al grano con la genetica

7/23/2019 Al Grano Con La Genetica

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FITOMEJORAMIENTO Y PRODUCCION DE SEMILLA (UNIDADES I, II Y II)

FITOMEJORAMIENTO Y PRODUCCION DE SEMILLA UNIDADAD IINTRODUCCION AL FITOMEJORAMIENTO GENETICO DE LAS PLANTAS

1. CONTENIDO1. INTRODUCCION AL FITOMEJORAMIENTO2. CONCEPTO DE FITOMEJORAMIENTO3. HISTORIA DEL FITOMEJORAMIENTO4. OBJETIVOS5. GENETICA Y EVOLUCION DE LAS PLANTAS TERRESTRES6. SELECCIN NATURAL Y DIRIGIDA7. DOMESTICACION DE ESPECIES VEGETALES. FITOMEJORAMIENTO EMPIRICO TRADICIONAL Y CIENTIFICO

OBJETIVOS

CONOCER LA GENETICA! EVOLUCION Y EL MEJORAMIENTO DELAS PLANTAS

INTERPRETAR LOS OBJETIVOS DEL FITOMEJORAMIENTOGENETICO

ANALI"AR LOS CONOCIMIENTOS DEL FITOMEJORAMIENTOCIENTIFICO EN EL AUMENTO DE LA PRODUCCION

I#$%&'())*+# ,- *$&/0&%,/*0#$&

INTRODUCCION

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Que es el !"#$e%#&'$!e"#

S0'0)%*90 & '0$0%/*#, '0 ,)(0%'& , 4 0-0/0#$&

1. T0)#&-&>*, '0'*),', , )>(*% #(08, 8,%*0','02. M0&%0 ),%,)$0%*$*),3. F,8&%0)0% , %&'()$&%0 < )(/*'&%04. T%,$, '0 /0&%,% -, -,#$, ,>%)&-,5.

I#$%&'())*+# ,- *$&/0&%,/*0#$&

F*$&/0&%,/*0#$& 0 )&)0 $,/9*0# )&/& F!"#*ee"!+' 'l!+'-' Me%#&'$!e"# -e l'"'s Gee"!+' e*e"'l 'l!+'-' Ge#"e+!' e*e"'l # '!$'l

HISTORIA


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L, 0=%0*+# '0 (# >0# 0 )$%&-,', &% 0))* 80)*#, '0- ADN


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MEIOSIS MITOSIS

B'se +$#s/$!+' -e l' 0e&e+!'.

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E5!s"e 'l*u's Pl'"'s

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CAUSAS DE ESTOS CAMBIOS

A',$,)* , '*80%& )-*/,? %*& ),-*'& (/0'& < 0)& A',$,)* , '*80%& (0-& C&/0$0#)*, 0#$%0 -,#$, (0 )%0)0# (#$, P,%,*$& 8*%(! 9,)$0%*, >& 0/,$&'&! ),),%& P&% (0%8*80#)*, 0-0)$*8,? M0),#*/& '0 %0*$0#)*,! '00#, **),?

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,9*,# 08&-()*,'& ,*-,',/0#$0.

OBJETIVOS DE LA FITOGENETICA

1. P-u+!& $'s #& u!-'- -e sue&!+!e (ue' '&!e-'-)3. L' ''&!e+!' -e l#s -u+"#s '*&!+#l's7. Res!s"e+!' ' ee&$e-'-es

DIFERENCIA ENTRE GENETICA Y BIOTECNOLOGIA


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SELECCI8N NATURAL

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0/*--,

COMO ACTUA LA SELECCI8N NATURAL A $%,8 '0 $&'& -& ,)$&%0 0)&-+>*), S(0-&! )-*/,! $0/0%,$(%,! --(8*,! 8*0#$&! (/0',',' I#0)$&! 8*%(! 9,)$0%*, S&9%08*80# -, /, ,',$,', S0-0))*,# < $%,#/*$0# ),%,)$0%$*), >0#$*), /, 0*),)0 L, *#,',$,', $*0#'0# , /&%*% & ) '0)0#'0#)*, '9*-0

LA SELECCI8N DIRIGIDA

A)$@, &9%0 -& /*/& %*#)**& '0 -, 0-0))*+# #,$(%,- V0#$,, &% -, *#$0%80#)*+# '0- &/9%0 E=*$0# *#$0%%&>,#$0

(0 0 0-0))*, C&/& 0 0-0))*, S#9&e :ue $'"e&!'l se sele++!#'

SE PARTE DEL PRINCIPIO QUE LA SELECCI8N ESTASUJETA A LOS OBJETIVOS DE LA FITOGENETICA

DOMESTICACION DE ESPECIES VEGETALES


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VARIEDADES CULTIVADAS VARIEDADES SILVESTRES

Se$!ll's !-e0!s+e"es Se$!ll's -es+e"es

M'4#& es# -e l' se$!ll' Me#& es# -e l' se$!ll'

Ge&$!'9!l!-'- s!$ul"'e' Ge&$!'9!l!-'- -esues -el'"e+!'

M'-u&'+!# s!$ul"'e'&e!%'-'

M'-u&'+!# ' -!s"!"#s"!e$#s

Re-u++!# -e &'$'sl'"e&'les

R'$!!+'+!# $e#s+#"l'-'

FITOMEJORAMIENTO EMPIRICO TRADICIONAL

U$*-*,'& &% -& ,>%*)(-$&%0 '0'0 -& &%>0#0 '0 -, ,>%*)(-$(%,! ,%,/0&%,% -, ),%,)$0%$*), '0 -& )(-$*8&

S0-0))*+# '*%*>*', ) (0%$0 *#-(0#)*, '0 -, 0-0))*+# #,$(%,- L0#$, 0%& 0>(%, O%*>*#& '*80%*',' '0 8,%*0','0

FITOMEJORAMIENTO CIENTIFICO

S,-$& 00)$,)(-,%0 ) #(08, 8,%*0','0 M,0#0$*),

II UNIDADADELEMENTOS DE GENETICA CUANTITATIVA

1. CONTENIDO1. Ge#$', +$#s#$', *e 4 'lel#3. D#"'+!#es +$#s#$!+'s -!l#!-es 4 0'l#!-es (M!"#s!s 4

$e!#s!s)7. C$#s#$'s 0#$#l#*#s (;#$#+!*#s!s 4 0e"e+!*#s!s)


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?. E&se+!e 4 '&!e-'-' se$!ll' 9's!+', el!"e, &e*!s"&'-'+e&"!!+'-'

@. Pl'"'s -!#!+'s, l'"'s $###!+'s, l#&es 0e&$'-!"'s1.Ese+!es 'u"#*'$'s 4 ese+!es 'l#*'$'s11. P'*'+!# e*e"'"!' 4 '#$!5!s

13.Gee"!+' -e #9l'+!#es 4 &e+ue+!'s *e!+'s

OBJETIVOS

C&)0% -& ))0$& '0 >0#0$*), 80>0$,- '0 */&%$,#)*, ,%, 0-*$&/0&%,/*0#$&

C&)0% -, 8,%*,9*-*',' >0#0$*),! /($,)*! 0-0))*+# 0 *9%*',)* (0(%0# -, -,#$,

C&)0% 0- &%)0#$,0 '0 0%0'*9*-*',' '0 -, -,#$,

ELEMENTOS DE GENETICA CUANTITATIVA

1. Ge#$', +$#s#$', *e 4 'lel#3. L#s *ees s# se*$e"#s -!s+&e"#s -e ADN, +#-!!+'-#

'&' su !#&$'+!/ ese+!+'7. E l's +lul's -e +'-' "e%!-# (&', 0#%', se$!ll'), s#l# +!e&"#s

*ees es" &e-!-#s, # se' :ue su u+!/ se e5&es'


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'-&e (. e%. e el l#+us'&' el +#l#& -e #%#s ue-e 0'9e& u 'lel#'&' #%#s 'ules # u# '&' #%#s e*s).


ALELO S# l's -!e&e"es #&$'s -e u *e. O"&' -e!!+!/ S#l#s -!e&e"es *ees -e u l#+!

CROMOSOMA Es"&u+"u&'s -el +le# -e l' +lul' eu+'&!#"' :ue+#s!s"e e $#l+ul's -e ADN (:ue +#"!ee l#s *ees) 4"e's (&!+!'l$e"e 0!s"#'s).

GENOMAS# "#-'s l's $#l+ul's -e ADN -e u' +lul' # -e u #&*'!s$#.E el +'s# -e l' 9'+"e&!' l# +#&&e+"# es -e+!& GENOMABACTERIANO.

T#-# el $'"e&!'l *e"!+# -e l#s +$#s#$'s -e u #&*'!s$# e'&"!+ul'&, su "'$'# se -' *ee&'l$e"e +#$# el $e "#"'l -e9'ses ''&e'-'s.
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H,-&*'0 '0- >%*0>& haploos */-0!ploion #,80? C-(-, (0

)$*0#0 &-& (# /*0/9%& '0 ),', )%&/&&/,&/+-&>& #@/0%&,-&*'0 #. E# -, 0)(#',)*+#! '& >,/0$& ,-&*'0 0 (*,#,%, &%/,% (#, &-, )-(-, ) (# #@/0%& '*-&*'0 &% &&*)*+#! 2#'0 )%&/&&/,.
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ELEMENTOS DE GENETICA CUANTITATIVAMe!#s!s (-el *&!e*#meio H $e#& meiosisH &e-u++!/) D!!s!/ +elul'&e l' +u'l l' +#!' -e l#s +$#s#$'s es se*u!-' #& -#s -!!s!#esu+le'&es. C'-' u# -e l#s +u'" *'$e"#s&esul"'"es &e+!9e l' $!"'- -el$e -e +$#s#$'s ($e 0'l#!-e) -e l' +lul'

M!"#s!s Me!#s!sN& '*/*#(0#$*)&. S '*/*#((,-0. A ,%$*% '0 2# 0 &9$*0#0# 4# '*0%0#$0.D0'0 -, 0)(#',)*+# $&'& /*$&* ,$,,'(-$&.

P%&'())*+# '0 >,/0$&.


M!"#s!s'0- >%*0>& mitos 09%,! *-,/0#$&? L, '*8**+# '0- #@)-0& < '0-/,$0%*,- #()-0,% '0 (#, )-(-, 0 -, '*8*'0 ((,-/0#$0 0# )(,$%& 0$,,?%&,0! /0$,,0! ,#,,0! < $0-&,0. L, )&*, '0 (#, )-(-,. L,/*$&* &)(%%0 @#*),/0#$0 0# 0(),%*&$,. E- ADN '0 -, )-(-, 0 '(-*),0# -, *#$0%,0 < 0 '*$%*9(%*0>& heteros &$%&! zygon ,% C(,#'& -& '&,-0-& '*0%0#$0! 0# 0$0 ),& 0- ,-0-& '&/*#,#$0 0 0- (0 00=%0,.

;#$#+!*#"#'0- >%*0>& homos /*/& & */*-,%! zygon ,%? C(,#'&-& '& ,-0-& *>(,-0.

D#$!'"e? T%/*#& ,-*),'& , (# ),%)$0% ,-0-& (0 0 0=%0, *#$0#0% 0# )(0#$, 0- 0>(#'& ),%)$0% ,-0-&.

Re+es!#? T%/*#& (0 0 ,-*), , (# ),%)$0% ,-0-& (0 &-& 00=%0,)(,#'& 0- 0>(#'& ),%)$0% ,-0-& 0 *>(,-.
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Ge#"!#? L, $&$,-*',' '0 -& ,-0-& '0 (# &%>,#*/& Fe#"!#'0- >%*0>&phaineim /&$%,%! typos */%*/*%! 0$,/,%?

C,%,)$0%$*), &90%8,9-0 '0 (# *#'*8*'(&. L, 0=%0*+#'0 -,)&/&*)*+# ,--*),,%, (# '0$0%/*#,'& ),%)$0% 9,& 0$('*& L& (00 80.

Mu"'+!/'0- -,$# mutare ),/9*,%? E- ),/9*& '0 (# >0#'0 (#, &%/,

,--*),, &$%,! ),/9*& (0 %0(-$, 0%0',9-0.
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U!-'- IIC#+e"#s 9s!+#s -e *e"!+' e*e"'l4 el $e%#&'$!e"# -e l'"'s 4 sus'&!e-'-es

1. CONTENIDO Ge#$', +$#s#$', *e, 'lel#, es!/ *e"!+'. D#"'+!/ +$#s#$!"'s, s#$"!+'s 4 *e"!+'s M!"#s!s,

Me!#s!s. C$#s's $s 0#$#l#*'s I"e&'++!/ *e"!+' 4 e!s"'s!s C$#s#$'s 0#$/l#*#s, 0#$#+!*#s!s, 0e"e+!*#s!s D#$!'+!' 4 &e+es!!-'-. V'&!'9!l!-'- *e"!+', $u"'+!/, sele++!/ e 0!9&!-'+!/ ;e&e+!' +!"#l's$"!+' Pl'"'s -!#+'s, $##!+'s, l#&es 0e&$'-!"'s P'*'+!/ e*e"'"!' 4 '#$!5!s.

OBJETIVOS

Re#&'& l#s +#+e"#s 9s!+#s -e *e"!+' e5l!+'-# l#s

$"#-#s $s +#$ues -e $e%#&'$!e"# e*e"'l.

G0#&/,! )%&/&&/,! >0# < ,-0-&

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;ERENCIA MENDELIANA


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1. SEGREGACION DE UN PAR DE GENES3. L#s *ees es" l!e'les7. El *e -#$!'"e es el :ue -' $'4#& e5&es!/


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AUTOFECUNDACION DE F1

S! F1 Se 'u"# e+u-' # se +&u' l'"'s 0e&$''s, se #9"e-&' F3

;ERENCIA MENDELIANA

P&!$e&' le4 -e Me-el

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Re"+&u'$!e"#

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Te&+e&' le4 -e Me-el

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DESVIACIONES DEL MENDELISMO

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SOBREDOMINANCIA

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ALELOS MULTIPLES T%0 & /, >0#0 ,-$0%#,$*8& 0# 0- /*/& -&)(

PLEIOTROPIA

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INTERACION GENETICA Y EPISTASIS

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LIGAMIENTO FACTORIAL

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FACTORES LETALES

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El gen A uando se enuentra en homoigosis s! es letal "A#A#$% enam&io uando se enuentra en heteroigosis genera ratones amarillosvivos "A#a$. Pero uando se enuentra en homoigosis reesiva "aa$ seda lugar a ratones negros'

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al grano con la genetica

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