipK aRBT ^ eft aB ^(cicp ana Btar %, ^fina aia bb îcn Rnîn' snaTR aR?TT § at aB snaan ^Rcp ana R<><s 3naan atar anra ^ i

2. <i)i*yfl afta (Legal Justice)-ana aat anga ^t aPiô ■aaa 11 sita^sTBa ^ aiBat : an t% arf^ ana aft gaja> aR arm eft Riaa w ^ ^ ^ atfrtf^ afR ^ aft 11'' '‘pigoi ana anaR caa?enfctan gRi RRa angg Bt^ ^ i af^ aft^ b^ cppj^ aft a^ araat ^ 3iajaT B^ ang^tt ana ^ ^ g^ 3T?f 'pigal ^ fâfw anatf^ Btat atf^ (2) angaf ^ anatfer Htg fitan anat at1%a I

angjfi ana aaa atgnR aaa f&ataaBct gRt aaig aa anga anaafaa asir aavnaa ^ atfla 1 f^tfia atsf atgaR aatep ciiRa aft f^rost ana aar anga an w ^raia #F8m HRB Btar wfî^ 1

94 <(>»tt/o?H«t ^ /«*m

1. % qi4<^Rhch qnh

\2. qnq % ftrftq w 4^(ji

•1

>

f {t

N

^f^uvsr ^ fi?3rtr d6ii'^n

3. •-qi<4 (Political Justice)—tivn-ilfa<^5 W] STfÎura § fip ■?pffPh'tfl yi'Jl-llfd'45 'jIIcI'I ^ irnT ^ 3TtiTR HFcT Wliî^, 3Tajf^ 'tl'j^-dtll ^

'Jl'ini 'Hl'H'Hiyl ^ '!!vj1'1)Ri<^> f I

Vlld'JlPlO’ cTZTTcP HdlRl<^>l'i, dl^lRf^) 7<Rf3crT^, chl-Jdl ^ WH, cffcPctRfcRW, Sllf^'u'l' 3TT1^ 'difet'i'l ^ vjRid fJbitl'CJtH 'TM^fltcRP "îra ^ Ulf^ '#1^ ^ I

SJ77

arf^TTfra § citfia fTsn czri^^ wrtJw ajfchn ^

4. ’Hi*iiRrt<n wq {SociaUus!ice)-WHTftTcf>wrrfuT^ ftsrfcT ^ arrar? ’^cr»nci ^ %7jt otftt i ^rfjt

ff 'OTcTST tn1%tj I ^ '■WdF^' «I?[ 'ti'JialfacDartRT’HW ^ ciiRiw f 1% cf^ aPT^ îf^cp cTan yîmPlco vji4fp*i1' cpf cRf ^ ^ Tjg?^ TRcTT'Jpf -dlM C[?f ft fil-dA czrf^tT^ ^ 3P?^ fcppPH tjttfH 3TcRR^ ^1 •

5, 3TTf5f^ -^tiq (Economic Justice)—arrRftR anf®^ ft^^TcfT aiST^ ariRfcp ?ftw

'3'^ci'i arrarf^ t i ariRfe '^îtjj «rt ar^rtTra 11%3TT£IT^ tp? ^TTT ft=TT TfTl%tf 1% cZff^cT^ cpT tjgs cpf a?8jf?r ET?! ^ 3^1 wRkiul' ^ Vm<P\ ■jflw cfjT^ ^ I ajTf§fe =iiTir arww '^rtut c^ tjcjs cpf cpf c^ arrf^ ?frwc[TT'f&^ Cp^ t I 'argÎRWT 'ddl'l •'d‘11'1 4^' RltSIci ^ ^FPTSf^ cRtft ^ cTSJT5^ eTiTT tR wcT ^ 11% ^T^rrat ■?nff czrl^crat ^ -ti'Ji'iiy ^ a^cTfR ufct ^ I ^ttst ^ 3{^ cTSJT ^ atcT? cftt Rbill vifFTT | cflftfsp ^RT ^ •<1*11^ cZff^rTlff

felt? arrRfcp rtri w tiFf wsi'ki ^ 'tHehai ^ [

^ ciiRki<jT wi arrfSfe

•u.

4.8. fTSJT '^^ff^rtT Tlf (Relationship between Justice and Liberty)

Rira rren •eun'oiai î tR^tR yPico lisra # i eiPha âêTT ^ aist 3RrT4 âneTT t efr RfRT efft arêTT aTRfRT ^ «ra Ri<7ifli 11 ^rtft eitRt ^ ariira aRtni w

^ isiwd) c|?t vinRîilri ^ nlRafcRTT

yRP ftrTT %, RTRI ^ 'T^ I cr<j)Rt> RIRI Pi^Jd'l, WJftt, yRta ftrTT ^ 1 cR^: wn'-sai wracTT ^ ajsl atcRR RTRf ^ t I

ycoK

5r<f?R ^SRTt ^ 3T>Tra «(Ic^ ^ff 'dRta tJWl1 cZRR87T % Iqiaiciywi ^ 31 Raw t wRki ^ 'artl^ ffRâff fSo’i'rt cRI Ndfcld • -waRtdi 3(41 IRd rf??T afR4IR)d ^teft stlRvi olRa crit trutf^ § i

4^ «RT^ tT7 ^ ^ f aft? ^ czrfitfT ^ wciRtai ti?^ aicRiRRT wacidlcRTTt? tytt vifwd ^ gR^ f | Iclq^ld 'Zjf^ cijfctcl ^ 3Rffft^ •Md-Jldl 5f^

wTmw

^ tjrcfl eft tHTraft wdlldl 3RJ cqfcfcTJft ^ wa->ai ^ yid^ ^ -dcnol 11 cRff% ouRki dddl'^ ^ 3TRRtp cjRc^ srfcTelTjf ^ 7<JcRT?TT ^ ?3eRT 4R 11 RfRT ^ Riîd at-dlRla cRTT atRi^PSia tcidR^di ^ tpR[sf^ ^ cnâi l

RPTFrar rRTT ■^^TRT ■?TVEf-RJRI ^ aiWRtJTT ^ -ddlddi ^ Rl^ld ’ft tTfRT tfrefST t [ ■d^llddl cpT arf^tw^ f 1% lT>tt H<lR«f>'l ^ fctcpRT ^ 'adld aicRR ^ I aPT^ ^pft dl'iRcpl' ^ %8TT, f^Rbddl anf^ 55 ^ ^ tidn ^RlW^ uetll 5^ I 'llPRyff 5ft cr)|*jd

1RT8T aHM ■?RfTT tSTP? eRJT Tnft dl'lRcrfl' 5ft epl-Jd 55r ITPRT ^SFT tTM ^ i -ddlddl trRwiarf 55 ^515 5rht t afR sr5FR ^ •ddiiai ^'d ^ Ritsici -^jr! 55 anwR f'l ■

^ 4lX'tMRal afR

TFTFRTF WdRldl 5ft 5^ 5R 'd5)dl I RtfRdT fcRTR 5R^ tR ^tc5 ^ wd-adl rreJT tidUdl t?55 ^,_^fcRRft 5# 5ld55 tj?55 f | adiddl 55 312f 7PTPT atq-ei'il 5ft SRRejT cRTT Rl^lqiltJcDiyl 55 aict t, vjiqRh wdexa; 115^ 31^^ 5T5T55t5 cfStT 3T51Rf gft oq5Wt t

afh? 55 Ri<^ld—'toakidi cRTT«a-aai ^FTPTaT "URT

96' ^ fiiîrt

fclcom cfR t I ^^ xS^doidl <1»1MC1I cpt ’ft e^(Jlfll 1 ’^TRJ'c|5t SfciUKuii cff ^fFIH 3TcR^^ cj?[ vdHolf^ W l^'d'sT cf)>ial § wH ^ ^ cpy tpxdl % ctjlîil’ cj^ STT’fl Î'ildT^ff ^ ST^^^FTR ^

’FRH 3TcpfR uti^T ^ I ?? '?rasj ^ «ll«n'< ^ «f)?’TT t 1% ^ tff 3Tf^ f?1<^TcT t ^Wcldlcti ^ >d*ii'ia; ?[2TT 5^ ^ ^ ^ rira-'^ 'Jc^ cf>^ 11'

Ril1<ni Mij'i'l cf>^

’ite

4.9. ^khIm ^ ^Jra" ^ onctîSU

(Mabagement of Justice in Indian Constitution)

’TR^tn -rtRlyM ^M*iliriv>, îîiRhcp rf?JT îlafco •îra ^F?f viRta slcR?JT ^ ^ 1^ y'WIcH/ ^ R’ft ^ Oit? 3T7fSf^ ’^TTtJ u<j|’i «xRJ ’wRyi'i

cPT c=ra?i ■gff&ci ’tot 11 ’trct ^ ’H’fr ’TFif^ ^ '-^M-flletch rtrt nro ^ ’h^,'H'RlyM &RT ’TR^ ^ ^TR^, clWaiRcp, sM f^R^ ■^RKSTcTT^ ipiRT^ eRTITT ’RTF ^ I•^M-flldcb ’^rra ^ 'HTcRT ^ ^ ■'H'lcTiiM c^ 3(^xw 15-19 ^RT 'liMRcnt c^ fcRlR, 3TftcijRki, TlffeRj^ R’TT eRR cJR^, 'W'^ldd ERT^, ’TRd’ WRSlcRSJT STlf^ clft 6 MCMW cJtI ■«jao(eil^ ycji'i

’TRcfra dRyid ^ ^jdl-y ’tFT ^ ^MiRcpl ^ RlPt"i dlldicp ari^JcR^ c^ 3)n4q cRTT ’TFTif efreff c^ SIcFfrT «imilyicr> '?rT^ c(?[ yiRet c^ f&RpR RFFTl cfil \jcvl<a fcpTIT

’T^TT tl

<A t

15 5T7T SPf, *3,1:1 ci?l, fcFT TTT uTR TSTRTRHI c^ 3T?fR dlcpO TFTTF 3IcRRf

^ eTRFt ^ 3T?FfcT^ÎRT ^ Î^f&eT fclPtR c4|qy<ifT3ff

'dqlgx’^c^ 3iraR 1R ’f^-’TRT cFJT RrRT f^FJT FTn % \ 3t jT ‘̂tf-16 ^ cR cTSTT 17 JRT 3TRJ?TJcTT EFT 3R 1%EIT *lill f I

c^ 3{Ê^—41 3)^w)q—47 if RFl^ vdcdldi Icbqi FTIT ^ 1

/c^ <HmiRicp

\3qi5'<^'i c^ 3t^w)q—41 4 dl'iRcpl cFf ^^TTSTT ^ epTF, 1%STT 3fR effcF tigiqGiEFT 3lt?ra5R T^t^R ’T7TI f ) 3Tgx^-42 cf?) cFTF ’"ETTTTFFTcT '^RlReJet cfRif sfR y^jfd 'dgidni iSFcTST epR^ Rl-^Rin %7TT ’TTIT 11 3(^twq-43 if EFFT ’TTIT

^TEHI ■?Ffl cfFfcpRf cjir WT, Rfclf? TRT^, vrtlq'T ’RR 3fR 3)qcf>l?i cFT 7Fj4 'OT’TFT ’^RlRdd FT^ STTF clft ^?TT^ cRTT 'HIHifitch 2pfR ’HRE^f^ 3TcRR cpi^ cFT uqitl V!^*|| |

44 if 7T^ ^ TTvET ’TRrf # xHHWi 7TFZJ ^ # 'ii'iRw')' ^ 7FTTF-d'lBdl 5TP<T cRTT^ cR PRTTTT ePT^ 1 45 if ETTREF) c^ 3fR 3iR|qi4 flTSTT EFT'dyq’il, 3T^n)q—46 if 3i;j<jfFa 'Jllfelq), 3T^^f%ct EjFTEjTTfrFff sfR 3TRT ^R cT’ff E^ flraTT 3fR 3Rf-TT44t 1%df ^ 3Tl^<jf^ efSTT 3TefE^—47 ^ TTEJEJ 3TF^ RTn) E^ qlqifK TeR 3fR E^fcH RR E^ Ep^ cRTT Rt?i-7^T^^ ^ ^SPR gREf REPsff V>^<4l ^ '3>?d)>a %ETT 'mjj 11

arrRfEF ritet e^ rstj cpir ef^t^ iff dRiqii if ef^ Ri4?icf> ?TRTf eppt

vSc-c^ra l%EIT ’TETT ^ I vsqis^cii c^ dRiwii efe STÊt^—39 if chgi FEIT ^ t% RFjEI STRff •fffrl EPTf RtRl'êidl, ^ 5TEFR 'dFici'l EF^FT f% •qPiR^ci RET ^—

‘iidq'lRja ^?TT3ff E^

t 1^

Rll^cl

RF ^ EifrfclcPTT E^ qql^f RTEIF yi^R ch^d EpTT(ef) sfR E=^ REft Hl’iRcbT.Epir -HHM

arfETEppR(R) Rg?TEP E^ iffrcicF d'Hiwif EFT RTrfiTRr sfR Riqd<'Ji |R TTEFR ^ ^ f^TR^ ’dl'jl^ch

EFT REtfrTF Rq ^ Rm t\.(r) 3pfR fepETf EFT RRR eft4 E^ RRIR 4cid(et) 3ff^ R4t chtfcbW'l E^ RTTREJ afR îfcpn EFT ?T2TT EfTREP^ E^ ^gEg*iR RERerr EFT

■gRÊfTF ^ ^ afR arrRfEF atiq^qcpeTT ^ feteP^T ftEF7 '11‘iRcp) EPTT ^ ■ftR’TFEf if R EjTTRT q^ qff ddcnl 3TT5 ^ «lf4d ^ 3T^cpjR R g) /

iMilfhfii*-:i ^ Ay^m ' 97

1. ■^rm afrr wanr w t? ^tftnri

2. VTTrfhr wT^wn î«< ^ ÎT '^? «ifli$y_lwraWT

1/nw«* ^ r^îa96 ii'Jii

■iTRcT Hl^lRch)' gif ^ MSTST fcTf^ ^grêfT ^ *f ^?ira '^f cff^ ^fef^ ’ffftwg ^ 31 jxtJg-39 '^' 'R?T- W t *7FJq trgr -^PlRtJd gi^ f^1?I^

era UchN^ cPFT ^ 1% WTR siq-eix: ^ 3TTOR rara -g^rT.^ 3fR gg, [^Rl^caill, ^ gl^R-dd ^ 3TTRfe gj 3T^ Pl^Tj^Jdl ^ giR^ HMlRg> URT gR^^ 3Tg^ ^ g%cT ^ ^ gfnj, 'dM^tm fci^jR ^n ^g^ 5RT gr srar f&R% ?lfri ^ Rf:gjcgi fSRfgi -(igiqai gif ogg^?g gi'^‘111"

gR?T ^ ^ ■dxigiK erar ^ggg ^fRgg^ iRf wr-wi ir ^ fcrfiFT g>gg wi? gn^ ^ f f^FT^ -iMiRgil g^ 'tii*iiRjtcp g stiRIyi RciRf ^ qiTua ^sir ^ i grag ■<iidiRi«i. 3)iRJ<n sit? ^M-fli^gi RfR ^ •dugiK'l gif fifefg^cTf g^ q?i[^ $ i

5^

its

4.10. Wnyr (Summary)

sRfyff ^ ?f^ ‘Justice’ giT f%^f ôgMiRT # I s'ficfii sTf^rgro^gra ^ 3r} g? #

cf^ ?T>t1 czjf^d^ ^ ?RH ogggR fîgr iFFTT ggigi 11 ggiR ?f?T 3ffg?gT?g % ^f gRfeff

. 1%^ grgr gg grsg "rarg ’jg gsjT Îdgi 3TRRR ^ 'wHyn ^ 3)^«tv?i STfggg i ’5fg?f si jfli?, % gig fig; ^tggfg gff^ w vsRid gg?5r g gt ggyfg? r,' gigi? ^ ^gro gg 3r} gnfei ^ gten

grag g^ rarg ggigi ^ i3ii^f^g> '3gKgi4) iêagi) f&gR grag itrt gftmn^gg ?f8g srgrg sfRci ferggeiraff g^

gjig # I 3m: rarg gg siRgcg gff ?fgg 1 gi^ gift ?ftgg g ^ i gRg ^ ?RgiR crar grag ?Rgif^-5Rf ?Tgg-?Tgg g? ^ fifl^rg gmg vj3T^ gfi^ f fii-it) n'lRg^ g^ dmiRflqi g snfStg; R»ijfri ^ gfffem ^gR ^ i ^ gigg3TTl^fgi 3ff? '■iM'tlirigi gjig ^ gi% ?RgiRf gif «fn«i<soi q?ilcf f i

ST^TTH-UT^ (Exercise Questions)

1. =gTg ^ 3i8t ijg gRgrgr g^ iPTC giffbitf i2. gjig 'Hi4ci1fcfigi gRfr gg g4g gifftitf i3. ^?TTg ferf^ gfgf gg cplRue' i4. Rfig ggr «ianni ?Tggf gg ft^fgg giff^gj i5. gRf^fg 'dfctgig ^ ^gro-cgcRen gg g4g i

□□□

^ /«*ia 99• •*

■ *■

t Ik

ft-

WTTTsT

3 (Unit-3)

1. (Equality)

2. dl«da^ (Democracy)

3- <i'd'i1ia=t) ^NcTT (Political Legitimacy)

4. ■^TT (Separation of Powers)

101

WJnai

•=Tfe

(Equality)

t •"*.

-■'Tra-tn'ct'ii (Lesson-structure) ’ ■

1.1. (Objectives)

1.2. (Introduction)

1.3. ^HHdl ^ 3^4 (Meaning and Definition of Equality)

1.4. ^Hiiai ^ ^ (Important Factors of Equality)

1.5. 'HHiini % (Forms of Equality)

1-6- wHi-iai aftr tqnsoi ^ (Relationship between Equality and Liberty)

1.7. '?Tf^vn ^ ^HMoi ^ ■nqîKwii (Concepts ofEquality in Indian Constitution)

1.8. WKiJfi (Summary)

.• siwiRr-'5IH (Exercise Questions)

1.1. (Objectives)

571 arezira ^ anb tfthcTT aist. ql>Hiyi, aMTzjcfj 71^ w 3ictzhgî •

• 'TTRHcTT cpT 3isf tjcf qf^diqi Z[>r aTHJZPT [

• ^FRFfcTT WT aTTclTZJ^ TTrl! ^ 3TcFT^ [

• .-TFlRrlT 31)7 ’Mci-qai 7T«I?I zp) tjflî

• 'HRcfra ttRIhr -M*11-101 «J?l aicitjT’jn' zpt aisi^pr

fHHiini

1.2. (Introduction)

Wd'-ddl c[?| ifri^ ^ -0*11-101 7T^ ’fr xivn<;?l-i ^ aiczjd 11 ai^-oix“TTvjpItf^ I^SH TT'J’f ^ ?7T^ cnf5-i fcTcTR aff? ^ ^ f xivjidlloqj f5-dK«nl^ «looldi cl?[ ^ <1*11-101 ’ft *l^wi aft^cnK) Tf ^ tj^j «rcTRfl ^ [ 7RTR GTO:Tl’ft tpft ft *1^«J-*1^N4 ^ eftrl <1*11-101 <41«m< ^ ft I yiql-1 cPTcT ft ^ yiq’focp fftÎPl(Natural Law) Ri«grd ft |ci?qi dRldi Rt^TcT (Social Contract Theory) ^ ftftft tifclMlc!«l>l-.^Tm. aft7 (Hobbes, Lock and

102 ^ /«4i/(7

Rousseau) n SIcReTT (State of Nature) ^ ^ '<i*ii'i l^r>^ f^‘3T 11 STT^f^^>IcT ^ 'fi'inni ^ f&^fR wr ^ fiiîaqicfl SIWWT ^ (cl<>«g ^ I tPre 35) '(ivrtjrt’ilrl ^

O

■<i*ii'icii ^ Ri<sm ^ ^ 'mI«pi'< an | >3^ cf>^ ^niT an,^?<rcra 3lk ^TRR ft? 13ft71 anr^ 3Tf§ra>r^ fcmi'^f iff sfR TRH ^ f r ^ wmû yltjuii-XTS ^ ^ 5^ «fm tf^n ^ aff^ cR^T.’T^T f^, 'fR 5^ ^Rar ^

't<31crK ^ *13«i 'H‘11'1 epnt? ^ ^ ranvilcp^ 'tiniiai ^ Ri.si^ ^ 5fTai; cilvpd-aif^vp ^ foRn t aft? cl^

•wRynT Tt 5?i anira t tjwi f i

irmm

«ltT

1.3. «Hnni ^ 3T^ MRitim (Meaning and Definition of Equality)

rra ftp? t^*ii'iai ^ t? 'rtnMai 'M*iii araar? f^ci^ wit^ i f^ran 3trrj n? ^ tsân^ e^ f^ nfsi ftR ^fâffn^t aiici?<Jipai Ftctt ?Tv?I ^ ^ftRUarf W Mtl cfR^ | TRHrTT 5)T anaTT? af?

<i*iivn ^ wr^cp ojfSti nn <1*111 *i5Tti ^ I 'Miiidi ^ Rt<sici y% aft? ai^Rto Ra<wi cpT fciilw cpini $ I <iiiiai ^ Ri»siti ojiqeiRw ?Tn ^ l^n? ai? apRam? ft??RTvjT i} f5?lq ’gfcian-<iM'i apf ^ ?t l cnwl ^ iniini apt t?ap aJRT <i*iac?lctK'-r (Fundamentally a Certain leveling Process) «tai<ii % I ^5?# 's'ti'Pi^5t^ ulTbui vatiwl ii'iRvpcii ^ ?n ^ ^ ^ I 5’ticpi ara} fcts ^ ?^WT??i Iran? ^ eftnt at^r ??3 ppr a}?f 1%f^ vjRranf Rjrai hRumi ^ 15?iapT aiat t tnuRntn?Tf«RTajt ^ 5?T rRf aiciiei ^ fyiH'd ^5ia a^ ’IFT ^ aff? \3?T^ 5HT eTT'T a^ WT ^ t?35 dfdd I ??T^ ai? Rlfâ # ^ PT f^Rtt a^ fapm^ gretpy c^l«hi vPI fi“I<t

vin^, era faraFT ■ourh vnt? t'

^ 3?8t ^ ij wdtvp ajf^ gjt 3TTa*i-fâpTaT a^tiiivn

ata} t % amMai?t

1.4. Zinnur ^ 3ijeiîieh (Important Factors of Equality)

;encetllllCll

of Special Privilege), aff? (2) ai’ft a^ tjfrtcT araRRf affl airaWT (Provision of Adequateaaj apT arP^yrai ^ f«F amraiT ^ f^'rfi ^fi «i|cia apt am,

^ aim^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ f?r^ ^fclan^ asnapEi ^ tvpr^ ^ afftm î '^f^tcT aici'-dtT ai5t azfarwr ^ arf^Tyrar ar^ t «jRki a^ ^ ?n?R vint? Iîcn si’aiciF annft ai'qRlâ arpnarf apy ^ ferapRT ap? ■na^ i an^Rra? hhk vdMdfir Qqcp uRReiloul a^ ^tR f^r4a ipdl.f I arwf a^ nRTT-f^cTT apfl aft? ftlfStcT g)d §, ^ aU'Wi't! ^ vF^r %eTT tTra apaa^ ddM atar^ ay^ranjuf êjH ^ ticnd f l f?Ta^ faJnficT *ivji>|< nrcTT-fafcTT a^ apt an’t ajcTap? arfajapn? ?ii<lRci> wn apr ^ an^ nap^nr nsentl

1.5, <<Hnfli % WT (Forms of Equality)

^ ^ 'tiii'iai, iiiRcf) 'Miiini, ?TMfyfap ti*iHdI aff??1*nndlanRfe 'diiidi I

Îvjj’ttRl* ’M*iiiai-'<iviiilfd«5 'Hiiiai apT 3n?TO aj? § RF ?T*fl imiR^pI anRifataff aft? Mindt afd.w'i-s«p'<, ayay^ ^ ^ ?imi tiiii ayajar? Ricin mf^tj i feFT, *3?^ ayayayy syn ^ ayyiyy^ ay? '?ivj|'tt(cicb ayfitapy^ cpy Rf^ yi'Ji'flfriw -eiiiiai ay? ayyapayan cp<ii f i <i\jiilRi'n tiiiiai apy

f f^'Hcp eftay ^ H<gd ^ I 5+1 «Piaref t, ^Tviai if ^ faF?ft 'ft ay^ ay^ lyfeysysf t.f%?y^'^^ eftay ay^ ^ fbyay^ ?yTTy ay5t <?^ iyft ?yTTy ^ Rpay ^ I yft aft ayj^^.ayap

+i«Pdi

a^ fii-sin 103

1. ^ fc^fisll^l

2. «Hiiai ^ srray^raj ^ awio ehirni^l

104 ii'tiillnfiit^ % lii^ia

'll^lRv’ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 3lt? UTH '>^^ JTHTT F)^^fTfti?l

HH/ta/

^ arP^ynj ^ t ^ ^ ^ 'ii'iR^'l ^!Jc4«f> 'TFlf^ ?^^«fTcT ^ 3nWR=R

Il'lRcp 'M*ilHdl—'ll'lR^ ÎFHcTT TJFT^TffT y^cisJ ) 'lJ')R«f5 TRFffO' ^TITR t vd-flci^ WT icpÎT GlT\rJ|| i ii'iRcf) ^ ’TR' 'ÎF t ^TTÎT^

■Rc^f 3fR ■^Rcprff cb^^tdRil^ 5R>R ^ Fff ■^FFT Ûft^ I ^tR#f cpi-jn c^ af^yiK ^Tr -«i(^c; I

’HRif^* wtrudi—MiHiRiict^ 'fi*iiicii «PT 3?fT^^rra ■zi? t ^ ^<1*lR «JCI5K FtFT '^n1%tj I '<ii*iiRt|'^) TRHcTT ^ '^tf%-R<Jl'J'1 FR?Ftcff I ^^5 ^RFjff R41v4 ^ Ft^ f ^ 'jTR R cRT ^ aTRR ^ 41d

^ 'otRsj^ ^ f I y«iiF'F,i ^ 1%3ff ^ cTjf-'Rcrfen RHifii-^ 3RRmft

^ ^ 'jcldd 'S^TFT’JT 11 cF7»?r £T4 ’tl dmii^cp SRRHcTJ ^ ^ cR 11 ^fiHqi-yl ^ ^^4)iifl ?ini ^ 3RJ sj^ R tiwî'y'l ^ 3i^<jiliitil ^R?t^ .§ 1 cp»?i-cfr>ft Ri'i

-dHlRHch SRTFHcTT cJF cRTRI «R ^fTFr 11 R-S^tl ^ cf?t 3TTâTT ^ 3ff£tcFR 5TF<T f I \jTFT cfF vji'ia'i ^ ’Tff^ ^ RRf?R FPTT vnTTT t. cf^ ^ cPT ‘PT^ffTS STFTcfR ^

TT? cjit qpiM^lqiyl cR5 ^T dlRla dHSl ^3TTFT f I

an^jiRn

■didlf^cp ^‘ii'icil ^ ^ ^Fc^, tii’Wjfrlw ^RRcTT ( diV^fflcp ^♦iinni «f)T •ST^t/Tg ZTF^ 1^ ^ c^ Rh'dl ’{nVqjfn'^’ ^ WSJ 'JOTTF FtR sfk Wff WW^feT^P Iclcnl^ WTR 3ig^ ^ Wfl^ I

tldl'icil—<l*ti'ini «PT 'd«(’<^ WfTWF ( 3Jrf§?^ WTHcJT WI

3TT«rWJf> WJ JIF 31^ ^ TO cgRkigT cf^ TOR cI?R Rlei^ I JJF eft 3RtTO ^FTff%FTOF ejRuim wfehn gft ^c?rwV-?Tf^ cpt cp^ FFT | SnRfcp TORFT W SJj^sJTg 'ZfF

3ra?J7 t % TOTuf ^ 3J7t^tcP f^JRcP^ ^ | gF FlW ci'ld') ^ra• eft F^ 3FTR SH^TI% ^ 1% ^ FR TO Sfft ift ^ TOTFJ ?71 SR cPT TO^R TOR fcfRT

jjTR afR egsf RR R tot FeRT R sr R fR ^ apR RRr Rt toR<p aTOTTOTcpFR ^ ^ TO TO^ 1 ailRJjp TOTRFT cPT aiRsTO I R5 ^ RR sfR ^PT 3#grR ^ ■jjR Rt ’RfR TOT 3Tl?f<PT7 R chKui Rt wtjR fcpzTT % 1" atpfcS R toR

^ 'arrtsRj aRRTTOT fr^ tR Rt tojr totR '•to cR Rt gRp? totR ^ afr? RiHqÎ Rt FTOT toR ^ r artf^R totttot *t jjf tot R Rit^n § sfgT *iôy TO arR rp cR

Rf TO arrf^ Rtot ^ to to^ i to^t wj ^1 artf^hp tottto to 3TTTO sif t fiP totoh aft? fRrwr R tojR to w^ tort to wtot IRttoi fRt eiTl%tj i

1.6. '^TOHeTT S^tr t«idadl "^JT (RelationsKip between Equality and Liberty)?'■

gRt-cfjR cfTFT JTOT # R> TOTReTT aft? WTOTR TO^TO-feRR ?T^ f I TOTFTOT Rq<tcT'T (Lord Acton) aff? c)ftj<(f<^cf) (De Tocqueville) RR FtrTFTTTTOR TO sRt

sR arrro to groroT # r aft? -THHHdl RR R TOP f I ■^înai'R.RR

TOTrar ^ -ddMai '*tR t, R ^mRjp,

TO^’RÎTOT (Lord Acton) fc^TO TO, "TOTTTOTT Rt TOPRt ?TORrn ctfî F^ RTOTT R fRr -t-qaRai tqn-aoj aft? «)CiRnl R IRtT ddMai .''jR 'TR Ft TTTOtt | IjR 3TlffiIcp art? ?TyTRfRp ^cfTORT RtoI Rs^RR ^ I TOtF?^ ^ icIV* 'll'lR<n ?PTRR Rtot ,?tR

TOTR ?R?Tt TO^ I ?TTO?tfRp ■wciRell Rt

TO atst Rtot

6«iMn d5t TO ?TJpR t TOjf^ TO^ R ?TTOPt3T?t PF t 1% yTylRIdcp ?TTOPt dHl'l TOTFTT TOTt | RRt, TPJiRf^ ?TTOtcTtJJF Rt R TOFt Rt cgRroff R TOTPR TO 'atfsfPTO Rel TOSJI toR FcTPR R. atf&TO? TO R^' toRR fR 11 Rr RR TO PF fRcjiF t % ciWa-3 wRR cTOsp wnRro? R atfrop fR R toRRp' ■îRt R apjR affR ^ aftFtei to f i sriFt toR atif^fsp aRRiFcTR. R,<'PFr

■■ ■,-,

TTOTTfffTTR? ^ fli^lci 106

k

Hacii'i cpi art&cpR tcj^cTT ci?f ■*TT^ ^ ^ 'mcpoi i ^ ^ ?T^ ■cr>i>;<ai^ ^ «PFT cff^ *i\n<^’< ^ ^rr¥l ^ tqnoicii ^TT^ ^ fiia'fl 1% ei5iiyl?i |

cii’M’l,'^ ^ v>5ii ^7^ t f^, wta-Jiai ?T«f cT^ ^ 'dvxnl ^ ?T^viyicp ^fTTST 3TTf§fe '(HHl'lcil ^ I' Îrlem ^ 3T^9fleR ^ ^ WR sTTcT ^ ^TT^'!l'Jl'lllrl<r> ■ÎtTT tR c^cI^ 'OT efRfr cpT # Plo'-îJi ■^FcTT t ^ ?ifcki ^ '<<ii4l f I 3TTf§tcP?iRhn ^ "f^STT 5RTt^ c^ fl^ ^ ^TcT ^ ^ [ MiRn'lRco ycM ^ ^ 'WHlaî^rS'jTl^l ST’Rfi ^ ̂I -yiiii'i RRT: '^TcfrR \'«qlcfjci ^ miioi t. 5'<lfcH>^ cpl-J^l Pl^lit iff ^ 3T^>T^ ^ ^RcilSra cfR^ 11 Rkvjii^ ^ff ffcpR ^ NdH^?! ^ f^RT^ 'ZT? &)c10 f&j d W SJ'IOmI’ <??1 <1614)01 % ^ r <^>5^ ^ ^TR ^ vil?!3TTl?fe 3RRRt^ f. i^MlIlirl cpf ^Tfifcp cpf TR STRTT Wf?I?T ^ ^ |

3TtMcP 3RRHcTT ffcfr t, ■RRRfT '11‘lRcnl' ^ ^piyi g?| 'TFIRIcTT ^Rcpci ^ ^ pTRtf 11 <r>i'^'i SffîxPT *i\Ji<^y clft c1S=if[ ^ ?iT ^ ’êr 3Tf&iP TTFR cfxoi f | 5,'0<j>i4pRR ^ 3TRjr ^ ^ ^ 'ÎRI cpi^Tl *ig<il 3ff7 ^ ^R? ^ 3)lRf<R '^RfRRl^ W cfcffrat ^ ^TFcT 3R I "êflqcn cpT 'Ric^< «)l<Ri' (Silver Box)'TRT^ oiccp TJi: 5R ■^cTT t eiWa-aifflcp ^?T ^ ^ a'{-ga: P«PR cPT^f, ^ 3T’¥r^ 4^ 3it^ ^?RT 'nitst fcRj i s+iRi^. sttI^cp, wnf^RP, trstîI^cp3it^ <-ii<-ctild4r> 71^ ?RPR ^ <qa->ai 'Whi'Ioi 'ji*<1 ^ l

«*77w

^ .

'f.

1.7. ^Roln ^rf^SIPT ^ ■HHMfll ^ ^kCkSkRUH

(Concepts of Equality in lndian Constitution)

^ffjftfRf '>TFT 3 14 ^ 18 'ii'lRsol ^ H*iai-3Tf6lcPR cpT (cJcRTJT ? I

14 ■^l ^1 fl'JTT't *TRcr ^ RR^ c<i[cKi cB) f&f?I ^ '?Rf8T TRTcTT (Equality beforeall) ^ fclRrof 4^ 7RFT (Equal Protection of Laws) ^ tiRfcT I 15 ^w t fif>' ■>!i^ y4, ’^cTq'^l (Race), ^tRi (Caste), (Sex), yR^RSTH ^ ^ RiRft ^ 3TraRtR f^R^l ^rqR^ V^ cfRfci Tf^ ip^Tt 1 cPl^ RFTR^ tT’^, '‘Jciq?;, f^, 'j1'*R*UI'1 ^TI5^ ^ 3PyR CR ^Rff, <1|i^>JlP|cfi '‘TtuRTTeRTT, 6'lc<?tl 3t)7 <iicl^jipnr> ‘I'i'Im'jIO ^ WRTf

at^T ^l[ ■JJT ’TT'TcI: Rifs) tj) qtft)^ ^ TfraR^f ^JRIcTT TR^T leTt’ VWRcl ^3?! ^^TRfRr Wy .4 i)) RtzitRIcfT (inability), elRlm (Liability), RT^^RT (Restriction) Tlrf 4^3isfR ?rni I 57T ?]ct 4^ qrat^cf ?FHi f^yl 3tk yiR^t (%?tq cgcRsn ^Ffcpm 11TRra 3t1^ ÎRkp c|fe ■'^ ^ Î'lRwl ^ 1%^ cFit cRi 4^ yi 3)^<^R)auTtf^yf 3ft^ yRvlri^jfl 4^ fefti 1^) f&#t cZfcR'yr cJR <1^)01 @ I

3t^^c; 16 ^ ^ 3isfty f^R?! bx RraluR (Employment) yi Rtî^ ^ Ryf&H fiJqy)y <?Î 3^^^ 4f?i <1601 yypT 3^ 11 YRy ^ f^Rft Rra)ypi qy ^ ^y f(4^ycT y?t, 'J^cl4)?i, yflfrl, f^y, (Descent), RRI ^^TH, Rcixi zp f^R)t ^ SITOR tRy ^ '3^ yiyR^ 3Ttrra (ineligible) ^yf 3fR y fcfi^ (Discrimination) ftfRTT yptjzn i

^yynRy) ^ q£i iuryyy wRiRRcy yyy ■^ra ^ yyy ^ 3i5jty ^3ff ^1' qyfyf y^' t, ^ 3T?fiy ■■t^yT3tf y fcRî yif y cml tR qlnfci(Promotion) 4^ ^lOcll 4, 3TReRr ZJR'^ y?[ 3f^lf% ^ I

rl

'î'i

ility) yy 3Ty 4iR l^yi 11 vTrryy f^R% '4) yry 3ttwt R1R45 11 sRtjTztyr xjMell HfR^t zp) zjRyr sitRiy t yfr 1crl?i z^ 3tyt3R ^zg^fiq

srgxdy 17 ^ ,u

ti’ 3T^y 18 ^ wf?Rft zpT 3T?T ZR f i yryp ^)yT zp ^Ryiy z^ strm sfR

4f^ ^qi(?J y^ % <i4pai I 5^ stêyc; ^ zf? zfl tjqyy fcpyr f f^p yRy zpr zi^ oi'iR^n fcT^^ yjvzj zhl^ tjyrfS' ^^t4f>i7 y^ zp^ I

' ' 4

I

^ fksfrl106

1. VtJHHI afiT WifffI % ^WSI ^

t

//

f

J

/f

2. TfrfejjR ^( ^ giT chli^mHHtlfll

\•f

r

' 'I'l

/ •/ //

T ' * y <f k ’ '

1.8. «KiVi (Summary)

'WHHdl ^ ^TRI: 7n)t (cFWTWf sf)^ tiHMCii11 ^fcJqi fî=sia ^yfaHK'^5'[-6T«*l, oIT^ 3fk yT«^f^ 31cRen ^

f^[â |cb<4l ^ I an^Pl^ ^ '(-(HMCII W (cl^K 5^ ^ ^ Iôl SJcRSJT ^ ■ fcl<’« 11 ^ fniRiij'l ^ ^ «i4ioi ^1

■fl^llini ^ STsf ^ ^Rra ^ ^ ^ fclv)|^ ^ 7RH 3?^^ I fegTcT cl^SJ’iqgiRcn ^ 3)|q?qq5 ^ ^ cqfc^n ^ I

^Rprar aitr -^qnîai ^ ^rasi—crf^ 3fR 5la6it('<«r<T ^^RRcTT 3ff^ 'wa->ai ^ qy-i-qy ''IHT11 c^Rb'l viiq?) Hf'^

•J^fttPR cf?f/

•sit?

^ ^ t 3ft? •wRriTyi*ii'iai c^ f I ?RRrTT ^ 'Ktn-ani 3ff? WcRcTT t«tR yiHNai^ yicpol I yiui'?lfriq’ yqd->ai rRi yix4l ^ yicpdl yR ?ITSJ 3TTfSfe +i*ii'ini^ ^1

>iiycfl<J ?fR>MM ^ '«*ii'iai ^ >4iqt|iy''ii—yifclyM RR 3 ^ 3(^-a^q 14 ^ 18 cfSP yi'icii3Tf&cf^ cf>T f&cRR 11 RfcRTFr ^ R??! ^ ?T>fr cilRklill' ^ ^ ?R5T (Euqality beforeLaws) ?n [^[^■y'l' ^ y-tHM TNaiR (Equal Protection of Laws) ^ 3Tf6Rn? # | 3T^x^ 15

*^ciq?l, yPl^, fcR R yRT^ypT ^ 3TRT? ’T7 cf>I ylrly'i'J fft5?n | 3(^w)q 16 clWi^q'lyl'l ?RET ^ 3ra?R ^ yi*1fll wqN <«yai % I 3iû)'<< 17 ^ 3iy^?qai cPT 3ft? 18 %^R7f&7jt cpT 3ffT fftRT f 1

3Tl2lT?T-'g9R (Exercise Questions)

1. ytHNcii 7f>T 3isf t^cjvcfRrr cRT cnlluit; I

2. ?RHR ^ ?>dt ^ cM^ cnlf^'^ I

3. ?RHrTT tjl +cin-nai ?r«i5j tjft ?W cntRjiq I

4. yiqiqai cl?t 3Tm?7R) ?rfft cPt yiî&is^ I

5. ' I’TRcfR y-rfcjym ^t yyîRÎ cf?) 3TcI^JT?i?T 7PT fct^xJR cI?tfyR I

., I □ □□'I .

\-

I,

■''L

108 ^ fesw

arsqnr

(Democracy)

Tira-^frxnT (Lesson>structure)'!

2.1. "3^?^ (Objectives)2.2. (Introduction)2.3. 3T«} ^ iR'Mmiit (Meaning and Definitions) \2.4. #=Fifra % ^ (Types of Democracy)2.5. rffclidsl % ■y'T (Merits of Democracy)2.6. *lRa riididd ^ (Possibilities of Democracy in India)2.7. yi(f?i (Summary)


2.1. (Objectives)

^ 3itzmj ^ srTTcf^r c^)cb'rf3t tf? 3i?J, ^ 3tt1^ fcTtra 3THi^ tinw i

• d"! 4) cl cl CRT 3T3j tJcT CRT 31OTR coxmi tJTTtpTT 1

• cnlcnnc^ c^ ^ [ |'

• eilcf>n-3t ^ 'yrt ^ Stci'ia I

• ’TRn ^ effcRcfcI ^ TTHiadiaff W 31OTTT cn^'i) | |

wlchci5i ^ 3Tf^T!IT^

2.2, ^rfr^nr (introduction)

§ RjRR?TRH t I ^ ^ ?TTTRdWcl-al. uvjiid^ 312TcTT vjiHa'^ cRT •Slf’jwiii 'JidciT

if^ ?ToT?Tf^ ^ ^ FTST t^TcTT 11 5'HcRi Democracy t ^ ^ ^did)yr^cp ■?fF

7T^ % RidcR'l ^ t-Demos 'Jidai sfR Cracy ?iix-n 3Tf5wra ^ yil'dd 2TT tjfr TTtHcra aiajcTT cjcdilHd'd c^ IclMXld ^ I WcTS f) TTvtl cZjtcFfT cTSJT cgcil'icidi ^ cgt# ciiRTvicj) ^ ^ cdT^a XRfll ^ I

r. ■tJfTFft RIt^kcr'i' c^ TTcl ^ cljcpdd ^

cl5t TItTI

(/.jiTj/rt•?/)«(,y RitS-in 109

!

2.3. 3T5f (Meaning and Definitions)

dWd^l ^ ^ ^ cijf^d a8J^ ego oyRhnejl ^ ?Tsit wryq vjRTTTOH'iT ^BWf tpfâ yTRff f I 5r?)R,

ftrfT^ TpJa’ ^ iTcrtwi ■'ii*<ieri?ii’«'i-H<gf^ t, f^rrr4 ?tttr

^ TO "in'l<bC1-5l cT?

^ dWdd ^ ^ wn^ fntff t i sni# srg^, ”d'l4>d-5i

35^ cfTcTT vJiiticiwi ^ TOT TOT ^ i'‘ ’tflcflt fvPfT^ Urileh cilf^ ePT TOT ?t?TT 11“ ?TT^ «TT?^ ^ cfTcPcra

■=fte

^ qRqim g'? cP?T ^ 1% ’■^T? «T? SITO^-««iicil [yi-ti^ yc4lcf> SjfcST ^ TOT ?tnT 11" cIT^ ^ <Hl*d-5l ^ ’tR’TOT ef)^ ^ «P?T t f%, "^Tg ^ ?im'i-u>'iii7?l gT Rl'flA ?lTfR-?Tl^Tjgj (juRti STSJcTT ^ arl^TcPR gtdT, 3Tf^ ^TTOiT ^ ^T*f) ^T?T?Tt ^ ’T^ TOTT^

?Yctt t r tt^jr eiteRcra ct? tofr-tt'^tt# t ■gttot cpt ^ >7^ arsj^TOiaT ^ TOT WT # 3TT?T7I g^T ^ A TOT^ IcTTOT efTTOR g5t

"d'lai g>T, TOTcTT leTi?, vjiddl gTTT ?TTTO” ?T^ ^ g^t ^ I

cil<ra?i w TOST^nfirgr gcT—?ftg>rra g?i vjgd gRrorrsTf ^ <Acici ^jg^ g^5Tg>r9T H-sfli § sttHr gg gi^ ^ 'iM-Tifacp arsigr tofr ^ ^ ^ grtgicra i ertg^ra ^'iM'flRch ggîj ^TST^W^ TOTTOT STTg^f g^ T^)cpT7 f^gT yTOT t 3fr? TTTO^tf^ g^ fcp# TjcR grf fcifrg gg I'cplf&cbK TOTT gTTcTT 11 g?T^ 5TTTOT gp TTOgR g^TO ^ Rt^TcT ^ STgTTR ^TffT ^ 3ff? epaci ^ fcTfilgT ^ cTT^g?l 'Jticfl ^ gg^^RTOP viTTOT gg TOTsfg gTR ygai

tlcil<t)d^ go -HiHinii* aTTggf—g^ crTg>cfg e^get gg^ TTTTO-gro^t €f gfr f g? gg>

TOTTf^rgr arrggf ^ 11 gg> TTTgrftrgj srogf ^ grg oftgjcR gR 3ftg Rrot g?T tottot gg gfergrgg gror i ftRT grrog gg toot dWdêgg’ g eft gft^ g^-R)«l«(^ tf TORT t 3fR g gnf^, tnt, guf, g?T, gg 3fR f^ arif^ an^R g? ogf^, czrfcig ^ ^ iÔTTg g5t-^tgiii ^ g?r TOft 11 tR gft WT^tgrfT ^ ^ grp?, arsif^ to cftgf gft arg^ fcTgrrg TOrg argro gcfiePdoiifflcf> TOT^T g# epg TO^^ I eftgiefg ^ czicfFR if cpfcTgg timiRiiep sffg

^ 3)K)?tjcpai gap «P^ # I TO ggr TOTgt ^ gg *^<^1 ^ f&gg^ g^ elni, gg cftgRg ^ 3TTg?f ^ ept^ ^ ^TOT I

grgftr^ '^Rc<t>l‘’i ^ ^ng ggr TOT^^tf^ agg^f ait^ TOTTf^pg? rpot ?t^ c^ 7TTST-RSJ gftggfg gg> ^fcT^ arrg^f gg grgRrgi ^fegfpg ’fi ^ i gftePera grg gft 'wlepK gRdT ^ aftrorg grdcp ^grggR gigf^ if to gtRcrr ^tc?l ^ to ?ttto ggg^ ^ grg ^ to^ i ?TrTO cPT afiUR gg fci?cii^ f fcp srfitg if arggr grrro arrg gR^ g?f aftg aftro grgRep if

gft. fyRiif fis oarroeT Rrot ôgg ^ fjfRfteftdd; TOT^T

TOTgr ^ %rT ^ ?imi gR% gr^ iTTroff gfT ^[g^ g?! gtTggr to^ ^ i gftgTcraTO-TOTPRT ^ g1%gr aftg gRgr g? g^ rtot t to grg-aiRdrci gg gn e^ to if agg^ gR% g>t ■’ffg ep^nr gf i gr?tf^ gffg g^r gRjg ^ g^ aTTrof gg ^tr arr uiiai g^ gg>R «h g^^'i

giggcTT ^ g?^ grg^ grt sTferog g>t giet ^ gr ojfcfdeg g?r, g^ ggjRgjggR ^ TO TTO iTT^ TO’ ^ TOjg grggR gr^fi sjtor gg g^ i ^tot ^ RlHldfâ '[jg if '*ft g^ fcRTR PiRa t "wriler czrftRT gft TO’ Pi'igi afR fcpTfl gft ^ ^ arl^.g^ f^rggr grf^ i”

cftgKni ^ atufS/gs —eftgirra ^ ggg ggâff e^ gif totot 3TTf^fg> gar ’ft g^’pRT yif^v; I pfTg’cra aTTf^fg’ ger <pt arPrgrg gg ^ 1^ TTT^gtg Hailtfepw ^ ggro ^ ^ ^gfrggfg g>t ttoftt g^,^ ggeft i cTfgRg gft oi’tdPfep wfggr ^ to airg^gg^ % tottp if aTTf§fg5 §ifcfg gg '^ttt totttto^ fîgro ^ ftRt^ yr^cn «jRn gg gftgg g ti'jts ^ to^ aftg to aTTrg-lergg^ ^ ggfer argro gr to^ i

■ilfanifct ^ /«^(fi110

ciWq?< viflfli \?c[tT ^ ^ |r 1% ciWa^ ^^fcpr cpt

<1*1^ C?!'! t 3ft7 sit^ ^ ^ MR*irqi3Tf 5T7T ^ I divide) ^ oqivv?i7f^ *THcI-^ffcpT ^ 3TT uTT^ f i cijiHVini cPIT^ 'divide) ^cRT 3lfstcf;Wflidd 71^ ^ ^ 3^^ cl? ?cT^ 3iyf ^ ^ ^mi'V moefi

î ’ij? vrITcTT 11

«Wde» ^ 3n^R*J^ mx'’ir^—Rerf^ ?ITT^ TJ? OTcj^vvi ^ ?H dWdS ^ 3TWT?»JjT ^R^TOTf ^ +1*1S) ^ 1 dWde^ cfit !J^<a SRWR tNi f I 1 •Wde)ai, 2

'tl*1Nni, 3 WT^rTT, 4 ccjfchl cf?f *1^x11, 3fr? 5 T^ft^cTT 3?T^ H'll^Vid dIvi-RvIg c^ ^ oif^ I dfch-i 'K)de)ai ^ '3^'adai viciif£| ^ 11 xjc(j cidVl y-vd^^ ^ ^3^

rfcli cP^ ticriqi ^ ftRT efep feti cf? yi*)i\ji ^ 3T^ yivy-vl cjif ycjdeâl ^ epf^:3Tcl^viyai I y)*iiifll ^ SrfiroTO ^ ^ 1^ eM. dilcf, feR, 'jP’T ^ ^ 3TTf^ ^ STI^TR yi*iid

^ |c|Ri~i ^li'ftff ^ cf^ ’IvHlv f&njT ^3TFIT 'Wt1%’? 3il7 'fnit ihiRviI cfd 3TTrft-Rlviiyi c^ ^ -cJlI^^ I

erf

■?RH 3TCRT7

2.4. <n*l<»>n3i % (Types of Democracy)

dWcie) ^ ^ f—1 QcîeT ^JT fci?j_c5, 2 ^8T ^ i^lriPlRlvi divide) I

5rfjjef dWde< d <1*1 yd 'ii'iRvi ^cRi ^ i?Ti^-vird! ^ ’ift ^ ^ 3fR d arod RivIR)^ gIdRifddf tR idd? ^ 7?di

i. 9r<)ei ^n dWd^—!J?3jeT dWd^ d RiaiR)ci ?td[ dsidrp-ufdfdfij siid'i dtfd cpt Ritih'°T 'Jn fdidy fdfddf pp fddf’P Pi^ ?f i wviiy ^ sjcR-sn ^ sferdef TTvir ^ dîyd HI'iRvi ^ ^^vileia ?pp^ fIRH 'diisfl yi^yd eprd! ^ (dvcid^ 3ft? yiicfdPlvi'vviRjvilRiil ^ ^ I 5P?I8T divide) cfit vR*iW cp?d ^ Pi?T fTOT % fdi ?I?P? ?TPfR-57^?8l71 "luRfd 7Tv!7 ^ cPT tdpfoT ^ F(?J8Td;, H^yan: SJSJPT ^^jcp d'l’H^TT d d'icil ^ ^ uldPlRjy! ^NT 3Tfd^ dpTdT ?T?T ?tcTT f 1“

ui'cH'i c^ ^T^-y|v«j1 d Hc?r5T divide) pd OTToft ^ 3)^yiiy ?iiyy'd ?dTT ajT I tJsd?T d JI? 3^7^) '3'ilViHcll ?? iTftl VTJIT STTI ^JffPT ^ pn?-?rf3df d 3c?jaT divide) cjd yHmdni ^

pd d d ?PHJ «f^ d( S'lvil 'Ji'iyiywi dt ytdt dt lsfl ^vnyxic^ ^tr-^tWi'd jd'dwr ?t? d11% ?tt?t ?ii'{lRvi ^ ■?Rd viyn sn sft? mi'iRviI' ^ m?T 'TRdtfd^ epra! d ^rn' ^ ^ 3Twr?T ??ttt sn i 3)idvid uruar divide) c^ph

e)Vid

Rcf^yR^ c^ ducd'i 3fR 3)îylvii c^ egO ^dd d €t W'vfdd 11 ??IcPT cpiyî ?I? t STT^Plvi ?rP?f êPPvi 3d? ddyiHWI pWf ^ 'd ^ t 3ft? iddA UorfST divide c^ 3)^yiiy ?TT?R ^)din 3T?dTP 11

2. ’T?ftfT ■^n dlvia’ei—3n^[fd^ yit^Jli] yiiivl d yrpar sraj^ divide âioiJIcl^lRcbdl c^ viiyiii ’Têr 3TSJPT vlqRiRjvi dWde) cd 3T^?TR Wiyid ?tyTr f I ??! SIcj?5TT cd 3)ci'fa 'Ji'icii yidv-?W?I T?? 3TPd yfdRiltivI cPT . . , . . .

cfd 3TTcPT8TT3d PiT yfdPiRlcv Pi?d f I ??T yvny fclRldt PiT 3ft? PTTTR PiT ?7P^TP

^ fffrrfdfSrpf 5T?T ?f?TT f 1 wfdRlRtPi divide ??f yidyidl d ?PP 3vRy?r ?t yivid d 3TPd

rrRsjcf Tfjd Pnd f i" piir ?^3T^ cd ptsp) d, "wRiRiRlPi cdvicra p? ptt?^ PRcTT PT tdi? yjy-ivil ^gyi-iswi PFT PTT?R-?fTTr PP 3PTd fd?I?T VDd P? PivlRici

PHoTP?P5Tc!: PRcTF 1T?T Pdt Prgcl ndSTP: dial fd-cjiy P? 3)|fe|iRc1 ^ fdi "PP??TT ^ ?rdl y-ivyyj

t fvT?Td, "?d5yf yfdRRdd iT?T ppdT pi??? 11"

vaR 3)ldVid P^fiT divide) PTP.' Rdcgd ^ Pft? divide) PP PTpdfTP ^ P^5fPT Mldliftlvi dWde) PRT PTIcTT fdi? dt PfrftPPFTPi yviviiy Pi?d d Pi^ rSgiil pd 3TTPf^

3JT %, "3T^^ cfr ctiqcl ^11 ?^TW «hr'M ^ -îiq ^ ■?WI 3Tq^ *ia<;M

• ’TFT eTcft I FTT UrU8T HviTIct^ FF FSFTTcft 2TT, cP?T TR?TTFRF ^ FFcTF FT^ § I” Fêr cffFTcTF c}t[ FTt ^ cpF^ FTFFTTFFIF 3l^ FTFTFcfF 3TTf^ Njmill <PT FFIr (ch>i|| FTTcTT I ?F FFFTT gTFT FTfeTFr FTFcTt FF FFTR FrFSTcI: 3R^ FcT F?t

didn’t

f FF RFTFW «RT ygai ^ I3Tft«jRhn cPFcft ygi^l ^ 3TtF ’JFRTJ ^Ficfl T^ H?'aiq FFTFF-FFTF W STTFIF 7IF ^ cgO fcff&zft FF ft^tFFTF FtfciFTF ^ FT^ FT3% FTc^t f&l^lFt FFFFTcTT Till FPRfcT 3TcI?F cff FR?! FT%TJ | TjqgR cpI arf’TTITF FF t Tjf^ FR?TT ^

l?F> PiRqd vJIFFRsFT ^ FF^STF RFFT FTF 3TFFT STTTTFF-FF

Fte

FFFTFTftFTF-FTFT W ^ fcRTF-FRT T3FT Rt aTF?F FFT ^ I FrFlFcfF FF FTFF} FF t

“Ff^ FTt^ UfriPlI?! STF^ Pialtj^n'l g5t .FWT3Tt RIh^H OTFFW FTFFT t, Ft FRcTT Flf^ |Hr ^ FT FFT FF 3lf&FFF FtFT 11 slfiTff F5t ^ FRTFT F?t g-syi^dK uflFF-FTFF FTF^ FT?F FTFcTT t, ^ FFT^ vJFTFft FTf^ % t“

2.5. "^piT (Merits of Democracy)

FT^feTF ’J^cFTFTF F>) >4)|q?<l<»ai—ciWfl^ FF FT^-FT^ ’JqFtFR cpFFT ’ft FFT ^FtF FRFFT ^ I FFT 3TtF eft fcTFTFF^f FF ^FTT Rf ^ Ff[ FftFTctF FTt FT^FT 3itF ^ FTIFTF-FFTcff FTFFT f sftF ^FTF^ ^^cF STtP)ft aTSJ-f^FFTFT T^F^t FTFFT FF3FT11 attF ^ fclrnFF5t FF ’ft 3T’TTF F^ ^ HlFFTF ft fftft ^feFT R>ai^ ^ sftF Fit FF FTFfift f ci'lcna'y FF aftF tgeftFcTF T^fFF FF FTFFT ^ I ftFft RFfrT ft cftFFTF FF fftftFF FTFft FTFF ?ft FFFftFTTFFTftt 3ftF FT^fcTF ^feFTftF FF^ Fft aTTFFFFFF ^ I FT^FF; cftFFTF FfiT ft SlwlRlRan 'gfftffFT viMR^TcT Fft FTT FFFxft f I ■ .

1. Ml'I'dltJI't''! ^ 1%cT FTTFFT—HIRFF Fft FTTFF FTFft F^ fftFtFFT FF ^ fftr FF FTFTFcF ^ Rl<gia FF STTFTRf § I FF 5^ Rfif FF F^FF FTFFT ^ fft> cftF Ft 3TT^ ftft fcTF 3ftF ^T5 FltF 3TTftFT FTFR ^ fftR FRF ^ f | FuTTrTF cpf-fftftF Fft 'glcIFTft ftft FF fftfttT RFFT 11 FF FTFFTraTF’F Tft F^FF FF TTfftFTFFT ^ I clWdft ft Ich^?! ’ft FTFfftFT Fft wfrT, F?T, FF FT FftSOFR F7 \3+i‘^ FFTFrf&FT 3?1?tFFftt "ft fRiF F^ R>FT FTT FTFFTT I FF FTFF FFfej ?tRf

FTFt ft FRfftcT FT? ^?F ^ 3ft? F?T FFF? ?T’ft cFfitfTFt Fft ?TFlfttfrRR 3TRrFF?f Fft . ?TFTFFT FFTF FT?cTT ft | cftFFfF ft 5?T FTcT -RT fftFFT?! ?FFT ft Rt Fft FxT7T^?TT? FFftfft)FT FTTFFT sft? FTTFR-FFf! ft fcf)?ft ajRhl Fft vjftaF F Fft FTTRft I tf). gTR)0 (Prof. Hocking) FF FF FTFFT Rwcgci Ffftt ft tft), "FffFFTF ?T^ eft FfftFT cFfftF ft F^FF eft ?TFTF FT??fRft ?7FF ?aTTfftrI ef5? ftcTT ft | FTtFFfF eft 3tlclReKi GT’F Flft efttft ?ft 7TTRF FiFTcft Ft, Flft FF FTuTeTF Ft, FTft

FfftF ^FF ft) ?FFT ft I FflFTcfF ftt xtcR Tqo; ?TR7F FFT^cgc4l'ia->ft fftrrrft vniditn^î 3TFFT *idnep FeJ ftl TSFT FT? d«nal ft 3fr? fftT?Tft Fjjef^ ’ft FFFftt F>F denai fftr ftftf Fftt ^ftt Fft I '

2. 'Mo-aai ^ 9?TT?—cftFKra ff tjft 3T^ ff ff qi'iRen ?t^ftf ^ fttFyoddcii eftt FIcIFl FF F?TT? enxai ft I FftFTcTF ft FiW 3TFFT ?TT?R 3FTft 3TTF ep?ft ft, 3TcT: ft FT?T Fftt Ft dend [ FFl cFF?2TT eft 3TcTftrT FTFFT Fft ?TT?FF tfttIR sft? fft?Fl?T Fft ^ -wd-sai ?Fftt ft 3ft? 'Jl'iai eft TJR? ?TFa eftt 3tt? ^ Fftft FfcTFF Fftt cRTTFT oliai I .Ffft WIFR FTFFT ^ FFt^^H Fftt ft, rft FTFcTT 3'Heftl 3TTeftFFT F>? dF>dl ft sft? Ffft FTft ?ft ?TTfrnjft ftft ft^llPlen TJFrftt gT?T FFc? ’ft deleft, ft 1 eftFTrTFTrFFT ft?ft ft FTFRFT STfftFTFFTFlftt ft?ft Fft cjeldl ft eF>ftt 3TtftF5 9g|etdcr> FFffttFcTT FF TJF’ftF F)?ft ft | 3Tf&FTFFTFTftt ft?tt ft ?ft 'ijfftid sft? FRTFR l%f&Ft eftt FFTF?F ?Fftt ft FFT FTF?TOT?TfT Fft ftFfftrTFT ?FTTFFT3ft Fft jft cT?F FFT RfT FTTFT ft I FTFF '4lR eft foTT[ ?FcfF?F FF FFT ft FF fftH ^ f?T FTFF 'ft F'TO ft R>, "Rid ddl'Ji ft FF ?Fct5rFT3ft ('ii'iRen ?FFftdI3ft) FF 3TTF? Fftt ftt^ I FF STTFiTF Fftt ftTFT, ^ FFTeftt eg© ftt WR RFTeft Ft ....... 1

112 </'jn7irn'/:fet ^

1, rilcnn;? % ^ qvf*7 cf>ir^!^l

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2. % ^ipit ’9jT

V

I

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^d-Piai ?I? ^ 1^ yr^cn oyf^ 3T^% OT ^ cT^ 3m^ 1%rT •îW'i

I ^ ^3ITf^

^ wra?rr ^ t. ^ fci«ly c^pt gkn. 11 ci? '<i*ii'Ji ^ «f5?^ 1^ ^T^zi t, eft ??T^ 'i'Hcnl

■^f viyq'-a ^ cT^ 1% cT? ^ 'J^Tc[?[ 1%cT -îiyii ^ cifxicl ^ ^JTc^cp srfeST <1^ 31^^ OT ^ >JTlq^ y wep cqfcj^? cj^ ^^ ^ tl"

3. ♦I'l'l^sifn'?’ 'Jllt<i’<—ciWadi ^ âr ^ yfckliil '>^t OT%T?r ^ ^ f 1dl^cidi TjFTciT ^ 'fie*ifd «Fr îm-i 11 sfcrfci '?<i?ra Rcify»i ^ f aff? ^RtTI

^ Ftd^ f 3fk \jR?TT cpT ■?Rat^ ST'^ xipai ^ I '«Wf5<J ?||<1'1 ^ ^ ^ cf?^ 'dial'll yc;M cp'<ai ^ f^'iai 5NT 'jT^TcTT §«:Sl3Tf cRT sIH 31^7 STîlcI ^TRT f^<JI ^ -flcPcTT t 3^k 5Tcf>R 'TFHI cZjgg^R ciq^ctjei sRRTT ^ ■<i<rai 11' ^^d->ir*icp ?TRFf ^ viRcH Pi'ÎRiO yfnpiftly'l ^ 3r7^ wq*i TT^,^ «ncT cpT HJR cgai. ^ fip vjR^n ^ vjj'T? cRTT ’^**11'^ yfctlîii I '^><ia:, ^ mififl ?rtxj-fcRTR c^ ayxiia 31^ vji'iai ^ 'ra-'Trflq? ?Tai f I

4. cqiqgif^q} HPT—rTSJTft, cTf^^ra q?f yi'Kifclci’ ?i(cki vd'fiwl '^.giTdco %i'«ai ^ ’I^, Uc^q■i3Hcl?f &y|gpi'Rcr> ijvra'lplnt ^ Pll^n 11 ^ST cpy 5TR ^JTTc^ 'WT FtcTT 11 dWci'sl fH ci>'«1(? qr ft^cgci wn nTtRctt 11 Ht^^cRnrHcR ^ '»ttcftt- 31-iji'ii YnTR-snqrfcnrf ciftgd'll ^ HTq?t 3TltIq5 11 dWadt ?TFFR d-iai îfef ?tcTT 11 3TrT: >5^1^ qf!T vjRrTT ^ 11 ?Tr qqq^, ntepera f^TTR*?q> Jpifdql ^ ^^7^3# ^ ^ cp^ I

5. ^[^-dWdc< qq ^fdqj qST ’f/ ?iichi?iidl f I cftqqraTcW WR-qiqT^ ^ TIc^ cZifiJtT q^ cIF %cRT #T Wf q qf%q qpTT HTcTT t 37k 73T# 3TTrtT-'^[tIR qq q^RT

^TTWr 11 cftqqtq î vJcclcnT -^friq^ Ijkt qq IcIdi'M qRcTT t 3ffT 3TTrq-fk>k?lT, Bqqqr, \3Ti’<<;iRifq cTSJT •dlB'i'Jjai qq qra UdIdI 11

f qq f^PrW qR^ ^ yR?TT q5t 5^?7T3it

i^qi

6. 'iiqR<J> rîeii q>t qqVÎYiidi—dWad)idi<n fTRR-^FTTkt qRTTTCIR’q ^ qrqkqqn q5t %5q qqrq qêft 11 73^ xjq? qqqr ^ qpTfkp krarr q?t qqkrqnHT qrqr ht TrqqTT t i qfrqqfq ^l-iai q?l tf^q> 3fR 3TT^lfr^cn ^yf&rWf qq f&qqTT cpyai ^ | (dlviad* *i ddcii TTqq-TTqq qr Picjlqd'l ^ ■qpT êft 13fk 73^ xir^ q^sr ^ qimq ^ qlqqn ^qr qsdr t, 37?T: q? qTF'^ TTqsr^ cPTfff 11 HmRR 3ik TTT^qr1%q5 qqqf ^ qt-iqii k cqfcki 3TqT 3n?qf^qqTH qq qrq vjii'ja t 3fk q? wsf q?f x-icgf^d TfrqT3Tf ^ qr?^ Picpdai 11 idiRco TRSIcq ^ q? TT^jk TTRiqf qq 3fq t 37k qF 37q7ft wjk ?i|cki4)'l' 37k qkq?TT37f cft<?^|u| qq qqR7 qRcTT t [

2.6. ^Hn 'Sf dTlchfl^ ^^leinn^ (Possibilities of Democracy in India)

. tr^’ TTFrq^j^ q?q—qiqq ^ cffqqtq qq qqr qfcT^ q? ^qj 37rqq FF^q^jk 5r?q It 1 qkfq? f^qrqqrq qNcfrq qq qF qqfcq f f&? qF FTT qqq q? qifkqT kraq qk, fcj5 qqr ^rct

d'tq>d-> ^f 3fk 73^ ^ f^Tqr qq

Hisd k dWd-4 ^

^ k Heqq ^ ^ qf^ Ft ^ qrk ^ qqr qiqrqTTOH TTWfnTt?qqqq

TR’qTT—fk^TF 3ik cqqfR qfqt q?) k qRF ^ fktj kiqqfq qq37Tqk '^dd q^ ^ I qF k> STTH qRrT ^ dlcpadn fyRT «jiMcr> TF? q^ yiql'i ^qiH q5kt

q^ TFT I f^ kt ^frieid TTiaff ^ k> Fqk q^ dWde^ q?t qTqqq ?Rqfs?qf t ui4ld qrqkq kfqq qq’qrr ^ ktqqrq q?7 qrqqr Tkq RIej^m TFk k 1 dw-ik-i vjâi q?l dMi'dcqai qq 3i jdn ?kt k cTqrqr qq nqqq ^ k) qk ?ii'd<f srqk qrl^qqf qq fkJFF Pt‘oi'^4«r> qk tpt qrFT sit, kt 'ji'idi vjrrqq qq fRB q^k k qk ftqk sj) 1 1%^ qqr^qkqqf k 37^fr qR q^n qq kqq f 1 wrq d'lai qk kqr qRFi 13lk dddi qqk k qk qR qqrq q^k 11 k qisqf k ttht

114 TT^^ffkPn^ ^ faîn I

TrRHT ^ ^6TT ^ '3MC15G ^ 31^ 'Jilq'i-Piofg ^ fcl'^ ^ 3T<RTTyiR'Hpiaj ’TT^ ^ 1 qxiyl'i ^ 57^ Ricgm ^ Wf'T'jyf f^ttr>4 ^ Plw^di STT yRHT cl5t vivlRl 3TTRj^ ?t?TT, ?fT SRiTT cf>r ^ 3)R1c|>R 7?cTT 8JT ^ ^

cfl^ ?R ^ 1 ^ Tfstf ^ ^ 3T^ ^ Rj1'l'<^ Hl^'l ’TNcT ^vj<;ie’<u| AJi'i'«TiicM<n?RR ^ 3f^ "OT ^ 5^ ^ ^ tivov ^ 3JTSTT7 f&^ 7)^ ^ rtlwnaR^cp ^ .STTI îrflrat sfR ^lasmcpK"! c^ fcfcR^ ^ <7^ TiciaiSTTjRRT f^jTJT ajT iTRcT ^ '#'71 R ■#>jt^, tMtj, *lli?l“j sfR ^^cpul 3Tt1^?rf«RRTToft ^ I j|UKi'w'i' ^ ?ii<i'i-cijcj’*«Jr df«P?ra r ^rwrf^ ?f[ i cfJMRR

t

^ cpIaH<j afR îifiPitj? g^4cini3Tf, 3TRRfl pPT-^T^ SfR tj»ciiÎ '^T^^jfcTRTT ^mci«f<nH ■I'JKt'jy'l cf5T atcT ^ 'RIII ’THcF ^ ^ Rlcftiyi WRfRl

H^CTWiwH 'JHcTT ^ clWcidif^tp 50'WH^WTsff ^ amrR r fan an aiR 5^ wriRi R^srf <j?r n>dT n?! R18TT sfr 1 ^5^1. m^. Rpm, <k^. Ton afR arrl^ oteSR ^nct

aRcft f I ij€jR nNcT n^-srl 'miFJaTf ^ T5carR-nnn gan, c^fchn n?t nm-MîyaT mx*m't ^m-ii nap atfctRw'M ^ siRt an 7âJt fn um-nTjmcff mann nnfRT ^nai anR TajFfm *11*1011 nn Pi^R nRcftaft I

'Md^dl ^ M?nid—wd-Sdl niPcT ^ M?tjiq RRcT ^ ntj TTpiaiR 'di^dld dil^ *iniR)cf?iy wqjd gT?T ft cil<*5oa ^ Tajmm ^ ftt ftt n? mfftrfR^RmT nn nnft an 1 RTTn aft -dfciaM ft ft?! ft oftn^ra nft Taimn aft Tnft 3ncr?nnjviHco'iui pRj ^ I

nRd anr RfftaiH ijfi ?R?r dtW5fTcnn; f -ftfftnn nft TttPmn ft nRn nft irgi #jft 5^ Tftn^ +i*ii'ji'7i41 ftarfft^ftfiT cTtapcRTTrnap -i«iyivii RTift am Tfap^n citcfd Rb<ii nm § afR a^naft

di'iRcol nft TTRifftrap, anPtap aiR TmTfttrfafj rjrj, fajwR-arfftanfftd, fcRarra, nft aiR vim-ndi aftt TcicRmr, 7R?tt, nfcrar afR trh 3Tcrr aftt nnn annft nn aixin nan 11 Rfftaim ft cziffto7 aj?[ oRnr, 7T^ nft >^cpai alR atd'dai -^fftR^d aRft gr^ «iâi aosift am ftt anTaiRR ftnr #1 RfftdfSaiR nn W t;?i<pl ^ 5n nftajn-^cTft aR ajRcTTaf apTft am ggcn aRcO

nRftR 'ftlâjR ft nmRaftf aftt amnap arfftnR tfti? ^ 1 ft arPrapR Rh 6 arnf ft Prnrlftict f-1., TRcTT aftftcpR, 2. 'Micidii aftftapR, 3. yjRnn aft api arPfapR, 4. aft aftt Tncracn api aftft^, 5- aiR Rran Rajaft aifftnR aiR e. ftlftanfftap ajiRiRf apj arlftapR 1

nRfttn diftyM ft nrnRcpf aft ajm arfftapRf aift nanm aft ^rrar nFiRapf aft agi5 ^ aprfag ftt pRR f I ft apftcK ar^^n si ap ft fftn nft f j aiR ^77 napR f—

'"niTn ^ yrftw nrnfftap am n? aprfsi ^Tnr 1% n?-Mieid apft aiR’ arr^Ttf, TR^naft, Rlftann, TT^^ra aiR TT^nm am

TTRd

ajft vjftRiam ft Pil^fl annft, wadi nTTaf aft aq? tt^Ri nftam f 1TFT tl

eiia

(ap) ftfftnn amaTTR ap^ I

(R) wiciddi aft foTn ?nR TTa^Ri arfftloR apt ftRn apTft arRi 13^ arKTit apt ft 'Pfajftn afta 'd*i<f>7 Micn ap^ I

(n) nTTrT aftt iâpcn aiR ar^Fm ajft 7877 ap^ afR ^ 37gtng ](g) ft5T af5t 7877 ap^ afR aTT^TR faRr ^ Tjy y^ aftt ftan ap^ I (f) nTTcT ^ TTftt Rtnt ft 77^777^7 afR TTRIR TJT^Rf aR RTaRT am PrRt ap^ Rt nft, RTni

afR nftR arft r armiRn TTftt ftn^raff ft aR Rft nanaft am Rnn ^ Rr aftTJRTm R f j

(^) P*7lft 'dlHllRcp 777^)fft aftt.ftRafTTTRl am nFxn TTnft afR 1377am RpTSTin apfti

^ fn^sin 115

(H) wiyfcicn Hijlc)><ui f^RT^ 3T?FtcT, cR, ^tcl, ■?r^t 3ft7 cRj f, 'TOTT sfR ^-flcR

^ ^ ^ irra 7?^ 1

(^) ^Sllplcp Cjfccplui, ‘ll'iqqiq afr? SlMI'jJ'l cISJT ^^TR ^ îqil cpT [clcni’fl \

(?T) 'illcJ^Plcp +|'m(tI ^ ■rI’ alk 1%RT

(^) cAifcKi'm aft^ 'ilrilcliti'u'l vdccpti g^J STfi? ^ 5RTTR ^Rn-tl-tl ^ yqol aff7 \dqclQj 35t ^ vini^qT Cpt ^ I"

<lic|t)M ^ ’TFT 4 ^ RFIT ^ Pli??lcn cTRTt ^ f^R^t RTPUeRJuqfi'i'q f eff&FT ^ ^ ^livi-l ’JcFJW f afR f&f?I «RT^ fF Fctfr FTT’J^ cfRFT FTFS cpT wJmj |r I 5F FRTt ^ F>?T FFT 7FFJ RTFTfeFR SJcRejT cFT, f^RT^ ■Wl^llRji w, aflf5Jcb aftR ^TTjJ^fcFP RIRI, y?lqi g^t RFft #?^3Tf TFt ai^wiPia cfT^, ’TRT«P TFTT^ WT ^1 RSTTFFT 3Tk iêTR cfRT^ erfFT^TcFTTR Fft art’^^fe w ^fttr ft^ft i rtftj ^trt ar^R^Tj^tF fr^ ^—

(55) afR Fnff 'IMiRcdT cITf FRTF F5F T^rf^FF qqfqn FTFFT 5TM 55^ TFT arfsRFR ^1

(^) Fllrtw #Tn^Fff TFT -(-qiRoT afR fîl'^ IRT FTFR 5FT ?t f^RT^ FTT^jl^TF HtTTFT R#fFT FR ^ RTFF i

(f) arrl^tTF czrcTTarr fR ftfr f^RT^ tft afR rtftff rtff^ tft arf^cTTFTff rt^?w f ?) i

(it) ^Wf afR femf tfT ttftf tftt) t^ ferj ttftf cTff ^ i(^) 3fR tf4tfT^ t^ FFTWI aiR ?Tf&TT TFT rT2JT FTRTFT cl?t ^^FR aTcRSJT TFT

^fffTf F ^ afR arr^fTF fcTcRiFT ^ frtTRT FfTFF ftf Tiff \3F5^ 3TT^ afR «ll«Ta T^ 3i^qjc1 F ^ I

(it) FTcTTFt cR FFTTF afR fRftFF TTTrlTTR'F î FTRW f&FTO cfe 3ITRR‘3fR '^RlyiC; ^ FTT^ a^F TTTFTTFt afR aTFFTTTRTF cttRhn^j'l T[?r îlqui ^ F8F ÎcTTF afR aTTfSfoT fRrjtF ^ FfiF tA FTTFI

' Fl'icTlil FTF TJ?t TFTTRrf^TTFT ^ aicTTfF FT^Ff^, RFFT^Ff^, WFF^, fI^fRf^, FgTFiTFTTT^ cTFT Rll^cl '^TTraff TFT frT^FF f [

m^<T5f

RtR cfT ^ fRtft^ if F FTTFT F^

FT^FfcT TFT RtttNr ^ RIciRffFF t^ FT5FFI TFF^ f Rn-nA FRTF T^ FTF^ft T^ PiqlRtaFTFFF afR FTFqt TT?[ fTTqTFFFFaff T^ RrrifftrfT FTFFFITFF^ f | FT^ cTTF FTRF FT^Ff^ T^ Piqlî if I’RF-fiFF FTFFf T^ yRiPiRirq T^ ‘IIMHI'1 H TTTFFiFrfT Fifl FTTcft 11

FT^Ff^ TFT TFTThFTR #F Tr4 t Ff 'gTlRT RmfRlrT ^ FfTFcTT 11 FTFF TFT T^TF TJFFT^FfcI 11 FF FTFTRTFT TFT F^ FTFTF1% FfrTT 11 FFTTFT RitjRtF fRtF t^ FRft FTFFt T^ FTFFTfl ^ RtRTFF FF^ FtR RtfRttFFR T^ FTFFFTf gTFT aTT^Flf^ wfriRlf&RT Meg la T^ aT^FTR TJTFcT FTfFFnflF FcT FTFT ?tcTT 11

FffctaTF ^ FTT^fI^ tR FT^TOcTT afR FTM? ^ T^ f^ fIoTfRf^ tft FTTFJTF fctRTT t RfqTFRF^ TFT FTTTF STTITFF^ FtcF I FT^Ff^ Ff^TFRF^ tR FTFITF T^ 3T^FTR TFirf F5FFT ^ I

Fr5Fl% TJtSTrTF 'FIFIcIF TFT RTTFFSRt aielâ arf^ 5>t FTFcT TFTHFI'FIFFI^) Piycin cFFcTT 11 F5l'FIFqi<fl TFT TJ? TF?fcZI ^ fcF TI? FTFF FTFTFR f&Wf FF FRTTf afR f&fllTF W*'-l if ^ 3TFJ TFtRR TFT FTFTI FF f^^fîa TF^ TfT fIR afR ^ TFrfnff TFT Pl45'1 TF^ FTt TaFTTR FTfcHTR aTSTTTT rTRTFTT F^ fcFFff aTFT f&fll ITFT FT 55^ 31^ FFTF f^ FT? R t

FTFcT FRTFR cR FTFFcT TFTTRrfRTFT FiRqi^ FT^Ff% T^ FTF R tR TFTR 11

FSTTFfR TFT F? TFcRf 1% F? Ffu ^ TFT^TFFTTF T^ FFTTFTF-FfTJlfl afR fct^TTF-f&FFTF FFSTTFFTaff-TFfllTfl FfqfFRF^ T^ FtR |ctPl?wq îcjqfrl tR FRjRTcT TF^ I

cR FfTfrfr ^FTcR TF^ Tsfr xic^nfa vRTtR FTFF-

116

1. ■Hun if rilehna ^ ^ ■stoo

/

I

I

I

II

f

\

I

I

2. «rRW if cHl«hd:l ^ ^ t?

It

f

t

t

THPfffrfTU^ ^ 117

!

■?ro. feftj ^ ^ cTSTT ^T’lT 3^7 dlcp-M^TT 'TPT^ ^ ^ f^TeRP?

11 ^THT -il'^Hlrl ?M ■^-Pi^Ria sTR?cTOTra

-W'i'Wt sfR 7F?df ^ 3fk W ^ 238^ 12 czifitruff ^ ^-R^rîa

•^Htf^cil, f&sTR, «P^ SfR TRTTTrt-'^ 5^ TOEI ■# Rl?)'< 5TRT WIcjglRcp ST^lTcf # I '!I'j^ ■^fT’TT ^ yc^cT yfriPlRlilT ^ Piqlti'i ^3^ ^ fcl^TFRPTT ^ RlPiqlFqa +iq'dul sfRT’Tte

t?cR?T tlfP*l'J?|il ^ 5RT fct^ZIT yTT?n 11 d'lch'H'*TT 'TrWf *f yi^Ricfj f^TclftR ^ yRIfiT râl^H 5RT ft? 'fNl # cfRl aRf^

'd'i'Ht'l' 3ff^ ^ 20 3Rl?fcP tiq’w'l ^ PTd^ epT^ft 11

TTvJRmr cPT ^ ^fcfR 1^#!I ^^RTTf^ tR ■<iqiP|i^Ti ^ uTT^ f I

miwjhRi ■?FT5-^RRI^ ^ ’dffd '^^ •FRTTcRTPT ^ 'rtcpni ^ effcfvfTHT ^ Rlwci 5R 'rtwcil ^ I

dl'^’W'TT ^ -^HiS-wl' ?RT ftqfRja a^£ZJST ciW'tl'TT ^ q’lJqi^ 9>T tl'-qid'l <FR?TT f I 'rtViq ^ ’tie'll % cJtT^-'^FRITH^ 3fR wlfhqi f^RRt ^ Pl^l'^l ^ Id4)1 ^ i ^ ?R 3fR fcRft^ fcl^zra>f ^ «rT^ *f wffhqi PiR-wa cIR ^ % i ^ 'fiq'dj'l ^

■?T^ srajcfT ^ t3^ ^ 3T^^ fcl^N cZ^tT cfR^ 4[?| ijJt ’Wci^^cll 11 *iR)yRqc\cft^RTHT ^ g?R?Rfr #.| W? cRTT WR <J?! ^3it ^ ’fRcfjR tR P|q-5)ui 'R^ctT ^ I 'tiViq ^ ^Tf^rfrRn •titiq'l ^n^ ^ cf>Rl trôl f 3fR vd'MW qgo «f>iM ?!t PimcicTI ^ I

Si^’Tlcft) 3TRr ■^rarf’Tcf’ IRTTterjff ^ ^111% ’IRcT ^ ?RJT O'jy'l •oiyidt)!' ^ 3)d'i- 3T?f^ 3Tt&ffR ^ ^ I ‘HRcT ^ yoiidl ^ | TIcfrsj cRJT^ 'ijiijid*) Ndwa*) 'qioidq § I ^ cTajT 'TT^lff ^ ^Rl ^ cfSJT 'iw'! 2rfFR?l 'WqcTf^ *ii*id'l ^ PimcR 4^ ■q^ZRer gT ’rtfciwi'i 4^ fch’Ml vdMqV zi5T 3T?J ^ Rl')*) îft 3f1^ Piuilijch 11

'TR^T ^ '<iTc|yi'i ^ dqd ^TO ZP^T tiRlyii 'd-W'^ Ovifl ZfTT ^flcRIRT '’ff ^ I ^T^Zlt fd^^ Sira: ^-^fcf[ 4[?T ST^^RW cIR^ 11

■HR?! ^ W RtcP ^cTT airatn 3fR TRra STTzit^ IRI 3fl^ ’<|\«)'l 31^ ■^#clT3Tf cfTT f^HRRZPR^ f I ■'HRcT ZPT ■^cTTcra 1%?4l yRl«S ^STTcf^ 11'

^flcrapT '>Tra 15, 3T^x^ 324-329 ^ Rlcrf^ ^ clfcReiT t ^ 60 cl^ dWu'TT 1^ 14 3TPT cRiT fclRi-i ■^razff 4^ 3T^ Sim ^ ^ f sff? ^ cpf^ qiq^^q ZJf

razn zrar t "5^. fêr, ^ ffWf f i •tlfc|t)i'i 26 d'ly'Jl, 1950 dl'j,^3IFI y-ll^yiH Zf>pfe7R 57 cF^ ^

^ I 'tiRiyi'i ^ 3)a4a fSRiqq SJSRI Ptylyî 1951—52 ^ ^ I SISRI dW’fl^ ^ 'lod 17 3)3d, 1952 ^ ^3TT I >3 41^1 TIl^ t3<f> 13 1952 ^ I

ZR ^yi<5 yRTZP ^ 3lf^cl?ii 3TT^' ZfRcTT f I cl?

yoncH ’IRcT ?jT

2.7. tHKiî (Summary)

clWoRl 312|—dWci-Ji ^ 3Tp^Srra vji'idi ^TRRT ^ 1 '?IRra ^ wc^cp

lI'lR^' îd^lRki SraW ?T2I qciai # Iclt^^ra ^ HR*1)'11^ ^<1 -siC^ dWa-a c[?f qR>liqi v3?i ?IRR

f^Tfi^ ■^raa cjft ■^Ffcitcci ?rf^ <i*iid ftstt êol t H<s(a t (d'(lA ?TRRT c}R^

C^ WI ^ cf?l t•SXJ'tfl 3i3'tii'< dWcfd) cff FRR-

■W^cira ^nûf vJFRRrar ^ cI^ ’TFT ?tcTT I 'tficfl. dl-^ 3^R 3|ftl?H (cl'<H % ifr dWrra cl?[ HR>iiqi^ c[?[ f |

^ 3Tra?f Cl^^ 3fR TTvJRfrfh^ ?lf^ ^ fcpj# cpf fcl?lq cf>T aifil^R ^ *1i1l dl'dl 11

<Hl4>dd ^ Old'llRi4) dWa-> ^ -■iid'i'ilacp ^ 'Od'flfrith' >!i*ii'iai

■wltpR ftrar sjrTcTT, /

118 ^wfl/owwi ^ /«.6ira

clWa a ^ 3T7^?f—OTT?f ^ ^ d'l‘t^'d^ TO fhîn)

3ik 5^ ^ TOTTOT cF>r wlciMiq'i <RcTT 11 cftct?cra ^ vITTI^, eM, ^ ■Sifk 3T1EIKwjlctaql' ^q*iiq ^ 41qi^ ^3^ ^ cf?r TiTT^ I

ciWa'qi Tjg) ^Rcwl"! ^ ^'—eftcfJcf^ ^ ^f^fcFR 3?^ f fcp 3fRT^TO ^ wr^W' ^’TfTOT? 'ii'iRcn ^ cTgT ^ if? ?TTTO WT ^ |

clWcf^ ^ 3rW^ 'Jl|t||<—cllcfd-S cl5t qi«iRicf> TOmMI c^. 1^ 'll? 3TO?TO) ^^ îRJcn TOHErff ^ TOcTT^^tT f^rRW irt 3ft? Ijr^cf) ctifchn 3TT?^'(c|cnm 3TcRT? m I

ufiq^ W d*iy ■?7f^“^'icna-> >jfr^ ?jT TOH ^ I dlcpci-a cqiH'f’ qRt3 ■£[ TfTTO-vjllqi ?T4t 3TT vTld f I ..

nT^nSf

<pa^ ^ aiikiK^^ci ciWW^ cf^ 3TOT?*^ EJT?’^ #5 f-1. 'wa'-aai,2. TOPTcTT, 3. yicjcddl, 4. wfctn c3?r HgirTl 3fk 5. .'Wf^'^jcll 1

'wdo^ni cf>T stPfrrro eh f Mr^q> arf^ aff *r' ^tcR-l%crf? ci?r 11rTanf^, 'f^d'afii vdî-adi '==1^ tl

TORcIT g>T 3Tf%rRI EH EPf, EiTTf^, cf?T, 3ITf^ ^ 3TWR i?? TORf f&t^TR TOÔt cfit^ ^ f&RT

îqTOCii ^ 3TTTO EH t TORT f&PfR TOt E^ «ftEj ?fHT^ TOTT EirfÊJ i 3TcT?t’^tEJ ^ ?TO5T STpT^TTEI w*i‘^4 ?H-3Tf^fTcET I

ojfchn Ei?T3TET% 3TrErt ?TIE2T f 5?T EREft^t E^ ERT?^ HtERcTTOT^ TOET TOft^fERTTOfl yiWi ^ 11

-d^'^jcii ERI SiI^RTET eh t eftERcra he oyRtfl Ef?r aTRfi TO ?E3^ EpT 3T1&ERT? ^ I dl<l>d-5l ^ dWd-> E^ ^ ’f? f-1. yKIfff ETT lc|«j«5 cEtERTO 3ft? 2. ERtfiT ER yfdPtletER

wfIrET IETOT

ERT 3iaf EH § «jRa ftRw TOEJ EI?t ?TTTO ^ Eff^ EH*16t1I

pftERcfiTI

Mr<J6f EJT R?j^.g dWa-Ji-ET^SI EJT TlfaPiRi<t>—<iWd^ e^ 3ifl4a EjRrTr TOEJ-TOET eh 3TET^ yfdRlttly'f ^ Piqiqi ct>ydl nfrlPlRl<^l ER?^ f I

df<?>"c(i4 ?>T ?Tf^TE?T ^fdsm—yiÊT ’TT??T E^ TOTEWrtER ?TTf^rEI 3ft? ?T?8TT3ff ^ cftERTO E^ c?<^ erij uR^ f I ?R77’ 3ft? 'w'qi^jn' E^?ff 3TRJT? sff 1

EJTOT ^ ?r>ft TOrRiR, '<:i'jicf>4xj]Ry1 Ejtt Ryfchi 3ft? 3Piw ?imi—dwidd tot ^ I EJRf^TETt ^ cft^TTO ^ 3TfSERR E^cTel 3TcET?tTOER TOTRERf cRt f^ ^ | ^?ff E^ -IMiReR 3ft? ?T?T TOtReRcIT E^ 3Tf&ERT^ ^ dRfl I

?tET-?t^T dtcbd^H ?aTTtEH tl ?TERT I ^HIRcRI' ERT

ET>t 3TTEpf8TT3ft ERFEjRcTT

^ cRIEjf Tf Tftry TOTTOT E^?TTTOf^ STTl

TOEI^—TOTÊT if STêTa" Ri^fid ^FT f&ERT?T ^3TT1 f?T Rl<sici ^ 3TTTO EH 8JT Ejft ?TT?TEf’ 3T^TO Ef?| ?Tctt ^ ?TTTO ^ ER^, dt ^RjfT ?TTTO> E^ ?TERdt 11

EPf ^®n? iill'q'id’l—Ent 'ÊTT? 3THtTO d EH RlftTO ^ tÊJT 1% 'ii<iR«p'l' ET^ ?TEJEf?Esrd ERT 3T1&W? [ El^f Ên? STHtTO” d 3RJ«TET. Rr^TET ert ^ft ylamq*^ fS>qi Sft? ??T

TOT ER vjft? fqETT 1% ?TEJTT3ff EJ?| ?(fckl 'EillHa gtdt qiRi' |

■^T? TOffcPTr—cftrora E^ ETctror ?^ erT Ren trt^ if tfR «?i’frly'l ^ fS^'fkf % fPlfdql ^~(l) 1688 Ef?f §'<4« Ejft Eff?ER^ EJT Spffd, {2) 1776 Ef?f (Rffd, (3) 1789EI?[ I#EI 'iidaiild 3ft? (4) 19 df Eiaieql Ef?r sfHffRfER fRltd |

'411‘^Pi'R y<jlTl—3IT^P|ER eftrora E^ ^8T if ^ I TOTf? E^ 5TO: ?T4t ^?T SilqPi'^RiwTTTTO'd gEfff ^ f I STTjttERT 3ft? dlRd STeRteri e^ ^?fr if eftERdTOTOT ?f?en^ cT?f 3TOft IjT^ E?pn toA ^ 1

ftctttlfiRiqai

^ 119-UîWnOfli^

^ ■^'’T—aTT^f^ ■^PTRcTT ^ %ST?T ^ Sn^lRa ^ aft? '5'M«r>i yRcTT ^ f^n cp'Sii ^ -ii'iRcp î^cjm c^ ’Win-cHril ^ »TTcRT cpT TOR ft I cftcPct^ 'jI'Icii ^ 'MSîfo ^ ¥I|>HH ft I cll>ndotl^cf) ft?ff ft cfft ‘HTcRT SRIT ?TRR TO

\Jllcft ft I eiWdi^ ft TOfcR cZjfftrT TO *iercj ft aft? vJ?Tcft TO TOTol -ii'iRviOl ^ flraTT TOH TOTcTT ft 1

^ 3TTclftsFTT—TOTOWRR TO cffTOfa fftcffrlftf ^ dl^lH TOfttTOn?! ^ ftft ■#fftcT ?1TO ft 5rfrffftf§r «fR Piqlfftn fttft TO ^TcT^TcTTaft cftt TOft ft I ’iaqifliaft TO vi'icp U?TO cfftft (ftftro ?1?TT I

•dWcift arfttR? aft? ar^xRîftt yi'icii to to?pt ft totr ^ tor ft aft? «p5 "5^ ^ -TOTT ft MK<ia ftr ?TTOt ft I ?TO ftdfi ftR, aft? \ftft fftcic^ ft

ftftf ^ w'lrtiiS'i 1ftddT ft 5?lft 'Ji'ini^ fftcft ?ft aft^ R?t51 fftRT TOcTT ft I cftTOTR cfft ^ R? ft fft5 ?RTR ^

IftlftH TOlf ^ ftdc? ^^cTT ft, ?rfTT TO TOTcffft^ RtR ariRfcp Tlfftrf Iftftaiaft FTsft ft ?FcTT ft, cftrofR ^lalci TOT TOcTT ft iftl-ndi ^T?T TOf 3TTOTT aRIcft ft??T ’^'Snl ft IR^TOTR aTRR RftRT TTRR ft iftafiiR ^ Rftft ftfft ft I #TOTR ft fftfttfl RR ^ ^JJTO

vjwicid ??ft ft I ?IRRTTOR 'Il'Jiftllft ^ 3TTOTT ft?IT 5RT ft aft? TOTcTT ^ TO?ft ft 1cftroiR sigHH TO ?TT?RT ft aft? fTOTTTOT ufrlîaaT’Tft Rift fttftr ^ TOTO^ clWadi 3RIT ?rftf ?TT?TR-TOnfcnft ifft arftSTT TOTTO

cftTOTR ^ ?TTOcRn ^ ft ft-(l) TOTf^fiTT, (2)(6) ^^TOTT aft? (7) anfsfro ■gw i

RT?cr ft' cftrora ^ ?f»ii<?'iiV'~R'i‘Sid aft? ctoi^ ftfftr ^ (jfcy'i ft rrct ^ HTTOTR TO anrof Ra«g<i TOTT Rfti ft RTftftT aft? TORTOcfR RT??T ft ftTOTOTf 7^ TOT ft eflTOTR ^ ar^ TOR?T ?ftt sft I ‘Wcl'cH'rTI ft TOTO^ RRftfti ?ftftsiFT ft ft?T ft crlWd'a ftt ?SJTTOrT ft ?Pft aiTTOTOfj TjqTO?R TOTR fftrj ft | TJSTTOTTTOft aft? ftftftl RTTOTTft '•TOftfti ftlTOftR ftt TOJTOTO ft RPf ft fftros TOTTft ft I TOfrRn? afl? ?rTRrTOfftTOTT TO ftl RRcT ft ^ cR? ftftT RftT âTT ft I ?T^ftl fftftt ft ftft Tjft ?R? -dHRci ft^RT TO ftl aTRcJ ft 1 ara cTTO RR?t ft 14 ftlTO?THT3Tf TO R5R ftt^^TO ft I 5R ?TTOJ 14fti cftcfRRfT TOR TO? ?ft1 ft I

rfftrft ftt 'pci'll ft arfftro Rift fftrjT TOcTT ft TO dVil ftt

ftte

cilfchn fttTrftt fcRiR RJTOT fft^l ft 1 clWcift ft RRTO ft ftt arftsTT

TOTcTT 49 TifrRRT TOTcTI ftt 'Tll«ci TO? ?TTOftt ftare?ft Riftl Rft fti

?T^—cTTTOcRI ftt ?TTOR?rT ft fftlj aTTTOTITO TOft TOTTO, (3) ?RjTftt1lTTO TOI, (4) 'iPiRftl TO ?TT?R ft fttR, (s) ?ffft^‘3ffT,

3TWH-'5^ (Exercise Questions)

1. fttrofta ft ai?} tjft nRHiTOait ftt Rif^ i2. fttTOrfR ft ftft TO TOfR fttffttj I

3. fttroftR ft "yTr tot .vscft^ fttffti^ i4. RRrf ft fttTOcftr ftt ftRTTOTTaft TO tftcRR fttl^ I5. ’TOTcf ft ?TOftlRT ft TOTO?t fttTOcTR ftt ?'T^ fttffttj |

□ □□

120 ^ fnîn

\

XM^fdch %Irfr

(Political Legitimacy)

TTO-ITT^RT (Les8pn*stnicture)

3.1. ■3t?^ (Objectives)

3.2. (Introduction)

3.3. TTSpftf^ ^ 3TM (Meaning and Definitions of Political Legitimacy)

3.4. ^ (Characteristics of Political Legitimacy)3.5. ti-flilfn'ti % 3irVR sfk (Basis and Sources of Political Legitimacy)

3.6. TTjRtf^ ^ (Crisis of Political Legitimacy)

3.7. iNHlPdî <H|ctVtPh 71^ 3T«rai

(Conditions or Solutions of Political Legitimacy)

3.8. tii<Ki (Summary)

* (Exercise Questions) .

3.1. (Objectives)7

IKHH I• 'iM-ilfcicn t£f?TT ^ MR*iiqi ^ sIPT WtcT I

cpT aretJTR

• ^ xj<bc ^ ^ ^ I• ■^pjpfffrPR cl^ 3iic(?<jcn ?Icft \d+|cp vdnml cRT 3IWJ7R |

3.2. (Introduction)

%PTT ijifcki, tPTTcf 3ff^ ^3tTT ^ 3TOR ^ I cru'lfck sîcnl uRtto ^TtfSJ § |?l1^, ^nrra 3fR TTcTT XM-Dfrlcn cferTT aif^ irîq?ii<?fl ITPcI f 31)7

cqqpl'i Cf^ uRqfSa 'î. ^ffPT ^ f I ,

cRirTT XM'^facn cIIcfT&JT ^ §'l SPTTcT ^ciiqy^JI 3l|c|?qm f^PITPHt?! I

-tixcnix 312^11 xiyi'Tlfnm t aft^ tl^ «ri^frl sflRlril'ûIdl

-t1/n.?/;f-5t ^ 121V ■

'ii'flcicii CD<<01 | cralfe 3ilRir<i'^4ai ^ 3PTra ^ ^ ojiqeiR'P OTra^ ■?? vilT^ 3ft^ aiaaVlfqi ^ ^ 3fk «lf^q'l ^ SIT^ra el'll M-^^l 11

■<iqc? ^ 'Dg'll § f^ Û’cjT^cTFPT 31^ cDnI ^ '<l'J1*llfrlq> c[ycnf^RcR wqm cfT^ ^ I % 3N^ ^ <ivn'ilRlq’ clÎHT OTcR^JT ^ 3ft^ ^ ^MT^ f^srl^ !Jcf>e 11 §'dcr)| aiTfirwi ^ ^ycTT ^ STTOR ft TPira ^ '<1tii

î ^ cpn} ^fiT^ ftcTT' f I

<Hl?/r(* ^V(?r

cf>^ CRT

7T»f[ IHRT? ^ ?rrFPr czrcRenat ^ 'Ji'ilfncp citTcn f i 'Jjf^^ll-^cD ST^T^ cRraf ^ 3)1 Fqrqc^«f q'li^ cRI Wôi 'Tft cR^ f eft '3'1«P <Diql <Rt TjFRcT

11 f^«lfct ^ ?iRki «RT M^Vl q^me^cp ft cJneTTajcTfSJT

CÎ'llrM^) cRTR cR^ ^ 'ficpcil

t 3ik ^TtR 'îHlf^ ft TjTTctl 11 qcf*ii'i ^ <ivJi'flfrlcp cTHeTT <Rt

cTcg m TRW RT^ TjRcR t|TRT

fW 5RRR yM-flirlcp cRgWTsff 'CI'ji'tHtIcp %TrR ftft f I 2iT^TraftfcRR c<jqMT3Tf cjtt srtSTT eiWaiRicD cZIRWT c^ feR? •<l'Jl'llfa<D ^H?TT W fctftR R?TtJ ciWci^si 'Jl'lfll cpT WTRR f I elWa-^ ■£[ RR 3TSJcR 3TTcRP 3TW1R. R? «Rtf «imi vincil ^ 3RTftSTTsnsft cRT RTcR Rft RWT ■ci^nai I 'Detci: '<l\j|'Tlfr|cp ^VeTT ^RTRTfcTRT ^ ^ elWaiB(«P ?im’i

ft RfTeft 11 TJR. fePT^ 71^ “fitW^t fclRlcc ciWd-a RtT fêRcTT R c^R^ 3nfthB |cl<PW TR ft TR^ f, cR?^ efft cl?[ •<l'fl'TlRt«r> clWfR3ft^ STRRT R^ ’tt f^r4^ cR^fl t r (The Stability of any given democracy depends not only on economic development of but also upon the effectiveness and legitimacy of its political system)

aJcRSR

3.3. TTSrfrfcT^ '^^SRTT '95T aft?(Meaning and Definitions of Political Legitimacy)

;

•ei'Jl'TKd'cp ^^TeR RR5 f^flR fitWR f filtl-d TTRtftf^ cRcR5R c^ 5ff^ RRmtlRW cRt RF R?qi'ei'ffcTT f WWT eft TRR 3?t^ WTTcRT TRftR ITTRTWI 'tqlyci f^tWRf 3fr? flRziTfcffsttfi tR arrarf^ f i ■dtcR> ^ TrjRttfettR eft ?if^RPR f I tTflcR 3T^RR yi'ji'^lfdcp %1TR ^ ft WRtRR cRt R? da'll t WTTR myd

CRT 3t1^cRR3 t sflR R? 3t1?1cRR WTf^rff IRR ^^tcRR 1%RT RReR f IIMR'RiRd f^>RT f-Tigâ" Idgi'i'l ^ yM-Tlfncp ^tlcR cRt Rrw TRRR

1. TTW^. tr. cf ST^TTR, 'xlNdcll 3RJ^ cRTtff Rtt yM-ilfricD tOcR «RT PiyayTTRra f 1 tf 3TR^ TPRR tRt ailldoy^yfcR tRT hRwii qRaid f 3ff7 ^TTT ft yTT^ ^ sfR

ft Mqia WT ^ qRcia ft yRRT f I

2. mêa RR cRFRT f, 'yi'Jl'?l[rl<R cftJeR ^ 3?st WrfRRt 3ttR ?iiRia'l ^ tfcRTRlft^ eft y41^f^ f I R? eftnt ^ ^WT yi*i5i1ai f RiittcD 3Ti5tR eftw yilRla ygd 3ft^ miyiuiy

cf sT?^ ^ycpiy cf 3R^?ft eRT qicia cpyn sttR «RR ^WT y-dtcpiy epyd f I"

3. M^ya 3R^R|cp fcRR^ vjftW ef RRT^JRR, "STtf^RWtjyf 9R 3TftMN ^liyiml slt^^nf^clt cf RtR tTcR eft -tîtcffrl 11 R? tfcR ^ 'dbSltdl f fyRTcf aTR^ ^ oflf^

^ 3TTf?lt cRT 3fk cR^ fWT 'tdIcRK7?^ 3ik ^ ^ TRcRR

cRR^,frMici'i spy'll

4. ty^T. TfR. fcHMyts ^ ?i«d d, yMalfacp %IcR RR 3T8} c4)qy«R eft csfi ?ilchi 3itR ci'iai t, 1yRT^ cftRt ^ R? fcJFRTT >3d-IH ftRT t qd'll'i 'RyfftfcRR ^NaRR WRRR -aqd

srUfRi y)'Ria f r

122 H'fi'T}fn^tit^\ ^ fiiîff

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■vjr’fij ^ /S*jn 123

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vsHxliTO HR*imi3Tf ffrTT t f^ 'ii'Ji'ilfacft ctÎrfT cPT aicM:ivjt'ilfr|cp SJcRSTT ^ 'ff^ ^ ^ f I q'tga: 3p18jgT3FfT^ ^ S|qt<iTT c|?l yivi*111^0 ^WcTT SISIcTT ^^JcTT WT ^ viTTc^t '<ivH'il[a«PcZfcTf^TT cpT arj^fcp cT^ 3)[«i« ^ Ft vTFrfr 11 ’ft <M'flfrt<i5 ajcRejT ^^ ^ ?lf^ i?cr ^ 5^ q? ?irfH TT^ ^ 3TqTf[ ?jf!RT ?JT Wm^ 'Jliai cfit 5fRI8T 3iaj^ TTr^raT ■<16*1 la 11 ^ cpsai f, Rjra ?TrfT^^ "ZTF fsfTcTM ^ ■GTTffT t 1% ^ cTT^ clWf cRTT 'H'ilRl^PlRq'l ^ «PPJ, SlfsPUT^.Pi'Îtl, 4l[aql <TSTT ■axcpi^l 7T^3lt ^=RxRT^ ^fxia cRTT ^frla> ^ 1 3flR ST^R R ’<41<^>l'< ufPTT TIlI^V ^ 5r^PR ^ vjRTTf^TfcT R STTSTTf^ cBt ^ afffrTRny’i •M'!<nK ^>FT vTltn t r 'ii'Ji'oliacp ’<i\ji'^fa«r> Riron cPT ^ t, ÎF ’!3RHdk '^RcRTff ^ ^Hff)*i'l'. rTSJT Fff Î^PR ^ sjcRau ^ gT^lrTf cf^ PlR^ld cf>>ial $ |

3.4. TT^Rtfrra? ^Mai (Characteristics of Political legitimacy)

1. ’<i\Ji'flfa«T> ^yai ^ tii'<''ii «cM'^ 4iR^ 3itR 4RTtJ RiST^ ^ W*T <px<nTnjpfrfcFf? ^srar ^ mYWT fcb-t^l ?IvjT*^tirRf3 cZIcTMT ^ Sia'fa ciVi'l ^ ^TTT fq?qm vsai'a

3^^ s)Hi^ ^ «prR |f fyixicp 3T^^TR cft^ xiyiolfclcp SJcR^TT a?t^ Nji'acp 3ia'Ia WlftcT ^ Tlf xi<&qi3Tf ^ STT^ 1%^ f I WR ’^M^lfrlcb

tIRRT <1*01'll In cfi cZTcrWT cl?f ^ 4iV<Jai ?iif*)cl t ^ 4? fcf?4RT ^ ^'dcnol 11% W XMolfaco ciiq-wn aft? âirftJcT 3ft? ^3^ f^cff '55) ^ 3Tfsl5>rfsj5>

eTT455 I xi'Ji'illatp ■ÛcTT 5^ 5?^ ?R5tR jcRflcPcTF?! ^ «jf^ cpf *ivjiâ Ria'i 55) îfckl yqN «RfTT § I

2. xivji'flRiqj ÊfcIT 4ft tJTT'TT ^ RfRt U'Hlft'txll 4>t tlixi>ii ^ -tiq^tÎcTT cfff SIRWT 55) iIFWJ“f Ri?l'iai ^ ^ f^ 5F TTîRcpai 45) ^R^ ^

yPl'xi WT ^ ?T4^ ^ I qx-â: 4f4 45)^ il'fl'llla^ cJJcRSJT R 3TT4544i y^lcfl f^lRRT yool t f) eT^f) ^ iivfi'llfciv) FTO Ffd) ^ I

3. xl«l*fH<l<t> 4RW ^ *j^C'<i1 ^74 f^^qixlV 4? iniNiRa fffRf) ^ 45)5J4?Sn 'acI*1l'X4 ■SFRTT ^ 3ft? fc)9cn?ff 5? 3TT£ITRcT Ft^ <l) ^ RI4?eJT 45) ■WRlfcTcp ?FT

qfPT) 45) -aenla 3T5J4T >t4l'j>Ri 4TO F).4n<t) 11 4^ >(16*1 fa 3?ai4T tcilyfa o44?en 45) XMOllaw5r4H 4Rcft 11 ^ 3r5?R, ?nj^ ?r3nfif^ o44??rT 45) ttr trr 3t^ F?r 3Trir

4? ■<1*151 cl f fct? XMolfncn c^cjMT ^ 'vj^^ 3T4^ ?rT4uR4 ?^ f 4T 4^ I

4. XPui'flfci*!* ■^CRTT ^ ?ff^ ?TtTT ^Rqfcfcl fW) yM^llaw ^tJcTT 3^141 ^siai

^ f\ ■fiRtct ?rrrr -î yRcifSa ^ ti FfraiT 3tP)4T4 t ?ricf^ 45) ci^ ?rfn 45) Rejf^ 4to Ft'^f t, 4J4f^ ?r^ OPRMRT 45) 4T4T ^ 4TT^ 11 |?=[ cT?F SR cTcR ?rfc|cT 45)4R?IT4R4 45) <-41ij(cl 4T4T 4^ Ffcff ct4 cT45 ^ ?RTT ^ ?T5TT 4^ ^ 44 'Cicpol I

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^ ^ ai'iR^Pl ^ 4ff44

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5. xml'll fa 4> ÊHTT xir*ii(vji<tJ x4)^fct .4? arrarftcT fW) xiui’itfacp %FT 3TSJ4T %fcTT fcfR)) cZl4?8JT ^ 4>^ fcf^ qqRaql 45) <16*1 fci 4? Srmrf^ 4^) Ftcft, «rf^ Rl?llc1 ?TT4Tf^T4’■wlyfa 4? 3TTUTRct F)^ 11 F?r 4?F ?T4pf|fc)4> ^^JcfT ?Fr[4T ^ art’fuRff 3?ai4T 4^ wRkiqf cA <16*1 fci 4? Rr4? 4# 4R^ 4?4 <11*11^1-n -cqliyfa 4? f^Pf? ‘Ret) 11cillMqi

6. ?f'jl'f)fcl4> ^ gqjT?—tc'fqvjfx. ^TXI^^X 'cRTT ?T4^ S6ci 3TTf^ 3Tl^R|cp (^<acp)^ xml'lliciqi ^?JcTT ^ feift'a ycpix H2JT q<fi«f><ui y<â f^f>4 ^ I •dloMi ’<c4«\jt'i ^ xiui-Tlfacn %mT ^ RrT4 ^ 4^ f-444?

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ilfh=n ^W371. ^<n '<l'Jl4lfrlcp clÎcTT ^ c;?I'i >3^ f

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f i ^ mIIm?!, ■*i5Z[cpra ^ aft^ arr^Rfcp. ^rSsnf^RP czrcRyr^ arrf^f# ^ 3TTcfl f I ni'iRcft >!M'^[a<r ^SIcTT' aTcTrf^ ?THR cZjg^3Tf cf^T ^-«rN

PlclIÎH ■5Rtf[ TT? WrTT 11

^ ’<i’Ji'iHrltn cttJrTT ^ ^RfiR «iai^ f—

1. mkwR^p '<i'Ji'ilf^<p %IrfT

2. sflf^sb-clRlcb. 'ii'Ji'illa'^’ ^t^TiTT

3. cnR?*ii -ill'llfa«p

'^RT^ ■3?^ ^ 'i:i'Ji*ilfa«p $5IcTT ^ an^TR «HT^ ■aMWK'f cpT cnff«fRR 1%^ § I vjcciw^y <i\ii’Tifri«R ^ ^ ^ ^ a?^ TRpflfrRP %jctt

Ciiqwi^ ^ I lôlq ^ ^ 'd'H^ ^y?TT cTR^t 'a'<cf>l’il ^ V'^l ^ 1 ^^ ^ ^^ 'J,<iRic^T '^^<1

ciWaiR(<K ai1Ri«j ??r Hi*âi ^ ariM^ ^ yivnolfacp ^RTT ^ ^TR qalil ^—

1. Riaf-qa ’R arrarRcT 7RF?rfrRfj aflRjcq i

2. Rt^RTff^ yivjialfrl

3, ^3TRTfiI«PR •’R aiRJTf^ Î'jiolfa4, ■^qflcRTTRRP ’<|vjia'-^l'y 'JiyiolR^

Îcf ’% xii'Ji'ilfaw ^ÎcTT ^ PiMlciRaa ÎR ^RPR «fcTR f1. tiiRcp ^RFfrf^ %RTT '

2. MK'^Rqj Mivnolfaco clwdi

3. yftbt)ir*i«r> a?^ wcjgiRcp ^RT^tlfcRR ^?TcTT

^ ■

^f«Rfi tpif c[?t ■HTRRfTar! ^ i'Hspai t ^ ^ 3?7WtR^' ■d'Rlyi'i # I RjiRjcp

yiRcf) '<ivji*Tifri^ cRi^ i5\ arPîjRT 3^ ^^fTR ail? mRbwi'i icRTT RT ■?n yMOlfriqj c[?TrrT ^ TfW filPRn WtFR ^ ?RcF>T^ ^ f^l^RT WI^^3Tf ^^ I hk^Ru Î'Jiolfa^ ^^RTT l^^qi'dl ■'f Rif^ ^ eWy ysrraff ^ ^T'RTaff 'R wfaRoa

3qT5?R.TIRRT

^ I qgHd aroiRd *ia<JIa ^ crlWaiR(tr> ?ra^f[fcf^ JR 3|£T, ,^FRTcTT % I

3.5. <NHlfrlch clWTr % 3?T9R sffT (Basis and Sources of Political Legitimacy)

3T3-RT 3TRf)?TRR c^ -wcaiRicnK ^ arrar^ c^ Tlf^ ûRia) ^ ^ Ri^qixi

ft?TT f, cr»ff ?RRflf^ ailftry ^ aiRactt R<sii4 11 fcty^la ?iiRia 3RRT ^ 'MrtiRjaiK eTT^ ^ i^cFTcf ^ gft^ eft ailRfcy cpi ept^ iTgiq ^ ?? yTTcTT 1

aftfrlRI î 5321 ^ cTe^r 'R 3lRiyi4 WT ^ <15*1 fri ^ ^TR plf?l 3^ cj^

^ Re^rri^RPT^ ^? ??ff ’JH cfR ^ ^TRR IRTTfcRt ^ ijiryicpa ^tcTT 11

?TRrT ^ I 5?RRT 3lfi|yRT ^ ^

^ ?IRH viRia aft? ?IRTg? ?II'M'1arraR r efRPxrrf^ cRn ?#fRTiciT^

<M-/]/rfV//f? ^ /«*m 125

^ ^ PlMlwRaa w^'ia ^T?T «I?TT^ §—

1. '<i'Ji'?Hn<r) 'tii»iifi^cp ■^TWTSff ^ f^RcRcTT

2. srf^’fTRÎcfJ Hy'sî

3. WR ^ 'M'lpa, yi^cj5 3lk tirf^4. qn*y('i x;(t/!'i)fr!«p fcT^TS^ 3?f IRiTPÎ^rlT 3#J? Piffln ^ f5?ai'ti,

5. Plqliy-i yf^yi, 'wd'^^ 3ff?

6. crar k-cplyci <1*11^ ’RTJrsrf ^ f^RcR?TT ’Jci ^ '

7. ST^ctjcifli^V^ yiq^'Tlfd 'H't^fd I SrtlilrJI TlP<T ^ WJTT—^THTRTcT:

^ 1J«FR ^ TfRpff.aJk ^TFlf ^ §—

1. yil+i<ri'l gHT SRT^ cr>i4<j)<?iiM^’ cfd yqfcici fctf^RT ^ f^ciiqi vIRTTI 5^ ^^TRRfjt 5RT ^ <f5T4 1^ yTT^ f, fyR# vsncj^ '<i'Ji*ilfrl"<fi tfycFT ^ 11

2. ’iivi’Tlfdq’ ^tlcTT ^ f^dly yô 7TRRT 3T8J^ RRf TIRR ^ 'waaijelcpK d«iyl"Sd fÛT •jicil ^ I ?7? TTRRT 3iaraT *IRf iPt SRRTTJ uTT^ tPT BURT fi4'fl'niqi4l ’Oyidlfriq’

ciJNcn 174 f^qiq fTRTRTRTcB ^ ^TETR *TRTT uTT 'ticpni 11

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3.6. t iyinlPi** chJfTT W <H«h6 (Crisis of Political Legitimacy)

'fli‘ii'<jfl: '<|vji*Tl[rl35, 3)iRfw, 3ft? 'tii'fÎciq> yRl^fd^fl ^ f^R^ yRcld^ ?t^f 1,7rf^ <^ Mlyi'llid'T’ cZIcR&IT 3R?% STR^ yRqdi^ 3i^wy «RTT Âcft cfScTT ^ ??d) 11 tcRficT trf^ '<i\ji'Tlfdcn 3R^ shre^ yRR«qfd4!E^ 3t^'<0H sra Efldt, eft vitiq?! ttfcTT Efft 3TRIM Mgrioi ^ | f?ft yEpR'RRTTÊTREfff \d^?y1 ■4 ^ qRqd’i ?)?rT ??cTT I ER^: \jT^ TRTTEIREp epf ciJiHq> yRT %dt .Ef>t W *TFf yRryt'i qjMcfj 'Mcgfâ 3?2RrT f|?Tt ^ ?niRfT ^ eFT yfTcTT eft PiRêi ^ '<i'Jidl(dcri RJERSJT Ef?r %jdT y? yfdqj^ci y^TEf y-Sfli 11 TTypfttÊp cZfcRSTT El?| clwoi E^ 'dcpc vic^H qic^t5^ R5^^?rat yEpR f-

, 1. yf^Rajf^' cTsiT srawTsrf' ^ ?f^-wr q?! e^ tttst R^tR yRfMcnffcRTT STERensff EpT EJRT ftcTT ??cTT 11 yRclfSd 4RRwfr|A|) EJef 3TcrreTT3ff ^ 3?^^ '<l'Jl'lHdcp EEIERerr ■î ^ '(•qiHlI^cP ■?R yf^cldd EJ>t STTEREJEp^ ?)cft t I Elf^ Ept^ "{IvJldlfrlqj oZJcReTT ÊRT Efft 'i41i yf^Rerf^f^ff 3TERen3ff e^ ^ efr vb-ficpl TlyFftfctEp ttJcTT Meal^ I diRp-i §?Tc^ fcpTfieT Ejf^ ’<i'Ji4t(flci> sfcRen 3Ty% 3nyE^ qRqddt e^yrdt efr TTyFftfÊp ttierr ^ Rry ?fEP3 vsrM'^ ^ vjncTT ^ i yr^tyEpy^ if TTyRfarr'TEpEETcRerraft Epy arReTRE an 1 ?T>jFftfefEp czjg^Rnaff ept 3Rerh cp^ ^ ^teTT ^ yft EEjErTeyti 3Ty^ suhwI ciWaiRiT’ y?y?T3ft. e^ 3t^^ ^ vj'icpI ctERn y^ft 1

yft EPiy yj^, cj^ spf% ^RT qRqd'i ?) Rzyr ( ^ IPRT cRTTEjft yiyinlicicp cZfERenaft EpT vaqipyî R?IT yfr yRRartcRff srÊpy ®ici^ ?Rp^GRiyj^ ?^, Rrte^ EpRuy

2. •t41'1 ^ xivii'fUa 4 y^9T W TREIEf?t fR yRcidn^flddi E^ EpRR viyi'ftici ^ 'RT-yy ept yr^yfej ?teTT ?f?TT 11 fy E|ft gwi 3fR 3TTEpfSTT ^7T E^ >11^41 [deft ogqtiJT ^ yyiERTTett ^y ^ yry E}ft ?fct) ^ f

^ ■gepyi epf^ yyr^ Epf erit f&RTiy Eyf ^ y^R epf f, Rr^ yTEjpftfcTEP EzjcRejT ^ vsfqa ^Ricf)i ?fW vjii'fl I 5?T ?fyy Rih’^c ^ feRyr ^ R> ?yyryi yjy ^ ?KrFflfrFEp EzjcRey ^ ^ yry ^ yyiysiicfi'^, y?g yf^ Rr^t ?Tyy y?y?Tyy Epft Rerf^ yft Ept^ EJieRT ^

TTEPcTT ^ I ^'ef-s yft '<i'Ji’TlRiq> sjERsn 3Ty^ 3)iHq>l \nq|<h IpRt cRH '^RT Ef?t ^KJpftREf) aiqt^qii^ 5^ '

EI^ EpffrT ^ 3ft? '!M’?lfdcp cyERejT ^ qqciiq 3TTyT I

yfp MRqd'i?M«?t ^ I ?Eyy yy?

126 ^ fiiîfi

WsT r^q|cb>1|H

mpl* dvni ^ W 3c^<a <^[^^*11. 7RlI

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2. iM’flfrich ^srar % amjTT sftr #fTf «Fr 1

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(i-flil/oe/n-a ^ 10 127

WcTT ^JT ^ ^ ^ cpT^ cIt^ STTsTT ^ ^r 'jTT^ f ^ cZjg^ cl?[TTW-flfclch. cm\ ^ ^TW ^ tl

3. 'CJvJI'flR^^ ajqt^TT ^^ ^cfl Rjltlcp «PKUI ancp)

arq^ '11‘il^tpf ^ '{jxaii ch'i'H XJcf vd-l^pl 3)icj?qcf> -gfclyivj <Fli '<|yi'Tirriv> STcRerr ^1? ^ qj^ ?Tt vs'ficj^ '<|yi'i1Irl«P ^RlclT ^>1 ^f9>2 ^ vjiiai ^ I

4. y^<a ’«wi<at ÎT 'ti*jpT ^ fcHJ olf^^ ^ 'ti'c—Î'Ji'fllcitp ^sjclT qq^ Ifl vjcMH gtm t VJI«|R> qcfPT 3TcR«JT3rt ^ <PR^ q^WM ÎT

l^fa ^ '«<nc ^ 'Jimi 11 wTq ^ qq>R q?! qf^f^yfrRff ?tcft ^cR ?*T ^fWTSrt cR^T 'iqlM SIcRensff q^ ’t<flcni’< qi^ TTurttfcTcP «jq<«n3Tf q^ '^qtcfl ^ qntfi $ I qcpR q^t fteift qft q^q^FTci cf^ crafâ ?ifcFcT?ncft ^ ^ '«h«i czrqwT q51 <i'ji'Tlla<f> ^^ TTqpfrf^ cZjqTejT q? OTg^qq? ftcn qf tRM<i‘iani'HM^q Wrf^ cfj^ I

«PT .3mTq-^-q>’fr w^frf^ ^rqwr^ arq^ ^ qjjft 3TT «n^ tl qq

q>^ ?tqT 11 fcfjg qft

^ gt yiicii ^ I 7TqrfffcTq> 9y^( ^ ^ v<nc ^ qq% 3^7 3Tl^R«pai qtq

tltPC

3.7. iMHlPd* tUfTT % ^ ^ 3TSraT

(Conditions or Solutions of Political Legitimacy)

cqcR8JT qit YTUpfUrl^ ÊIcTT qR^ q^ 3it^ f%qq?Tt q€t q^T?nq ^ ti<4>^, qy^.SRiqi xjqrq f fvn'iw ^ri •iiui’illacn cqqwiq5) ..'<(Mi'?lfacf> ctecTT qra fiKqr qn ^RPcTT t rRJT vjîq^ fêR yfl ■ttqjcii ^ I î^fq ^ ^ v5qtq Pl**ioa f-

1. nRqfrfa qRRetlciqY ^ af^-HR TTuFftf^ cqqWT ^ qRqifd-^nrq ^ WT-TTRI^TPTTfuRP. TTyRfrfrTqj cRTT 3iil«Jtp {^q ^ qRq^ gt^ ^g^ ^ | yft 'ilMl'fllacn o?qwT 3iq^ SuHcp) ?q qRqcNt ^ 3T5^ sim-^ ^ 'tWel ■^g^ \J^Tq?l ^qcTT «pft ^gfft 11 q^ qft7TqrfrfcTq5 ajqTsjT ^ qi^ îTq5t îwi^llcicf? cfqqT ^ q^ qncft |r i

2. qqqTTSiY' ^ RqTT—Ur^q’ ^ q5) RRitc q^qqq gt?fl f i ^ q^rcRT^ ^^ cil'il ^ uftqq cPT atq gtcft § t qft" q^ '<i\Ji'ilfci«n aiq^sir gq q^q^raif ^ ^trj

qR^) §. tfl vS'flcRl cfqrTl ?3cRT Îqi ^ v^TcTT ^ I gnf^ 'iM'îfricp oqqWT q^T'-qilî^'dcntj'i q qj^, q^ ^qq q?t ^q îRa q^qîaff

(jlef^ qq qq?q q^ |

3. ^tiiPi aiq^STT ^ 'ti\ei"i—'<ivn'i)[cl«r? 2iqWT q^t TT^pflfriqj cftlcH qqnj ^qgT 3TTq?qq5 § f^ fcrf?}’-fclkjiq ciVil ^ ^ | qf^ 'qqqWctq)

cqqWT ^ q>l4<}’(?lN afR îPicf> mrnK cffqf ^ M^4'<l3Tf q- q^q?T3Tf ^ ai^«iM q^§ eft qrqrftfrTqi cziq^sq ^tnfqq^ qq? q^ qg ^rqqft i

4. ^qqqqft^ w qYqqrq—qrqr^frfrrq’ sjqwT qft ^Tqnftfrrq’ ^qqt qqrtf ^ qq qfqqpT qgrEnyf gfqr ^ | qf^ -ei'Ji'Tlfaqj oqqWT qq ^qeti qR% qr^ ogf^

^ wRqcci ^ cpR?»iie^co ■yq ^ f eft vFRTiqpq ^ qq 'm**ii'1 q?r qrqqr gteft^ aftq % vii-io) a<i4?i'i qq qrprq qRqt arqqt ipf qyq^ ¥ i ^%q gRc^ f&qftq qRfêjfcrqf ^ 'eivji'iUcl^ qfqwr qSt -eMMlIacp dsicfT qft aTMcT hI^cii ^ I atet; TTST^ftf^ sqcReq qq qR^ qr^ aifctnql atatqr q^ qft qg xiqcqqRq> y^ft qft arf^ qR^ ^ f^RcR qqTTf q^ |

5. ’<iv»i'flRi<t> qRanarf qiY ^ 'c<a*ii—eiWaiTêp ^Nt ^ arf^qcq qft qqr^'«9^ '<i'Ji41ln<f’ ■?RTT ^ vji’ini qff Ttqfqqw aqq^q^ gt^ ^ I ITTST ^ qftqqfq ^'«4>cneii f^ yIPiw ^TdT q^ qi'iRcp qq attq^qq? gtqt 11 qqff^ qf^ ^RRR^qtaft qft Ji41Iri«f> 'Ftwraff ^ ^ ^ qtqpflfrfqj cqq^sq qft qrqrftfctq) 9wai^ 'H'Kc qqy Tgqr ^ i ,

128

<r'W'T

3.8. (Summary)

^ ?)cTT ^ %IcTT yr<)ch ycpiy ^ 7T«rff1cT^ SJcRejT ^*l?nnjyf ?tcf! t fcfRit ’fl •<M'?llricp sjcRen cPT ^Rito FfT ‘^’<ai ^

fcp gf wq-i«jT MRRyfriît a?f7 ai^-sq ?rg> qRqRfa ?tcf[ 11 <i'Ji'fifacf>

i7>ira, ?if^ ^mr tfW ^ ’ft xt'Jl'Tifnq’ czjcRejT (cl?lq ^ ^ ^ I ggtfftj sicRejT \il«f ^PTT^ cnftg? afrf^Rg ararar clVrfT. ^ itrt cI5^ gr ggrg ft ^ 11

3TWF-'5I^ (Exercise Questions)

aTiO<J UT^

1. xivjiftiRiw 3afli cPT ar^nrg igg g’ftg gftfvHj i2. '<i\Ji’ilfaq>

3. ywftftcigi ftticTT ^ HtPK ggift? i4. 'iM'îfacp ftgcTT g5T ^ftgjs g^rr^ i5. ■'iM*ftRicf> ftgcTT angR afR gft ^rwr?^ i

3Ti{lq '59^^

1. ftgcH gft nRîiqi garr f^frgft R^lqqiaff w g^ gftf^ i2. gTgpftfftgi ^JcTT ft agg ggr f? Tigrftfft^ cfaigr ^ praîft ^ fftftgg gftf^ i3. yi-Jiftlfacf) ftggi gft argaiRigi gg gg? fftgg feit^gg i

□□□

gg^Wsg/^ fiiîei i29

^lfcKl4) W TJ5!ra^>TW

(Separation of Powers)

(Lesson'Structure)


4.2. ■'Tfr^ (Introduction)

4.3. r^tSii ^ H<4<i (Tradition of Principle)

4.4. 3ft7 gn (Montesquieu and Principle of Power Separation)4.5. rH.&in ^ (Criticism of Power Separation’s Principle)4.6. §<<^s ^ ^ (Separation of Powers in England)

4.7. ^ tjs^cptiiui (Separation of Woricers in America)

4.8. ’55rgîrM«M ^ (Supetmacy of Legislature)

4.9. 5r) (Honesty of Principle)

4.10. tHiOJfi (Summary)


4.1. '3^9^ (Objectives)

3?srRi i) aiuol Rtîd ^ sftr ?il<ki cjst Rtigia rTsn Riîa^ ^ 31HRR ■y?xii|| 'Jiiqui 1

tcT cPT 3Tt2TtR ^5^ |

• ^ wyji cTyr 3T^Rcfrr coRqJ Tjsjggs^ ^ 3(g<ia Fff) I

• cggîfvicni g?f ^ql-cqai |

• Rt<SIO ct?) 3TcFTcT ^ I

• Ri<fiia ^ 'TTWI cTaiT ?T

4.2. 'Tfreni (Introduction)

sn^Ricn xivrijl ftn 3T^' ycnix ^ guul cRf wx-ii T-ScTT TfraTT^grRlT ’TTH^ ^Tin TRRcTT t-gilJcRR), f&tTFfi 31^ -^tlRlcn I ?TTTH ^ 5RPTT ^

3T^T1R ^ ?ITTPT cfRT 3Tg vTT^ ^-cr)|4Mllcimi, cZfg79TTf^g>T SffT I cZRTJSjiRicni^ ^>14, mi-jd) ^ CO><-11, <M4micHcni crt HPJ, cox'll sfk '^nmiIcicpi WcItT4 mi'Jd'l ^ otTRsdT cPTHT 11 «r^ ^ Ritlixcpl cRT Tin ^ ^ cRto! gg TMgrt RlRtH

#TT rJlf^ I H?4g5 fcPTFr g^r 3Td^ ^ gTR} g?) WTT

130 </ii^)/tjwjg ^

^crT%t; 3fr^ ^ tcpTFT ^ 3T1^^ î ^fvHT. I^ 5^ y^K '^5^ ^ STcPT ^ ^ ^ f^.si'n .^li^^Tl ^ ’J?(Theory of the Separation of Powers) 'SP?^ 11

«Tn

4.3. («<ism ^ tnTlTT (Tradition of Principle)

iftiRl ■frf^vprf ^ i?^crcp'<Ji ^cpn Ritgm '3’f c4)i<ji|i aioRgof ?icii«<ri^ ff^fTTT î ITt f^<Sld ^ H'<M'll'l1

sffer t, lclTiK*^dch ?Tfcfrrat (Deliberative Powers), ?TTTrc^ (Magisterial Powers) 3fR^^TRI Tl^ ?if^tii (Judicial Powers) I iitjR 3R^ % -îtni^ch TRcPR^ gR f^zn’ 8jr, ciliugiRcp ^ ^ ^ Tjs^cw<ui SJT I cf?[f&cIFT-'?RT Icttlrt) TTTSI ^ THaj cprfcprfl sfR WJlRjch cf^ lf| cJR^ af| 1 c^-act)fWri 3ilT ^ ttIc|?ift g?) tri^ ^ ^(cZTcfânft^), cpi-^c-M {cr)i4cpiR''il) (Rjnrorlet^) ^ tt^^h îf4a cjr?tt i

^ i?l ^sMt ?R? ciid'iyiRlcbi TTcffwj sj) sfR g? ?rTTFT ^ 3HT spff Ri4R4o gR^f sff I wwgg ^ 3f)^cSTFr titsi # 'tttsj ytrrt g?r tt4) gif&trgr Ti4?TfcfrT?iT# Trare c^ fisff ^ ^ 1

î?iicpjci)n ^jFTfrarg 8TTI ^ gtT?T ^

gtg? ^ gajggRtg cPT"?7Tf8fg ^7^ cjtctt y^cfi ôcp tn 1 >d>n4 frf gifr g7fci?iy vjf)7 f^gr % f^ -qiRicn g?T4 Tgcfg ^gFn?fr?fr ^ gra T^gr gifltj 1 g)qT gr cnggr ^ g1^

3r7T^. f^<Sl^ g?l &ieicp

g5t c?tg ^

3ft? 'i'tfcn Tsggrg^ '<i\Jid4l ^ 4)Tftiid g^ TTg^ îi-dcn, fcff?I-Pi*ilai 3ft7 RUgitfiTT gRT 'jiicTT ajT I

g?! Ttf^fraf gg g^ ft"7TRR ÎviR

w-^ch ^ gg gjRf cpVtt, cf) -R)vcg?;n) ^ tic;>o) 11 3t^ grgfl^g?vff^ ^ ’tl srrtl ^-rticp ‘Civil Government’ cniJnif^cpi g ctjcRsgf&gg ^ ’JsjggR’g gg 'jfamci'i

t (

4.4. <êi«»cmuT RieSlfl

(Montesquieu and Principle of Power Separation)

’ft 1^74^ (1689-1755) ^ gw TT^gsR c^âgi aTT fuRl^ rjaiWRTJT Rl<sid g^■cMdllcicf) ^ fttfcig^ Ri<sid ggcr ft yfo^n fîji (’ft’^rgjj, grgf^gft g^ waVai gg g^g? TRaJgi arr sftr g? ftft gnTR-rig gft Tgtgi-gRgr gifru an f^mft ggn gft -cMdilacn aigmir 7? 7[c^.i ift'»^74<^ft wgR fftf%7T Tfl^tgpT c^ Tanf^Rg gg g?t g^ gRcrr ?)ft gg ■dg4 g?T tptt^ g? nRi § f% gft tittr TTfiRraf afe r^siggiT’g 7ft Ritgia g7 .sngrtftcT f 1 ft smftt ^T?Tg> ‘Sprit of the Laws’ ft 3Tgft fftgrft gft Ri-wik ft ^rgrr fft?gr

TgogoT ft Tgcf^ftcTT

ti’ftftTg^ JTTT yfdMirâ ?i|ckifti ft iâTggsTOT ft fft^tn gr TTTTfTi g? t fft ttrr

3ftff gft srgft-aigft ftg ft gg^-'^rft ft Tgftg T^nr grfl^ 1 ?gft ft ft gr ftft Tifftfft ft gg; ft gftftr gr srfftr gg fftgftui ft grR, ft ?Tfgg g^r IftftgTift ftm 11 ?TTft ft "gf^ fftrrft afft gnftprft TTfftrgT irg’ ft giffti gr arfftr-Tnp ft ftfftr ft grrft f, ft TgfticTT 'fft ^ Tfgfti gftfft g? ,gg ftgr ft TrgnTT ^ fft apft gft ttttr gr ftfts SRgrg’jîg’ gtt’jg ggigR 'sft apgrg’igrgi ftr ft grnj_ g gft 1 ^g?g, gf^ RrrggTfftgg gft cggTajrfftgg gfR grfttfteTgg ft 'janp gft fftgjT vniai, ft ft waftni 3T7ftg I gift -giggilcichi gft oErg7aiTfftgg ft girar ftgr gngT gft grgfftp eft 3ft7 gngiT fttgg ggffft gg •gigiftTf fftirggi ft gfiggr i gft ^ft gTnftrftTgg ft Trig gfe ftgr gum

ft ftft

Ri^cg?! ftRftm ft fttftr ftgi t, ft

</'J7i)/a4'/iM 131

f§<1l 3?R 3Tr^Tr£fR ^ f i" cPT PiSh4 ZT^ f fcpTcRT^cTT ^ 78TT c^y-^ ^ 'OTRI 'ZI? ittÎFTTHTT 0a<M f&firzff din^, ^hl^Mlf^thl <^qc^

^ 3ft7 'yji<yM]lci«w fclltiijl ^ ^ f%t&zfr cj?f vjRld

^ 'll'iR<r'l 5?fyi\Kj

STRSIT ^ ^ I?TrfR ^ tiflioii ^ irv>K Ff.rfr ?rT^ zpt fcj*i|j| 175; ^ ^ ^nsr-wy ’^cf?

‘*tl yaai

Vllyn

^3r773t^yft tcrejpr fc|?iiye; «<^<ptc^^ ^ ^ Rl^lO ^ TRsf^T f^TTIT I v3^ 1765 fcl'idi

27T, "d«) ^ Pl*il''l TJcf cTPJ^ cPT XTcp ^ ITT cqfcJtfifT ^ ^ ^fh? f^TJT

'j'lfli % ^ ■>rqn-ayii 3^^ ^ ^ 1” Uchl'i Rl^îy -gwRi^s 3nT^t^ tcJkiMf^?TR^ ^ 1788 ^ IJdC st I \3yicf) a^yiK, "cniJcpiRufl c-ycK«yiR«M 3ft? 'ZiraMlIcIcbl^ «[fcki«j'l <}^ ^ wfckl TfT cZjj^-^pjpr if cpfsa «R^ ^ 3T8f ^ 3P^n7T ^ |"

tl^

4.5. ^'iIVi->^«4CKh<î Ri«sin«hl 3TTdTt«RT(Criticism ofPowerSeparation’s Principle)

i(t3^ ?if^-T3sjcR>7^ Ri^sia ^ ^fezff ^ #cr STraY^FTr 11 ^ f^cgfd 'da'll ^ 'Ma Rng ^3TT Rrian j% zj^ yM'illcIcr’ I"

ij^ ■«)?T ^ •jcicfl—^ Rl<Sia ^ ’TFcft 3(k «r|t ZTf ^ 1% ^ftcT ^’iMcpy qciaF f lzt5 5'^.s ^ ¥iF^-^8^cwyy| Rt^TcT ^ c<niqpiRd ftqVi

f^njfcT <PT 8JT, ^ ^fPTO’TBaf3TT 11 cTyga: ^ 11 f^RT ITW

"^TFR yiql^âi yra ^ ^ 3fR cftizicr’lR'fl SJcRSTTf^ra^ ^ 'dayqiKJoa ^cPff sj) I ziuf^ §<<^.s ^ ^ wwca: ?ff ^Zjotpyui tr^ qiyaRlcridi zf?’ ^ iFiiyia z^cfr^ 3TZT ^ fild-^dO’y ^Fzf Zfi^ |f 1

4.6. yifcKiM^ ^ i^sMCKftyuT (Separation of Powers in England)

f5f5?l ^rf^FtecT d^cRPTT 'dTiyqiqf ?)cTT f cl? 3T?^ ^ TFTZJ rT^ ■?? yicpait ^ rTcP ZRTFF ^WT ZpT q^»ia vidZ^ '^TRI TfcH t ( sfR -sfrycfR^ TFT 3Tf?IZFN FtrTT I StfriRcrn 4R(*i'Sd ^raWTf^ZFT 3it^ -yiqmf^di ’ft Zf^ ^ ZFTz} cpyai eT I TF? ^tzR ^ ZFpj^ zfir tfn? 177 qM zrt^ if *iR(*i.sci 'tiqy^j'f

yiq-w ?t^ f, ,6f?T ?TST ???? # I ’^z^FfT czrzrjeTFFT'(Delegated Legislation) z^ ?TYI qyi*i?'i #r ^ ■qFrzpjJj) Piq*i'i 3?Rcpi-ja) TFT Pl*if''i zjTydT ^ I ^ '<jiqqifoicf)|, zpTzfqTfeTZFT ZJ aicrrzTTfzIZFT ^ ^ -^^'iilycn^ 'FcT^ ?tcff # crql'fch aTTZIR’TqzfcT 3R^ q^ q^ RejcT f I q^'qiqqifezFI Zf?f zi? ytJcl-îai ?tc^t | '<îqi>4T?i cpiJmfcicpi 5RT Pl^cST qn^ ^ I TRT5

?3T^ z^ qrarc q^f nrsfzTT zra ^ TfZFcft ^ [ §yiy^ cTT^ ■^FTT-3rt)cI z^ ^qT^ -qiindq z^ îq ^ q?rqzjyf -yifJfcF ziqz} wycfl § | qqzfqjfcF^ ’ft qzTT ^ Hy*iily<niy zfq qzfrq zp^ qFrZFjft zZTTfftzp ZFTzJ cpyol f |

q>r,

4.7. itHêw «bfy4\ ^ i^ja«»«htuT (Separation of Workers in America)

zr^ «rra smftzuT zft ^rw ft ft) '?rq 11 zf^ qrfftzrzft ZFT OTZTR qH! "qzjT sji \ >^)cia' zim'i ^ '^Yftt stzfl qi) yqdq "yySl zrar fZFqzJqrfcfZFT STsftcT y|C5jH(a qfct zrq^ z^ fftcrfRjcT FfcTT t 3ffq Zf? ZFfft^ zft qj^ vsayqiql ?tcTT I aFTftzpi gq yic^^lo zq vj-acn •iToid'Sd zft ST^zi yiqy<j cqqy^yiRlcni ^ yiqy<j q^ ^ |q^ f^rqq 3TRTZf zi? q^ 14>[4mfeichi zfft i^tTPft qifftqzff ?f^ ^ q^ 1 yit^nfa îftqr.ftvjidy 8ftq 3Tqft Pi^wifticniy zfq qzffq" zpq zzjcRsjTfftzFT ztft qqrfftq zf^ yiddi 11 czrzRsnlftzfq (cw'ft'd) 5q

!T57ct zfft ^fzftzj ^rfftznq

132 .twl/iiWW ^ iH^l'd

r^qichcniM

1. ■RngTH ^ Mi’iKI ^ etvfi chirnl^l

I

2. yif^-'j«i«t<m'j| Riisiti ^

^ /tf^m 133\.

3TT?m ^ ^ •wta^ ?tfft § ^ yicjMlrl ^ 'T^. ^ ^ -ticpnl ^ | ^ 3T^^3n1?% ?iRki<j'l' IM ^ Pm'lîfl wi 'fict5cfi 11 cni'J-d ciRy ’Tcpt

^ ^TBT?nj4 cFT^ferff FTcft 11 ^ xiicjHfaij'l 5RT ^ ■'TJft Riyfcki<jf ^rfsT^t ^cP^ t. TT^ 'Jiicf>'< t HFJ,^ ^TRfl f I ’î‘4Hif^«Pi, ct(q'<îR|4fi|. <l cpT^JmfeT^ "5^^

x-cjfl'-Jl 11 c^Rb'i, ^?TRpfi?rf ^ RlyRhn ^ ’<i'5jHln cpxaiifr cprd ^ f cRitfcp cTf HîlîiVil’ ^ ^ t irt qro 1^ ^

<«lTj^ 'ilfclyil yfc|c(T^C1 f, eft |R|<^5 Wtf^tcT cP^ ’Mwcfl ^ I 5^ KcPKf 3i*l'<l«p| elcp ^ ^rfcTfrat ^ ^ ’JgJcfJpTW t 3fk ?TRH feiRiH SlcRJcT Ijg;

'3j'R 3t^ 'rtgci'l epT cpl4 cp^ f I

11 ^

4,8. oqc«<«ifHctii ^ tH«<Twni (Supermacy of Legislature)

?lRel-''54jCTip’{u| g>r Rl<glO ?TRR ^ RlRl'^ 3F^ cf>t '41*11^^1 '^ft 'MCI 5^ ^ '4^«p,l'< epMfll ^ I cl-^cl: cZjcTWlRtm 5^ feT^Tpfr ^ ?iRki?iicfl ?teft ^-^^-?ri7H-’ftcPT ^ epuf^jj? cpsi >511 -wcftal ^'1 ^ fuR epT R|*ilu| cpyol ^ ^ 3Tf&cpf?ra: epnfqrfcTcPT aft^ RTRnrffcR’T'-^-^cjiwiRlcp ’M’CTM RiyIRa ^ I g'rtcft 3tlciR«rn 3Tlf§fcP •w'la'l,'R 'S'41<pi Ri4-:4'J| elcii 3R:cll ?IRFI ^ fcTHFff ^ Ril'f^d cfR Weft 11

'MO-siai 3ftR sfif^-'je4‘M>V’n ^ 'FcIeraeTT 3ft??T^ I ^d^HOl %4|R|«P '<nf®<^’t ^ 3lf^ 'Ji'ieii ^ ’TTcRTStt Tjef %cRT ’R SPtiiRci slot 11 3W S'el'-d c|ft 'jHeTT ^ wfPT cp?eft eft S'flcni epKî

3lf^ -wcioifll ^ nfet >d<icpl SR’?? tIcHI ^. 11

4.9. f^T^SRr ^ (Honesty of Principle)

fcIcRR ^ |: fip ^ Riigia ^ ^®cii'^4cr 5RfR ^ hM'I11 'T^, 5WT STRrR ^ ^ cRTT ^ ?[ctaiT T3^JT#T 11 fet^ 3TSjt ?TRR c^ #=ft f&'>TFff ^ ^SJcp-ilW arftRrff ^ 3?^^RT *t ?gRT ?TTf^ I ??r Rl^l'a ^ Wfrf RtcpeRTcRP ?rHff ^ ■^flcPK ^ TRfT 11 ftn 3TKrSTTfW TTRH y^Meft Htifcia t, ^ ^f¥ Re«gei

RJirfeWt ’ft ^Rff^t epljmfciepl cZIcRSTlfft^ ePT ’TFT plffl # ’R^ 3FFfl XTcp fctf%^ WT 5t^ 11 dl'MH ^ TI? ePB^n ?T# t f%, "TPTTjf ePT ^

I Tf? aTTcRTFP ^ tn*fx||R4t FF ’JSJWRT gt I" 'WRlfelcpr TPt ■4l4-> ^ «j?l^ Ri*ll'l'l ^ Wra RiTT FTTeTT 11 ?rfcteFjt ^ 3(iRi<r ijajWRT TTrlFP tcfTTF Tpt 3R^-3R^ ^ ^

^ ^3TcRR RfcTcTT ^ 3ff? ^Rfft Hill'dRl«P FtReTT ^ Btcft ^ 1 5?I ?rasi ^ ^^#t?TF FF Tf? <PSFT TFTRfra t f^, feWFT F?f cPT TratF TTelfara; f&’TFTf

^ fyRT TTFF f&’TTF 3FFfl era Icp-efl fcfTTF Fff FF R STeFST FT H'ilsT ftfel ^ Si^Rja F«fTF

RFF F^

?F^ # 1 -dRltTl^ TTFTF

.; ffprft ^ ?T?T F^ f^FTT FPFT Flf^ I F? ’ft WfF FiF ^ FTO i^Riec ?i(<teiyT FF FFIf FR

'SM'ii FTf^ I”F^

4,10. 'HKiVr'(Summary)

ftR&feT FF 3Tl^TF-3ngRlF> ?TFFt FFFt cpt eftF FF! ^ ^ FTT WeTT t-FF^FFfl, fcrerRtt 3fr? FITI^cP i cPTfI 3TraR R ft ?RFR eftF 3tF FT% RJ f-0i4mlc1<:p|, FTFRTlt^

cpiJHifeiepi FF FF^ FF’pt F^t eTT’J^ 11 FfeT f^FtRpf FF FeJ f feP TRFR

3ft? FTIFFTfcraF 1FRFT 3ft? 'FTFFTfcTFF <PT FFft FF’Jfff F?t FH^FT FRFT ^ fF fcIFTFt Fft TTcP ?FFr Fll^f i Ffl ^TffteTFf ^ ijaTFFRF FF Rl^Siel 11

FRFT,

•134 773rtWfr?7fra ^ Risiti ■

1. zzrawrPraJT ^ «wi ^? «>ni§i^i

j

I

■x.

^ /«««? 135

Tfîrrf w Rl«Sia ^ Ri’M’c’I, 3TTf^ fSxJKehf g?r ^THT3Tt ^ ?lf^«jits«yi H'tgct ^ I

ait^ TTfttT Rl«gia—(1689—1775) cT? M^dl «TT fvjTFr^fîigia «I?r c!JT^ Cf?l I 'j'^cpi fctWN STT 5'c?>s ^ ?ira^ 5RT# i^lRd

f^lcSIci 17^ ailwiRa 11 5'fllcli^, cfpfff ^ ^RIcfaclT ^TRT # I TlT<i’W^ IRT?if^ gajcRR^ cpT Riîa t ^TRH ^ 7JT ^ ^ 3FT ^ uiRki

TTT oilf^ ■?T’3p ^ cf>ls!a ^ f, ?ft Ht^fT <t?r tadâi ^3rl^ ^ 'T^ cPT ^ # I fijfe?! dfclyi-iciTii «^«p'tcl'i rfSTT ar^rflcpT dRlwii ^Plecn ^ ^ Ri<sici ^ f^yi % 1

^'^'^*4. ^ Ri'Sia ^ aiî^lcRi, Af^cpl, 3)v^ci5'ii, jii>flici, 3TR$lcnn, afk bto ^ *ii'<jai # I

Rkih 'iiicilq'ii—W ?ilthn 'JSTcRf^ cpT Ri<gm 5'<A-s ^ ?rRR tR 3TraTR?T SJTI ^ TIf ‘iMa»! tfRT an 1% ^ aif^ ’âTc^rnn Riîa ^ ajiqpiRco ngfry ârr ^ |

^ 1 g^ îi+n ^ afg ^ ggri g^ ^ \TTft^nrt' cfq 'jsrggRTi ^?—dl^d'sct wh ■^mr ^ aflT xSWTgnfi t

cpi*ii ^ srf^npR 1:1 nra § ell^'i nm<|RT^ ^ gfoFteR ^ 'FRRsjf ci?f ^Tf&Rj ^ I dlfld'sci '^^RcT cggwFR ^ ITRT g^wjyfi^Figt afR g?Fj^ cpT pFrtR gRd^ I ^'gragrfcTgjr 3TFnfk gy sjgênlTTgiT crajT cFT^qrfcing^ «(doi ?tcff |r (dfchi RfRUaFRI ^fJidnif^cpi SRT Piy^ f^ % I 3n5tcl ^ 'rtqT'c^■^Nidti Rig ^ g?w5J^ g>R} gR^ § 1

ailchn^j! ijanRRR’ gn Ri<sici .afciiiqgiRw f 1 ?trrt ggi gcpi^ t afR vd'd<^ anfr git ^ ân TjaTgi gfl f%gT rtt ■*i<r)ai 11

’JsjggRnjT ^ Riifiin g^t facial § I ^ ?Ri R<<gici g>tsTeW

Rte

RTfcigpit ^

ST^^THT-TI?^ (Exercise Questions)

1. Rngtn git ggr g^Ri ti? gitf^rg 12. s'dl-s ^ grt^gnt ^ ijsjggjT^ gg iJc^Tir gitfuFj i3. ar^Rgg giPtgt ^ Tjajg^gur gif Ri^-qn gitf^ 14. cggênf^gg git RTgRcRTF ggi t? gRg giri^ i5. Ri«sifl git Rfw^ git arg^ gr®^ ^ fer%g 1

□□□

//

■illhfiiMi ^136

WT xrST.r

f

^giTf-4 (Unit-4)

f

1. % 3trT 3^ (Organs of Government and Their Functions)

2. 'tM'ilRisn (Political Parties)

3. (Pressure Groups)

4. 'Ji'inn (Public Opinion) '

V

/I

►.

K

/V.

1‘

137

\

V

iratr 3?«zira

% sfrr cFnf(Organs of the Government and Their Functions)

T7T3-^TT?RT (Lesson-structure)

1.1. (Objectives)

1.2. (Imrodiiction)

1.3. ^ OT rI5!n/'3^ (Organs of Government and Their Functions)

1.4. »7c(îrM4)l (Legislature)

1.5. 3!T^4Tfb^ w'lon (Composition of Legislature)

1.6. c^p?Wlff+l % (Functions of Legislature)

1.7. (Executive)

1.8. '*l4Mird*l ^ (Functions of Executive)

1.9. (Judicial^)

1.10. ■^WMlfd'til (Organisation of Judiciary)

1.11. -4t4Hirci4u % (Functions of Judiciary)

1.12. (Summary)• (Exercise Questions)

I

1.1. (Objectives)

^ 3t%7TFI 14 3<n=hl % 3fT Tj;^ . <M4'<iiri'»ii, -41441^14)1 3TTft

gtt atKFH 4><i4i '’in^'iil

• % 3qF ^3^ Wff ^ ^1

• o'Hqt*<irH4il. ^‘ISI slfT 3<qi|ci Fl^l •

• 4>|44|Ri4)I 31)4 '341% ^)T4) ^ -Jlld'll

• -4I44|Ri4i1, <j<ich tt'ld 3TR îF)! ^ 31».ZFR î%11

1.2. (Introduction)

TRcfSR iKfy cpT 3)fcr?ycp ciry f 14)? yii- cniJuigcn zfsi ^ i 54?! %%1 cijcRl 31)4 ftfPJTi4jfT j%yT oiicil ^1 (Garner) % Sf^TTR '\lv4 %)

5^731) y?) t^fcf [^71 UT % 5T7T ?%)) § 'BTFfTT FF) 7HX4)K § \" 'ulc'CiS (Soltau)%

138 % r^în

,i( • N »• —.

7jmr ^ sfn 3^ 3^ '«7^^ e^HMI rTTr'rf ^ ^ '?H'afT3Tf sfl'^ -wra'l'l ftcTT #■ 5KT^ I" (Burke) ^ ^ gf f^,

'‘ti^cpix; ‘ii'ia ^ anfctWR ^ I^TTfc^ SM ^ ^ ^ yTTcft f I”>d4''ilcti cpaR If? SJcRT § f% ■?Rcf>l? cj^ t Rii'ticn ^ ^ TfeRetT

6R^ §, 'dicfil srftcijfchn ^ ijfrf ^ I TFj^ ^ ^ wifvi ^ ^ffWR -eiqllslcp3fk 3nR^ ’HT5R #1

3?^^, '>iycf>i’i:

c|?t ^ 3Tp)cirfcFff ftrft t rrar ^ i^-uir^d vncTT

(

1.3. ITTîTT % 3T^ fWT e»ji4 (Organs of Government and Their Functions) c

tl^qa ?Rf «f)SR f^ "?lT?R-’d'lO'1 ^ ‘pwf tf?! uRiPlRlr^ cfT^ ajcTTanf^^, cni jqil^crî -qiquircHcni | ctjcRCJlftcFT ^ ^ ePP^ epy <PB}

cP^ §, «i4Hif^q)i ^ cpTîl ^ cp?cf[ |f 'îraRfpPPT ^ ^^sRff ^ dlchdlRjch «)q?l'i, 3fk 41*1131? SpjtiK ^ TFT § TTT 'T^ I F^ ?|cpR cZpRSJTftW TT^ 44>'rM'l ^

^ I cpiritJTlcPPT F^ TTTtpR ^ ^c?l § sfrr •TTPFTTf^PPr ij'icnl snÎTT ^vol t efSTT $Hc^ 3T^TTTT 3FT^ P|4il ^rff ^ |'’

'sq^cm 3FfF «prat ^ R)'«1K ^ f^rRffiPrT ^-'d'<cpiV ajTw

1.4. <xi^îRichi (Legislature)

H'Std TIT cZfciTeTTftypi TTT d? ^ -dq-ilq (Uni-cameral) FTc^f ^ ^'dqd Sltr ^ ^3^1 Tpg^

vji'ini O

vni'ditiKui cPT uRiPi1?TR Cp^ cJTRVT f^[R TRTT ym: 3t1?R) TIRHÎIcÎ

(Bi-cameral) I ctRrenf&cp] cp pyp TRî f^fR

11 WR: ycTiTp trr rf f^R trr ^RRyiry tpt nf^f&R iptr sik ^ Tpff pfrisftr 3T%<PTT tiTri f'rt |l ;•

1.5. 'SI^TSITftrarr W*ioi (Composition of Legislature)

ePP ysR TRR cPT y?^ t Ti'4? ypiF teir gTTT FT^ 11 f^-TR%J f{J^ ‘House of Lords’ y?f TTRT cRI7î[?i 3TRTT y? Flfft ^ ^ 3IJ?f^ ^ f^cfm TRR i||jfddl f^c(f(%lc1 ?)cfT 11 ^ Tr<R? 1? t)'^) '4? SI'cT^Tfl fI^ t Rfr ft-TR^f TRTTJ TREPTT ?TTT *nl4ld Rhi^ RTcT ^ I 'gu TTTRt î TIF RTRTR tjy?cRT FT^ f sffT ^ 3TflÎcp |

Ttrt uRy^C y?[ T^HT suRicp rtRth Rir^fci e^ Tn‘4-Trr§T f^tiR ’tfci) ft^ Piqfxt'i c^ ??^tl

vrllfll ?TTT RrctfRia trteiTTERT ^ 3R?E7 ^ PlR-l^rR Ri<sial Epy yzjtTy %trF RTR f ^

fsTd^y■RTcT TREf

cyqWrf^cpT 'THTTSTf ER| cpTEfcpTeT ''fUaR'^rfRT Ffl Rl<glcT E^ ST^TTR IdtilRd RrT vSidl ^ 1% F cT? EiF 3tRicr efEiT f? sfR f 3rfTm aicî i.sTPjREb- f?tai-RicPT^ ept4rt ^ aicEilTiEp ^ t???! f i3TF: TRTTT Ef?I cTRR TP?) fEjRf&EpR 3rRT STfETEpTF EpR -îfTHrlit) cp jTRT TWR EPTcff f, diRb

^»R cf?I if) «RJd I ijRfy if TTF yPTefl tl^lleia f I

view'd ^ EUR cT) RRT^'FIR FyiEJ RT^ f—

1. fcRR ^ RRTEprq TREfr E^ TJEp TI^cR TTRi{^ «RT 4) Erflrf) 11

2. fcIElR-TfTrT fcIÊlEp y^ ETRER fcRT oudi § I

3. ^tEf) TREf) EpT El'yw TRteR |eTraT EJMT § I

4. WT TRT g'Rl fERR-TTTcf Rl^qEp EpI jry; fzpqy yfjî |

Epirf ■gyRo TR t) T-rarfoR ^ tte^ 3fR ■?'R) iREft ^ Erf^TlEj ■H

•Effs.'.}

it Vi :

I

V^fUf^fTTT^ ^ Cfiîn 139

• «>N TV'. fcE' !■;' vv.,; a.î-

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1.6. % ^) '4 (Functions of Legislature)

1. f^nrfTJT g>T4 {Legislative Function)—cZJcRSTTf^^ 7RM^«jci'<eTT 3)iu?Ucncil3Tf sfR tjf^f^frRT) 3T^^TN eiMicl^?l)sn t cTSTT vT^ f^lR?I ^ 1 '7J? ^14)1 fclt)R-(c|P)*i4) ?)?Tr ^ | epT

f, fcT^ f?mR■=) cfjpj^ W tn-iai ^ RTRW 5)cTT

^ ^ 3iU

OTPiti •^tri'! i, 7% TfTTTPTnr: cTTxFT 'HcR TlPlf^y) yYf ^■ft'q f^JlT tITTcTr # 3iY? tjTFT

§12. (3iaf) ^T?£}i g>T^ (Financial Functions)—3TT^f^ cJjcReFrl^fcpT IT^

■?T^Yn f&fT tR f^rzr^ RiiHi 11 vrfrr^tf -wtfYt arra ait? ctra cr sfiTT (5^)TTJcRSJTfcJ^fTT 7^ 717:^ rY)ill 'Jimi t 3ft? 'cj'(-|cnl ^-qiyla ^ tJTp ■PHOI Tff CTJZS fehifl ^ Tranfi 1 ajRenftTM ^ 'iu'I'-h <jr ciAioi % sft? 3Hra??nP ^ ecicH % i cr^ (Supplies) @ I lc|R)-f^F(1'^ ft îi'ii-uo: -ei'S'l eftt TT^rcTjft Ul^FTcTT f 1 ftTfT fftsYg^F) (Finance Bill) Plw<H ?TRt ft ^ wft <Î RtT?T tSTO ^tl?| # |'f&^ <fR (No Taxation wiihoui Representation) cjft sftftftcjftcnrjTsjTfftcTjT (ft) ftt^nr umui ft i cgcTfairfftTm tft qiiftr ft '???■''?? Prfta ftrft r rto; (jiux) TTRI (ftl ftl êrf'll u^fTl ft CR srftfYtTT ft Hfft TTp'iicia 3ft?Jft?PT ft 7T?7>Y5 T? efftft THpHfrI ^Tft) Ft ’TrYI ft <)) ftYfte eft TRf cjTT JTFQ cigXIUi ^lldl ft I

3. tJSIKr^ftu g>r4 (Administralive Funciion)-£iRR«jrfftem ^ RWI^ R TTfWJofIftcraur -;;?rf| ft | fftpr ftî) rj RRCe.TfJlcs'sfRr'I-'H'Jll^ tjxjf^ ft ^ cJRR-ajrftcRT wftqifcTcPT 3) epiyt R «t^S1 lftti'5|0| ?>!((??) ft, efftlfcK qf^RFct STcr^lfftcR ^ ft 'ft ^1 ^Rfl ft 3fR ^F 3'ft) ft) y[ri -vJfR-^rft) FtcTr ft | R«ircft ft SJ-c|?*Uirft-(PT KJRHtjftrq y?cpg. VR 3i)? cBTF fttefftiRcdfti' gRi eRftinP-icKi tR fftyftnri RTgcft ft I rpiftFrfcnw '■Ri stRcfoi ft) fft?^ irfftft? (RcII ft I 'HT^cl 3llf^ ftr?ff ft Tjfti (XTRan ft I 3iajaiIcR(}5 ÎR-R-fRIT^ 3fftf^ ftft) JpTftFlpHcFI R cqcRejTfftcR chn PrTraR fftRft '1 feRfi 'Tnq ft eRi ?Frll ft 1 'TFlfftoftr (liiipeaclinicm) «FT 3^1)1^ 3R-^ cyg'72TTfft(F>T ft) ft) TR1 ft | oticr'i‘'Ulfft^ ^ tjtj; tjitgffteJTTQ 3F ^)'?rrr ft 1

4. TTftrft <1)14 (Judicial Funclions)—3TfteR ft?ft ft StieR5TTfft<r>i? Rftltfl cPt4 ft)er«ya) ft tS'ft ft House of Lords' ^ 3lftR<ni ft yftftc, 3Tftift3^ ^ vigyi<gHfci STlfftF? sfPraYn’ eft fftrt) 3t^?frtf ftF -uiejiFi'd ^ ?og ft ftsft) ft utirift) ^rfftfftfci ?trt sc^îtfr

ftF ef)T SlPrarg cioidl ft I 7TR?r ft XltR eftt TT^Ffft ^ ^TJTRft?!) tR TTFlfftfttF RRfft eJF 3TPlehiy

ft5. PiejfflM tf)T4 (Electoral Functions)—efRFcftf^ cJJeRSirfftcPTft srftep

fftcjYiR Tftjsft Tpjft ’ft ^ft) ft; vS'flFRnJTsI, FRtftu tJfTtfftj 'jpTrf^ ft) fft^RTeRft) ft I ^ ft) TRTg TIcRftf F2T1 RF?!!) ^ fftETHTn)r3ft ^ PuIPtfl?rjt-4i gi?r 'eJiKTi ft I fYgFUR^ ft gfti 'efti T-rag ftf^jifttrg, T^jraifttii) rran mr=\ ^ ^ra cjryft) ft i seftfftag ft ^ftftg 3ft? gfftfftf?) ?FTr gft 3(tRi-3Ffft PratxFf fftgTtrfi sff? R7g?Rfi' eft) Piqlqg RRl'tJ) ftftiRTTSft epT pRfg cRft gg 3Tf?)gjR ft |

6. ?1?iYeR TTfttft ggft (Amendment Functions)—^gwfftgg gF 3Tfft^Tf%TH ft ?T?l)yg gRft gg ft 1 UF 3TfftgTR ^ ft?ff ft 3ftf|[ef) FPfT ft eft ^ ft?ff ft ^ I wflgg

efft f&f&aftfag? <J6^l gR fcBIT ft I fftfft?T TRTg RTOR^f g^rirT ft) ft) TtfftETH ft 'ftvftgg gR TTgRft ft vJluRh Ojftfftef)) ft XRlltR iRcTTg gr ci) Rgg g)-friFTft g§'T^ ft mfftcl gR ?Tg>ft) ft 3FggT ft)g-ft)2TTft RF^ft gft glsftgT tR gnft grfti) 'TT^'g TfgT gM 3yI'4)1 RftT^ftrF 3tiu?u'en fttftt ft | ftfftgFf ft ftfttgg cFT gF 3Tfftg)R tRF WR ft ftfftgp) g? ft) RRRerriftgTr gft ■ggfwRfr gr-gftftg gR fterr ft 1

ft) ft) ??g)ft) ft 3ft? vjifScl ft) ( ’TTR7 ft RRTg ft ftKeXf) 3ff&ggft ft ft) •ii^DiPf ggyRH

.-. 140 iM-jlfatiit^ ^ f*i-5.in

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-ru «TTmr * 37^ 3^ 57^. t 7. (^•i?ifrH<T> (Functions Relating to Discussion)—srawif^ran tJRlR

- ■RFr^nf gjRi '^'TTf^ § I R)f& ofr? ftRlR-f&^Rf ^ ^-'^TW ^fcRn 11

cT>ft Htgjfira sit t vjnj 71? ^ 1 Rnro ^ ^Trf'cT; f^?7R-|7)^ tm 3fra?77<f> 11 ?iTCaf. TZjgwri^ TRt 7I|r} 7ft Tffe ^7? $ rJJ^; jcifiRg fii^TjcRf xR 3tt? giMi f?raR ?) i attrrf^ga >di4otPict> xr cro

^TX^tn '9 3RRtx^t73 f^gTlt XT^ f&'itR-f5Pl*l<J FtcTI §, ^RTPR TTX^tTJ sft? aiflxl'sJtg ”Wcl c[?t -Trerf TfRctt t ci^xTTta ?wrt arggkg grxci gRcft ?. i

8. 3r^ ^rpf (Other Functions)—eg7IWlfil<t>l vJRcTI g?l ftnKRTcfr Tpt BcurI cIT^ g>1 fiidiI Pra.' ‘fl'ft wiSR ^ tt<r>n) t cRU gi?-fiaiq sfN x^t §]<! XjRRTl ^

XTSrS 7i>t XRJT^Cl^ff XR PPiRT Pn îtBOl § I g'deffl ^ptt MJiJaifly) Wt ^*1lxJK XJ^ if..U<hlf5ld Rhiu \jimi $ I PTBR p(l<h*io <f>t PgtS <fR^ 3ft^ s-flehi Pi*iIxJ| <fR^ ^ ^

■ 4 5)ld TIRtft t- I

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1.7. chiJmfri^t (Executive)

TRl 3RT 11 snsjf^ TTXHft ^ ^RRfn WH ?rRT xt^nTJ^ # ' (Government) Trc5 tRT jnfRr RJiui yiini ^ ( tniJHi/cicni ?!« 5JT

a'wja: a>17lxnfcra>I fiiwit fcR PTTi: ^ <fi fc^tjptfRI TTa 3i{?)g,Tf^ gg aRx) jp f^ f?fnn XffTfTT § {wR^ cRR eppj^ S>f (ûiPaa TfR^nf, f&jg Tivji-^ti^ ftfiR xf ■gjnfxrrlcTTFf ?rts git xjxfrgt êgfyo 3?®} if uuVi erx-t ait tren § i tj? 3r} ttxsj xjTsn g)|i5mRy> afR M<ia>

2}. xTTTct ^ ÎxsjQtcl 3IH TJ^RUi RRt[>R' an UtcTtH § |

•• '<H<PK

<r-'> 3lt sfh xf^Rit git €1 gvRTT §1«•■t

>5QI?VU

•cbntmf^giT 7^ X)fi>1|fitd gR^ gq (Garrtcr) ^ 7R?t "TznxRP' tyg mu ^ A7j> 3nT if ^rg gtnhR^laft g Tiwisfl eft gxf '?, 'Sfl ^Rtg git ^ri 5wi git

c

•. •t.'lv?-

tpian gR^ ^ eft ^^xi if gR cuUd git §1" Pi^bji^vS (Gilchrist) efteniu’ eftidmfêpi ■^RgjR gjl g? ^RT t! urt eni'Jjl eft if vndfll Tlit STPiwefn §xwi g>t g>it5

^ if ufûid gRclT 11 g? g? Sfft t. fyliteft tlT^ 3Ttxj TTvO g? dRdlê*’ tRTRtf^ cRJ ^ReJT 11"

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i.t

Jplfêb'l eft xtiRg (Significance) efft ^ 'oiiTTt (Finer) gp gRR fxjrfetgg if aifeRTtit ^

gji XHR f I ■

( «• *1l'T<1—enl

f^, "eb-iTtqifêKi git t ^ ^ ti gtTcfi I gft grawiftatr afRefegj^ ^ gjg geJt 7?tit §)" «»>)'?) (Corry) g>T XR § 1^, ' enielmlCTeoi ^Rg>R WdiXyifxteOl cRTT *<t|4JHlf«<OI S-eteft eiQyiPleO XRXJ eft eft 'MMl'l § I"

gjXf—Sn^Piq) <ni<lm(«eni eft f^PlH pfxxrffeftcl §—

(/) izTjTnra ejiiJgij^gg

(//) l^'ehd gtR^mfêhl

(Hi) ggcf grRjyifeieni .(<V) tltietidlen eriehjifrtwl

. (V/) staemuiH gjRfigf^

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thnfcTefn g^

: f J, xTRrl g fil^g if ^ «g>i^ git ggtltnf^ 11 ^ ^?ff if (Cabinet) ft gRcff^

. eh|4gi(êb| ?tctt § vift 'ti'^yfc: gr ?TvTf gi ^ gptf g? ?P77cI întfifêp TRffcR $ t

3Txtf^ ■ft attyjTRxig; eprtmfcsrgn § ftreft ■'dfSOTg gRi ■ehi4mfêhi ijg zggwrf^ g?t ^rfeRRfi

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WWT * 37* mnt ^1.8. ehiJMifVietii ^ (Function.s of the Executive)

1. 3«ii’h<j>1<j Mii'fK ^ PryfRfl rr^rr 'tfht vt] tppf’TTfc?^ Eiffel I c}j1 Tin4^ ^4hiRHc{>i 3tsi^ ît^h ftwr itrt

Ptyfcrti c|5t cZJcR«IT c[?f ^Teff gl I chiJmf^cKT 3n^ ^ 3TR JT?

t f^ ^TT^ ^f>r^jf «R1 ■'fl'^flci'i ^ ^ I ^ 'êiTjfl

f^-q -si ^ f -y-^ ^'m cjir^'Jil^ 11

>3^ 'ti’?ilsR cj cj^ fitpcil ^ | TRT^tzi n''iicil ^ cpi4Mif^ct>l ipT ?fT4 Ura:

Srf&cR <:g?i<7iai ^ ^ cRlff^ ’Tl%fT^ ^ yr4cf> fthtil fcf^ fc|>ii‘i zn ^5^ fcj*ir*i'l W<5lf<jw \J^ 'tJiT yr!3’T ^fll't Wl?l^ tl

2. ^f^ra> ^pf—^r4mfeia>i arfScDiRol ^ itci cji^Î'ii cj?t11 TFHrt ^ <t^ cJTf 3ft^ra)R ?iif^cl gT I chl4Mlfwcni ^ 7TT®J

7ff& cl '«»ial4 ■>?! cfRc^t t If "Uiuc ^ 3T^T-fN. cRK cpT Pi4o(U! IJcf ^T^yol'l, ?!j1% ajerWT

TeJlftcT cbV-ii rl9JT cfT^ SlisnHui ^| <4) 'gVfiTT ewe'll ^l^yfSch ■^)^ ^ cnRj'îfcicDi ^ ^ ff I"3. «i>^c*ftfaci> giT^—yr4qi TKi^ ^ 7MJ ^ TTiaT ^ TOtJ Tenf^ f 3ft7

Mi^'gyQcf) 3icl4c5ô TfR ^qeiu| ^T^cTT f I ^l4mfpTcRl ^ fcl4?ff 4) WST 31|f^cR, 'TM^f^cR. ciJimRch TJcRR ^‘1544 ■d'TH cr>yct) 11

4. ftyi4) gTT?}-cOT4iTT[^)T 'I circjwifil*! ^ Trrai RiirW cP wqtTf arcT??! ■STTT ^ t aiaicTT yHrfcfcT Cf>7^ 11 WîlT gTc^ 71^4! -î yf^RcC^ 71^ TRT3Tf44?T^ ^■■flcRi ?r5n^?fTH 3^1 fÊT^ cR^ § I jjufcl g>T^^ cRt ■^ra ^TB fÊJRH'ScT^ <41^0 ^'lai fc4^ Ici4iicRf tR f4^R ^ 1^ '7^^, fci^ycRf yv| y^grr cpygit ctsjt

yiRcl cRV’-TT, (ch-wl f^^cJcR ^ cni-j^ cRT ?!iy ^ OcR'il 3TTf^ cp|«] t) ct>i44lf^cM cRT y^J8T GTSJcTT

3)Prâr 'lyy rbctt 11 §Trc^ stlaRcin ^Tyvni ■^Fi’fi ^rb czrcrfenfcTcRT gr^ yy^ 3bth stI^crt^3(n4cT 'cRT^ 31)4^1 RTTR TjfT^ cR'^l ‘cRT »ff 3T%cRR ^gcTT ^ | ciTcTfeilf^r c^ lâ^ll^cRTc^ ^ cRl4mfcicftT 3iiq?'ycf)fl| y;55\ ir STtZB^^f uTT^ cfRcfl I 'il'jyf cITcRaJl ^ 31CTeT

TfcRScRTR?)^ Ejlcjuii ofRc^ TcTG ?]f&^T4t TTB’^ cIR 3^^ oUciy^N-T cPt4 3B7^ ^3(t3n4?ft <4 BrejjTi ■?Tmf^ etr TTcpfn ^ lvRcj?t yRiciT mRa ciRiBt c^ 3tR^

Btcft tl ,

cft^lM

5. ”îRl<t> yRsf—wc^cR ^ cRndyrf^Tcfn c4 ytn^ ertj Rirftcp cpt4 c?r^ |f,rtejteM ^ f^l4ri, siBxri^ c4i affirm, 4b qmi 3tt14 I ■ht?b 3fk st^Rert >? 'TTÊjTKieff ert 4 3t1ÊPR yr^T f I ^ 4?ff 4 yUTR t> STfÊRlfM 3fr? HMiRer) E^ qoi ^ ijcRR E^ lElgT^ E^ Rl4y ERI RnfÊR 3Tf&y>R ERTEftntcTcRT ER) ^B^T ^ |

6. ^-4?I EpERjf^ '4<gli^cp ^ ^ STTET-cERT E^ ■<-c’Il^;fci [4yMH-s<?1 ^ ^ I ’TTTcT EfcT fslC'T 4 c^4c

^ SRr-|4aEIER ER) TRTcJ 4 y<-gc| ER^ f 3Tk 31^4 Elgifa E^ TR E?% HiRa EJRETTcftt I TTÊJ 3T^cRT A 1cllE)-l4»TfET ERT gTr4 ER-f^^T ERI t. cERclellRER ^ ^ ETvjl^

e4 R(4?i'i ^ ^ îiR BÊTT § 1 Ei^f4 btRei Esqi)^ etre?! I ERiy E^ ^gRra cETERsyr e4 ERTEiEnfcTERr ■&, 3frr'frr f&rl-f^^T'r bIcIT § I EIB 5Te4eR fcTTTB E^ 3TTET-CERI ERT RT'Îh’r er??ti g 34^ eT'TT y? RrEram VEScir 11

7. 3FZI yjTJf-ERIEfyifÊR] 3fR ’-ft 3t4eR ^Rft ERT WTf-T ERRcfl t. EM-EjqTfÊff ERT tEtEREP, EZrfÊTElf ERT \3'icpl fEjf^rÊ; ETcTTOT ETT 47RT ETT 3TRI TfERTE Ejfr ■'fFBTETETT STtI^ I TPHT E^ ER?EJT’RERTf|

* Prsr* 143v4'illhfii^n

■^cTWT f&TcTR 1cT^ cJtT 3Tl?Jg>R '^Ff^ ^cFT ^ ^

11 ’SlKa sjg^«TTft?)T ^ ^Til^ll^chi ^THffl 'jfN ^ f I W^J^TTfcFfjI cpT -W'WHaft^ ?|l^?llcTl ^ ■n^TT ^ 5'<i'^ cf5Rft cf^r ^ arfr?j?T ^ ■'TZIT

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1.9. î«<m(Viet)i (Judiciary)

"ti. ?Frf ^ ar^R tr^'r aFff ^wrorferan aicGcT 11 ?pt.cr>cî'j| ■^HrH afR ^SFfra viâ ■RTRJ ^ ^ cfRcH § | VTvJRF^RI ^ ^Hc^y'icpalar) ^

^ cjicjel^ fpF( cf v^jif^fcp) ^R«n cRT ^^1 aif^T^S ^ I an^Pio^■'TO t arf^r^ ^ f fti czrt^TOf crtt yM'f.

aiSJ^ Tjgjjfgi^ ■'JF^ ^ ■RHI \J3 ^ t!

(MaiTioi) ^ ar^TTR, F'rw? ^ f^fcF) ^ arfro ■R?wy’t wd f, PiRan ^ RTO cRT aro^ ^ yroST ^ FFTR35t_ ^ Traps’ ^ I cfti'jM PiRi'Jl ^

yItbiJi f^pcpfl fSy-fjci cj Ssiii^R’ cf5JT g>i4mfcicni fcka^l *54 'M'lioa ?t ^ ^lf$ RTO

if f^cfS ?) u7n? TU w etWTJpf ^ ZJJ C^ c73F52n qSFnrnjyf 3}y^ «7TO5 ?), ^TFlRg^f <f)l uffTO^:^?TO 'TlcbTfl ^ sdRÎ 'nyfrl ^1 'fl''<J>'5 acM'F ?1 'SfTrTT § i" 'll'f-i ^ aT^'HR, "TORI f&’TFTCf! awra n C,’^* '?TO ^ ■y-H'-t^ct 'ÎTO uft ?jeqFT Ffl' TFR??). 11 cFTI Ifl WFf fclyH*T^

I^Fi vjerti ?, 'zr? Tiro ^ '^. ?Z7 zj?) cfctot w 'TRFcfr ^ 1% f^fR?! îro^ RTOFTfcFTTT 5?) 35^ cZfcRSR F I" 37?^ cFf RcT ^ f^, '"RTO fc/tii-i 3?) cg?)p)C7l ^ 35cfR

cRjffd) hhiRo) cA ■'5^ cT f|:cff zr nincrTR37R cA zA 3Rfr^ cA^ ^3FZ1 f&Rtf 3TcT ZFT ■rA A^r"ArcFrf ^'oA 5^1 A?<JFa cBT ArTT g fct> ArêT RTO AztgrRl

aRRo Aqr i" ■'(t'A A zfft fA. ■•aTf&cPRf At ctR^ A i^, tr iR f^rAn ^ A f^, afRf^zjT cA 5;g At gg, Rro-RiiZRf gg~Rjry atrAf atrcf?^^ ti"

1.10. "RTPr^nlrrcFiT W (Orgsini^tadoii of Judiciary)

yrti: yfAi5 ‘Afi 'î AAlzi ataizii 'Âfta -ftT'! wlt'a -arafcrir At rjcR'sjt AAt t Art^ aiA'R y^ci A uAf^RF. ■^tsj atA'zi afR fA?ii RtROcty ?'i^ ^ i it TOTzrrcRt yra: >êiiq>s ?t^ f fA'IFt ■?RRt AfR AA cFF Rll4ll(.m f&TOt 371 aft^ vJTO 'RllZircTO f&f^F5, yA fRTT AA^

g 3R?rr g I arAf) 'fftA if ArtfA afR AtvirrA atfRAFn A fcty ’JTO) rttotfri AAt uiyfA 3T«> 'TTrot A yzR A rtotcto ytA totr A atAraVnt yn fAofzi yRcrr 11 ■'jytFRTTsf, ’TAt A AiFTi ztiffzi '-ziraiFrot A AAI'A, 'TitvayrA ^ arFFT-ar^FT AA g FRffArjtzttrA ait''! ^tAro rifp:77^yf g AA A y<FR A rih'A yrig g i fÂt if AfznA rtot^rt atct'r t aiR ArayiA atcTF i ARi'sRt FFtAf 'h fjA y-ut zft toft a#cf5 Aren 11 toAf ^ttto TOTTR’''! R)iziieiA A atRiRoti f&Ri^ ■'at'Â A feii,' Rroicrot A A zycRyT cfrctt g iAA-ARff ■RTOTcTy, stRff TOrrart Rrorcrq, ETtPtcB ■rtotfpj afr? ^ A RJizrrazi arrlA i A

atcTF TSTTTOf At g 1

■FTT=5:

cFT5 YTTOt FTnsjRFF ••JJTZJTTTOl 371 3rf?t37R Act 'TyFAy RtFFrf A 'iTTOT^c^ gtgff g FTAA >5^ RTOTctA

A aTf?J37i^ A atFAi fRqa sty an uTTg g i 'AAra '^rrot A A totr A totzitcFj gtg g-F(37 AA<j ■FTO7R gRIRSJrfgcf RJlilMa ylt 'T^Rl 37T^y At F*1N A 'AjA g?T g cTT’J,ZfrA g afR 'fTTOt A TOiyTRU At atyg-at^Fl Afi't g 'FarAl'y cfpjA' A aARt rto At zztcrsjt 37# g 1 frct g TORF?lfgfy>7 Al "TFI^F 37] 'FitlATt ^ UI'?! g ) y?) atgR’yTT A Afg AF yg.RFJqt A wg WAT-ifiyiR-y 3g rtciIto ■■yRJTeTy' (Supreme Colif) WI ''5Tl?r((l-ligli Court) Ag g I S'? ^ray 3>t TOi'y cyroefr tjzt 'tou

g 1ortA atgRr 'Ttrot A 'tsto rtotcTO' A 733y RnyrcTO A atsfpi ftA g aiR

144 ir fTOTI?

t'

1. ehldmlMchl % ehl^T dull «hl 1^11.1

\

2. •<tid‘<i[ci«w aftr H'loi w (d^wi dCinmj.1

7/3y77f3 ^ iw^ici 145il'^l

^ «f7 ^ ^ # I ‘-^jiijMii ^ 3??fH anif I

1,11. '<<i<<HifwehJ % (Functions of Judiciary)

•^THTtrifeRPT ^ '5'Pi Pi^îRba ^—1. aif^Tilt^ (Case Judgement)—qi^Mifci'^Ji ^ cf>Rj aig^

<P^ 11 ^mi(?i4j 41qi’i1, '?A’Ji'<;i^ tjcf MH'WR*Riciic;! ci^ 3Tg^ f i ^tT îdiciq 3^7% Ruhi cPigff! ^ arg'-HW

f I ^ «Frg^ ^ 37551^ TTT gTT^ ^ TT^tT ^ I

2. ^ tzrretn (interpretation of Law)—'^qroitfRl tWî 3flRlrii3('i1R(^ ^ 'd'si’sl yoi^, f^jg ^prggt ^ czn^Sdl cRT^ gijf tcin-aai ^?c^t ^ l 'dldMd'lSKI d^rg^ff ’^H«£lcn><‘J| fepr g?f tj^ STRSTOff cl^t cni'j^'iT 'W*il'1 1

ajf&fpff |clciic;'| ^ f^Tjfq

3. 3ltf^r<j ^ Ri<6m tR P|uf7l (Judgement Based on the Equity)—’<ji<iiwI?i')' êr Re^fri ?) tin^ Ifcf^rgg ^pj_ ?trTT i ^ '<jmiwl?i srd^ Rl^'T’igtiK tjfr -yiy-ti'm ^TR Mâi ^ ^ | Pi4^1 STTOK d? chign g?|tRdTT T^lf^ci ^ viTTcfl § 3it7 ■?7RI ^ cpjggt fcH? ^ ycpiy cfJT fcl<Tim ?tcTT ^ Rji-^SKI PRa dîgg cnî unai § | silRiri) ^ 3ntIN tR gsjgg RîPi ^ W «ncT aeô-ild§ fcts '<ji<ji4l?i Silfarti, tR ^ ^ 3TItIN tR yjf puf^ cfR^ f, cf? tR5 y<y’i PhIiji ^ tjnrn ^ i onTt4 cp^ 3T^^ qd^H îgil cpT ^tiR cpM-ai ^ I"

4. 3lPl<t>K) rtarr 'Mfl'sicil cl?f tcin^ni tiyr ^'dcn 3Tf&cPRf cf?f W 41 '^Jiqicfd ^^3cTT t % 7FHI cf?r i^lRd c^Pn <l?l ^Ria -Wd-Hdl '<JI<J. PHFI ^ '<J]q dTdT dR ticnai ^ I 'îdicld cqfpci tJ^dR gR4 f&># 41 ?TRFf5td tf)T4 tR ^tcp HFT 'TTcpcTT f |

gff W (Protection of Rights and Liberties)-RFr ft^FT czrf^ ^ycil ^ yft ciiPkl TtfctStH gRT tfTdT ^ I

4 STTSTgr F «f4| fMtl 4 6lff^ 'tqaPiai rfaTT 3T%pr4 ^ OTfd 4

5. d>\ (Conservation of Constitution)—"RFIdTfcFPl <Pt tj^ ygta'tiPyi'i 9^1 yP-aai cRJT QpaiPF aicRen ^ Yen cnvii [ YFUn RnY^n 4 'dldldd n4 cnnY?nf4nn gRi mPn cnig^l nsn wiJcniRîl n?r smnsil cpt ttj nr 31^ alftTn ^)y4 nn srfimnY ?1cn 11 YitSId YRdjR cf vd'd<pi $cp|îfl ^ ntzi 3ftY fcpTfnf ^ STRyH MKWR«h fcTdldl nn P4d41 Ynif^ RRfMn nRcn ^ j Ynfrca Rizrrdn rtI^fp gnYTcicfnpn ^ 3rf4^R ^ nn^nrlcran SJsjcTT cncRent4n>T SKT^ nicl 3iPm*i«i1 PotS RfdimicHcm (f4 YTf^RF ^ YRfiRi ^ 4cpi4 cpy4 nn stcrty rm Ftm 11

6. nYR?f (Counselling)—3t4^ YTRff 4 RRmfcTW RdnipieT d4 cprg^ tRnl tR tRR?f ôl ^ I s‘^'3 4 RRTRnf ^ 1^y4 Yntn 4 3j1t|qiR«n P4q 4tn4 ^ nen yuleio 11 nTYfT 4 YT^df^ 'dql'R RRTeRJ ^ dYRYt 4tn YJcnni 11 ^RPST, tRFIT, 31IY^fcldl, Sflf^ ^?rf 4 41 RTWfpIcPT dYRYlfr'nP dn4 tPT pqfg dRcft I

I—RmTcTnf ^ 3ilY YTcit^ RRTeR7.YliPd) cf4 Pgqa n5Y4 nan RJRTeni ^ Su'aRcn M?imn

YRtft Pmnl cf4 cTPi, d5Y4 dn 3TlanpR wr ^ 116. PRtt ^laf (Miscellaneous Function)—‘ii'fe 4 RRdTfenPT 3TR PPw ‘Pint 4

3iui(P)d cpraf dn 3«^>a fenr t-"(i) Pf4R tnpR c4 4y3 sflY nnfi dRnr (2) YRfam da4 ^ nrafnr dY dF f44n 4n % dYit €tdi, 3l4ci nr srftldnY Yrnn # sfk 1414 d4 41n cpn t (3) -yidictd d5 Yan^tn STpqjiRq’j cpRl, feiP<n clan 3Pd cp‘iqiRq'i d4 pgcm

146 li" fiiîn

chx!HI, ^TTT. 3ff7 'qi<4ift|cpiRql' ^ Pi^wn cp'^'ii, .q<51 <4aMml ^ y*liPia '^J'C'll, ’pt

slfcRT^ cf?[ 'ti'yRi ^ yw ^’’<11, 3TRT?TT3p?t Piy<m ^py-ii 3TFf^ I"cllWd ^ •ytmMlfclct’l ^ *T?H cPt4 cl^t ■?!? ^fr^f yoyloi ^Tra ^ ^ ^ I ^

'Sft^rcT Rl'Wja ^ ^ cTSJT fc|l'^’-f yi'jyjl ^ [thyll ?T^ vPT^ -y^HlI^cp Plmai ^'jTT^ ^ I ,

«<«f>/<

1.12. ■^TTTt?T (Summary)

^ airyJ ^ ciifcKlijl, ^T78TT3ff 3it^ >dltn'l ^ t ?RT

3Tpiai<ra ^ cT8JT fih<yiPya fch<Ji Îcfl ^ I yiycniy ^ 3TfiJ^57'^ § fbRT^ ^ ticpcy cR^ STftoyPkl 1?^ gft^ ^ I ^RcPN ^ wô 3R ajcTOTTf^RiT,

<P^ § 1?# OcRR «)|4miR'I«PI cRT^ ^ ^ TSHai cf5t 3Tfi|£W«m frCH cjft cpT^ WT ^ mRiîci ijiyai f I ^ cf? t f^yi«n 3Tt^ ^ cjiwifclct? w?imp|cf> ?r3 k^Hcll 11 4’lil4lf^ct’[ ^ 'TRcFR ^ cPfT yTTcTT 11 yiy<my W 3Tc^ ‘igw'ûf sfry ^l4iHif?icj>i 11 ^'dchl 5^ =PT4 4’1’JhI Sl^yiiy wjlîjl Rlqiql ^ l^wly cpTR # I JIcPR 'H-^chK ^ 3R ^ cfiT

ti'-qici'i ^5^ f I

• yiycRiy yF«l


1. yiytpiy 3R cTSIT 'j'icp cpm! W cH'H cfftfyT? |

2. cyq?4JTf^|cpi cRTT f? \jyi<r Wlff. iPT vdc^ta | .

3. UJiJHifoiwi W f'i’ vjyiw fclfiim ^ |

4. <4>l JmiImcpi c^ cm4j1 ^ fclcltm clllfilX’ [

^PToH ^ vjticp cfJT^jt cPT ftcRUT îfuiv^ |5.

□ □□

% ftrsfs ^47flr«*

3TGira

(Political Parties)

TTT3-W«<ni (Lesson-structure)

2.1. (Objectives)2.2. (Introduction)

2.3. 3l«} 13^ nR'Hi'ti (Meaning and Definition)

2.4. fg<ci sftr h^Ri (Double Party and Many Party System)

2.5. (Single Party System)

2.6. '^riH.&ra % (Merits and Demerits of Party-system)

2.7. ’TOT % ^ (Indian Political Parties)

2.8. (Summary)• 3T«TO-'5T?=T (Exercise Questions)

2.1. ■3^7?T (Objectives)

^ 3t%TOT 3tT^ tN-flrdcl) ^ gn ’TItTO, 31?} Trg •qft’TI^TT ^ ^trg ^ gn ’l) STWTOT

• 'tMdird* ^ 3t8f ^Tft’TOT ^ ^ IITO ^1• sfk 3TOTg ^1• ^ 3TtWT ^1

• ’TOT % TT^TgH^ ^ SIWT^

2.2. mR^<^ (Introduction)

?n^-?Tvnpft ^ tjcjs iTfx^ny’t Rls'lqai ^?rjT^^t1%3) TOTT t?)T f I d'lcbd?l^ xidod 3ff? PlHfi'i Tf vi-icm Pl''ilii4> TOT 11 vnini

^ ^ dcilel ^ ^ cF>T^ f I cTT^ sfT?^ ^ TOlt ^ *l5Tt| ^ fc)gzr IT? ^tcf) fcTT^T t-’'TOT 3iR)cfl4 f I c!^ ’ff vj^ flHT ^ "^T^ 11 ^ 7IF TRMcT^ f&T5JT t y Id Pi f?Tcj7 lull’d-1 >3^ d^Pdi 11 ^ TOcfT^aff ^ 3TcZTcIWT?TTf^ 3fR cZfcRen vacH*-! f, TOT c|T5 ^MisTff 'icM'-t «R^ f^ ^ ^^0 TOT tn ^ TO^ ef \" 3T^: cftTOT^ ^ tiH’d 'd'dio-i ^ '>;ivji-iHrl'^> TOff TO fcT^ TOTO ^ I ^?ff '<l'Ji'ilPlcf> TOTT To to4 ciWd^lrd^f '^?ft ^ yIvrldllei'll TOTt ^cTOlf ^ Ptto 11 3tPTTOITOTT^ ^ tT tjgs TTrofrf^ tot t 3ff? TO ’TOT ^ TOTTW

TO TOTT?

«

148 r*i^in

^ -wilci^d cp? ^ I sn^Plai ';i'Ji’^lfcl?ii’B< ^ ^ 3T^ I^cgid ^ fc|5,^■•fR-y'J|lcfl ’ft '5'<i‘f> ’JFT îfcki ’<l'il'flfrlch ^ ?tc?f 11

^MiHhfi ?fT

2.3. 3T?f hR^hiÎ (Meaning and Definition)

'{|'j|'^)Rl'<t>—’il'Jl'flfcl't’ ^ HtU: 'ii'lR<r)'l ^ t ^ ^ '■iM'^fcIqj^<^l4 ^ W7 ^ <Pt4 ^ 3it7 ’IrRH ^ ?iRkl cfH U4(Vl cf>^ ■?R«PR Pl4Ria ^^'Tl atk ■?I’TH ’frf^ ^ cpiylfâ ‘R’TT tjieci f I cDuTqj ^ ^-''>;ivi'illricn 'ti'ifâ 'diîRwl ^ ^ «f>e^ § ^ elcfic ijcr §cb7^ ^ ^ ^ ifctxjR <iitJvjiPi<h ^ ^ f 3^ ^ TR5 -dHM ctft ^ feR ‘latSM ‘ift ?iRklcR cRc^ ’fRcpR T? 3TTi?Rrir vjRRT f I" Rici«>(§'«: 3?k ^<Pl5q’< % ’ft '<i'^4lfa«n ^cfr ^ ^ ^ ^ I ^ ^ 3T^^-'‘7Rnfff^ ^ cqfcRPdt cf>r

gM t armr? m ’FPft<«’<li xfTBcTT 11" 'iM'ft

^ RItTT t ftf> TR) îvA-iHacR gel ^ T^RT ^ 'SfKfit g?! atlai^dcpdlitcfl t ; (l) #ra^, (2) -HR'RJ Ritgi’a, (3) ’<ivji'i1frl4> ’TfRT ^TTO ^5^ W (4) ?ii[rl'j.4 ^R^ft «pr 5raW, 31^ (5) ftcff cj?i cj^t tort i fticRR ^ t TRHtl^

^ I 7j^ cf5l H8?J ^cgFcia FtrTT f 3ft? ^ &’^Rjd ^'TRt gM ’ft 3R^ ^t?jft cRt ^fTO cf>?^ epT aiji’fl <Ji?^ f I ??l^ fcRftcT ylvn-flf^cf t^cfei i^lifct^'4 3fr? cfeiRw) vshi^j'ISHT ^ ViRd TTRT cpvHi -algct f ajt? viicbi vJ^fH ?f^ ?T^ ^ f^rft cf?l cnîi FtrTT

^ ^ yfr 3R^ H«jm?R?tI d6*in ^ §, '<i'^y ^ 3Tpf^[f^'TR’TTTOff ^ tIF

t\

2.4. Is«tw M«a(ri sffr Htfilfn (Double Party and Many Party System)

î gf ^ ^ 3Tf^Ql<d 3ft? isigqcH F^gfrRt gF SrPtirra-fcP^ ’ft'dlcbd^l?*!^' ?TR]'<l’Jl*lHrm’ gc! ^ ?R)^ 11 ^ ^ f, tgReft?! M.Slcl Ftcft 3ft? ^TFI ^^ ^ f^ qgticn H<gfn Ft^ ^ I IB'S el 'h.sRi ^ ^ 3?af ^ ^ ^ ^'ii'jf'Tlfrlch |?r^ 3lf&c|5 I F?R^ ’Tclog c^cjR 57^ t, fcf> ^ ^ 5^ ?W ^'Il'Ji'flfciw gH ^ f I trfB’ 3ft? TFupflf^ get Ft^ ’ft f, eft viicpi FFW gT y’TTg

Ft^ 1 ^'ef"« 3ft? 3l*fR«bn FtgfB v3ciie?'J| 11 S'^^ts Tf ^ 3)^<;iy get

aft? wfftg) gel H^tii ^ aft? ft?T gft ?ftj4 ?|gFftfBg’ gfBRtfB g^ ^ ^r? Rrft? |t |ft 3T^gT? g^ aft? vJgT? get ^?57 | F’efe ft Stsjg 1cRg M^riid 4Tfftg> gel gft

'3'dfrl I ??f^ gF gg ^ eFTT SJT fftt gft fBgcftg Mtsfci g^ ^ vjTTgftl, g^ gH gft 'i’gRi ^ ?TTS7 ftt ?rT8T vJgR g^ gft 3TggfB ft 5^ gg gft fft?lgf? Rttg ^ fftgT i Stftfftgg ft ftt ?TftgT’g ?rafttfftg5 get RgRetgtg get 3ft? •sftlspl^^ g^ ft I

IB<4cl g^fcl ^ ’pg—(Btlel ^ Ttgsfgft gg tag'll ft fftt ?T?Tfttg ?rT?R gft 'tl4>eiai ^ gF tjg) 3gg?gg? ?lft ft 1 IB >5 el gft ?Tgft g^ fftftgTTr gF ft Rt F?tft ?r?w? aftftgt ^gg Rg? ?Fftt ft i fS^l'lH'Sel # gfet t3TT?gTftt ?F?TT ft I IBcSel ft ftftt? ?T^tg ?ftggt ^ 3Tg?T?

- gft ^ftFgt? ?T^3g ?T?gg?t eft fftgftg gft gf) eigcei .4<gia gft ggt StlftR RlftgftT ft, gfft 3TTg?gg>gT gftt fttftf I

\

2.5. i(«hdcdl*i Mogld (Single Party System)

tJgRcffg ?ll'H'l gg W'Wg—gF fftfftgTg ft tftt eftgftMrggt ?rT?R eftt nwêiiai ^ feig Tigrftrfrt^ geft ^ arRgR argRFrft ft i arfftgrggtgfg ^ ?igft gftt.gFgR gF ft fft’ arf&grg^

^ JggTcT 149

ariipTT cTT^ ^ 'rt'15’^1 W ^ ^ 31^7 tpqci 3T^^TRst^ <fv7^ ciT^ cf^ ^ oflfcia xiaai ^ I

<l'JI'fl/(T'71 TCT

l^4>cjcîj 1^41 fr] gn yST*T f&^cj-^ c^ H?Tjiq g3TT STTI ^ sff?«fT^ §Co?t, 'Jl4'?l aft? 3F?J tliuiqi^l ZIT 45lRi>!C ^ F^ ^FTTeft ^ STT^TFIT STT I '<<pqcflq

. ^ MtSlrl SllvicpCT ^ tiqlftlcpi^qicjl yi'jq'l g?I u^<a fcl^^qcii ^ I H<gfa ^ 3T^ 7TRH ^ §lTcIfl ^ fTSTT ^ ^Tcff t afr? '?cf «PT ?rFFR FRRfcR ^ 'tt'IO'i

FtrTT 11 'Z'vFT ^ 'IIF 'MiKjqr^l '5^, ^441 ^ ‘^TT^ ^ sft? gccll 4 Wilf^l'K; ^ I ttlK^qiRql W ^ HUiicil ^ ^ CJ751I an f% fclf4'^ TKipflfcI^ 'FRKjT ^ cpfnrT 1%cff

yfriPiftim cp^ ^ 1 cpf—ti't(4 n>T aTF ^ ^tut ^ 3fR cpf Ri^'i ^ bin’ll^ ^ ^ yTT^ § ^ >:i'jf'ilfri<r Fn f^ci)

11 Wcf:, n# Rf4H ^ 3liq?qcf)Cli Icp*i?i: nr^ sfr?

^ tt^, cl#

nn wfciPiftICCI Cp^ 'Mcpdl4ff^ ^ ’WiwiciicJl ^ cPT ■F#Fn# Pi4->''i an, §cc4l 3ff^ ui441

tpiffRS zpT ’iyf,1?^ arri 5n ^ ^[35 ?#zi ^rran-n^'nl^ ^r f&^-widÂi m ar^ ■^zm vjiiai an alW nudi cpqci n# IcrnR aiW nF ^ «nazi Ichdi \Jiiai an ^ ’nTuîcj^ ^ ^ asT^ ^ I kjcbi^cflii ^ t?ff Pidftfd ^ ,a^ afk 7?4t yrni^’dTlI^C 5NT. nHpl'JfJl'd ^1

effapcrarncp ^Tff ^ yc^ch '^mÎItIcp ?ct n?[ ajF ^ fcR ^ am#n^ arl&n’ ^ arl^fcp cpmr •aiga ^ i 5'ticp arfaTnTOapnr^ 4ail ^ yMnifncp ncT am#

#t 'Fffftn f 5^ ^ cpiw f-(i) f^ ^nn d>#i! 3f^?ll'<il eFTT ygini 11 (2) 'Jl'ioi # tll*l4 ^ ^TWR Ichdl ^ -rtwai t ^ ^ FT^Fd cnqin cil'll Fd# IÎ^cc - ‘jui'l # cPiv^l # cpTHn W 'FRPrlT ^1(a) ^ -ndFddl diRcilRcn 'FFT^ yTT# t afR n? >3#^ c3t# ^ ## t,fyPF# ^ a# fcJ#^ #t # I

aTf&HIdcPdlcfl ^TTf -<1^141 irlVI F# # 'ndtd'l # 'n? an?!! c# yll# ^ ^ ^^ ^TTyfi ^ afR w^rar# ^ ## #

ftîd'd ^ t 1# an# #n3^f # an^ n? # fimaf âmm ^ cdi*# # f^n? y<â \ f^ ^ncnai an# -wd'-wj'!' a# ^tf '^w

'V5'<»ii #nT I F^ # #TTaff ^ an# <# ''jyf nn# n5t bid'll ## % \ anr; %n? ^ # aidiw4ld cf#f #t #cplc# # f an ?r5# “4 ^ (Party Purges)

f I Fn FyT#f-efTast czrf^T#f 3Tf#nfn CPT rci<aivi ap^ #CT # ans ^3cTK#an yTTcn 11

#tcpc#nncp # fcTdl# arfaJnRnpnr# # '<i'ji4'iRiv> # vi’w an# '4Piv) T#3n# f I ■=TTuf[ ^ kjcii^c nr^ ai# ‘H-cimI, nn#r5^ #1efRpn afR3fr.#.3TR.F. aik diâjdi^l î ^ nr^ w art.yft.zj, «# ^Fm<ra #f#n dddn ^ i is #n^# an# aj-fckt# nsT apr ajk ##ap ?rf^ ^ ?mFR a# ^ i

ajap ’5^# ^ yiyi41[ad> F#t a^ 4cn an# arânFarf ai?[ Rcoi din,' '<494 a^ fkaj ’•naHTdnap anfikf ajk ■nnkt# apr an^ro |f i Fan^ 'ffm # 'fttsj ^ ?imi a^nFrapj# n^ cpqd ciiRki# a# R^Rhi ap^ f Riiicp) vcido knar 3Tk#*n pi41 ^ |

2.6. <^<HM«fi(H % Tpr-"^ (Merits and Demerits of Party-system)

ddMi^# # ^-7Taj#t#ap a^ Rlfcld frPan-apcTnTf a^ ap# # zr? ^ 1# yfciPlitJ#îi’di a# 4<cpciai # fkaj am#?# ^ | a^ ?T#t # "dci'ici 4# ak, ni^ d'i’4 ’ra# #,an 'tdd'd ?ii'(ii # 'jsjap n# f#zn am mapm r

(i) viR vJTPjf^—my#f1%ap ar# # aink fft cTR ai? t ^ ammi mvj#i#ap anpj# cT# f aj# nFwyjf mnmTn#ap mnwaff ^ aiarnn 'aaa^ f i mnTpaman yM## a^ n#t

150 fi'tiillhrnt^ ^ Riîft

1. W 3T?f ^ (pinay.!

I

■ ;•'.

2. tngfir tj;^ tTisrfrr ^ ^nh <*>1f^ni

finilRi^rnri ^ fh-sin 151

’77 ^jRcTT ^ f&WR 3^^7 3T7T^ ^ f I ’<i'Jt'illri<r ^ fcRRf ^3ff7 TTFTjTT^T cTT^ f I 'ii'iR^"] ^ W^FT ^ 'dR<a TFFm eTT^ ^FT ^ TTvjpfll^

^ ^ ^ I '<M4llrlcfi ^ ^flfrRlt ^^78^^ 57^7 f 3ft7 vjRrTT ^ *êi|clH■<l'J1'?lfocp fên ^ f I TPft 7M*flfrR5 ^ Plqjifc^ ^ 3TTI% fcTir g5t f |RlRl*^ TFT^fffcT^ ^ 0|4h5*i'I 3ff7 Ri<sicil ^ ^ ct7l45l ?t?TT $'dle1'^ Piqtqcpl^ 71? ^ \HTrfT ^ ^ Tpfl ■<i'Ji'i'i[acf) Ritsm'l 3^ cPT^jRff cf? ^cFTFTTP31SZRn sfk ft?7 ftra Miui'ilfrlcp <<cT 7^ Ri«sici 3^t7 qj|4sp*i Tpt 77«J^ ar^JT 7F^, vS^ 3?pTT TO ) §77 nfshill vji'ia] ^ 3TR 'ii'Ji’ilIrIcS Pci'll ej? Tf77T7 ?t?TT § ^ dlcn'cT^ 7^ TTTFTcTT7^ 3fp|c|l4 tl

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/ ■

(I'ntllhfiit^ ^ fiiîn 153

^ ^ >d>Mcp| cfK-fciqi<; f SfR 5^ WR '^T^tir ERT cTSTT '^WI <PTEast ^ f[ arÊzra ^ 11 -

(6) q«M<6[cl "4 ^ Ej^vRI^—UTR '5d‘H<sfci ^ ^raf El?t f.% 3Tl?rcfif9i -î f 3ft^ ^TRrifvfEP cT '<i'Ji'^frlcj5 E^tcR Tj ^*i'WT^ ER^ f I 't;'7m<slri e^ 'sW? epJ ^ er et? fÊjy ^ ^m-iUcicp

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fctxTR ER

ERlft EJEIrT OTcflEHT ^ EREfff '^T^fT^ ^ (AfchH yi'Jl'Tlfricri sfr? timifyicp f&cfRT ci^t+iM ■R EM’TiRicp cTeff ER vd«jd^ ^ ^fRET t ?r OllP'lltJ | ^MMlRlcp E^ ER ■^Sliq

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• ER '^■ff cd^fzff c^ ^rarf EffT Xflfltj, Ejff E?f^ RÊIFfr ^ sftE ETR ^ ^Ciar4\ (3} EJRcTT ■gf^faTET fan ^ ERT^feTER EREEITSTf ^ ElftfR Eif^ (4) e(g*ici sfR STeERcT ^ ET^RET^ vHfT fEp ^ ETE^ ER)-'^^ E|?t fVyiSTf ER Hl<71”1 E>R sfR (S) EjanERf WJIIcllEf5t ETTrEn-ff l^r ERE? I

EJfTfEEfl E^ ElÊi ^ ^ f^—IJI‘ICIH'1 t I '’<;c1H<sR| ^ 2Hlcl|x)cf)i ER EfffT ^ SlI'Ji'ExH

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Ef^ sIMI'dR ^ EZjfcffETf ^ fTsff E^ Ejft SJRlch EREEIT EJE EEHEIEp ET^RjEaTTERT

\ .

\

2.7. ^?TT?T % fj'fliliaeb (Indian Political Parties)

SU’vjj’fcJl Ei^ nRf î ERT^fffrrEfj gR ffÊR 4^Hd er^ 8JT I fET ^ <1^ EaTTERT 1885 E!.3ff. fjf fREf) P)(^T1 ERitalERff E^ JRRt ^ af[ | EfEn fET-^ «[?[ Eftf^

■^^TEETT^t aft 3fR ff nEETTcff, cFEIrfcZff ER yloPlfScq WfcTT ETT I

■ EREJ ETTar fiÊR q?Mci ER^ ER TRTcI 5^cTT fEn I fstfef ERERE ^ cr'O'W E^ •Igdl R ETEnfcTf ET^Rj srifR^f ER TRTET ERT ER^ c^ vifl'l 1906 ^ ■gfeR cfrn E[?t EajTEHT Ef?| | Tjf^cR e?R Efit nlrffjRlTEERR EI^ Ê^l E-arORT ft I

1915 ■^fSPT 3TnitcR Tj STERT EREITTrf 3TRtfR Ef?t ERlf^ E^ 'itaSl Eift REcT ETTERT ^ 1920 fra^ erêT eje 3?Enfl 3ffT E8j)l4n ^ E^) 'cJqiE g>iil'4l '^rfl giiilti ^ ETTfE

f^lEIRI TfTI 3ffE vi-flA EJ^REJI^ Era ER TJ^ [<h4)l I

SRIfETR 3Trar?R E^ nHfl Ejfl ^ ^ g^r irg; E^ ’tfERan I ERER zif 3TRErRR EJ?T gfi ^ TfER #? 1923 ^ frlclEdH ^ faTT ffE^ldld

^ EpfÊT E^ lâraft Elfif ij EERRi ^ El5t EajiMii E|?[ j EERTEjIcfTfÊff ^ fciyM^-Sdl 'dcvi<9’?l<5 gjTE} f^rar < 1926 ^ ffrgf ^ EgERran ^ JeT^ -rtwjcini Plo?) WJR? gff er

^ nT?f[ ^ frail 3T! wiETEERE nicEnfET ^ ffeR E(?f Elfctf «4if41 nt I 1940 ^ ^-l fsRT^ Rl>SlEl

E^ 3TraR TE EnlÊfR <}?! tfiTr ^fET g^ I 15 3REf, 1947 Efil g>I fcRRR ^ W 3fR REcT fan mfcbEfiM ^ EEiEra ehÎ Ei?r EanERi ft i

3ti^ni4l Ep grg rrnj: 20 ei4 Erg? er^ itteet er w^<a -EM^lfclg’ ^ EfT cran" ■ 3^ Enraf ij g5r^ e)?i eeeer^ «R4t Ett 1

f^dl4 ER STTEEnEREEJERf

154 TPsrUfnTW^ %

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r"

X

kf'

1

2. *nTfT <i*«41Ifiei) '35T

T

It

\

7npTlf?l7n^ ^ /«iS<n 155

«

1967 7RT ^ ■JRTTI triO-ti 7^ 3t^ c)?t ^TTT cTSJT^ ^cTT ^TTT^, -ilclH Mlf^cl, TFTPTO^ ?T?JT pi\jif^'i'î 3nf^ 1

fTT sit^ î '<1‘1Mqi4'l, <ll*^c||4l 3fk 5JT^%55 cf^ TfTl ^STT I 1977 ^ 3llHifl-R^(a^ efR clWti*lT ^ ^ ^-'fii*<<qi4't fcRt^Jf ^ OT I^ ^ cRlOn (-d'lcf-l), ijRfra ’TRTftTI cl'lai<;d 3fR ^FRRIcIT^ ^ 1 yR?TTt^Rfq f^, f^Tfic^ %T ^JTR^lcR 'TPT s)’l

1989 ^ efrcp^TR 7^ ^'iiq ^ I ^RcTT ^ 3Tra ^cTT, MI'Jtl êff clanncfR^t sRi'in^n^ ■?cff ^ nm f^RiT i •^nicj'l' •^cjcci (an^)Tgo ■^nrarf ^ amm ■?eT wl-s«n'< îdi ^ nnnp iTTn 'RI rt f^*il“i fcRnr an f^nFi^ vjiiai TT^ elWci^ (^). ci'iw<;<7i (^f.) clan ait^ ^ ?nf^ nrj ^ | cniil'î fciTtaft fciPTR

^ HR cf)i f^Rpf %nT 6ig>ji»i ^Hi^ji R^, n>R^ fiefTR, ^fcki ntnf, ^^Mci

gf^n ^T (t^), ^cFJ,^Rn cni'il'd sfsun T?R, 3TTeT HMif^c^-STi^cl

■^'fcT <f>f^—nR, fîf^FRn RTTR mR’^'^, mfW+c Rtanl^^Rn, nFRT^nr^ ntnnR R^, ftrcR^. arfecT ■nRcfrn n^ranT, ^.n.ci.R. i

1989 7^ RciIxjh nR^FTt ^ n? ^ w r^ rt wn ^ RTsff îRt7 an I 73tk np?cT cr RTfift ^ Rnrit nan nRcfrn R'lai R^ ^ arl^lR âjm rr ^ i?R R? ?T>R7-r>Tr ^ 24 ^ iffcbT an vif9 ncTRR ^ fcb'rtl XJR RcT ^ R7R 6(g*ia RR gaTT | ^t.ifl.f^ % nRcffR TjRcTT R^f cTan n[nqafi -êff 7^ ■nîlVl ^ aT^RTRR RT f&RT I

7^ 1991 ^ ■?R^1 nf[RRnT 7^ 3TR •^'119 ^ I '^'licfl ^1 TFif^R c|^ R«f^ \RTR f^ 1 R? nTR?ra Rnm R^f aft aft^ Tft^ rt \niai rr i r7Rt?Rci

• 5ft anjR^ ft RfftR ft annft wtrtv uft i996 rfR Wcftin^ 1996 ft RRlft! oftRTPTT eft feR aTR ^ i ?n i^nci'l ft RlîfwRaci R^tn 5cft

ft nrn fftraT-(i) arfeei nRcftn 5f^ Rfftn (fricrrft), (2) nRcftn rrctt r€1, (3) nRcftn viftR Tfn^jfftm Rftf, (4) nreftn Tpi^fft^ Rftf (nrftRcnftt), (5) RRfra R^ftii RfftR, (e) vRctt(7) 'Jl'lfll Rftt afR (s) TRcTT Rft^ I ft 30 RRJ «i<iq 55ft ft nFT foinT 1 S'icft RRIRIJR ftt êpe-n^ aiR Rjftq^ 5?ft ^ R*>ft55R ^|R5 ^ 3T7sfT^ ft RcTft) RRFcft cftRRRT êl 18 nfttft Reft I 7RT ft eftn RRPRf 7PT RTR-fftn^R ftasT I amR fft^rft ftTRftftf 7ft ftêtr ft nftt nRcfra \Jiiai Rftf eft RRTnR tftnft 13 fftn 1 ^Reft rr rrsi: ^rn.^. ^q'l'l-si afft ^RgnR ■yjRTcT 7ft ft^cR ft ftftft-v^cft R^nnft «pft I ftfftTR ftftft 5R RtftR Râftf RNR RHTR 55 TRTpRf Tfn RR ^ nRT I , .

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ti• I

■JTR^ c^ ^ ^ ■^joTT^ t 1 ■^^ft «5^ aioR^ ti'lO'l ^ cil*d^f'^t<?l'T^ § I tlîy ^ 'T^ ?t^ I ^cft ^ ^ vJIFT«Plft 'T^ ^ I ^ aj^kl-O^fSaf I inti^ ^ 3i%cT ^ ^ an smicr 11 ' I

'I

2.8. ^kjVi (Summary)

^ -tqwH artr înJ—wWci-jiirîcf) '<i'ji'?lRicp ?efr cPT 11 eilcpn-s) ^ 'fl'io'i aft? PihIî ^

?fl<i'i-y'j|icfl ?5t fcislqfli>d'1V)l ITPT ??rTT 11

yivjl'fllacf ^ W7: -fi'ifSa ii'iRcp) cf>T ^?TT ^ ^ '<i\rr^la«5 ?ii’I cpT^? 1 cWq ^racji'l ^ ?ipKi y^ ^T?T ?RcItR i|? Plii-5|u| fSlff^TcT aft? ?tlHlf^4>

f^ci ^ f^V ani^ <k1<Iw>h yft cpy'ii § I ^;nji'ilfricp êT 3tt ?tRT PlHloiRsId cff^Cj5t 3trq?4ia)di t-(l) ■«'‘lOM, (2) firaT??IT?T, (3) ?M^f^cb y>?^ tRl c1K3, (a)vjtmff yytrr, aft? (5) ?t^ fircff yfr arf^r^ yy yym 1

^ ’<i'ji'fllcl<n qdnH MRR3<(nq'l ^«RTTJ ?^3^ f, yfatTJTtfsJt 11 ?lv;f^trlch yeft P|Jlfo| cBT

3n?iT? anfSfe gtcn # 1 'ht?cT ^ ?TpyyTftRR anyr? y? ift ar^ ycff yy ftyW ân 11 >:iui'fl(ciq) ;r?yt y? aryyr ?Tr%fa ^yR cr^ ^ 1 alt? uRmi ^yR^ f I ft cil«h*in y^ f^rf^tcT, aft? ?fy1%cT yR^ f, t^ratcrff ff ypT ^ 11 ?T?yy?

yy Pl*il'î ijj?^ ^ aft? fctygr y?t ^jf^yy Pi*iir1 ^ 1 ?njr^ttfcTy5 y^ yy yy? yyy ftJîTT’TgcT ^ f^qf^Tci ?Ty?yf ffty TTyRTT aft? arg^rnry yyry ??gyT 11 ft ?Ryy? cct yprm ^ 4ty ?fyy5-?jy ?n^ ??3^ ti

■f. qiyq‘4t aft? ^yRyryft yyf yy ?yf

y?TyyyyR

ari^JyTyy’yT^ ^ '<iaiTlfa«p yeff yy yy?f cftyKfyryiyj ^?it ?Tyf^ttffty) ycff yyyf ftcH % I y^ yy? ^ mm-TiIcicr ^ gtyr t aft?

'Ji'icif yy ?ry2fy v^dHi 1

y^ aft? y^y^ y^-f^ ^ if ^ y?? ^ f, y^' ^ t afr?ynT yfcT ^ ^ t, y?f ygy^ ysl^ ?t^ 11 aft? ary^tyy flyyT yyf^ ^^ 1 ^ ?Tyrttf^ y?ity^ aft? 4*iW(^y5 ^ f I

?n?R y5t 'M4)cini ^ t^yyi yiyfci any^yyi ■! 1 ??? y^ffr if ?f?yy? arf^ ^ aft? ??cft f I f^qci ^ arcRfy f%?tsft yyf '•ft y^ ?i[cki?iicfl ^?it |t 1

%y^ y-st^ yy yyi y? t fts ci? yfyy y^ ■^gfe yR^ ■! i fgtyci yigl^ ^ yty ^ y^ycT M^fri ■yy f [ Trai?)? yyr ^ T^tOTyrft ^ yy yy y^ 7??y 1 y^y??

ii ?i^yy ?Ryy^ yy f^yfy gtcrr ^ 1 ??{^ RPi'^ y^ ^ra yry^M yft yy^ % 1 ygcjei Îct yty yfy yifr? f 1 ^yif yîtecft yy aft? q^ry yr^-yfe^ Ftyr

^ I -tiTiitna yyr f^fit-'pRfy yy yft^ '■^PiRya yyitspy «jacTT ^ y^ yR ^yi.at i ygyy? M<sP yefyy at^?rT?fy y^ y^ yR f aft? yryrftf^ yyy^ rwr ?-it^yTyft yft ytryri%?T yRcfi 11

yiri ^ft Ft ?T?cpR ^ fâîyy

yyT??ya)M? Pf4? t i aryfiyy if ?#yFy ?Tyyfi%yT y ei Pqf^ryRT

?^ycfty y^l^—•jyiycfty q<gtn yy yyy yajy f^yy ^ q^yry ?-iitycji41 aft? qyl^Ry ^ sccfl rrsn yraft ypHt if ârr sy 1 f?i q<gp if yp ?T3ft if cppa Btdt 11 ?RI if y? yH ?iiKicjr41 ey, ^cft if qyf^TFe yH aft? ynHt if yraff yyt 1 ^jyjy^ty yyicff if f^yT?-?yTcf5j q? af^^ ??^ yyctr f! aRcn yft ^yc? y^ Pdi? afr? yy ??3^ ^ f yft ?rnT?^ yra^ f aft? ?T>ff y’^'ftyyR ?itiT'sis yyf yT?r yryyry yy^ f I 5?r h«sP if yranttf^ yyft ^ ?Ty?yt y?t artsy ytt afyft 11 yy> y??

sifchi 'ii>ji'i'ip«yXlltl'l

<.i'îllrnfii^=i ^ Ri-5'^ 157

^ t?fi ^ ^ qra -H'la-i ^ f i ^ wr ararep^rafR^ 9^ 9c=f ^ P)«n)ci^ ?F^ f! 5^ ul^<ji ^ gvni'cl-cii'al 5ft^ ^ ^TTS \JHR viTr^

f\■5H tPT *J_pyi'4>H—9H q^lcl # ■J'JT f-(l) '<i\fl'flfo«n ^ yi'iai ^ vflMjfa

cTT^ f aft^ ^-’di*ii(ticp 't1♦1'^«l>J^f ^ araro «NicI § i (2) ^ PiciItimI 95t '^'1*1 957 ^9H 9 ?ft Pcif«("i( ^ vjîiqaK «r^ «rfr ^

fc|P'-i af’ff ^ 'ri^ci'i ^ WFRT 9>^ ^ I95t 9>^ fcT^Rfl PiRl^f ^txJ fcl*iilâ ^

9>r f^rara^T 9R tdt 11 {3}

^ §i (4) yiMf^lIrlcn 9^

^ ^ .f-(i) t ypTcTIf t {2) ’il'Ji’^lRlcr) 9^ 9<g'f^ Yiyf^lRicp qiaK"i99 ^dT % I 9? îWf 99 9T^ «pl^-gn?| Si^Ria 99^5^ 99 ’ft 9>^^ 11 (4)9H 3T9% 'dfl'm'l 95t ^9ciciCT 9^ STTOra 9>7^^ (6) 9^ M<gP ^99 3T9c9U gtcn § |

Iira'i

9^90 ?lm9 vinai

^c^'Pcoi ^ 97 y'l'tiq; 99 fc!77997 f^HJI vnidl ■$ I (s) ■<i'ji41fclcpftyHU'-ddt 9?f 9l1^

t;ci*m siiti'i

anzjT^T-ir?^ (Exercise Questions)

1. 7T9nf)i^ 9^ ^ ^ aTPnro 9f^>997 7?1|?? 7W2. fS<Jd 9^fc[ 3ff7 9^9el H<gP ^ 3TrR 79^ 95)1^ I3. I'cfJQcTlq H<sP 99T t? 79^ cf5)f^ (

4. 9^ 9^.c^ cBT fcT^Tm 9?rftiq I

5. 9^ 9<gfc1 ^ ^*97 9>f q'l'Jldfarf 9^ PtRav I

□QQ

■',

158 ^ .fi?S7(f

3TS!ira

(Pressure Groups)

(Lesson>structure)

3.1. "3^?^ (Objectives')

3.2. (Introduction)3.3. ^ (Definition of Pressure Group)

3.4. (Cause of Rising Pressure Group)3.5. ^ Iqitl'âik, (Characteristics of Pressure Group)3.6. % ilW (Types ef Pressure Group)3.7. % ^)F} (Works of Pressure Group)3-8. ^njF % ■5''! (Merits of Pressure Group)3.9. ^ (Demerits of Pressure Group)

3.10. «raPff«)cq % Rhîa (Principle of Representation Groups)

3.11. ^tiriST (Summary) .

• (E.vercise Ouesiions)

3.1. (Objectives)

Wfi ■smjnri• ^ ■’33' ^ 37tzm• % «<«i<

• % grpi artr ttnî• ggra % feswT g?T giî

ajk r«i^liHdi3Tf 3mci #11

3.2. k||f^<4 (Introduction)

3^13 chi5^ ^ c[?f 1^^TtpT ^ ^THifcia epT^ g?r 8THfn cn^ gj) cp?t Tj cT^TtJ tn^ Wfi ■§ 1 §ntOt 31tm 3fcR SlRfloy "11 STT^ '<i'ji'i'ilciq> Riâici, cm Jm*i, \3i?<y f I foT^T^ TT^cZTpJt 'rtnod ’jpicni fâlg gf IafiT g?t tmifcpr cA 3t^ ?rf^ tjej ar^ ^ % \

cf?[ sffTTRwRtrrTcIT I yrcicp >;i'JiAifacp sjeftFSn

^ Ftiîd 159

^ f I cp^ ^ ^ «jn, 3TTRJc(5, 'Miîif^cp, ^ ^ Pi'<n': î4'<n

f I ^ 5IcÎ2T ^ ;yyr?JeT 'JR ^ '(I'Jl'llRicn cijcIWT ^ ^ wRki-y'l' ^HTlfctcI cR^<i''ioiic>icp acfr^ ^ ^ «PfT vRctt f 1

?37?

yM-ilfacp ■^cfr ^ -fi'ilcin ^ ^ f 1 'ZI? cpifr ■‘ft f I 7T^^ ^FRTJjT3Tf aft? fM ^ fi '^fisn ^?7«rer ^ 11 ^sttct ^tpj? ■■iM41Ri<*) ^ ^

^ tlR ■Jfr aiRTT ■??T 115r?TRld5^Tcf?I J^'-ycHi ^ ■^T^f 3T^ 'dMdH ?Tlf^ ^ f | 3Tra -d'ldH, '•RT^

affcT slî -ti'io^, cn4'm'<l 'M'<id"'i, sTcrc^ ^ ^yfrf^RT^ 'M'lO'i anf^trafcj^ ftcT ■?np '4t cP?T vRcTT % I 3TpjR>H ^HTRTfRT ^ f I RF

cBT f&RJ «RT |3n 11

3.3. <5Slid Tcnj^ TTfr^rrar (Dermition of Pressure Group)

^ 4) t-§+1^41 mRmri f%i=r nîR1. H(§H^ <flix! ?T^ "<j^|cj ^ ciidTi} yîmPicp ^ «tT?7 3R4t ?twl ^

^H|c|, fcff& f^wW, att^ ^Kcpi-?! 4tj% ^^'-ifSa ^ f ÔTlfcRT cR^ f^'<ay ^ f 1

y?T.■1

2. 'Îc^ ^TRPTT ^ ¥T^1 "?ii'H'i tR 3ff?JcpR vPTT^ cpT y<4i'T ^ ^ c[?JT cprat ^ OTTfcTcT cR^ cf5l TORT «R?n t cj? ÎRI ’Fnjj cp^dldl 11"afR yîi-fi

3. TJ. ^ ?[«<) ^'—"qqio âRTef ^ RTdRflfcRP '^‘lO'i ^ ^ cfRP

MRT ^RcTT 11"4^ ct?4t ift 5TTTf^ cR4 ^4. TJxI. y) *^ ?l65^ ^'—"qVTcl ^nj? 'H'lfSa ^ aw4 ^

R?) ^ 4t ^ycpi^l Pl'jfiJ ^ cR^ ^ WfcT T»aal ^ I"

5. ^f^TRT ^ ?rs5t' 4—TH]^ ^ f ^ ?TRra?ra ‘licifcl[fc|ill' gRT ^ 1«HT

^ '<M4l(acp ’^Rqdi ?TT^ ^ y^tdi ^ afR ^ ^TRJ 'ji*Tlfrl«r> ^ ^ H ^ 1“

6. uft. ^5^ ^ ?|6t;) ^'—' qqiq "UJ ^ |f Rnti^ ^THRI

gtRJ cTT^ cijfchrl^'l &RT îdylf^’cT) HlHel'l ^ cpiJqiel ^ ^mRIS ^R^'cpI yiiol f^xJi yTTcTT I ^ ^ ?? wrrfyTcfiRiTjf ^ ailyîR^n ^ ^trrt ’R Ri4->'ji f4'ii ^ torr^Ri tj4

?K?RfffrT^ yqiRjchjR'y'f ^ anW^ ^ IPTTI^ «R^ ^ y<4ri cpâi ^ I"dR) hW?■JIT 1%rf v)&(?imi 11"

7. ^ ?!«<;) 4—''^TO ^ yiyl^llrlcp ^ ^ '<i'Jl’Tlla<F<«T ^ qiO cRT cpiT afR

’j4 af<;i‘Ji'i)fcicp»:‘'i ^ 4)^ R2P aTcRcftfl tr ^ P(*iI'J| ^)''

8. ■€). as^. '9»t ^ !pim{T 4'—?i«? (Rficr ^ ^rtrt err^t^r^ ^ cr4R hpriR ■^^Rrl f yfr ^FRRTfff fâRJcp cR \jRl%rT ^f aTT^ fcI^«PT^^ aTRRW ^ cR^ '^dT afR ’7£J^7^ cR^ ^ R^’TRf 9RcTT ^ I"

?d ^ ^R'HItJia# ^ W ^ vncTT t % ltd ^ ^ 1TRRT yell'd«p1 ^ jRTrfild ^ uRcicRr cRFt w f i d? yiici-JiRicp «W f|^ ^

cp?»f) sfl RPcT ft ^ I TRjf^ 5dtPT

ti II? arr^ fidf iR iRdT

cf?) 'ilRiql afR

aiRtict) 64?ii sfrlT TBdT 11 '41 4 3T^?U ?iRkl ^ WT 4 7?IR W14 IR^t afR ^8TT ir4 IPT Rcifel lf)T4 ^^RdT 11

^ feST??160 <(»ii

l5h«4ict>cim

1. ^ "joni ff*io*! 3n% f?

/

2. ^ ?FT ^ ttI ^ uRniM't ^

\

il^ltCnfur^ ^ /W^m 161

3.4. (Cause of Rising Pressure Group)

5'i«pi 3iTiiicn ycp^ ^ gsn ^ i f i

1. artej'lPlD til 4fr 'SH'Jl—'^'Jllc|l<ri, 'H*1l'Jiqi<<l, f^rf^ 't1*1MC|l«ri c3JcRSTOTf %’ieil'i'l ^ cpTc^ ♦ii'ig ^TWTHT ^ ^PT 5njPH f&)TIT aTT | cR? SilalRw 7T*ZJ?TT ^

cr>fiNji'i'< cpf, ^ fcTHifyia 3R^-3PT^ 1%cft ^ ■^6TT ^ ^fcicnm cfRc^ ijc^cb «t5r yt^jer xrcf aniîsT ■?) ■?encr 7t<j^ ^ c|r^ cift <pt Ptnloi

-JraT I aM-3Tq^ f|:?n ^ ’78TT OTPr^ ^ t \2. ’(I'»<j1 ^ q>i<iT ^ TrfcRftcrar cltf’TR ^ cpT ^ § I f^Tf^ ^FHT ^ cpRff

?«rTcr vsc^r^ cPt cprijt hrt \in^ 11 tpht cpr suxticp ^^ «TT^ ^ TT^ ?FTf^ ?) ’ifrl^cK^l ^ ’fftcPT ^ f)

3. «PT «l<l0l'{)«T><'^ OTT^Picp ^ «Wa-> ^^tfrRP 'T^ e)<«'! aicFFTf^yîni xlelT ^ 11 ?7Tf^ ?IRR ^ 1%rrf ^ TSTT ^ ti'ioi 3iT i^*if«i ’^tcqqf iRv) TiTjy sjj I cllchd-si git tisocial 31^ 5^ g? ?t^ ?Fft ^ i

4. ’4iwi*0ftl<t> ■g^' git 4(«tft ^ tiV'H(Pldl—3fT^f^ ^ gt qcnl<j sicTfeTT, ir^gofUiouciwiT ^ WT^tg 'TfR côiy ■?fR rigi ^TgwPtcTT 5Jr^ TTgnttfrTgi gott g^ gj? gn^ ^ IgfrarfiT 3Tg^ %rtr g1% gfiggig? §: i sr?^ %?ft cpt w^'gRrTT 11 ggjg SRignttf^ 'd'lO'i ^ 'gij gpRiT ^ ■Mtj'w'l git Î'Figi'jl gra gR ^ctt 11

5. Rigfti'i uuiiofl-aTM ■gg ij Picifq'i g^f^ iitt TTuTflf^ sigwT gg graieR^ ^ 11 ■^ntt tf g-iiql gi[ 3iRiqi4ai 11 '^'iiti'l ^ giWT ^ gjf -gicfciq gncn i

ggrg gwctt ggrg g?i vjtgf^ gg giRW

6. 'ii'Jimici ^ egg^TPft^^ angRrgi gg ij grgp^tl^ ^1friwqi(fi gg^ tf gfI gff ciiRtci liitrt'ttRt ^ cPt gg f ^ 5^ cgcRgg gig gig^r^ ?gi^ apTcRRgr^t ^rTTsit g^

nsohIti Ftctt ^ I g? ggrat Rif^ gg gg 1 gtgi% ^ fcrg ^ %ct git vjciFa i yî<jvjil^<« 1%rft git ^8TT wg 11

gte

11

3.5. «;««i«i ^4*45 Isr^t^fTT^ (Characteristics of Pressure Group)

f^^gif f^TR f&Yfggrg ggiR grrttt f i1. aif^t^d 'Hit4*it giT ggtg—ggrg sRtiftg gg toVt gi’tt ^t ^ ^rg?^ f i

gF 3i^facn, fl[ciy[Rigi ^TRRt gg ggfg ’fi gR <icf)c1 f i gF 3ig^ git ggn?!F^giT 'TF^ f I FTT^ ggifsFi F^n ^ f)^ f i gF ^ gg ariFgH. t^t^, ‘PT^ ft^^ ggifg gg ifi ggt-T gR^ ^ ggrg tpjf ^ ?iRhi î Pi-tny Ft^ ^ i

2. H!Rqtf"i?n<i ij^gg—ggjg ^ ijtgg F^r gf^gctggfigj ft^ f 1 smoi ^tgg giittg^ ^ I iTgi gtgg ^ vstgg ^ gn^ ^ 1 s'icrI ijRiwi ^ gR-gR gggitft ^Ft^t11 gyitt 'WT^ g^ tf^ f 1 Fggg gra \3t^ g^ gF^r 1i«tRft g rRF îrr ijg •Tifagt g^ ggrg ■sici^ ?f^ f afR arg^ 1%cft g^ Ri-tat gR^ ^ R^t f | i3t?g <fl4ciiicil'i 3fR 3Tggg>Tcttg '*tt ^ f 1

if

3. ’ti*ionit»iq) ^ gtftgi—ggrg Rgftg tf^ f 1 argFTTggr^ cTcg g^ grg gn^f I gfcgi x-i-ioiiRcri ?ff&F ^ ?Rg gig gg^ f | gg? g?! gfgt gil ^ f^ ^T’tt ti'io'i TRsfg ^ TF^ ^ I 3ig^ gfgt g^ gggy^ ^ Rgf&cT Ft gn^ ^ 1 5<i<g Rg^, Rgw ^ 3?g^-3Tg^ Piql? gR yigi^ f 1 gF d'lod riwr ^ gpgcTT gM 3iPiqi4cii g€f

iwan FttTT ^ I gF ITgigR ^ ’fr ?iRki«in?itd'lO'i gFfi gn?iT 11

162 <1^

4. ■^T^—?ITTR ^ <ti>ic1I ^'icl ^ I SJrilfiT 3lt7 STPcZrST STTflH TfWTeFT ^ fciTJ ■^•ii«) ^

-^^cfiii ^5^ ^ cfirra ^ jcls!lticfT ^Tpfr 11 ^ sr czmtR?TT 11 ^TF F^ yicJwji^l ^ f, F^^q amr |: i

5. tt«)iq 'fi*t^6 >*i1< TTuTftfrW 4 SfcR ^TunfrfcRP TTRT^ ’fftJTc'R ^ yfiT^ fTFWjyf f^F # I ’'!N4lRl<h ^ g?5I yjldHI, ffRT

3TTf^ 11 î ^ ymr yrrcTT 11 wr ^ ^tf^^Fy^ îfTyRjF '<i'jn1fatp oncTfSTT y?f itf^, cbiiJfRff yyiy ftcRT 11 ycps cptctt^ f, 3ii'5'icii ri?nq 11 f^t •wtimh cr^t tft Ftm t, 'of Urusr ^F^TcPT y? '»fl TryyfU^cR FtR 11 ^F f^FT-f^TR. yy^ cr^ 11

t 3fR y ^ ^ ^TWfeRT .«rW7?rFfRyRRT, gRy

f^yra

■=ite

■êrrftF*101511 yjFTWRFT

tlyiTcTT

3.6. % (Types of Pressure Group)a*IT

■yyry ■?yjF yyy? 3TcR-3FFT ti 3Tc=ft-3ToFT y^ yry yn^ 11 f&yrfi ff yR, ■yyryr yrq yy^ f 1 amfryiT, f&ty, wr ^5 Tyra ^fpjf ^ ^ 3TcR yrar

y«ny ynjF ^ ^ yy yicRry 11

1. RWFRT ftcT -^ni^-FTf rRF ^ 1%F ^F yf^ y^ yiyf?t?r yy?^ 1^ ^^ I fÂ yRyyft IcIhhiI 7?iy y^ aFfy> yyfR yyzff y^ yfyR fchiii vdidi 1:1 1%^ yyjF >o'clwi[itp ^ 1%cft yi) pyf^ yy?m ^ 1 f^ yy^, ^h-yy^ uiiîii ifr, f%cT ■yyjFy?r yr^ yryfr 11 f^ TmiFiri ^ yarr

2. 'flilri. £pf y^ xsiifciiRa t|r?T '<1*1^6—icb-oi yyf^ c^ cA ■^stt fôul^dyl'm TtncR %F yypr ^ ^y^r 11 y^, si^, y?t 3tmr yyiyr yy ■^ryKTT 11

^nf^yi %?ff y^ ^ ferq, ilôii %?y y?i ■^fiy ^ f^, rjf ‘PAt-y^ €t stR-oo^ Ai yy^ ^ 1

f«y# TT^ A? I f^tre '>^tyjToT

^ yra $icr>i FtR Iy^RT

3. STT^f^yyJ fen ^T^F—^ fl?T TPJF ^ iiR-orq ^ 3TT^ f sfR ferff cRf ijn yR^^ yjy fent cfty ^ yy^ f 1 y^ yy sttf^r 3TTfe yy ^tral'Jii

cp'<iii, FFoiell. oieiNtTl, ^jcj^'d, ^feRTT,, yiRR yy y^Ri ait^ •frtcRit y^ yyrfen y>7^ ypiyy^ yyry «mii ^ ^

fen ^*3^ yy y^rd Ffnr 114. drtyiii

3ik aiilMtiiRcn ^ ’ff yrq yrfe f 1 ^ ary^ fent y?t 'êrr fey gA?ii aryyr yfefefSRy yj^ft FF^ f I yF fejcR yfyy> ynry TOfe f 1 R^^rfey; afe anrf^yrfeR *T '>fi ■^rfey f [ F^ ^3?Ttyyfe, ijyffyfe, arfeyn y^f ^yfeiRT ^ f 1

yF aiyyR fenr^ yy ar^fen ynyyt yy ■ift yyfe «Ry^ § 1 yF cycRyfey>. c^jniRw ^ yiy^ f I yF fen ypjF nyy yr^ yr ofpr yfyfe yy ft nt?y ynry fq ^ f 1

■?ppr-^ fen RjF sferyifey; Ry ^ yrq yy^ f

3.7. <5««i«i % «hi<J (Works of Pressure Group)

yyiy 'rjf yy4 Ryy nft Ffe f 1 yyyt ^ nfeyffem yft tf^ 11 yyra rjf TTynfifeyj, aiiRIcR, ^TFifey^, ^sn, feyra, TtR^^fey’, arrfe ^ feR-Pfer yy4 yy?^ f 1 f^ n^ Fn ^ ^ yy^jnt y^ siiciiA yy yyRT yy?^ f yft fent ^ §yr ^ yff^ f I F^ n^F R3? ^ yy^ rtr y?^ f feRi^ yyî ^ yi^ynt v5r^ fent ytf iRyjy? yy 1 f^ n^ yyiron y? ft ferfepy qy ^ny^ yRfen Rqf yy yyf ft fetn? y^nr 11 fett ferfer f yyra ^ ^ feâff f yy yiyyy t-

cziRKTT 5RT yyfe yyft f feft y fefi ?rf ynrfen y^R^ fftfen yRnr?rTvR

163

1. '*Tf^ ^ 'TX'll—%cT ^SFI ^TPt vdCJ"l V>'(‘i> Î'lqiA■?ny'ff cf>i 5wt^ cpTcir gf i q[^ «fR ^ttt ^3 utt^ ^17 Pi-ây ’tr ^ ^

•wffbyclT 7^^ qTi<fl ^ I ?7?^ €rR-«n7 g'Sdlirl, 5^, ^felTfl, 3fTf^ cpT 31FTtyR uTTcTT f 1

2. ^ ^7^ TJcf f^RcR Twf^ TIJJ,? TITR/I^^n THTIvSMÎqqN'l 3R^'3r7^ Cp73f f | ^^fc| if vj**ri<;«!>; TRT^ c^ sfR ^ 1^737

73R {^q 3it7 5FT ■‘ft ^T 7f3T 11 ^ ifl 7!TI?f3 1^ yTTcH

5375 77^

tl^1 Rbiil WcTI ■! 1% cJ 3R^ 3TTtn?l TTITR cITcWTI TT^^t cjt dliciq'l eFRT^ i|

ST^T^ft TjfilTbT f^Tcjf? cP7 TRi"^ f I f&îra’Sff/TTTTRl '6'^7n 3^^^ CJ6T if 773^ cpT TOT7I <It7cTT 7?3T t j

3. TlW. '»Y3, 7n«1l^l'{ 7t 3TnrF—3R^ %cft Cf>f 7fin ^ TRcff Pl'Jd'i ^3rq TTsfcTT § I 7f? TTITR, WSimd ’-^ F^tTIT ‘t 7?3T # | VF STRSTTcBFTJ'ffR 1^3, cTiaf, ifl cp73T % I FTT^ f2J13 37101 fSa OiVdl TFcTT ^ I 7d% FTT^ ‘ft cf^ y'lfri 3^ Ftcfl t Tit 3tf^ TR ^ RTO cl5t ?T7^ ^ RITnoTTJ. if cTR cp^cp 3R^ cf^t ‘-fSTT TfTTcfl ^ I

4. F-SOhA. ■^fcnrf, f^TÊI Simluid—qqiQ Tpp: TITTR Cfft ‘ftfrRt 7^ fcTdcg g'Sdlc^ 7B73Ttfft •ftfrRTt tcT^ if ^fcRt cJiT 3TRffvJFT cpyoi f^RT

yfRT 11 ^7R TT^ e''l7ll 3T7fgR TT’J? ^ 7^ ^ ^ 7F3T f I cfF TT^R ^ ^ 3TR TT^Tfil^ Felt ycfR <fi77IT3T 7F3r 11

if 7R^ 3fPt 7^ f I TJTifr-cP^ft tTTTR

7J7F) ^TfR TPjg 7]Jp: cpt oUlHOi t ?7r^ ^ ^ MTcJI-f if STTTTPtt TFcft 11

5. 7Tur=ftfcR» tT^ ^ 3TT^f^ TTFRcIT ^3T—3TTgt%^ ^ if SPT TlfftcTRT dgr^l PRT ylld! ^ I g-dfwk; TRpflfrrai 3etf RTf SR ^ 3TT3T 3tt7 SR ^Rcft if ^3T ^ I FTRiT Tf^-TI^ 3^ 7751 RT3T f | ^'ild'l if cRWt dooi ^dld if 757ft [chill uiidl ^ I TTTJrftfrlTP dti'lMofaq'i ^ TTFstW 7^ 7I7TT ^TRf TTR^|f I ^fyldllctO) 3TTf§fch -dgiodl 7^ if 3dOi f%?ff Tfff ■g^fJld TfR^ RT TRi Tjrf^SJT 53T-

l^t\

3n^ 7^ TiR if-dgiodi

6. THTRI aft7 TRFftfvRj cIR7eTT ^ Tjf^Rjf—^TfR TPJ^ 7^ ft?ft Tht TefT^ 7^ 7^ JRTTT TpTrfl § | Tjf^ cfdft 7rJpfflrr7F> STcRSTf Sftv TRTTjf 7^ eJtTf ^gT TfSP? TfRR ^ vjfRT ^ rft cf«iiq TPpT TPRJTRT^ ‘jfiRTf fifcltF ThTcfT ^ I §7icii gTcff, Tg^F TfTf 3TT7jfvJR cfiTR ^ | TRfvjf if TJUefR ■d'y't, SJlfftch 713^, TRpftf^ TTsrf RTJ ifTTi^ 11 TPp ‘ft 3TRft ‘jJ’lRT Piotg TRTir 11 TfF TTTTPT^ ijfra 3TT7fRT 7^ TfPT^ '|c||^ ^ TFTcIT 11 7f7ift-7f?ift 3PRT Sirfl^ltlctj ■»f| 7F73T ^ 7JF TfTTR 7i>t 7R73 TJTRfSft 7f>t yRR 37fj ydlRd 7f>73T ^ 1 Ti% ^ti+l 357% l^rft TJ^ ’JTT cp73l

tl

3.8. 5(71^ % ^ (Merits of Pressure Group)

3n^f%7f> ^ if 3efR Tnjpf/ttcT Tfg^ 7R PFrTf ^3cTT 7JTT TFt 11 fTTT^ tf% ^ '35%^ 7IR ttt 11 1^7 ‘ft ?P 7JF 7R TRit t f%> <5010 7PJF t f%R 7F? TrfTt

1. crtîcfa ^ ftp TPJF 7f% (?iWd^ 7pT tflocp JfRT TrfTTTT 11 Tf? TTvfpftf^ 3ff7TTTTTR q'idl if 'ylddl 7^ TTFRt^cTT TPiq 775% 7^ f%7?R 00171 ^7731 11 ^Tioi THTf-TTfST7jR3T Tfit 7i‘ilod 7p7 ?il%d 7^ Tn^f if 7p7% cR if) cfiT^ 7f573T 11 3537 ?37JiT 3Tf%fI3rirtt ttR 3f "dloidd TTRcT 3tt tt TRRT t t%3T PTRirR •TPRR TpTf ^ Tgr TjfPRT I

2. 5lRlPlfyoi ^ uil07p4>dl OCMI—?OlO TPJ^ yRR if' OfnPiitlco 7^ yfHITnchdl\J37R cR% epT iff TffTTj epT^ f I yRcTT if TTRTTStTPTW 7f?[ wtshoi Tjof F)%t 11 yRdl fyfd%t TjRRiTR sl'tl vJrpft tt TTTJpftf^Tp 7RRT3T PTO tt%t I F7T% Tf? 1%3 7PJ? Pl7d7 7R ^ 3TRft IjftTPT Piqtg chTidl 11 - - ■ •

164 <(Jnl/ciJ;H«( ^ /«.6ici

1. fc»>n^ iranr % ^? q«In

2. <4airel % ■*|0I qlql W •at^ia

<(jj-y?/n?:;«i ^ /«*/o 165

3. ^ >Jii'ii'fl ^'MiRci <'1I—siI'W'I ^ W t?#? 4lfctyT ffh^JiPqq ^? ?TRR W xaif^yT Ft^ t? |TT^ cpn-cFzn' 'MMidmi t? 5^1^ cjK-aRicnai ^ f? '^R ^ ^ ^ êfra '^PJ^ 'Ji'idl cTcf> M|nidl 11'sfK ^ddT ^ ^Pl<^'; Picjfw 11 ^-lal WT ^foRTt, Iqcle, cpT 3il4)1\Jl^ ^^jTT^ 11 F’fT^ ^ ‘P^ ^ 1 5^ ^dcpi 78JH F?Wjyf ^

?sfra

tli3TmT

3.9. <?'«io( (Demerits of Pressure Group)

FFR •d'jê'l ^ 3T^ ^ \JFRI ^ uTF^ f I îmi'dH'HjiiJ ’ll f I fuRT ’fpra ijpt FtFT ^pfl^ cif oitod

-î ^ ^ ^ ^ f I ^

1. ôci^K Ri'CiqK ^ elm ^—<1^1'll in 1?^ ST9TRR W^TtlR SJRT gldl WTl\jiiai ^ I f^FT cPT^ FtFT ^ 1 xivjiâiarf ^ tjRoi ^[c ^ ^ ^ 'jiici |r i

■yr*?! ^r?TT 'W^TWR ^ IcT^ qp? \jn^ f i ^ ■£[ flr^sRiR ^ ycfi^ fftt ^hctt # ?trr?ri

cpralpF^f ^r cii(?m’l(ii?l|^ 6|<3ct1 I

cuaterr +11*1^ RrcR 'dQtl. ^ # Fff 11 ^

vidJ'd ^ 'jfT^ f 1 -

2. cZlf^cRRT ■?^T8rf, W *lgf^—'(il4>JlP|cp ftcff cf^ ^cTKirHcp gR \ST?fT f | F^Tc^ WF Cijlckl‘ld oTm, ■?«ira^ 3it7 ficff ?PT |l SZIFT 'RFT Ffrar ^ l ^ e^

^êTFT ^ TTTTF W <Pr} <15ym ^ I FTT^ <PT fclcpid ^ ^THiRla FtcTT ^ I <5<(l<l <ZlfSfFTfT

ficff ^ ^ f 1■—■^cTR TPJF S^TfR^TT^ FtFT 11 ^ <fFfl t^, ?lf<kl

dip'll ^ 5nfFT ^ fra^rlT 11 <PFJfr 3fR ?rTf% cZTcRBlT ^ Ofl^l FFFF FtcH 11 FT# Tl^ ^ JR, FR-?|[<kl # ?#l 11

4. 3IRI ^ ^ flFit g>t 'i*i«<Ri—FRra

3.

3TFT # <fFfr 'JfT ^RFT 11 TJF#fTT FffMcT ^ 1%cfl # ^ cp# <PT M^lKi <PTrfT 11 F^ ^<5 el cl T# f I

3.10. urnldRirei % lôsm (Principle of Representation Groups)

3TT^Pl<t> ^ TTvjFfrfcIR' cZigr-arefr <^ «r# ^ 'HFtÎ ^ Ti'jI'iII^cp TTRT-'TITST tpj^C^ Uf^RHsJctl MiJIle?! ^ fjfcpRT Tt ^ TFl 11 SJI'^l'l '5^1# TFR 3# 3n^f%^ TRlff ^ “JlMcp 3TcR 3TT FT# # yRiPiRlc^ OTT# <PT dgTci 3# IF FTTcTT t FTI# F^ TFWT # mRcjcIi ^STT . 11 yr<)<t5 TT^ ^ 3TcFT-3IeFT yfciRiRicI # Rt^TcT fclirR-fcT # # f I FT# TTFT#fcF ITJ# TTT g3TT IT 1 ITTcT # # i?#I <PT## ?TTTR cUTIT # yfrlRlRicqHT# IF Reel'd g3n n I FT# in t<Tc# ittct # ftt^pt ttii hIciRiRIcci t# Rnfn # #s #it

FIT I 3TT^#^ ^ # F###cl HTTP FcTTRRFT HT#t IF FFrl’J# l#'«ii IF "glF t iIF 3l8f tjl hR*ii«ii—ylclRiRlw # 3#l5 3Ts| f#Ti it# # f#T # ?F FTT#

TTir##cP #F # T#4 ^ # TRF# IF HM I#f ?#) FT#t TT#1 3Taff # TRFF -ITT TRkTT t i FTT

Till # FT#1 #R iRinr FTT IHT # FTT# # I

IR # lc|cpR(rT # I# # I TTT#F

166 <i'ittl!rimc» # /«,5«J

1. TJ. ^ yfciPlRl^tJeTRT 1?^ '<M'Tifci<}5 aicReTT ^ ^!?R 7?3vn t ait^ yRiPiitr ^l^cf>i lîrrcTT 11"

2. #-3r5^TR—"crl^fîfijftr snâi ■'fi'Hy 9?f wf^nj4 ^3^ 11"3. SRI STSf TJ^' ^ ^ ^ t-"'

3.11. ÎTTtyi (Summary)

?3T3 air^'4 y?iifiP|cr> 3t^ ^ sn^ 5^ ^ ’W'lfSci ^ t ^■ "3^- sfk '(i'<v)i'<i cFt innfcTcT

f^îcR M<4r^«‘rici ^ f I TTJ^ 3FI^ i%cft tf?f TSTT ^ 1^RrR «FTK! Miaai 11 ^«RrrT 11 4 ?rRR ^ -ilfniil ^ f4'0«s e«aic^ cRcTT^ ■# 3Trj) 7F^

f I qsiia vjt'iai ^ wfaPiftlffl ^ lri% vjii'ixjKftai vdCJ-^ ^ ’ff cFt4 cRFT ^ | FTT^ yl'icii^ +Hi*liv4)i:n'iO| 3?[ y|fbi)i ^ Ftcft ^ 1 STT^Picp ^ êflcT ^ Hg-ro eic^l ^ TFT $ I F^ #g5cf5 cFT MlciO tTT^ ^jTTtTI 11 FT?^ clWa-a TTWI

RTTT

wPoT

/


1. .'?«TTcr -^njF w t? ’if^Tin Tf(|iF wt5 1

2. Qdici 14)04 ychK ^ f? WcTTF^ 1

3. )fT^ c^ <I)ra) ^ cTjfn c«i|14ik; I

4. "5^ TT’JF ^ T’^ ^ f4«i<; clufTT ct?lRi|i^ |

5. TPJF ^ Rl«Sial I

(

^ rîîa 167

'J7*7*fn

^3

(Public Opinion)

Tira-ITT^RT (Lesson-structure)

4.1. "3^?^ (Objectives)

4.2. (Introduction)

4.3. cTl=h‘4d ^ 33*^ ^ (Meaning and Definition of Public Opinion)

4.4- riWnn ^ .(Characteristics of Public Opinion)

4.5. dl+Hd ^ fbHiui afk 3tfôqr4tI (Formation and Expression ofPublic Opinion)

4.6. ciWha % rinl'^ ^(Hindrances to Formation of Healthy Public Opinion)

4.7. CiWhO % PiMIuI ^(Necessary Conditon for the Formation of Healthy Public Opinion)

4.8. cilchHO ^ (Measurement of Public Opinion)

4.9. WKiVi (Summaiy)• 37«ira-'5f?=I (Exercise Questions)

4.1. 3^?^ (Objectives)

• dldiHd % 1^rW 3Tk ■pmhiT ^ sn^ ^ ^yiarf ^• ciWna % PiMfiJI ^ ^ "4 1

• cll4>Md % iim 31«I^

4.2. '*7fT«ra (Introduction)

cir^HK eff^FrTa 3PT ^ I cijcnaiRi^P ^TRR yuiici) 'Jiidn 3ITîR(1 ^ I oiWaj)cid5 uldOJ gKl. TjRfTT f^. ylddl Tf?) ?)?TT I dWaiP^Kn' wu'tSTT ^ 3TcPfcT >jldai cl?l 5^ 4^ ?rrFH Wtrff^rT t3TTrTr 11 fcl^ dlrM4 ■!!? ^ ^ % 3T^

4?! ill'll-1 ^FTTfcTU) ^ c^jcnH^ ‘f?l 3iiq?ucf>ai ?tc?! 1 cR^: ^ WR cqq-tSJT^ -dim<71-1 ^ ci'l<h*ia ^ anqâcpai [cbdl ^ Rh'di ^ FTcff ^ I ’<l4ifo«n ^ xiâ3JTr*i4> ^TRH y«iicil STcPfcl TETIT cl?l 5^?7T sfT? cgciidci-xic-itn '^TFFR TFWT^ ^ ^ 'gci'ii

168 ^ /Tt^fTcT

cpf FTcft 11 ^ cpf gr^f j^ ;3rr^ cfT^ ^ ^ WR^SJTftffT >3^ W<T ^ Tra^rTT -5^1% ^ gTTT ciW*ia ^ STltTR tR fTRR Phiii >jTR I

7r5fct5flc’3^ JTT cgc^RcRfTrRf’ ?TRR ^ 3ia4a TTRT^ Rf 'Jf? yiNtw^l ^TTR ^ cn'<cil ^fl'iai vi-flV) Vira-i cTT^ ^ cRT '<l'lx<al ^? o-ylRh uTPranff ^ 3TTW7,T^ cfl ?TRR

vd'icfil yfci'lW cfR ^RPcfl ^ I '^'rtl ^l'l'PI'51 ^ SRTcT ^ ?TTTFT ^ cR TRRT cfR^ cf?r TRRRT t’ I

^W7

ijft ^ cfRc^ fcpfl^ft ncrfrRTt vaxlRna ^

3Tf?i'imcr>qi41 WR ifl cTT^RcT <PT ‘ig-rt FTR 11 5R RtRSIT ^ 3t1^RJRP TcR ^ ■^T^ ■?’>!« 3)m41 7FI ^ ^'Rf)*ici ^ cpT Mfim cRctt 11 ît

‘i<7ia d-^chl ^ HfgRrT cpT R^Tsf^ TTTR cfR^ 3Tt5î'ijcr> ipT^ ff ■«iêi f | câci ?rRT ^ ciWhci1^ TTFRcTT cRp rfcT ^ I ^

vJhP|^«|c||<{1 TTTTR TRPT f I niPR (TKjTTTRTfRR, tgcfrRfSTRcR, elWd^lr^lcî,3TfS'1l<Jtf)c|l41 tW Rl^^Tl TTRR) IJcpR clft TTRR

?TRH

^ t I IJ. 'sjt.• ^/^*i c^ ?j4g^ î. ’'eftcfRcT ^ 3lfdR^ 3R3 Rb’<i'i cR^ grf TTRFT ^ STRTR ’I?

?TRR ^ f I"

4.3. RI’ ^ 3T5if ^ MR'Him (Meaning and Definition of Public Opinion)etiHfl

\(7iW*ia ^'■pTeRR ^ 'cfR?' (Public) sfR 'RT' (Opinion) 1 3f?T:

ciW*ia Cf^ -^*15)4 ^ ■^Prt 3^s^ ^ TjSRp-ijaRp ^ 3TT^JR5 ^ RRT11 ofRi cPT 3rJ # vji'iai 3TSRIT '^JRTfPp' (People) I f^*^l<7l ^ P, "RPTIR cfTpl

cZff&rRf) tjcp ^lulcSd sff^ 'W'i^'-i cfd vipTcTT f r

■*icT (Opinion) ^ ?iifci^> 3ia} f | rii ( cr^: ar^Rj sfk fcRciRi ^ 3Tf^d4>ci ^RfTT 11 r^»îcl ll'R ST^TTR, "Jf? H?T, fS'cTR tp f^^cfRq cfp 3TR cfRrTT # Rf) ^ Ris^<uir*icr>ni <R .■?T%RT 11'

f&pRR RIsmI % ci'iwîa RcpR ^ RWT^ «IR 5RJR3 I^RTr % I

y^’JSI (clgMl ^ ?lRfRR ^ TRrf&TT ’TP^TT'TI^ PpRcRT f—

1. ^ 3r3RR,P % 3RRTf&^ 3ft? 3Rq^ ^ f I f&W cR Rcff-Ptf^ FR R ^ ^Jl'idl ■>1! ?Ffff 11 Rff-Rp PraR WRT t, fcjtfr^ P uRadd FtcTT ??crT 11 ^^5 ?RTR R?W?T ■RTR^n^ xdecTi'l sRpff sft? ?^lPi ^?TT f I Tray î stPsr 3ft? 3rrr' fcRn? stft rarraRPiRein TR yRR yR ^ f 1 3iddi Rit^k'i yp ^ PiPracT ?R yp rap ra^ra^ ?rt PrafPcr fPrar rarar cfraRra f i" ,

2. ^ yra raj^rar t, "efraRcr yra asf irp p ttrtPrr ■(jra P rarrarrat P rara raHcTT ^ Rbw yrra rai TTrarrar P irP trs’ rat PraR f i"

3. P 3T^?n?, 'cilcndd Pr?i P^ct ?Tyra rar ?8tr 4 irraPrai îrarra PraRyRT3ft P TTRrara rarar ^3tt Tra^rarPrai racT Ffcrr 11 ■pjpf ije ?raRp PrarraRrara ?T'RraT3ft P.raP P ?ra?rat it?t 3TraP ra?P PR-qa raRrar 3ft? ^ vi^ ^Rrar p epRHcT 11"

4. fui"tiq4 P ?iPt P 'cnWdd ran 3TpraTra TRirar î raraPcf rara Prar^ sft? PPrat P ■jrar P PcT t, raft rajfrrPra5 PPrarf ?nci ?it rafrrrarPcr f, PfP P cpj 4 ■ârrpRra sfR Praraft raraP rarP Pra raP ??t srsf ^ rarmPTra? ?Pi?P ^ P^p sprai raPcrraff ?rt ?ttst PraR Pr rafp ran raP?nra 11”

5. cllêl P "(TiWda fcpra^ 3ft? P:?raTst iTTcRT P ^R? 3nyTpcl pRR f [ pRraneiara ranP sirarar ra4 P?P ran Pet ra bPr ?raj4 ?raTTraT ran Pn Btcfi f i"

t ra? rafrrat P ran? PraR bP f I 3tt?»t P PraP î STpSReTT

T^t P^

-<iJ7'»7/a;'H«t ^ l-fijiia 169

6. cisjT arai^ ^ "ciWho lch'{?i ■'?! ^ srf^raT^cT: «lg*ni ^t, cf^Tf% tR 3T^|cP 3fk f&f^ HfcFm ^ # 3fR H? w cTRcT^ ^ “5^

f ■% TTcP £f^ C[?f ^ W t I”7. 'wlctJivJj ^ 3T^W7, ^ Tnrf

Rbill WfTT 'Ji'IrlT '^TRP^

WTtf

•diyN^JIdill ■=5^ f&cH^ 3lk 5^2iTt ^ ^■Jilqi ^SJ ^ yta"^ ^ 1“

!, "c^ fclf^r^ TWW ^ HT^yi5N c#^ 5T^ T^TfirT TO ^ TOTTO f I"

8.sO

■ :i

4.4. cilejiHfl ^ r^^'^flii^ (Characteristics of Public Opinion)

ciWhci Pi^-ilciRaa ft?fTOTp f-1. vjIH-HIttlV^t cRT TO-fcBlfl fMP cTif PT 3lf&fRTf ^ TO c^V4>TO 4?f TffTT ^ ^

TO^, HtPTTO ^ f^ TO 3TTTOTO5 t 1% TO uTTOTTTOT’^ TO TO f) I

2- îJvilPlcb pff ’TTTOfT ^ cflcpTO TO^PT1-RP 1%cT cJ cTtPTOePM Pit TOFfTvdd^Ra Ftro % I TO.TORT ^ ^ r TOT cIT^H ^ ^ TOTO f^TOT |r f^, 'cftTOTcT f^ «^TOT^ TOlfpT 'T^ ?ITO 3ft7 ^ ^ TOPTOT 3TTTOTOkTT t I ^14 TO t?lW*ia TO ^ SITTOT

f^TTOT tTT% 31TOTO TOflTO^ ^ g^, TO ^ TOTOT ^ TO^ f^TTOTTI ..TOTOT to) ■?^fPTR TOTO ?) r

3. uRctr TO WTft TO-dlchHcl TORT3Tt 3Tf^ STltP" zn-T^Tp TOR ^ W^leia arorf^ s'icto tTRrrr c^ fMzR afR toct: fciTinil to arorf^ fTto t i

4. TOTTO TO ailWK ^îRtP TOcTTOIT—TOcTTOT TOTTO TO aTT?TO % I TOWTO RrIr ^ TO) TOTO 'T^) t TO TO) TOIcTT ZP^ IcRfR cTOvf c^ TOTOffT ^ I ,■.

, I 5. r^f5i<« <iiV^ld«f anzro) sto’ utto—ctItoto to top 3i)^ f&zpTOT >'ITiR-ÎcI'^) 3TM^ 3fR ■'3^ JTR ?t?IT 11

6. TOTrff TO c^TOPH TO TIRTP—efTTOR TO TOTcTT z^ f^ci'l,

aft^ ■pfqq'l TO TOTO qrori 117. cl'I^’Hci ^ Rrpf’P '4' top) TO zrtPTR—cftzpRZT z^ RrW ZiTf pfIfRT

11 RrIr TORT z^t fcrf&?J wfflisbqiatf, cTTP-f^ZTR aff7 TOnffZTT anl^ TO '<11^*1 Rid zfTTOR ?)ZTT 11 . '

ZJTO t PcT ZTTWtcfcP) c))TOT?r ?)cTT t, Tjft TOTTOTOR

S'

p€fTOZef

cll<t>*ld 3Ttp P^TOI (Public Opinion and Majority)—Pl^TOR zprt 'RR TOT -dHS)-) z^ fcRRtZpRcT TO ^gHd 3fR R^TOpf% 3TTO TOTTOTT aTOTOcp) ^ TOcTT t I ZJZp) ^ Zf^^T^STO) cZii^kiil) 5TR cZPTO PcT zprt tignci zpr^r TOcTT 11 zpr^ PR P^TORZFT cpI^TOT) ?TPT ZPTO Zf? iR ■?1^t TORI zj) i( ?1?TT, cfpjfch §TOI 3TeTOR5TZ?ft ZPTRTTR zpTt KTR P pft TO^ TOcTT I TO^ TOP TOP cTTzpRcT. TO TOPP 11 3TTOTOsTOi cTTO Zf^TOsTOP Rzff if ^ ^ iff cZJTO TOT ZfirTOFT ^ZJ cPT) eijcpfia cjRp ^ TOPRT TOP TOP ZR TOff czrfctTOfr z^ ^ Tf«ff&cT ZT ^ 1 PTtTOTcT

RcJcj) 3fR TOTOT R^TOJ TTOzft f^RTR TO anZTTRcT t, TOf^ ZJ^TOT TOTTRTOJT TOZTTO TOTR

?)to 11

/•

\

(?il<f*ld ait? R^TORf^-eflZfRcT alk ZI^TOT zp?| TOf% pftzpTTOT afR •<i4'<i**ifa ’ft TOR ^T 11 'ZTTTORcTZPT ^T^TOTOT TOT TOT zprt zpR^ f, IRi-mA TOft TORcT g) i dWdd z^ f^zft TOP f^TJ TO 5TT TOPR zp?[ 'iHcI'dRict aTTZRZJzp zT^t 11 ?TOZ^ TOT®? ^ Wfl czpfcpfizff ?T7T cZJTOt TOT TOjyf tjRcTT Z^ ZpRTOT T^ lirfetSeT^ZR 3TTZRZ]cp f | WiRr eiW'Td TO TOf> TOZRZPZp f | dftZPTOT TOTOTT’ ZM TOTTTO TOT ?tTO f I crfcbd TOfTORf^ zf ^ ggpry^ ^ WiRir TOI 'P<nfll TO TOTTZf FtTO tl

t

170 W

1. efrr 3T?? 'nf^yi'^l f^fetTI

t

!'2. wletiHri ^ ^ ccjfni

\

-N.

W i«^/n 171

yivjiaT^lcH^ ?TRR ^ 3??FfcT TFjTT clft

^ 3jt7 WSf ^HTERT

^Tufcra 4' dl<t>Hd ^ *151^—'4^<glTdcn ?WT -waT'^R # I SWN ^ '<i'jid->riJ ?imi ^ ?TRR

^ îwi ^ d'qiri'i ^ 3Tl?Tcf5 îcm | fcffg ciW^n ucpk

yfddltRT i^'<ai o-’^'lTcb TKrTT ^ WTcT ^frf% 'Jii'icil 1% <?iW‘ia ^ STcT^cRT v3'ti<Pi

?TT?R CTT^ dcpai I

^ ClW*1Cl W

W?*7f7

^ Riel'll ept

*igTq—aim'll ^ ’ft cilcpHci *ieT^'jyf ff?TT 11 'dlWK'^ld: Rli^sTl ?rpfT^ ^ d^lcii ^ 'jfc^ ^ ‘P^ f I chichi ciW^ld

?TTTR ^ ■^TTT <P^ ^ xiWdl ^ cfâi ^ 1% t?iW*fd ^ Pl^dy 3)q^ci'li ^ vSliK

?IT#T ^ 3T^ ^ 'dO’Cll 11 ’ ' • -dWet^ 4 clW*ld ^ *igTq—3RT ?ii’d'i JFTTfeRf 3?! 3T^8TT dlcnd-S ^ dlW‘ia ^ fcl^lq

*iSTq f I ci'lcoHci nWaiTscn îidi

VlWaiRiq’ ^ll-dd ■ c?iW*ia ^ 'fcRei, ■gf&cpRr^ crarr

t r

3Tmn

SfcTfeTT ^ 3TmR 11 -

ajcpr&TT ^ ^ cn.^cii t 1%

?n^ ^ tPT^ ^ 'd'dq^ •ftfcRit ci^ PidRio cP?^ ^

eiWail^q’ îmd cqqx-sJf ■elWdO 'cPT Hgw pTR IJtPR

1. ’H’{'»>l< # Pl*lfu| ^PwW 3fR ciWda ^ q>>:[il

f, vjiqPh 5RT pR?T? ciVePHd ^JT 3RcRH Mlcld

JRT cTTcP^ cpT yi^M 'T^ f&jqi vjliai eft’ vdyy^ fcpMt ^ ^TtH 3TT^ ^ îqui^

^ ^ I ^ 3T^^TR, 'ciWda yiidifiiq’ ?i[<ki f^Wef^T 31cIêRT 557^

gMT ^ 3PT^ tPp^ 31FTpfcf 11"

2. TTT^TT ^ Pix«^?iai ^ Piq^(u|—ciWîa siiyii c|?l P^<^[cTI ^ îPa

^ f^ÎT î ‘igTq'^Î cPT Praf? q^yni 11 citcP?ra 'JidHd ^ snaTN ^ ?TRT^^ ^ H'idl'll «P^ ^ ^ 'FT^PrTT t I ^ wq>|y c^fepd^ ^T* clW*l<l ^ SnajN ?TTTR ^f^?TT ^ cpt4 ?]azr. icpqi w 'H<riai ^ |

t-4' clV<P*ld ^ ■♦^Pl<t>l—iTlWcilTiq) tZJcRajT ^ -fRcPN cPT

I c^Wadi -dTiiyocs ^ rn?[ ^ 3TT^'^

1%an yfTcTT 11

3. îiyn ^ iraT-y^^^—cft^KTfPfcP czfcRsn ^ eiWna Rift'd arPraT^w! ^ diwjd ^^ ’TST UqRIci ^ afR

5Î uilyi 3ii<iT')*i 'diWda !5^

?iNn ar^Pra cpraf ^ an^frERT ?tdt t, Rjiyid ?trrtciWdd at^qjdl aii-qyui cPT wqrd cf>7^ elddl aiRiRcid 3R3 cRg cjd arraT? ^rtep? ^s:^[ ept^ ^ rtept t r..

4. W?ii'H<pT ^ ’J^cTT ■^t^—Ep^ atqyiyl MîixiiR epf Rd alkdlHIdl W<Ît1 Cf^ atmid ^ RUT 11 cTfEpera ^ dTtcPRcT Epf TRT’JcT ^ TTRiR g?[

PnraR RTT ^RPcTT 11 , .5. yiui'flRiu

R7 Rr4^ cpydl f I cTRpRcT -1 MIRrT ^ RRpfrf^ RTTRRkPcTT cpT'fEjEPTRf Rycii 11 cft^RcT ^ •

ycMy Jfd vjiHi-friRdl i?ilRd-> diRT aTTRR EPT Ridlui <P^ |r I

6. dMiR*!?! ^ -mciRicii ^ êrr—dfrcpRff RFfREpf R>t wtrrt Efd tstt ^ t, Rra «P^ TfWR gTRT xRTri SItT^ RncTT 11 gyilftn^ R? RTIT RTTcTT t 1% RTcTR RTTRôcpcTT ^

-y<ld^di cPT f I

Êi^'cra cTaR^ R? RTO f fip ^<RST ci1q>da ^ clWdRH W qyidgiR^ RPT RI^R ^ yTTRT ^ I dWdd dgxq cf)|yu| eiWoiRiR STcRerr ^ cil«)dd ftdl“i ^ RFTREp ^R®TT3Tf

Rlcf)Rlci cp^ EpT RT^RlrT Wiidd 1%RT RTTRT f.l ^fcSol ^ afiyPiR cilcpaRJq TTRRt clWdd WfEJ .o^Kui Rift'd yiiwdl R? aTrErfil^ SRTR RTTcTT t, Ril'd\flddl

^ yi'ji'ilRiR RIrkI cpT RihIî rr ft^?id j^zp rtt rte^ iâRj? Cftfod t 1%^ ’ft H'Jl^d

EPT pFif'P uTT 'dcpdl I,.

vilMI'{o*dl ^ ’H6l^'b^dlWdi(Ricp îidd «f?t RRKTcfr XM'iiRlT’ RTTRRiEpRT .

172 (I'Jtilfhfii^ ^ Iw^/t:

4.5. ^ W -stHchl 3Tfi(«(fetTT

(Formation and Expression of Public Opinion)etiHn

^ <Mriid vb-dA ^ ct([cki*m cTfiT’^ ifTF^

^7^ cJjg^sJT, yi'^4l|flcr) W îffhflTar! cR5 W 4)Vi^H § I MchK

ciW*lCi ^ -Plîf'^l sfR arPiaifchi ^ 3T^cf5 ^ fuT^ Pi*-irwR9a gf—

-•^1. *ii'iq-cTc3 (Human Element)—client ^ l^cniî 3fR f^nfui WfcT^ ^chla-fgn: cftcfnTcT ^ srf’^czrf^ 3tk f^RW ^ 3RJ ■^TRRt ^ JTHIcIchlR'fll ’fl 3^

cg^5 itTO ^ ^ t [ ^qigyui ^ -t-lHN cH'l^bHcl d'lug

^ gnrfl ^ citfcKT TTisR ^ ’ft yiHitiK € i ^'. ?rfg cftgRcttjg Pl-CTiî ^r ilTTSTTT’JcT dgiti yys'di ^ |

^ ^ TT’fr citing! ypt cfR ^1^ î Wm grrgsR ûft if f&SJTW, yi*iiqiy >rat ^ 'd'mqcp 3fk yi'qiqqiai cTatT fSf’f^T

yiqyyjl 3nf^ gft yifidicbO ytr f, ^ ^l4'j|p|<l’ ^ ^ ^fepgr gnerr ^ i

fsdlg if ^ «jf4dif)' g^ -dfidf^ci Rbifi \Jn ytcnai § vft 3TgRr diyi'i'î gg^ wimy ^ ’tRcfl git Sftg if 317^1 gi^ cgfcftRfi ^ IciTfiyl g^t g’TTfcRT g^?^ ^ 2TRrTT

7^ f I

t-'dg>ai

<3dig ^41 3Tri'4d 4 iTiff wRki 3tt^ f gft vjg^grT gW ggf f4myl ^ giTtf^fT ?lg)^ 3Tg^ Riqiyl gg fiRf'g g^?^ f i t gpr^fg c!?g ctW^d ^ fînW if ^Tigff^ fff>gT5frcT?lcTT t I

2. qRqiy g (Family and Primary Group)-g7fctTT ^ TRg^ ^ Plnl^l ifnRqiy g grsjlîgr TPjpft gg g^ 37f&g> g?w ?ldi It i gf^gR if ^ gffgg ^ ^feg^Vi ggf^rgfR g nimm ?tgT % i gf^grg gegsr ggr ^ qio?iicii g^rt gg giggrr ^ i

mRok g 3Rg grsjfiTgi if gyfâ g?i 3pg srf^gtff ^ g ^ggr snr^lqai ^ ^4^ fggg cgf4d STTEjR’jg Rigiyl f&gg^ ii' g^rg FtcfT 11 fg ggg^ gf^grg g yisgflfg) if # cgfcjg ■?THF3t gg ^rofefgi gtg ggrg gR^ f i ^ gggg gF3Ffrf%g> ggf arg^ ^3tgg\, gsg -flldgl ^ gw? srt gRRct gg Pidfui riw gf^gefg gR^ f i

4.6. 15FSI HlchUH % idMfuT ^

(Hindrances to Formation of Healthy Public Opinion)\ .

yg?*T cftgwcT ^ f^Rfw if 3T^g7 gwT^ ?tcft f, fuRt^ ^75 g’jya giwg ?gT ggg^ ^—

1. Pf'J'idt 3(t^ 3n^g> gg?^ ctW^d if g?g^ g^ grgi sffg

3)iRJm fefgifcTT g5) ^t fd’d'icii gggw wf^fr g5f Rrft îfchi 3ftg Rgg 4Pim g^lgg g?f sgggggggaff wyg x^ci-l if ggrr gn?TT t 3ffg yii4vJiPtgi f^g g?i girit gr^ if g? f%fcR gff gR gfrfi t T ggg^ yiHM if "^gfi |;^ agflfg^ gRFggw 41 ■Tggsj efrgRcT ^ RrW if gg^ 'g?sg

' gmr ti - . ,

grg yg Tfgw sfR Rfstg g4 tjgt g^-srggr PiRqd wg rh ^ f rfr ^ w4gff4g> girt ?Tgy if ’dici'dPicn g^ ■^fe ^ ^ g^, ggg 3i1%?t gff ^ f&wg It sffg efrg>grr g^

3Tf?tg> giTW 11

2. srf^ren—3Tj%fiTT gg?g w?st gflgRcf gg f^ggg g^ ^ giriT i grig -ggrgR gg g apg gggf4t grflcg g# gs gg^^ i -4 f?rf4=T f4ggf gg fng gM g^ gR gi4 3ftg

t;'Wi}/ow«! ^ /«A/rT 173

efni ^ R-^kI ^ ^ ^ f I ^TT8T ^ ^ ^ 3T^^ ^?T^ '4t f I arf^sTT ciWîci ^ ^ ?i?n § i

3. q‘fT<<ai tRTT Srf^cFPT^ ?td1 # I f^RT tl*ll^

W7W

■—y'ft^dl ?!2TT '<ii«jqil^<nai <t?f 'Jlini^ -JJTTiM, RTIJ^ral W3#, JFff 'RT 3TMf^ WIT TilTcTT t,

NrfyiA ciW ^ 'wwfep ^ >{gai ^ I wr!% -Wf cfr^T 3n^-3T^ Tji ’fiywi ^ 1%ct I^ch ^ -WclH 7?^ ^ Sff^ ÎcIvilPlS’ W cfj^ iJlH 'T^ 'I'iilC^ I 'i'icp 3T^ ■^cTT^J WRT. Wf^RfcTT 3)'dl%wjcn 3TTf^ IR cIR ■^ct[ f, vjfr 3IT^ uTWcT Pl*li'J| cf?t f I

4. '^TvH 41 fcl<*> Tlf^ VI Ml 41 let CO Srrfsfe 3fk TKjptrfrrai thlJstt*! STTSTlI^^ 4f ^ dW'fTei ^ 4 ^ 3Tf&Ti5 mrm> ^ ^ i tira ^ a4, 3ik wniR srrari^ fcif^'^ enff ^ <5^ mrt cr f^Rrr 'iTTeiT t, ^ ^ tcrst ciWîei Î^rW «ITt 3)qo.S W ^ f I

5. vjHq'i ^ vdaitfl'i 3Tt? RTupftfer^ ^cFTT w '4)»tiq—W’M el'lqR'a WPl^lui \j^ WR TFR^ Mi«(I^ Mi'iai v^q'i 4 ^>f% ê^t eft ^<R8J eiWêi WPtnl'^l 3RR^ ^ mTRTT !

4t3-

r-

^ 3I'HM—RI^R 3lf?|ci((ehl cjff •^qei-i^ni W •ST^TTcT 41 TPT rtdfuf Rl-dK-fctPiHiJ ^ yffbql 1T7I ?tcIT

^ ^ mFRcT W PiÎyMi ^ I 3ra: 'ilf^^dlMlW4 3T2J^ ycniQici <fR4 TJt[

'«ld-xcii R# ?t4t, eft fclîel W fciPi*iq ?tRT sff? etfWTcT W Riepm '^cRSJ _f^?rT 4 ^ ?t

6. qK ^ 'Meieicil

cTtWTcT ^ 1^rW 4 WIT ^ I cHW'lel

t, 1mri4 âr ^stt f&âr wrr

4 w?t\Tjft 3R[4-3m4 ayl Ftefl f, RjidA PlHlclRaa TTgri f-

1. ■^f^lftlcf 'HHSI4K Ml'ldl-ci'lepêl WRfTOR’^ T^ TJ^ R|c|cpi^4 3^ '^STTttt R|-cik WWT t yft WTTlxWT Tfft RTcRT ^ ^ I WTR ^ fMeRJuf Ri^K W t^RpT vj^t WR

TRTI Miq|ch 'Ji'im 'i^RiflteT sftr 'ilH&qK ^ I <il<rcivh T^ ?T^ 4, "cTfWR Tjft wg^<gai Tiff RrarMl-101 Tift f^sn Tjg ^ RPTTR 7?R W 144? TiReft f f ^gl%feT?r ^ TR ^ MReTT 7TT4mt1^ HRcH) wil^ villHehl'^ tITR TIR RWft t eTSTT 7R?T TTTpett 11 31T!: ci'l^’HO T^ fc|tpTTF sfR PihIiJI T^ 1^ Mi'ieil Tpr eRTT WT?RR FfR aTTTTRTP ?t^ 11

2. 3rrfy^ ftqncii w snrra eiaiT Pitl'iai W aici—Rnei eiW'in t^ frjTpRT ^ w3tia?qe« t WTTuT rf i|'<|4l 3^^ 3l4t4t TPT 3TRf?jTf> 4^ ^ 4t 1 3T4tft-q<lcJl TUf 4q'*11q WTTmT 4 Tirf ^?ra4 Tf>f mRT êTT ^ ( ?)Rt cRf ^ •SRRft 'O'l'dail T^ ^ f^R^t 4t 'HIcImiPicP a?d W WRcT R^t Ft f 3fk eftriReT t^ Ricnm W wf 3)q<>tS ^ mTIRT 11 STtMtb fetWeTt T^ WTR ^ Pi4idi 4t cftTfRR R?i ari^Tzrf^ afR Pidlî 4 tirtp fr; f44R #jt)-7t4t afR 3Tti4 trl^cTR ■$ ■JRR-iTtWT Tift f^feTT 4 5eT4 ^ '^F^ f Rfj \3'icpl RleTR -qail ^ ^RP<T ft TWft 11 '3H4>I STW Tlff^ ReT R^ 7f \5TTeTT I eftt WTRR ^ ctiRki T^ RcT T^ RRsJtR RR mTT^ 11 ^ 3J%r

'<il4MiPiq’ RFTt TR vjRT^tRciT TfR ^fecRfR StMMirl f I PitJiRI 'deR-R TjRRff R? vJW^lReTT RtcFTR Tjft aiPtcZlfct^ 4 WIT ftett 11

3. PWST ÎRRUet—TTRSJ RtriReT T^ RrRTTnRRRf gft f^£T, TTJeTR RSR f^T^tTR ftRTtiilî' I fôR)t (Wendell Wilkie) TTe^t 4 ■RRTRRTraf Tift TReTRcIT RTT^ oiWro TpT MitqR

I Tlf^ ^ RRefR R ^ afR j%4t Rvf, ReT RT RTTIRTR T^ Pl4->R 4 rft Tl? f^tSRT TJef Thf^q WTTRTRf afR (4til4 TfR RtlR TiRrT, fuRTTf citTIRR f^WIR ftRT I"

174 ^ ChÎ^

1. ^ ^ ^ t? f^ftat^i •

V.

2. cnWnfi ^ Pmlur ^ cculi

\

II

;

j •

TTSRt^JW^ ^ rn^h 175

f—>!ii*yc;iRi‘pai ^ vjfTcT-’TTff, spf,

3TT1^ -m'cTtI'jI Hijlriy'l cilwHa fcIcpKi cf^ STcT^ ^ f | iuTO ^ ^ cTT’ft ^ t[ ^ vTI^ f, '«i4'JiPi‘P 5r?^ ^ ^ Pi did 3T>Tra % I arff: vAddd ^ cpgydi,

rt. Jp’ 3m ^ Wi%TTI; ■ ' . . J

5. TT^Y^T 3IR7ff ^ ^'ST 'i*dl—<l'i5fl<l 3fR?ft ^ fcT^ ^^Wdl mWîd ^pRfn[-T^ f^cpTHT ^ 3)|c|;î|chdl 11 gft anq^ycpaiSTf ^ ^ ?Ptt

,'fqi'*1l[4‘p. t, c^Pb'dO'td^d; cilcn*id-cf5T Plîlî ^ Tfmi cT^ ^ t, 'Sra cra^ îi-dd ■^RST # >Jidai ■*! i^cudi ^ ^ ^ I

4.

• -dini'iiPicn'di/

vH^mr P 3TmT7>5^ 3TR?ff ’fnm ^ 3iN^<icp ^ i^^pdi ^nfl^ i

6. 't4t«T ^ ’<iv»i'f)fa4> ^cf—ci'l<j>*ia PrW xi'JidlPi'T’ ^ *r?T5l^'FTTSR f I îviidlldcp ^ fl'q?|'‘jfrfl ^ V)'<cp \idî SÎFT dWdd cf5t Sft? Sti'ycc f | cnqci 5ddi ^ ■JT# 'd |cl-c|K iclP*14t §T?T ^ PrPt ^ -dgij'lJI ^ f I 3m: ^MdlPlcp ??fr ^ vTlf^,

mf ft?r '3TTf^ m f ^ 3TTSIR 177 -M'lfSd ^ ?P!^ fcT^d 3TTPfe, 'ii'Jidlfrlcp cTSTTWRra,1%cT frasfr jpn^fcff stwr w -d'lf^n ?Ptt ^nf^, rnmicr ^ ^ ^ .

Png ft f I-Wd'd^—f^div SrPrcZlf^ 3TaicIT fcftlRf ^ STTgR-ngH iTiWdd7.

^ PhI'î g?f ^ wPhiii ^ I 3m: '11‘iPcfi'l' gtf '(■dd^di'^4cn fcfmr? 3fP 3m^ Pldi^f<pt SrPfcZRFd Cfft Ijof '<-ciaolfll fWt I 3leH'd'<S<yv5 mft 3fp ^ 'JTf 3Tf?IgiR pTJT'jiidi 3TmTT ^ «jcid cR ■^t41 ^ srmf ^ fSîy"!<f)T TRsfg> lim I d'l'lP^' 3m^ PidKl ^ 5raN 3fR yyiK ^ fcTtJ -dîcid, ti'iod 3iP imiRco wmcTT^ iff mm i mr^r # n'lRcp'i' mr tt? mcfsr ifr ^ mrnrt P; Ttr WR

4.8. mIehHfl ^ HiMd (Measurement of Public Opinion)

ciW*ia dffgmrPm Hffb'iii.-g^: 3iIc1hI'j<j 3m |f I 'Ji’i*iO' ciWnd Pri 5m>R mjPtf^.mfcfmT'cjtf mrrPm gRrir t ST^rm RFmr mf pRi 5rmR ei‘iidi;t m cilcpdd Pri mPR mm mrnr i HppRm ^ mrnr MPdioiidicft (Quantitative) jrfcfl^ smfil ,?Tm PtiRfd' ^ ’mJt sfl 1 1935 ^ 3fTm-mm ^

^cRT' mr udcid eiWdd cffTTPfm.mr Pmrm mm mr ^mmr § iitRdiMd tT7 smirPfT .ftp ^ mimt ^PRad mm mr^mmrfT 11 5^ f&P P mtmrnr ^ mmT^ PmPiRad trg^ d^«n f:-

1. Pidfdd—^ ^rmr 3T?tif5rm Pfmmjyi t P’ mn ^fmci ciW'dd ^ mmT mr cTfrmr t mr ^? Psid'i P pcildd mf msi sig^d mr PP mrnr mr^m mm t, mcrf^ srm ' fcf^rPf P ^diu uiRuii*i mt Ptrnmr mmT gP fPfP mm f 1 P mmPlfPm mPt gM 3Tem-3r?m ’m mrPma rnmn ^ fPPPt ^ Pm w-tga tPm mrP f sfR mmir fm m^sr P mr-'Roi gRT fPPg Pdt PI tm^ ^ ^ fPm^ mr 3Ta} P P? Ptrnmr umgP PifPmr P mmm P sfR aitdi P fP> ydcni fsfRHRRm tPmi mK) I fPt gp Polad «P ms2m P pJmrnr'gP -PlPmlPtt m ammm w -dcndi 11

2. gam gRT ama—sPPmrP mf mf •gdicil P gfma gaTcf_'d*jf'l P mwa P Pf Pfmaa Pf mramiP PriPi ^?mP 11 gam Tnjf marmP grm, ma gim 3ismT' mfPaaa afpcm grm Ptrnmr mf ams m^P f \

.' . ’ -r

3. PfP PaP> gRT araa—ma^snam aa amram aaa-aaa a? amfPaP P PfP Pam app Pfaam mf mraP aa aara aRp If 1 mâ PffPaf P arP P amram maPr aP smaa aRiP f aar âP Paa P rnma aP afPfPar P anaP aa aarm aRp f 1

p p^ P afRnjP aaa a? P fp aP swji aa am stfifaaP

PPaaPaP^

f-i'4 :

f/^WW ^ fN^nrf176

(Recall)-3TT#*lcp,

3ff^ SJrill^cIM IRT ’ft cffcPW ^ cPT Will-rt 1%^rT uTlrTT 11 ^ 'jFT?■*tht. ■^ttcIT # czjgw’T’T î ar^rof f i

M-Wli^d SISTcrr +i'3yip|i:f3 ?ra1?H nacjiciiaff «jff I?cf5 Pif^ya ^ «TR

t aff^ ^ îciciiaiaff cf?f -wflyla JfT^ «!?[ ^TTcif FtHT § I eiWPi4y &RT ^ff^TETH ^ ^

sTK i^raftjcpf cA 't41y[rl ^ M>tga yncTT # | 3Tf&^PTft 3^ ft ^ 3T1&^ y<ac^l f, cfylRb ^ arf^^PTfl ^ fcTWR

4. WTW

'Ji'iai ^ 'Mlylr|-'’Tr^ ^ ytga ^ f^^TT yTRIT f IvjH’ ^ ^«J>[ ffirra cTTefl SJcRanf^gTT rf TfcRFI

^KT Ml*101 Nb'flcpI

ffcft ■^TT Riyi':'| ^ 3T5^^ 'tfl ft^ 1

5. 5RT ‘liM.’l—’TT'T^ ^ cTffTt^ cT^Wt iPT wyi+l(Polling Devices) ’fl'f I ^ -y'î ^ ^TcT^MT mTT^ ^ I 3TcT: ‘in-^ ^ 3Tf^^PlR-ciddl TFft sft I c^fcb'i ^ ^■v5'5i5'<'J|'l ^ ft ’Rn fit>. Piqfycri't g?! 7j? îrffiTFjfl

(Mass'Poliing) afctfTTf^RP f I 3T?T: 5^1^ 7-SIH '7? Miiai spt *rnT^ ^ ^siiPi^n '^R“il*i 5TF<T cp'i^ 'sft TORft Mfift t cTsjT ^RsifT ^ 3fâTT ’pjT Jiff atf? arfsRfj SIR f^ 11 wjrfr ^ffsft â^r

'd4>cH f I ’ft ^ ^nwRrar ■^^srfi ^^ft f, cRjt%’T^ ^R'TT’T Picficl'^ «|ff 5rac=r ■f’TTcRT TFcft 11 - - -

;■//

?frft ^ ^

4.9. WnTT (Sumittai7)

cnWna ^ ITsft WR f "cft^” afR "’TcT” ai^rf^t ^ ^Rt I cft^RcT f^Rflfcf^ '^Rnj -jn '■^s^T’T f yyfcHd 'SI’TRPjyf f&Tttfl RlyK^Kiaff ‘^fRRRT ^ ^ §aTT 'HIcImiPicp ftcTT 11 clW*ia Rlclcp afk ’TFRT ^

^ ffcf ^ ft^ <fiT ftfl 11 ',-'^>^d' ■ciW*id ^ T'TR ^ fcd^ ^W'ict ^ s(g4d aflR 'ti4ti**iRi ^ atcR

aMTHcP f I ,ciW»ia irlWcnToicn yiTbyf ?)T arfcpTFSI aRT f I ^ ^ fcR TM’fffrRJ’^cT RFRn^pt ^ly'i f l' îMi'fiRt'p ^ ^ vS'i'^Ji tZTR (tiW^TI ^ ^t? 3fR^^f I ■^<R?T ,cft?>?R ^ ■^RTraRtRfr «PT-^âT, 'Wia^ cRTT ffR ^nfftr [

3TRTT1R^ fcIxfR f' I fyTfRPI ^CT uTlf^ aiSRfT. cpf


1. ^fraTRrr.grr a?5t qlW^ ffif^k! i2. cH'l<t>Hd ^ ^ eiWa-> ^ c^Wîn ^ ^ yais*^'

3. Wi}?R ^ RrW'^ RtRT ciWâ ^ ’iplcni cRTTf'J I »..

4. ciW*in W RrW ^ ^ WRiratt cPT +lfai'<l f&cRTry |

5. dl4>Hd ^ RrW eft atia?ycp nRl^frly'l ^ p'fR eftf^ 1

-- -^'/ .

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(I'jfillafiif-^ ^ /«.S/(J 177

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