al diplomacy 6

EditorialHuman resources, which are academically and professionally qualified, are the

cornerstone of the State progress and development in various fields including diplomacy, which currently, more than ever, depends on new skills and techniques. Everyone that works in the field of foreign policy and international cooperation is in need of them.

The relationship between academic institutions, research and decision-making centers is a strong and positive in countries with pioneering experiences in foreign policy. The provision of cadres that are qualified to work in diplomatic corps often relied on these institutions. In addition, these institutions represent a reservoir of strategic visions and ideas, which may enhance the state›s foreign relations in a world of rapid transformation, and witnessing continuous changes.

Qatar National Vision 2030, in parallel, consider human development as one of its main pillar stressing «the necessity to establish first rate educational system, comparable to that offered anywhere in the world». In this context, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs signed several agreements with national and international universities and research centers aimed at raising the capacity of diplomatic and consular cadres.

Consistently with the National Development Strategy (2011-2016), the Ministry implemented several events and activities related to the interpretation of the country›s future vision in the field of human development. With the objective to promote cooperation between universities and diplomatic corps sector, the Diplomatic Institute in cooperation with Carnegie Mellon University held the first Diplomatic Educational Exhibition in April 2013. The Exhibition aimed at giving diplomatic missions an orientation of the available opportunities in the national and foreign universities providing academic programs in the field of international affairs and foreign policy that fits the worldwide changes.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs will continue through the Diplomatic Institute its cooperation with the distinguished academic institutions and international research centers. The objective is to provide the appropriate environment for preparing a Qatari diplomatic generation that is able to undertake responsibility and the proper representation of the country in various international forums and events as well as the diplomatic missions abroad.

Khalid bin Mohammed Al-AttiyahMinister of State for Foreign Affairs

Issue 4 - December 20121

Issue 6 - June 20132

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Quarterly magazine published by the Diplomatic Institute Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Issue 6 - June 2013

General Supervisor:

Dr. Khalid bin Mohammed Al-AttiyahMinister of State for Foreign Affairs

Editor in Chief:

Dr. Hassan bin Ibrahim Al-MohannadiDirector of the Diplomatic Institute

Publisher:

The Diplomatic Institute

For more information please contact us:

State of Qatar - DohaP.O.Box : 250Tel. : (+974) 40112500Fax : (+974) 40112511

Email:

[email protected]

Website:www.di.mofa.gov.qa

- All correspondence on behalf of the Editor in Chief

- Published articles reflect the views of writers and do not necessarily reflect the considerations of the magazine

Follow-ups

Follow-ups

Follow-ups

Follow-ups

Follow-ups

Public Figures

Spotlight

Reports

Articles

Articles

Articles

Publications

4 His Highness The Emir: the prevalence of poverty, unemploy-ment, absence of decent means of living and violation of human rights under the reign of autocratic, repressive and corrupt regimes, were the driving forces behind the unfolding of Arab revolutions

Editorial

Representing more than sixty five countries, seven hundred figures and organizations in the 13th Doha Forum

Diplomacy and its Role in Higher Education

Forum on the Millennium Development Goalsin the State of Qatar

Peace and Security Forum:The Search for Human Security

Third Harvest Day

Gandhi

The World Bank

Human Development Report 2013

Will the Gulf States’ succeed in choosingthe Economic Diversity-Driven Model?

Secret of Success in Management and Work

Arab Media Crisis, Whereto!!!

The Diplomatic and consular rules and principles and their applications in the State of Qatar

From the Political Dictionary

Contents



Under the sponsorship of Khalid bin Mohammed Al-Attiyah, Minister of the State for Foreign Affairs, the Diplomatic Institute organized the first educational diplomatic exhibition for national and international universities in the State of Qatar under the motto "Diplomacy & its Role in Higher Education" in cooperation with Carnegie Mellon University in Qatar. The exhibition aims at strengthening the relation between the educational institutions and diplomatic corps sectors in particular and the society in general. Besides, it encourages the cultural bureaus of accredited diplomatic missions in the State of Qatar representing Asia and Africa continents to communicate with the global universities in the Education City and national universities in Qatar as well as reviewing the most prominent modern trends and global experiments in the field of higher education and scientific research in the State.

Diplomacyand its Role in Higher Education

Follow-ups


Within the framework of cooperation between the Diplomatic Institute and the Statistics Authority, the "Forum on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in the State of Qatar" was organized in 29-30 April with the participation of the United Nation Development Programme (UNDP), the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) and UN Secretariat for Alliance for Civilizations. There were approximately 100 persons attended the proceedings of this conference representing selected elite of the international officials, some heads of governmental and non-governmental authorities, experts and researchers.

Forum on the Millennium Development Goals in the State of Qatar

Hamad Bin Jabor: After the MDGs achievement, we have to be prepared for the post-2015

In the opening session, H.E Sheikh Hamad bin Jabor bin Jassim Al-Thani, Chairman of Qatar Statistics Authority, pointed out that Qatar had made efforts worthy of praise regarding the implementation of MDGs prior the due date set in 2015. His Excellency stressed on the need to start discussing these goals beyond 2015, calling for the formation of a national committee for planning to such effect.

For his part, H. E. Mr. Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser, the UN

High Representative for the Alliance of Civilizations, stated that following the successful hosting of the fourth Global Forum of the Alliance of Civilizations in Doha in December 2011, the Doha Declaration established a strategic approach linking its objectives to these of the MDGs. While at the same time, harnessing both tracks so as to serve issues relevant to peace and security, as well as justice and development, emanating from our belief in the inter-connectedness between the coexistence of cultures and development issues.

As for Mr.Paolo Lembo, the UNDP representative, referred to what have been achieved of the MDGs in the State of Qatar. However, he advised to put more efforts so as to address the remaining challenges standing in the way of achieving some MDGs-related targets and ends. He further highlighted that the countries that have made progress in the MDGs are those that succeeded in designing a development plan consistent with their own circumstances.

For her part, Nada Jafar, representative of the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) also pinpointed that the forum hosting comes in line with the critical pressing times in the Arab region which witnesses significant transformations putting which on the crossroad, especially, with regard to the countries that undergo transformation on the political, economical and social scale which, in turn, may stumble the pace of achieving some development gains.

Follow-ups


The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) issued the Human Development Report 2013, "The Rise of the South: Human Progress in Diverse World". The Report analyses the causes and consequences of the “Rise of the South” and identifies policies rooted in this reality that could promote greater progress throughout the world. Moreover, the Report calls for far better representation of the South in global governance systems and points to potential new sources of financing within the South for essential public goods. With fresh analysis and insight and clear proposals for general policy reforms, the Report charts a course for people in all regions to face human development challenges together, fairly and effectively.


Reports



His Highness The Emir: the prevalence of poverty, unemployment, absence of decent means of living and violation of human rights under the reign of autocratic, repressive and corrupt regimes, were the driving forces behind the unfolding of Arab revolutions

During the period of May 20-22, 2013, the 13th edition of Doha Forum was held, which represents the most prominent global tribune for eminent decision makers-thinkers, pundits and analysts from all over the world. It aims at supporting and enhancing decision-making and cooperation on the international affairs. The forum attended by 700 figures from over 65 countries and organizations, including current and ex-political leaders from different countries of the world.

His Highness Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thani, the Emir of the State, opened the forum with a speech stressing its role in developing visions that would form bases for serious collective action toward implementing those visions in a manner ensuring the widest possible common interest. His Highness highlighted that one of the most prominent features that we notice today in the Arab world is the call by the people for comprehensive reform, and the pursuit to achieve that by various ways and means, primarily realizing political participation in the management of public affairs. The prevalence of poverty, unemployment, absence of decent

means of living and violation of human rights under the reign of autocratic, repressive and corrupt regimes, were the driving forces behind the unfolding of Arab revolutions that have been targeting popular participation in the political and economic decision-making, His Highness added.

In the opening session, President of the Republic of Senegal, Macky Sall, delivered a speech in which he pinpointed that African countries have new investment opportunities in major sectors including agriculture, energy and infrastructure and they are not that far from calls of reform and democracy.

Follow-ups

EditorialHuman resources, which are academically and professionally qualified, are the

cornerstone of the State progress and development in various fields including diplomacy, which currently, more than ever, depends on new skills and techniques. Everyone that works in the field of foreign policy and international cooperation is in need of them.

The relationship between academic institutions, research and decision-making centers is a strong and positive in countries with pioneering experiences in foreign policy. The provision of cadres that are qualified to work in diplomatic corps often relied on these institutions. In addition, these institutions represent a reservoir of strategic visions and ideas, which may enhance the state›s foreign relations in a world of rapid transformation, and witnessing continuous changes.

Qatar National Vision 2030, in parallel, consider human development as one of its main pillar stressing «the necessity to establish first rate educational system, comparable to that offered anywhere in the world». In this context, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs signed several agreements with national and international universities and research centers aimed at raising the capacity of diplomatic and consular cadres.

Consistently with the National Development Strategy (2011-2016), the Ministry implemented several events and activities related to the interpretation of the country›s future vision in the field of human development. With the objective to promote cooperation between universities and diplomatic corps sector, the Diplomatic Institute in cooperation with Carnegie Mellon University held the first Diplomatic Educational Exhibition in April 2013. The Exhibition aimed at giving diplomatic missions an orientation of the available opportunities in the national and foreign universities providing academic programs in the field of international affairs and foreign policy that fits the worldwide changes.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs will continue through the Diplomatic Institute its cooperation with the distinguished academic institutions and international research centers. The objective is to provide the appropriate environment for preparing a Qatari diplomatic generation that is able to undertake responsibility and the proper representation of the country in various international forums and events as well as the diplomatic missions abroad.

Khalid bin Mohammed Al-AttiyahMinister of State for Foreign Affairs

Issue 4 - December 20121


The World Bank was initiated at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 to provide long-term loans as well as complement the work of the International Monetary Fund. The World Bank was established because of the consequences of the World War II that caused huge losses of funds, properties and lives throughout Europe. This requires the reconstruction, development, and attaining peace and stability worldwide. Following the World War II, it had become evident that one of the means to maintain peace and achieve stability had been the reduction of the major differences between the standards of lives of rich and poor countries. Hence, the development of the economies of developing countries had been one of the main objectives of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which launched its business in June 1946 with its headquartered in Washington, USA.

The World BankSpotlight on:

Spotlight


Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi who was accorded the title of "Mahatma" meaning "great soul" had been the spiritual leader of India during the Indian Independence Movement. He had been one of the major political leaders in the 20th century and a pioneer in adopting Satyagraha that is "the fight against tyranny through mass civil disobedience" (non-violence policy). This has led to the independence of India and inspired many freedom and civil rights movements worldwide.

Gandhi was born in October 1869, in Porbandar, Gujarat Province, India. He comes from a conservative family, which has long-term engagement in politics. His grandfather as well as his father had served as Prime Ministers of Porbandar State. Moreover, his family had many well-known commercial businesses. At the age of thirteen, following the local Indian traditions, he married Kasturbai, who was his same age, and had four children. At the age of nineteen, Gandhi travelled to England to study law, and returned to India In 1891 to practice law. He did not succeed due to encountering several difficulties.

Gandhi

Public Figures


Firstly, it has to be admitted the introduction of this article is highly provocative. It can imply disapproval of how social, political and intellectual issues approached in the Arab world. It can also be a problematic introduction. In light of all such possibilities and realizations, the Arab media at present lacks vision and are plagued with confusion. There is a lack of vision and confusion pursued by political interests and sensational intellectual speeches towards questionable ends with a rush to follow suit. This is all happening without awareness or caution to the considerable security, moral, national, political and social damage initiated by such unscientific approach that does not rely on analysis and insight to implications.

Arab Media Crisis, Whereto!!! Prof. Faisal Al-Rafouh*

* Former Jordanian Minister of Culture, Professor of Political Sciences at the University of Jordan, President of the Middle East Center for Studies and Dialogue among Civilizations

Articles


A

Oil is considered the prime source that the GCC Countries relied on and continued to be with respect to their economic growth and transformation. This sector has dominated the economic structure and promoted the economic, financial and strategic powers of the Gulf States (Sovereign Wealth Funds). These countries managed to acquire significant revenues in the last economic leap that are a hundredfold of what it acquired in the precedent leaps creating a convenient environment for economic growth. The rising oil prices supported by proper macroeconomics and trade policies adopted by these countries in recent years particularly: the liberalization of the economy; improvement in the level of economic freedom; investment in enhancing and modernizing basic infrastructure on the basis of new technologies, have positive impact in the consolidation of macroeconomic indicators. The economic focus of these countries is evidently indicated in the growing contribution of the oil sector to economic growth, gross domestic product, exports and government revenues, and the significant improvement of macroeconomic indicators. economy indicators have significantly improved within the last years. On the other hand, the oil income has adverse effects, which are referred to as "resource curse" indicated by shortcomings in economy, performance and governance.

Will the Gulf States’ succeed in choosing the Economic Diversity-Driven Model?Prof. Zairi Belkacem*

* Head Researcher at the Center for Organizational Macroeconomic Research, Faculty of Economy and Commerce, University of Oran, Algeria

Articles


The factors or constituents of success as a manager in developing an efficient administration - with an eye on achieving its outlined ultimate goals and noble ends along with the goals set by the entity or authority to which it reports revolve around that factors relating to an administrative organization or its personnel. Thus, a manager essentially assumes considerable responsibilities of tasks related to management, supervision and developing his/her organization to a higher level.

Secret of Success in Management and Work Ambassador: Abdulrazzak Bin Abdulghani Al-Abdulghani*

* H.E Ambassador of Qatar to the Spanish Kingdom

Articles


Third Harvest Day On 27 May 2013, the Diplomatic Institute celebrated with

the presence of H.E. Rashid Bin Khalifa Al-Khalifa, Minister's Assistant for Service Affairs, the graduation of 28 employees of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs upon their completion of the first training program of 2013.

Through the training program which started on January 20, 2103, and ended on 23 of May, the trainees, including seven females, were provided with extensive academic courses in relation to foreign policy, Qatar's history, the diplomatic and consular organization, formalities, human rights, international human law as well as drafting reports and correspondence skills.

The training program further encompasses courses on international organizations and the international law, conventions and art of negotiation, international economic

relationships and sustainable development in Qatar, development supports and issues relating to environment, mass media, communications, information system and techniques, foreign and international relationship from Islamic perspective in addition to English and French courses.

On this celebrating day, on behalf of graduates, Mr. Misfer Al-Hajri delivered a speech, in which he convey his gratitude for the valuable efforts for the comprehensive preparation of the Diplomatic Institute's program for diplomats and new employees. He pointed out that graduates received multi-disciplinary knowledge and benefited from the practical and training practices to optimally get adapted for better job performance in the future.

The second training program of 2013 shall be held next September and ends in December 2013.

Follow-ups


A One Day Forum THE SEARCH FOR HUMAN SECURITY was held on May 16th at Malaysia’s Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations, which explored Islamic teachings on Diplomacy in the light of Peace Building and Human Security. The chief organizers were IAIS-Malaysia, IDFR, and the UK–based International NGO The Cordoba Foundation. Their contributing partners were the Diplomatic Institute in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The State of Qatar and the Global Movement of Moderates Foundation. There are twelve scholars and officials who offered insights into the relevance of Human Security for the Islamic ideal of harmonious relations between nations.

PEACE AND SECURITY FORUM:THE SEARCH FOR HUMAN SECURITY

HRH Raja Dr. Nazrin Shah:we should expand our conception of security to embrace its human dimensions

Outstanding highlight of Thursday’s Forum was the morning Keynote address “Islam And Peace Making: Legacy And Promise” delivered by HRH Raja Dr. Nazrin Shah Ibni Sultan Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah – Regent of Perak Darul Ridzuan, as well as the Royal Patron of IDFR. HRH gave an exemplary comprehensive overview of the current conditions of Muslim nations regarding human security. HRH stated that many Muslim nations are gravely lacking in its basic aspects, since “the comprehensive wellbeing of the people in a number of Muslim-majority countries leaves much to be desired.” Shortcomings include poverty, income inequality, poor educational and health care opportunities, political repression, and violent conflict. He pointed especially to the destabilizing effects of sectarian rivalry and tribal animosities, which plague large areas of the Muslim world. HRH provided valuable insights into how our understanding of security should transcend the nation-state security paradigm, by adopting human and social requirements for developmental wellbeing and flourishing in harmony with Islamic teaching. HRH Raja

Follow-ups

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Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change The Protocol aims at balancing the concentration of

greenhouse gas in the atmosphere to prevent damage to the climate. In 1997, the Protocol was signed by 195 countries. In fact, the Protocol represents the first executive step of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change made in 1990. Moreover, it imposes two types of commitments on the party countries. The first comprises a list that does not differentiate between developed and developing countries and stipulates the reduction of gas emissions causing the greenhouse effect by a different percentage between 2008 and 2012, preserving reservoirs of greenhouse gases such as the forests to absorb the gas emissions causing climate change and producing and developing environment friendly techniques…etc.

On the other hand, there are commitments imposed on developed countries against developing countries to preserve the environment, including the commitment to facilitate and fund the transfer of technology from them to the environment friendly developing countries in the fields of energy, transport and transportation in addition to cooperation with the developing countries with respect to a clean development mechanism.

The enforcement of Kyoto Protocol on the greenhouse gas emissions has been extended until 2020 at the 18th Climate Change Convention held in Doha in November 2012.

The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal

This is one of the most important multilateral environment conventions. In 1989, it was endorsed by 166 countries and has been enforced on 1992. Indeed, it was made as in response to the annual global production of hundred million tons of hazardous wastes compromising the health of humans and the environment in addition to the dire need to enforce the necessary international measures to handle the transport of such wastes across borders and guarantee their management and disposal in an environmentally sound way.

This Convention aims at providing information about wastes and their management to the party countries as well as reducing the quantity of produced hazardous wastes and handling and disposal of such waste where they were produced as far as possible. It also aids developing countries to make decisions regarding approving or denying the transport of wastes across borders. In September 1995, the party countries approved an amendment preventing the exportation of hazardous wastes from developed countries to developing countries to be disposed of terminally or recycled. However, such provision has not been enforced yet.



The Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, H.E. Dr. Khalid bin Mohammed Al-Attiyah, stressed that the State of Qatar was and is very keen to respect international diplomatic law besides its constitution overtly stipulates that it shall respect and abide by international agreements and charters the State Qatar party to it. The decree no. 13, 2009, on the diplomatic and consular corps, obligates its members to maintain the dignity, honor, well-repute of their posts, whether in or outside the workplace, the good appearance in their assigned post, and to avert whatever may damage the State's relations with other states.

This is his excellency introductory remarks to the study titled "The Diplomatic and consular rules and principles and their applications in the State of Qatar", issued by the Diplomatic Institute under its plan for the scientific studies and researches for 2013.


Al-Attiyah: Qatar is very keen to respect the international diplomatic law

A publication of the Diplomatic Institute

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His Highness The Emir: the prevalence of poverty, unemployment, absence of decent means of living and violation of human rights under the reign of autocratic, repressive and corrupt regimes, were the driving forces behind the unfolding of Arab revolutions

During the period of May 20-22, 2013, the 13th edition of Doha Forum was held, which represents the most prominent global tribune for eminent decision makers-thinkers, pundits and analysts from all over the world. It aims at supporting and enhancing decision-making and cooperation on the international affairs. The forum attended by 700 figures from over 65 countries and organizations, including current and ex-political leaders from different countries of the world.

His Highness Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thani, the Emir of the State, opened the forum with a speech stressing its role in developing visions that would form bases for serious collective action toward implementing those visions in a manner ensuring the widest possible common interest. His Highness highlighted that one of the most prominent features that we notice today in the Arab world is the call by the people for comprehensive reform, and the pursuit to achieve that by various ways and means, primarily realizing political participation in the management of public affairs. The prevalence of poverty, unemployment, absence of decent

means of living and violation of human rights under the reign of autocratic, repressive and corrupt regimes, were the driving forces behind the unfolding of Arab revolutions that have been targeting popular participation in the political and economic decision-making, His Highness added.

In the opening session, President of the Republic of Senegal, Macky Sall, delivered a speech in which he pinpointed that African countries have new investment opportunities in major sectors including agriculture, energy and infrastructure and they are not that far from calls of reform and democracy.

Follow-ups


He invited all partners in the public and private sectors to participate and give a hand, particularly, those Arab partners who are seizing such opportunities in Africa for extending new bridges between Africa and Arab countries.

The Forum's opening session was concluded by a speech delivered by Tunisian Prime Minister Ali Larayedh, underlining that his country, relying on its experience from the independence day up till now, and in light of goals and aspirations unfolded by the 2011 revolution, is trying to build a new humanitarian, civic, democratic, pluralistic country that protects rights and freedoms. The religion of the state is Islam and Arabic is its language, and the republic is its ruling system and it is a state of justice and equality. All these dimensions and aspects are reflected in the draft constitution, which will be ratified in the coming near months, he added.

Seven sessions were held over the three days of the Forum. The first session "Arabs and Future Challenges In A Changing World", wherein the optimal strategies for all Arab countries and their partners in the Middle East were brought to discussion as well as the role of the civil society at both international and national scales with its impact on governments. The second session titled "Global Economy and Development" focused on the available tools for supporting and helping Arab Spring-mothering countries to rehabilitate economy and maintain economic stability together with discussing the importance of intellectual property, the North-South dividing barriers in terms of economics and the escalating influence of women and youth voices.

In the third session "Democracy: Challenges Against The rising Democracies In The Region", the panelists addressed the ways and approaches through which these rising democracies can protect new rights and freedoms while respecting national cultures and traditions. It also approached the ways that allow the newly emerged governments to achieve reform. On the fifth session "The International Cooperation: Horizons of Partnership-Challenges and Prerequisites of Success", the speakers debated the strategies of international cooperation

and the institutionalizing models and forms of international cooperation in tune with some standards and compromises.

In the Fifth Session "Digital Media", the challenges and potentials posed by the revolution of communications to the whole world, especially in pertinence to the national security and the growing belligerences and electronic wars were subject to evaluation. They also discussed the rising of the digital diplomacy and social media as main tools to the international relationships and communications.

The panelists of the sixth session debated "The Consequences of The Worldwide Economic Downturn and Financial Crisis on Human Rights". Since the worldwide economic downtime and financial crisis are casting shadows and negative repercussions on the workforce, food security, housing, major health care and education. The participants also debate the responsibility of the private sector toward human rights.

While, on the seventh session "Building UP New Democracies: Arab Spring-Post Institutional Reform", they dwelled on the challenges standing in the way of institutional reform in the Arab Spring states of rising democracies, discussing the status quos of Tunisia, Egypt and Yemen.

In the closing session, H.E Sheikh Ahmed bin Mohamed bin Jabor Al-Thani, Minister's Assistant for International Co-operation Affairs, Chairman of Permanent Committee for Organizing Conferences, indicated that through Doha Forum, we listened and benefited from the rich debate and dialogues on wide range of international affairs issues. These include the ideas and expertise of the state presidents, incumbent and former heads of governments, political leaders and eminent experts from all over the world. All of them have contributed to reflect their own perspective on this Forum, which turned into an international and unique event.

Follow-ups


Under the sponsorship of Khalid bin Mohammed Al-Attiyah, Minister of the State for Foreign Affairs, the Diplomatic Institute organized the first educational diplomatic exhibition for national and international universities in the State of Qatar under the motto "Diplomacy & its Role in Higher Education" in cooperation with Carnegie Mellon University in Qatar. The exhibition aims at strengthening the relation between the educational institutions and diplomatic corps sectors in particular and the society in general. Besides, it encourages the cultural bureaus of accredited diplomatic missions in the State of Qatar representing Asia and Africa continents to communicate with the global universities in the Education City and national universities in Qatar as well as reviewing the most prominent modern trends and global experiments in the field of higher education and scientific research in the State.

Diplomacyand its Role in Higher Education

Follow-ups


H.E. Rashid Bin Khalifa Al-Khalifa, Minister's Assistant for Service Affairs, gave a speech at the opening of the exhibition events on behalf of the Minister of the State for Foreign Affairs asserting that the rational leadership in the State of Qatar is concerned with human development, which is one of the main pillars of Qatar National Vision 2030. Furthermore, he assured that a high educational system, which is similar to internationally advanced educational systems, is under construction.

He mentioned that this vision had been translated into reality through attracting the best global universities to set up branches in the Education City, to develop the national universities in order to occupy a prominent position among the higher educational institutions globally and to establish distinguished centers for researches and studies in all fields of knowledge.

Moreover, he said that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs under the directions of Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim Bin Jaber Al-Thani, the Prime Minister and the Minister of Foreign Affairs, seeks cooperation with the national and global universities, researches and studies centers and institutes. These

endeavors aim at achieving several objectives including: raising the capacity and enhance the skills of cadres in the diplomatic field in order to cope with the prominent position acquired by Qatar's foreign policy in the regional and international levels. This would contribute to achieving the objectives of national development strategy (2011-2016) in addition to translating the national vision of Qatar 2030 actually.

He added that the first educational diplomatic exhibition is organized in cooperation with the universities and centers for researches and studies working in Qatar in the course of introducing the national and global universities to the cultural bureaus of the State accredited diplomatic missions. The exhibition is also intended to serve as a link between them. Furthermore, it aims at consolidating cooperation between the higher education institutions and diplomatic missions.

H.E expressed his hopes that this exhibition will be an effective link between the diplomatic missions and the national and global universities in Qatar. This is for the purpose of attracting more students to learn and increase their knowledge in these universities that provide the most advanced education

Follow-ups


systems and fitting with the present time requirements, transformations and changes witnessed by world nowadays.

H.E Dr. Hassan bin Ibrahim Al-Mohannadi, the director of the Diplomatic Institute, said that the existence of international universities that provide academic and research programs in the State of Qatar at the same level provided at their headquarters, as well as the remarkable research centers secure incomparable opportunities in the applied research field. This would turn Qatar into a vital hub attracting the distinguished future generations in other States.

He added that this corresponds with the State plans and strategies in the long term particularly that the number of Qatari students have increased in these educational institutions and increasing numbers desire to join them. He also mentioned that the educational diplomatic exhibition, held in the headquarters of Carnegie Mellon University in the

Education City, is organized in an effort to attract the best and distinguished students especially that the idea of the education city has spread in many States regionally.

Dr. Al-Mohannadi confirmed that the cultural diversity attained through attracting these students in these educational institutes is hugely beneficial with respect to communication with other cultures and promoting knowledge and education in the State of Qatar. He explained that Qatar engagement in this educational globalization and openness to other cultures through these educational institutions is an integral part of the efforts made to build the future.

In addition, he mentioned that the Diplomatic Institute will always represent a bridge between the educational and research institutions and accredited diplomatic missions in the State and will always endeavor to advance and promote this kind of cooperation to achieve the desired objectives of all parties.

Follow-ups


He revealed that since January 2012, the Diplomatic Institute initiated several agreements with the international and local educational institutions. He stated that the exhibition has been organized as a part of the efforts to enhance the relations between the diplomatic corps in the State and the educational institutions. Several institutions participated in the educational diplomatic exhibition including: the Diplomatic Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Supreme Education Council, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar University, Virginia Commonwealth University, Georgetown University, Faculty of Islamic Studies, Paris Faculty for Post Graduate Studies, Qatar Computing Research Institute, Qatar Environment & Energy Research Institute, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Rand

Institute, Qatar Science & Technology Park, Qatar National Research Fund, Cultural Bureau at the USA Embassy, Weill Cornell University, Institute for Translation Studies and Qatar Finance and Business Academy.

At the opening of the Exhibition, H.E. Rashid Bin Khalifa Al-Khalifa honored the participating institutions expressing his appreciation of all parties contributing to the success of the first educational diplomatic exhibition.

Dr. Ilker Baybars, Dean of Carnegie Mellon University in Qatar, gave a welcoming speech at the beginning of the exhibition mentioning the cooperation between the university and the Diplomatic Institute in organizing this event. He expressed his hopes for further cooperation in various fields the future.

Follow-ups


Within the framework of cooperation between the Diplomatic Institute and the Statistics Authority, the "Forum on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in the State of Qatar" was organized in 29-30 April with the participation of the United Nation Development Programme (UNDP), the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) and UN Secretariat for Alliance for Civilizations. There were approximately 100 persons attended the proceedings of this conference representing selected elite of the international officials, some heads of governmental and non-governmental authorities, experts and researchers.

Forum on the Millennium Development Goals in the State of Qatar

Hamad Bin Jabor: After the MDGs achievement, we have to be prepared for the post-2015

In the opening session, H.E Sheikh Hamad bin Jabor bin Jassim Al-Thani, Chairman of Qatar Statistics Authority, pointed out that Qatar had made efforts worthy of praise regarding the implementation of MDGs prior the due date set in 2015. His Excellency stressed on the need to start discussing these goals beyond 2015, calling for the formation of a national committee for planning to such effect.

For his part, H. E. Mr. Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser, the UN

High Representative for the Alliance of Civilizations, stated that following the successful hosting of the fourth Global Forum of the Alliance of Civilizations in Doha in December 2011, the Doha Declaration established a strategic approach linking its objectives to these of the MDGs. While at the same time, harnessing both tracks so as to serve issues relevant to peace and security, as well as justice and development, emanating from our belief in the inter-connectedness between the coexistence of cultures and development issues.

As for Mr.Paolo Lembo, the UNDP representative, referred to what have been achieved of the MDGs in the State of Qatar. However, he advised to put more efforts so as to address the remaining challenges standing in the way of achieving some MDGs-related targets and ends. He further highlighted that the countries that have made progress in the MDGs are those that succeeded in designing a development plan consistent with their own circumstances.

For her part, Nada Jafar, representative of the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) also pinpointed that the forum hosting comes in line with the critical pressing times in the Arab region which witnesses significant transformations putting which on the crossroad, especially, with regard to the countries that undergo transformation on the political, economical and social scale which, in turn, may stumble the pace of achieving some development gains.

Follow-ups


Reports in line with Qatar National Vision In the first session, presided by H.E Dr. Hassan Bin Ibrahim

Al-Mohannadi, Director of the Diplomatic Institute, the role of institutions and government authorities was discussed in achieving MDGs in line with Qatar National Vision 2030. The representative of the Ministry of Social Affairs spoke about the efforts made by the State of Qatar for eradicating poverty. The paper of the Supreme Education Council (SEC) dwells on the State's efforts with respect to the universal primary school, while that of the Supreme Council of Health tackled the efforts made with regard to the goals of: reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, and combating HIV/AIDS and infectious diseases. As to the paper presented by the Supreme Council of Family, it reviews the efforts made by the State for promoting gender quality and empowering women. The session was concluded by a presentation prepared by the Foreign Ministry focusing on the efforts made by the State of Qatar with an intention of achieving a global partnership for development.

In the second session presided by H.E Dr. Ahmed Bin Mohamed Al-Marikhi; Director of the Department of the International Development at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the post-2015 MDGs stage was discussed and in which the UNDP and ESCWA experts gave a word.

“Millennium Development Goals and Qatar in the Future”

The third session presided by Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Horr, the CEO of Qatar Finance and business Academy (QFBA), discussed the MDGs and Qatar in the Future, in which presentations submitted by the General Secretariat for Development Planning, Qatar 2022 Supreme Committee, Qatar Investment Authority, Qatar Committee For Alliance of Civilization and Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development were reviewed.

In the fourth session presided by Dr. Mohamed Salah Ibrahim, the CEO of RAF Foundation, the efforts made by the foundations of civil society concerning the achievement of MDGs were pinpointed by showing three presentations prepared by Qatar Charity, Eid Charity and Qatar Red Crescent.

Linking the development goals to some international goals

Symposiums were held on how to make advantage of the MDGs achieved so as to emphasize Qatar's regional and international role, and how to link the MDGs to some international goals, notably, United Nation Initiatives for Alliance

of Civilization. In addition, they discussed the post phase of MDGs and the role of institutions to provide an access to the MDGs data in partnership with the Statistics Authority.

National Committee for Post-2015 MDGs Planning At the end of the Forum proceedings, the participants

concluded a set of recommendations, most importantly of which:

1- To pursue making initiatives and programs with a view to overcoming some challenges that still stand in the way of the State to reach some unachieved targets, in particular, what is related to woman empowering to effectively participate in public life, and assuring the environmental sustainability.

2- Obligation of all government and non-government entities, each with respect to a related MDGs, to provide precise data and information related to the indicators applied to measure the achievement of all ends and targets underlined within the Millennium Development Goals' report.

3- Formulate national teamwork at the headquarters of the Statistics Authority encompassing officials and experts in a preparation for the post-2015 stage, with a mission to communicate with organizations and international bodies concerned with the international and national development issues, to meet all requirements in terms of indexes and data and to submit periodical reports to General Secretariat of Council of Ministers.

4- To work on linking the present initiatives and programs implemented by the UN Secretariat for Alliance of Civilizations in the four fields of alliance to ultimately support the achievement of MDGs, in addition to adopting new creative initiatives contributing in combating poverty and illiteracy and promoting child and woman health. This will be realized by coordination with international organizations and bodies and holding partnership with governments, business institutions as well as civil society.

5- Early preparations for issuing the Fourth National Report of the Millennium Development Goals in the State of Qatar so as to make sure that it would thoroughly reflect the real progress made with regard to the achievement of MDGs in the due date in 2015.

6- Prepare an in-depth searches and analytic studies identifying the international development approach as pursued by the foreign policy of the State of Qatar in a bid to help developing countries, especially the least developed ones and stating Qatar's growing role with an intention of achieving a global partnership for development.

Follow-ups


A One Day Forum THE SEARCH FOR HUMAN SECURITY was held on May 16th at Malaysia’s Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations, which explored Islamic teachings on Diplomacy in the light of Peace Building and Human Security. The chief organizers were IAIS-Malaysia, IDFR, and the UK–based International NGO The Cordoba Foundation. Their contributing partners were the Diplomatic Institute in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The State of Qatar and the Global Movement of Moderates Foundation. There are twelve scholars and officials who offered insights into the relevance of Human Security for the Islamic ideal of harmonious relations between nations.

PEACE AND SECURITY FORUM:THE SEARCH FOR HUMAN SECURITY

HRH Raja Dr. Nazrin Shah:we should expand our conception of security to embrace its human dimensions

Outstanding highlight of Thursday’s Forum was the morning Keynote address “Islam And Peace Making: Legacy And Promise” delivered by HRH Raja Dr. Nazrin Shah Ibni Sultan Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah – Regent of Perak Darul Ridzuan, as well as the Royal Patron of IDFR. HRH gave an exemplary comprehensive overview of the current conditions of Muslim nations regarding human security. HRH stated that many Muslim nations are gravely lacking in its basic aspects, since “the comprehensive wellbeing of the people in a number of Muslim-majority countries leaves much to be desired.” Shortcomings include poverty, income inequality, poor educational and health care opportunities, political repression, and violent conflict. He pointed especially to the destabilizing effects of sectarian rivalry and tribal animosities, which plague large areas of the Muslim world. HRH provided valuable insights into how our understanding of security should transcend the nation-state security paradigm, by adopting human and social requirements for developmental wellbeing and flourishing in harmony with Islamic teaching. HRH Raja

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Dr. Nazrin Shah eloquently stated: "If we take our humanity seriously, and are motivated by the guidance conveyed in our sacred traditions, then we should expand our conception of security to embrace its human dimensions. Indeed the search for human security is the gateway to the future of a reformed global order. The combined experiences of human societies in the modern era in the economic, political, social and cultural domains of life are pushing towards recovering the basis of security reflected in basic human needs and hopes. Peace will only be achieved between nations, and among the diverse peoples within nations, when security is understood in these terms."

Dr. Khalid Al-Attiyah:the values of tolerance and respect for multiculturalism and other religions are the basis for the State of Qatar policy

His dignified and stimulating keynote address was preceded by the opening statement of His Excellency Dr. Khalid bin Mohammad Al-Attiyah, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs of the State of Qatar, featuring Qatar’s policy of balance, realism and collective security. Moreover, his Excellency mentioned that achieving human security comes through the guarantee of human rights to enjoy freedom from fear and freedom from want and other relevant subjects, indicating that this requires the reconsideration of various policies and practices that govern the conduct of international community.

H.E Dr. Khalid also indicated to the values of tolerance and respect for multiculturalism and other religions are the basis for the State of Qatar policy. This policy considers dialogue between religions and cultures a strategic option, which signifies an urgent necessity for the creation of an open setting to maintain peace, and attain stability. Since 2003, Qatar was keen to convene annually Doha Conference for Interfaith Dialogue as an expression of the importance of this strategic option.

In addition, there was welcoming remarks by Professor Dr. Mohammad Hashim Kamali of IAIS. The crowded auditorium of over four hundred persons including many prominent individuals were spellbound by the remarks of HRH Raja Dr. Nazrin Shah, who then graciously mingled with guests and spoke informally with participants at the tea service after the opening session.

Follow-ups


Dr. Al-Mohannadi:the entrenched Islamic values in human security sphere guide Qatar engagement in the international level

This Forum held two Panel sessions. In the morning session ‘Diplomacy–The Islamic Legacy’ chaired by Dr. Anas Altikriti, aspects of Islamic teachings on human security were explored from conceptual, ethical, and pragmatic perspectives including the humanitarian role of international NGOs. Presentations were given by: Tan Sri Distinguished Professor Dr. Mohd Kamal Hassan (ISTAC); HE Dr. Hassan Ibrahim Al-Mohannadi (Director, Diplomatic Institute, The State of Qatar); Dr. Karim Douglas Crow (Principal Fellow, IAIS); and Amjad Saleem (TCF). HE Dr. Al-Mohannadi referred to those Islamic values stressing human rights principles in freedom, choice and urging for cooperation and communication to confront epidemic, disaster, and conflict and other challenges to human communities. These entrenched Islamic values in human security sphere guide Qatar engagement in the international level. HE Dr. Al-Mohannadi added these authentic values considerably contributed in the consolidation of Qatar role in the human security field in the international and regional level. This realization was through Qatar visionary reconciliatory and active diplomacy in many conflict and tension regions in the Arab and Islamic world by facilitating dialogue between conflicting parties, and ending a number of conflicts.

The afternoon session featured an open exchange on the theme ‘In Search of Human Security’ chaired by Professor Dr. Chandra Muzaffar (President of JUST). Four speakers offered convergent views on national and global challenges posed by seeking human security: Professor Dr. M. Hashim Kamali (CEO, IAIS), Tuan Haji Nasharudin Mat Isa (Al-Quds Foundation), Most Venerable Datuk K Sri Dhammaratana (Chief High Priest of Malaysia, Buddhist Maha Vihara), and En. Asrul Daniel Ahmed (GMMF). Reflections both personal and spiritual marked this interesting exchange. A lively question and answer period raised a variety of concerns from many participants in the audience. Final remarks were offered by Ambassador Dato’ Ku Jaafar Ku Shaari of IDFR.

Abdullah Badawi:cautioned of being complacent about conditions prevailing in Muslim societies

In the evening of May 16th a large Banquet was hosted by the Embassy of The State of Qatar, where Y.A.Bhg Tun Abdullah Haji Ahmad Badawi (Former Prime Minister of Malaysia & Patron of IAIS) gave his Keynote speech on ‘Islam and Peace Building in the 21st Century’. In his remarks Tun Abdallah Badawi spoke of the “Muslim dilemma” which hinders Islamic nations from contributing effectively to Peace Building and promoting effective human security. He cautioned those present not to be complacent about conditions prevailing in Muslim societies, and to creatively re-think the need for fresh approaches to security and peace.

The establishment of a collective network known as the FORUM FOR PEACE& SECURITY (FPS) as a global platform to link private and public institutions

On the following morning of Friday May 17th a planning Workshop was convened by IAIS to discuss details of a common strategy for policy dissemination, capacity building, and joint future activities. The Directors and CEOs of IAIS, IDFR, TCF and the Diplomatic Institute of Qatar attended, as well as several invited guests including Tan Sri Hamid Albar (former Foreign Minister of Malaysia). Mutual consensus was reached to strengthen and widen their combined effort towards embedding human security through sharing human and material resources. IAIS proposed that a collective network be established known as the FORUM FOR PEACE & SECURITY (FPS). This global platform could link institutions both private and public including Ministries, Think Tanks, and International NGOs in a common effort to advance Islamic solutions to conflict and violence by means of reconciliation, social and economic equity, and peace building. The Diplomatic Institute of The State of Qatar accepted to host the forthcoming meeting of this Forum in Doha in May 2014. A ‘Working Group’ of eight persons was appointed to draft initial plans and advance commonly agreed goals, and is tasked with reporting every four months on its progress.

Follow-ups


Third Harvest Day On 27 May 2013, the Diplomatic Institute celebrated with

the presence of H.E. Rashid Bin Khalifa Al-Khalifa, Minister's Assistant for Service Affairs, the graduation of 28 employees of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs upon their completion of the first training program of 2013.

Through the training program which started on January 20, 2103, and ended on 23 of May, the trainees, including seven females, were provided with extensive academic courses in relation to foreign policy, Qatar's history, the diplomatic and consular organization, formalities, human rights, international human law as well as drafting reports and correspondence skills.

The training program further encompasses courses on international organizations and the international law, conventions and art of negotiation, international economic

relationships and sustainable development in Qatar, development supports and issues relating to environment, mass media, communications, information system and techniques, foreign and international relationship from Islamic perspective in addition to English and French courses.

On this celebrating day, on behalf of graduates, Mr. Misfer Al-Hajri delivered a speech, in which he convey his gratitude for the valuable efforts for the comprehensive preparation of the Diplomatic Institute's program for diplomats and new employees. He pointed out that graduates received multi-disciplinary knowledge and benefited from the practical and training practices to optimally get adapted for better job performance in the future.

The second training program of 2013 shall be held next September and ends in December 2013.

Follow-ups


Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi who was accorded the title of "Mahatma" meaning "great soul" had been the spiritual leader of India during the Indian Independence Movement. He had been one of the major political leaders in the 20th century and a pioneer in adopting Satyagraha that is "the fight against tyranny through mass civil disobedience" (non-violence policy). This has led to the independence of India and inspired many freedom and civil rights movements worldwide.

Gandhi was born in October 1869, in Porbandar, Gujarat Province, India. He comes from a conservative family, which has long-term engagement in politics. His grandfather as well as his father had served as Prime Ministers of Porbandar State. Moreover, his family had many well-known commercial businesses. At the age of thirteen, following the local Indian traditions, he married Kasturbai, who was his same age, and had four children. At the age of nineteen, Gandhi travelled to England to study law, and returned to India In 1891 to practice law. He did not succeed due to encountering several difficulties.

Gandhi

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The beginning of his struggle against racial discrimination in South Africa Gandhi had spent several years in South Africa (1893-1915). The period represents his most important intellectual and

political development since it provided him an opportunity to extend his knowledge, culture and be acquainted with different religions and beliefs. Moreover, he tested a political approach that proved effective against the British colonialism. He witnessed and affected by the discrimination practices of white people against indigenous Africans and the other colored residents. On 21 May 1893, the 24–year old Gandhi suffered an incident of discrimination when he boarded the train as a first class passenger unaware that the discriminatory laws forbid him to do so. A white-skin passenger reported him. In spite that Gandhi paid for his ticket and was wearing an expensive suit, he was thrown off the first-class carriage. Consequently, he felt offended and humiliated and these feelings prompted him to fight for the rights of the large numbers of Indians in South Africa at that time. Gradually, he became a well-known political activist and a successful lawyer.

Struggle for the Independence of India In 1915, Gandhi returned to India where he realized that the British rule was greedier

than in South Africa. It was not long until he joined the Congress party, which focused on demanding the independence of India. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who was a Muslim and a lawyer, was another member of the Congress Party. At that point, both religions sought one independent India. Gandhi initiated sit-ins and protests among the poor to confront greedy capitalists. However, he insisted that such movements must be peaceful and non-violent. His notion led to a disagreement with Jinnah, who resigned from the Congress Party. This disagreement was an early sign of the subsequent secessions that India witnessed while seeking its independence. Thereafter, Gandhi became the actual leader of the Congress Party. In December 1928, through the Congress party, Gandhi promulgated a decision demanding Britain to grant India self-government; otherwise, it would encounter a non-violent campaign aiming at complete independence. However, the British disregarded his demand. On 12 March 1930, Gandhi launched a mass disobedience campaign in Aminabad. He initiated a march to the sea which was 400 Km away since Britain had banned India to extract salt, Gandhi extracted it himself from seawater and provoked the Indian people to follow his example. Consequently, the British responded to his demeanor very aggressively as they imprisoned 60,000 people, and on 5 May 1930 Gandhi was arrested and charged of sedition. Nevertheless, he was released in March 1931, and then represented the Congress party in the Round Table Conference on Indian self-government in London. To his disappointment, Gandhi encountered a Muslim delegation claiming independent Muslim provinces and separate elections for constituencies allocated to Muslims in each legislative body. Hence, no progress was achieved in the matter of self-government. In spite of that, Gandhi insisted on achieving his ultimate goal, proving to the British that peaceful means can achieve the independence of India. However, he was arrested whenever he resorted to the civil disobedience approach. Gandhi spent a total of seven years in prison

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for political reasons. In October 1934, Gandhi resigned from the Congress Party after a disagreement regarding engaging this party in the constitutional discussions with the British. Jawaharlal Nehru succeeded Gandhi as the leader of the Party. He retired and dwelled in a religious retreat devoting his time for spiritual life. During the first local elections in 1937, the Congress Party won eight provinces from eleven provinces while the Muslim league dominated the other three provinces. The Congress Party refused any alliance with Muslims where it provides them with major support. However, Jinnah and all Muslim leaders were more inclined to the idea of an independent state. On the other hand, Gandhi wanted to maintain a united front with the Muslim League. To that end, he tried to convince Jinnah to conduct a referendum on the creation of an independent Islamic State once India achieved independence. However, the dialogue failed owing to Jinnah's persistence in issuing that decision before the British leave. Once again, Gandhi secluded himself from public life.

Attaining Independence In March 1945, a delegation of British Ministers arrived

to discuss independence. However, Gandhi heatedly opposed each suggestion to partition the provinces to religious congregations. On 24 March 1947, Lord Mountbatten appointed a ruler to India and unexpectedly announced in a speech that the authority will be transferred to an independent country in April 1948; i.e., in four months. Mountbatten had been engrossed in negotiations with the Indian political leaders. Soon, he and his wife, Edwina, established a good relation with Nehru and Gandhi. On the other hand, Jinnah was opinionated and all attempts to disclaim an independent Islamic country failed. Meanwhile, violence was aggravated among the followers of both religions. Hence, partition was the only solution. Most Muslims supported Jinnah's claim for an independent country. Nevertheless, many national Hindus opposed partitioning India. Mountbatten and his wife Edwina soon convinced Nehru of the partition. Their persistence made Gandhi waive his dream and witness the partitioning of his

country into two parts. Yet many radical Hindus regarded that shift in Gandhi's attitude as high treason.

On 3 June 1947, the British Prime Minister declared that British India will be partitioned into two independent States, namely India and Muslim Pakistan. However, this was planned to be enforced not within a whole year but within 14 months. As a result, millions of Hindus and Muslims who suddenly found themselves where they did not belong backed up as much of their belongings as possible, marched out of their homes and fled away, while thieves attacked them in the journey. More than million people were killed. Matters were much worse than Gandhi conceived, and he strove to prevent riot and killings among Hindus and Muslims. On the declaration of India independence, Gandhi was in Calcutta instead of New Delhi mourning the partitioning of his country instead of celebrating the liberation he struggled to achieve.

AssassinationTwo members of the Hindu Mahasabha party, namely

Nathuram Vinayak Godse and Narayan Apte, decided that Gandhi must die since they opposed his religious tolerance scheme that advocated tolerance between all religions. Thus, on 30 January 1948, Godse and Apte headed to Birla House to attend the regular evening prayer held by Gandhi, where Godse shot Gandhi three times whereby Gandhi fell to the ground, dead. Gandhi survived six assassination attempts during his life and died in the last one at the age of 79 years old. On 31 January, his body was incinerated at the banks of Yamuna River. After an eighteen-month trial, his assassins were sentenced to death.

Gandhi was not a general, military ruler, king or a conqueror. Rather he was a man enthroned in the hearts of the people as described by his escorts. He is Mahatma Gandhi, the spiritual leader of India and the leader of the peaceful revolution which led to India independence from Britain. He attained that independence through love as he recurrently said, "We can conquer our opponents with love only not hate. Hate is merely a polished form of violence which harms the hateful and never the hated". Gandhi was officially honored in India as the father of the nation. His birthday on 2 October is celebrated in India as a national holiday and internationally as the International Day of Non-Violence.

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The World Bank was initiated at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 to provide long-term loans as well as complement the work of the International Monetary Fund. The World Bank was established because of the consequences of the World War II that caused huge losses of funds, properties and lives throughout Europe. This requires the reconstruction, development, and attaining peace and stability worldwide. Following the World War II, it had become evident that one of the means to maintain peace and achieve stability had been the reduction of the major differences between the standards of lives of rich and poor countries. Hence, the development of the economies of developing countries had been one of the main objectives of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which launched its business in June 1946 with its headquartered in Washington, USA.

The World BankSpotlight on:

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World Bank Objectives: The World Bank aims at achieving two main objectives:

1. Providing the necessary funds for post-World War II reconstruction, including infrastructure and production projects in the Western Europe countries.

2. Helping develop the developing countries by providing investment funds to implement production projects in these countries.

The World Bank is one of the United Nations international financial institutions. It supervises the international financial system, and is concerned with the development policies, investments and structural reform in the member countries. It is also concerned with the credit worthiness since its funding depends on borrowing from capital markets.

The International Monetary Fund and World Bank activities are integral. The World Bank focuses on long-term activities related to structural adaptation, which has to be preceded with the stabilization stage that is within the range of International Monetary Fund activities. This stage includes the reduction of inflation and budget deficiency as well as adjustment of exchange rates, and this process is considered an initial stage for the success of medium and long-term structural adaptation.

In 2012, the World Bank had 188 member countries. In order to for a country to be a member of the World Bank, it has to be a member of the International Monetary Fund in advance. Furthermore, the member countries subscription to the Bank capital is determined pro rata to their shares in the International Monetary Fund. Each member country share in the World Bank is divided into three parts to be paid as follows:

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A. A member pays (2%) of its share in gold or US dollars, which the Bank uses to provide loans to countries.

B. A member pays (2%) of its share in its national currency, which may be used for lending only upon the approval of the member country.

C. The remaining 80% of the share is not subject to loans. However, the Bank may use it to provide guarantees to some loans granted to member countries and to guarantee the commitments of the Bank itself.

World Bank Organizational Structure and Decision Making Mechanism:

The World Bank organizational structure is comprised of the following bodies:

1.BoardofGovernors:

The Board of Governors is comprised of Governors and Alternates representing their Member Countries of the World Bank. In general, those governors are ministers such as the Ministers of Finance or the Ministers of Development that are considered the main decision makers at the World Bank. The Governors meet once a year at the Bank annual meetings to manage the affairs of the Bank and develop its policy. Furthermore, the Board of Governors may delegate all or some of its powers to the Board of Directors.

2.BoardofExecutiveDirectors:

It is an executive board that implements the decisions of the board of governors and consists of 14 members, who are elected by the Board of Governors for terms of five years, provided that five members represent the major shareholding countries in the World Bank namely (France, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, United States).

3.ManagementBoard:

The Management Board comprises banking management experts, who are appointed by the Board of Directors and directly supervised by the World Bank Governor.

The World Bank performs its activities through the Bank Deputy President Office Departments. Indeed, the World Bank operates as a cooperative made of shareholding member countries. The number of shares depends on the level of the economic scale of the member country. Consequently, the shares are allocated as follows:

The five major shareholding countries

The remaining shares are allocated to the member countries.

The Bank has more than 9300 employees including economy experts, educationists, ecologists, financial analysts, anthropologists, engineers and many others. Those employees are from 160 different countries. Besides, more than 3000 employees work at the Qatari offices of the World Bank in developing countries.

Country

United States of America

Japan

Germany

United Kingdom

France

Percentage

16.4 %

7.87 %

4.49 %

4.31 %

4.31 %

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World Bank Affiliated Institutions: Some institutions sprang out the World Bank that engaged

in finance. Collectively with the World Bank, they are called the World Bank Group: They are as follows:

1. The International Development Association: The Association was established in 1960 to provide loans

to the poorest countries under more favorable conditions than the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The poorest countries use these loans to the development of energy and infrastructure projects to promote the economic performance. The financial resources of this Association are generated from the World Bank net profit transfers in addition to the contributions of some of the wealthy member countries as well as the subscriptions of the United Nations General Assembly Members in currencies transferrable to capital.

2. The International Finance Corporation: Established in 1956, the Corporation aims at achieving

economic development in poor developing countries, especially in the private sector. A member of the International Finance Corporation must be a Member of the World Bank. The Corporation provides finance to small and medium private enterprise provided such enterprises generate particular profits.

3. The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency: This Agency promotes foreign investment in different

investment fields, especially private investment through eliminating or reducing non-commercial obstacles hindering international investments. The Agency provides foreign investors with guarantees against political risks, disorders and insurances.

World Bank Lending Conditions: The following are the conditions imposed by the World Bank

on the borrowing countries:

1. It has to be ensured that the borrowing country cannot procure the loan from another source under reasonable conditions.

2. A prior study will be conducted to determine the borrowing country's ability to repay the loan and request the country government to guarantee repayment of the loan.

3. The project which the member country requests the World Bank to finance must be the most important and vital project to expand the production capability of the borrowing country. As a result, the Bank shall conduct a detailed study of the applicant country to determine the most important and vital fields.

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4. The World Bank's role in financing the selected projects established in the borrowing countries shall be limited to the requirements of establishing the project using the foreign cash necessary to finance the imported materials to establish the project.

5. The borrowing country shall agree to the World Bank right to supervise how the loan is applied to the targeted field and purpose.

6. The borrowing country shall be able to use to loan in successful projects which have no exceptional circumstances that prevent the investment of the granted loan.

World Bank Lending Policy: The World Bank Lending Policy can be summarized in the

following points:

1. The World Bank provides medium or long-term loans and the latter is more common. These loans are assigned a permission period of five years and their repayment term ranges from 10 to 20 years. Currently, some loans are provided to developing countries until the per capita income reaches a specific limit. If such limit is exceeded, these countries can obtain loans from direct international capital markets.

2. Most developing countries are members of the World Bank. However, the major developed industrial countries have the largest portion of the Bank capital. Thus, they control its voting power and make the decisions serving their best interests. Therefore, during the fourth, fifth and sixth decades of last century, the World Bank had focused on providing loans to European countries for post-World War II reconstruction. Meanwhile, despite being members of the World Bank, the developing countries did not obtain loans.

3. The World Bank adopts a policy of increased attention to the interests of investors. That is, it provides loans with a goal of achieving profit and redeeming such loans on their due date. Accordingly, the World Bank has not been concerned with economic development in developing countries and has not regarded their finance needs.

4. The World Bank is willing to provide loans to countries which adopt open economy policy and allow foreign investments to thrive.

5. The World Bank provides a few loans to industrial projects, which are deemed the cornerstone of economic development in developing countries. It only focuses on agriculture, energy and infrastructure sectors, aiming at confining the developing countries in such international capital system whereby they cannot adopt independent economy policies.

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The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) issued the Human Development Report 2013, "The Rise of the South: Human Progress in Diverse World". The Report analyses the causes and consequences of the “Rise of the South” and identifies policies rooted in this reality that could promote greater progress throughout the world. Moreover, the Report calls for far better representation of the South in global governance systems and points to potential new sources of financing within the South for essential public goods. With fresh analysis and insight and clear proposals for general policy reforms, the Report charts a course for people in all regions to face human development challenges together, fairly and effectively.


Reports


The Report stresses that the striking transformation of a large number of developing countries into dynamic major economies with growing political influence has a significant impact on human development progress. Furthermore, it notes that, over the last decade, all countries accelerated their achievements in the education, health, and income dimensions as measured in the Human Development Index (HDI) to the extent that no country for which data was available had a lower HDI value in 2012 than in 2000. As faster progress was recorded in lower HDI countries during this period, there was notable convergence in HDI values globally, although progress was uneven within and between the index regions.

The report looks specifically at countries, which lifted their HDI value substantially between 1990 and 2012 on both the income and non-income dimensions of human development. It examines also the strategies, which enabled them to perform well. In this respect, the 2013 Human Development Report makes a significant contribution to development thinking by describing specific drivers of development transformation and by suggesting future policy priorities that could help sustain such momentum.

By 2020, according to projections developed for this Report, the combined economic output of three leading developing countries alone - Brazil, China and India - will surpass the aggregate production of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States. This expansion is mostly being driven by new trade and technology partnerships within the South itself, as this Report also shows.

Country

Norway

Australia

UnitedStates

Netherlands

German

NewZealand

Ireland

Sweden

Switzerland

Japan

Average Life Expectancy

at Birth (Years)

81.3

82.0

78.7

80.8

80.6

80.8

80.7

81.6

82.5

83.6

Average Schooling Years

(Years)

12.6

12.0

13.3

11.6

12.2

12.5

11.6

11.7

11.0

11.6

Average Expected Schooling Years

17.5

19.6

16.8

16.9

16.4

19.7

18.3

16.0

15.7

15.3

GNI PerCapita ($)

48688

34340

43480

37282

35431

24358

28671

36143

40527

32454

Index Value

0.955

0.938

0.937

0.921

0.920

0.919

0.916

0.916

0.913

0.912

The First Ten Countries in the 2012 HDI

A key message contained in this Human Development Report is that economic growth alone does not automatically translate into human development progress. Pro-poor policies and significant investments in people’s capabilities - through a focus on education, nutrition and health, and employment skills - can expand access to decent work and provide for sustained progress.

The 2013 Human Development Report identifies four specific areas of focus for sustaining human development momentum: enhancing gender equity; enabling greater voice and participation of citizens, including youth; confronting environmental pressures; and managing demographic change.

To harness the wealth of knowledge, expertise, and development thinking in the South, the Report calls for new institutions, which can facilitate regional integration and cooperation among the countries of the South. In fact, emerging powers in the developing world are already sources of innovative social and economic policies and are major trade, investment, and increasingly development cooperation partners in investment, trade and development cooperation.

Analysis of 2012 HDI shows that Kingdom of Norway was ranked first out of 186 countries listed in the 2013 Human Development Report as the index value reached (0.955). Australia held 2nd rank; USA had 3rd rank; Japan held 10th rank with index value of (0.912) while it had 1st rank in life expectancy at birth indicator, which reached (83.6) years.

Reports


Country

Qatar

UAE

Bahrain

Kuwait

SaudiArabia

Libya

Lebanon

Oman

Algeria

Tunisia

Jordan

Palestine

Egypt

Syria

Morocco

Iraq

Mauretania

Yemen

Djibouti

Sudan

IndexValue

0.824

0.818

0.796

0790

0.782

0.769

0.745

0.731

0.713

0.712

0.700

0.670

0.662

0.648

0.591

0.590

0.467

0.458

0.445

0.414

Average LifeExpectancy

at Birth (Years)

78.5

76.7

75.2

74.7

74.1

75.0

72.8

73.2

73.4

74.7

73.5

73.0

73.5

76.0

72.4

69.6

58.9

65.9

58.3

61.8

Average Schooling Years

(Years)

7.3

8.9

9.4

6.1

7.8

7.3

7.9

5.5

7.6

6.5

8.6

8.0

6.4

5.7

4.4

5.6

2.5

2.5

3.8

3.1

Average Expected

Schooling Years

12.2

12.0

13.4

14.2

14.3

16.2

13.9

13.5

13.6

14.5

12.7

13.5

12.1

11.7

10.4

10.0

8.71

8.7

5.7

4.5

GNI PerCapita ($)

87.478

42.716

19.154

52.793

22.616

13.765

12.364

24.092

7.418

8.103

5.272

3.359

5.401

4.674

4.384

3.557

2.174

1.820

2.350

1.848

Arrangement globally

36

41

48

54

57

64

72

84

93

94

100

110

112

116

130

131

155

160

164

171

Ranking of Arab Countries in the 2012 HDI

The first ten countries globally in the 2012 HDI have very high level of human development but have different sub-indicators constituting the index such as the life expectancy at birth, average schooling years, average expected schooling years and GNI per capita.

For Arab countries, Qatar held 1st rank in the 2012 HDI and 36th rank globally in which the value of HDI reached (0.824). Indeed, this reflects the increasing attention paid by the rational leadership to human development, which represent the key four pillars of Qatar National Vision 2030. The State of Qatar was ranked first in the indicator of GNI per capita.

Qatar and UAE are classified as countries that have very high human development whereas Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Libya, Algeria and Tunisia are classified as countries that have high human development while Jordan, Palestinian, Egypt, Syria, Morocco, Iraq are classified as countries that have mean human development. Mauretania, Yemen, Djibouti and Sudan are classified as countries that have low human development.

The 2013 Human Development report calls for a critical review of the global governance regimens with the aim of building a world with prevailing equality and justice. Actually, the old structures no longer cope with the new economical and geopolitical reality. New options for partnership should be available in new era. The report calls for more transparency and accountancy. It emphasizes also on the importance of the world civil society in supporting this goal in addition to making the categories exposed mostly to international challenges participate in making decisions; those categories are the poorest and the weakest in the world.

The Report also calls for a critical look at global governance institutions to promote a fairer, more equal world. It points to outdated structures, which no longer reflect the new economic and geopolitical reality, and considers new options for a new era of partnership. It also calls for greater transparency and accountability, and highlights the role of global civil society in advocating for this and engaging those most directly affected by global challenges and who are often the poorest and most vulnerable people in our world in decision-making.

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A

Oil is considered the prime source that the GCC Countries relied on and continued to be with respect to their economic growth and transformation. This sector has dominated the economic structure and promoted the economic, financial and strategic powers of the Gulf States (Sovereign Wealth Funds). These countries managed to acquire significant revenues in the last economic leap that are a hundredfold of what it acquired in the precedent leaps creating a convenient environment for economic growth. The rising oil prices supported by proper macroeconomics and trade policies adopted by these countries in recent years particularly: the liberalization of the economy; improvement in the level of economic freedom; investment in enhancing and modernizing basic infrastructure on the basis of new technologies, have positive impact in the consolidation of macroeconomic indicators. The economic focus of these countries is evidently indicated in the growing contribution of the oil sector to economic growth, gross domestic product, exports and government revenues, and the significant improvement of macroeconomic indicators. economy indicators have significantly improved within the last years. On the other hand, the oil income has adverse effects, which are referred to as "resource curse" indicated by shortcomings in economy, performance and governance.

Will the Gulf States’ succeed in choosing the Economic Diversity-Driven Model?Prof. Zairi Belkacem*

* Head Researcher at the Center for Organizational Macroeconomic Research, Faculty of Economy and Commerce, University of Oran, Algeria

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Several international financial organizations encouraged the Gulf States to reconsider the oil exports-driven economic model

Uncertainty of prices in the oil markets entails adopting a cautious policy since these positive impacts can be temporary creating interrelated medium-term and long-term challenges. For example, they can create challenges with respect to government budgets, oil price fluctuations (over the short term) and exhaustion (over the long term), as well as the challenges of economic diversity, development of the private sector, attracting foreign direct investment and nationalization of the Gulf capital. In addition, there are challenges related to the failures of the labor markets and productivity as well as the challenges of economic integration, unified currency and inflation …etc. Therefore, many international financial organizations encourage in various occasions the six countries constituting the GCC to reconsider the oil export-driven economic model. However, such transformation raises a number of questions regarding the requirements and challenges facing the transformation into an economic diversity- driven model with a view to mitigate the impact of external shocks and fluctuations in the international market, enhancing economic diversity, and the limitations and difficulty to adopt a different economic growth model.

In order to explain some of these challenges, we have to come to an agreement, that economic diversity mainly

aims at developing non-oil sectors, which are governed by their interrelation with the oil sector. The oil revenues have driven the success of the non-oil sector, hence; the major challenge is how to ensure the development of the non-oil sector independent of the growth of the oil revenues so that it could be less depended on the oil revenues because constant high oil prices cannot be ensured. Despite the reform made to diversify and expand the sources of income to ensure the stability of public budgets and government revenues, the oil sector no longer provides means to encounter unemployment problems. This is due to the model has grown unable to provide convenient jobs for hundred thousand individuals due to the fact that it employs only a limited number of labor and mostly foreigners who comprise and average of 60% or 70% approximately of the total labor in most Gulf States. Thus, it is believed that the foreign labor in the Gulf labor market has reached its maximum threshold. It is not possible to utterly depend on the increase of such labor force without exposing the economic and social entities to adverse risks. The overdependence on foreign cheap labor can attract sectors of intensive low-productivity, low-wages workforce, which is referred to as (the practice social dumping) or "race to rock bottom" in some economic literature. This situation requires swift remediation of the labor market disorders, increasing productivity and reforming curricula to be compatible with the needs and requirements of the Gulf markets.

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Non-oil private sector can be the main branch of the model required in economic development

It is noteworthy that the GCC countries integrated the national workforce in the public sector. However, it is excepted that this strategy will not be sustainable over the long term, which requires, therefore, focusing on the non-oil private sector that can be the main branch of the required model in economic development in the upcoming stage. In an attempt to accommodate the segments of age that are integrated into the labor market, the countries of the region seek to diversify their economies. Since 1980, some countries have focused on petrochemicals, aluminum, steel, financial services, tourism, air transportation and maritime transportation. In fact, the countries of the region have different viewpoints on promoting economic diversity, which has become a major challenge. (A) Leading countries in the field of diversification has acquired a dominant position that cannot be disturbed such as the Emirate of Dubai in the field of air transportation and the State of Qatar with respect to natural gas markets. (B) The markets are not expandable indefinitely because duplicating the same diversification models will create a duplicity problem among countries that select the same activity. Consequently, oversupply will be a problem over the medium term such as the tourism, financial and air transportation services. (C) It is expected that none of the region countries will alone be the regionally leading country (Leadership), for diversification efforts are in some cases actually implemented while in other cases

remain planned projects for being subject to several limitations and unclear vision. However, it is worth mentioning that this desired backed by considerable political will has not achieved a competitive non-oil sector that is able to generate sufficient revenues since diversification is viewed as a solution to limit foreign trade risks not a means to optimize export revenues.

Another challenge hindering the implementation of actual diversification of the production base in the countries of the region including technical sectors, knowledge economy, leadership and creativity, which have a vital role in achieving economic diversification, is the delayed structural and economic reformation measures to encourage non-oil sectors. Indeed, these measures require a proactive policy and intensive policies economically, socially and culturally. Therefore, all countries of the region consider the main factors of growth to be promoting the private sector contribution and adopting an open external approach. Apart from the different organizational and administrative obstacles that still hinder privatization, there are elements that enable us to measure the level of development within recent years in this field, particularly direct foreign investments since the flows were minimal. However, since 2000, the countries of the region have become more open to these flows in sectors that were monopolized by the governments. Besides, they adopted new flexible policies in the legal and administrative fields to facilitate investment, since such approach was not feasible during last years. In spite of such progress, there are still steps that need to be taken to improve the indicators of governance and the cash and financial policies.

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The factors or constituents of success as a manager in developing an efficient administration - with an eye on achieving its outlined ultimate goals and noble ends along with the goals set by the entity or authority to which it reports revolve around that factors relating to an administrative organization or its personnel. Thus, a manager essentially assumes considerable responsibilities of tasks related to management, supervision and developing his/her organization to a higher level.

Secret of Success in Management and Work Ambassador: Abdulrazzak Bin Abdulghani Al-Abdulghani*

* H.E Ambassador of Qatar to the Spanish Kingdom

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The most important factors that should be observed: the outlining of clear plans and goals for the organization

The most important factors or constituents that should be observed while undertaking our work according to the above framework: setting clear plans and goals for the organization; coordination with workers and employees for implementing such plans and evaluating mistakes that could be made during the implementation process. Naturally, this ensues from on-going follow up and immediate assessment of all implementation stages, and the personal engagement on them.

The keenness to have the flow of work in line with a detailed organizational structure

Other aspects that should be considered: the flow of work must be in line with a detailed organizational structure. Organization always guarantees a smooth and clear progress of work; give an opportunity to focus in the main activities that serve the outlined goals. In addition, to being keen on preserving the allotted time for work; avoid taking decisions without diligent study and consultation; provide convenient ambiances and proper environment for work; securing the prerequisites for implementing the tasks assigned by the organization. Moreover, it raises the spirit of cooperation

and liaisons between employees; appreciate and encourage ideas and proposals that aim to improve work practices through the experts working in the organization who are selected based on delicate standards including social and academic qualifications, expertise, good behavior, and good communication with others.

Other vital aspects that have direct impact on the success of the manager and raise the quality of work flow: follow up the performance of personnel on site and not only behind desks, and applying the principle of justice and equality in dealing with workers and employees.

The importance of personal communications One of the important means in performing one's job is

personal communication, or what is called horizontal or diagonal communications. These means aimed at exchanging information and ideas and building solid ground characterized by mutual understanding and common perception and trust among human factors inside that organization. Such communication means consume around 80% of the manager's time. However, they are indispensable since it facilitate the transfer of information, data, statistics, concepts through different channels in such way that would contribute in making managerial decisions and attaining success and development of the organization. They also warrant interaction and mutual exchange of different activities in the organization.

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They represent essential tool of directing and altering the individual and collective behavior of foundation's workers and a crucial factor in stimulating the interconnections between and among employees and their training on teamwork as well.

Horizontal communications are the lateral communications taking place between professional peer groups or people working on the same level of hierarchy (like communication between two managers or among workers). That type of communications enhances aspects of cooperation between different levels of management, especially if it focuses on: coordination of work, exchange of information, solving problems, reducing the severity of conflicts and clashes and supporting cords of cooperation among workers.

Diagonal communications are of two opposed directions, downward and upward. As the downward communications aim at extending demands, directions, instructions and decisions through familiar forms of communications, memos, circulars, meetings..etc. While the upward communications that travel from employees to the manager, involving the outcomes of implementing plans, disclosure and interpretation of impairments and barriers on implementation level in concomitant with notes and opinions. That would not be realized in absence of a degree of trust between them and the administrator and the latter is willingness to contain all proposals and aspirating opinions. Such communication means are boosted through the open door policy pursued by the manager.

It is worth noting that there are informal ways of communication not prescribed by regulations and formal measures. These relationships are determined by personal links and social relationships (exchange of information at dinner parties, complaints and so forth). Such type of communications is distinguished with rapidity in comparison with formal forms. It helps exchange of information and provide access to trials and present examples adopted by other corresponding organizations.

For ensuring success to such efficacious forms of communication, their tools must be secured, e.g. listening, effective speech, continuous assessment of the current communication means while addressing their underlying impasses and raising different inquiries and holding discussions thereon.

On the level of dealing with personnel in the organization, the standards of which are manifested in protecting the rights of each worker for the sake of public interest, applying justice on all employees, finding formula of fair competition between and among workers. It also includes undertaking responsibility in line with the dictations of the national interest in an honest and sincere way. This is in tandem with the use of more reflective and effective mechanisms steering the flow and quality of work and entrenching ethics in relation to the mastery of work and integrity in responding to call of duty.

Here is the importance of the carrot and stick approach emerges; that is, honoring brilliant employees with qualitative skills and the potential to be distinctive, making immense efforts for conducting their work and advancing their capabilities and productivity. The honoring approach results in implanting the

spirit of distinctiveness in all work staff, encouraging their power of creativity and giving, as well as crowning such elite's efforts in their pursuit for creativity all of them in each post and within the range of one's responsibilities. The rewarding approach acts as an incentive for being constantly devoted to work and making specific shift in the life of distinguished employee, inducing them to more productivity. The punishment approach is also effective to the extent it corrects a sluggish, inactive employee.

The successful manager is the one who manages to realize the goals intended from his/her post as assessed in light of accomplishments

Successful administrator is the one who manages to realize the goals intended from his/her post as assessed in light of accomplishments not only the effort made. That would not be seen on the real ground without development, creativity, innovation and taking the lead to present new opinions, which provide solutions to impairments and challenges hindering the progress of work in their organization. This necessitates adaptation to updates at work and development occurs around them in such manner that they attain general confidence broadening their scope of vision. Whereby they are enabled to diagnose issues in prudent and precise way and explore the underlying requirements before making any decision without being rash into unstudied or emotional response.

In recent years, our relationship with Turkish officials transcended the diplomatic relations level into warm friendship and brotherhood

The facilitation of means to achieve goals and its transfer into well-established standards; raise performance level of employees through supervision and follow up processes; draw separate lines between public and private interest, and reliance on almighty God we were able to develop Qatar-Turkey bilateral relations since I took over my assignment in Ankara by the end of 2005. This development builds upon the progress in bilateral relations since 2001 following the visit made by H.H Emir of the State to Ankara. This visit concluded by the signing of various agreements between the two countries, we have been able to boost and strengthen Qatar-Turkey relationships since assuming responsibility in Ankara 2005. Through monitoring the track of issues and relationships with Turkish officials, we have crossed in recent years the boundaries of diplomatic relationships into warm friendship and brotherhood, that is based on support having/being provided to the diplomats through their visionary leaderships with an attempt to promote and develop aspects of cooperation at all levels.

As we have initially pointed out that the most important factors or constituents that should be observed: developing well-featured plans and setting goals for the organization, and coordination as a prerequisite for implementing these plans. Harnessing qualified local personnel have been targeted in our work for such missions with no discrimination against their nationalities and identities. We managed to develop personal links with the officials of the hosting country. Then we have

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worked on effecting all agreements and protocols concluded between the two countries and not certified by either party or both parties. We also paved the way for activating political negotiations between the two countries' foreign ministries and joint committees (economic and security) through language of dialogue to overcome obstacles confronted during our visits to the relevant ministries while navigating across procedures at all levels before the parliament and foreign ministry and other similar institutions of the hosting country.

For example, with no limitation, more than 20 agreements, protocols and memorandums of understanding have been concluded so far and around the same number of other drafts of agreements and memos of understanding are on the way to deliver. These agreements, protocols and memos have covered a variety of cooperation fields; politics, economy, trading, investment, security, military, TV-broadcasting, news sector, civil aviation, tourism, culture, art, archiving system, the employment of human force, and the training of diplomats in the Qatar-Turkish diplomatic institute. It also included facilitating procedures required for granting visas for regular passport holders that of mutual exemption of the visa requirements for the holders of special diplomatic and private passports and travel permits for a mission in either country.

Putting these agreements, protocols and memos of understanding into effect opens doors to the widest extent for constructive interconnections between officials and mutual

cooperation in both regional and international levels. That is, in turn, translated into intensive visits, mutual support at global forums and close and harmonious viewpoints concerning the regional and international issues of common interest.

There is nothing left here but unveiling the total visits made by Qatari senior officials to Turkey during the 7 year-long period of our missions; from December 20th 2005 to December 31st 2012. These type of visits exceeded 100 visits including 8 visits made by His Highness the Emir of Qatar, 9 visits by Her Highness the wife of H.H the Emir of Qatar, one visit by H.H Heir Apparent , 12 visits by H.E premier and foreign minister, 2 visits by the Chairman of Shura Council (Advisory Council), and 9 visits by Armed Forces Chief of Staff, at a rate of more than one visit by a superior per month.

This considerable number of visits and activities prompted us to inaugurate a consulate of the State of Qatar in Istanbul, Turkey's cultural capital and trading hub, and our military attaché in the capital of Ankara 2009.

In conclusion, we cannot forget very important point pertaining to the secret of successful diplomat, besides appointing accredited cadre and developing relationships in the hosting state, namely; gaining credibility from the leadership of both countries and all the time support of their government, as considered the most important stimulus for attaining success.

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Firstly, it has to be admitted the introduction of this article is highly provocative. It can imply disapproval of how social, political and intellectual issues approached in the Arab world. It can also be a problematic introduction. In light of all such possibilities and realizations, the Arab media at present lacks vision and are plagued with confusion. There is a lack of vision and confusion pursued by political interests and sensational intellectual speeches towards questionable ends with a rush to follow suit. This is all happening without awareness or caution to the considerable security, moral, national, political and social damage initiated by such unscientific approach that does not rely on analysis and insight to implications.

Arab Media Crisis, Whereto!!! Prof. Faisal Al-Rafouh*

* Former Jordanian Minister of Culture, Professor of Political Sciences at the University of Jordan, President of the Middle East Center for Studies and Dialogue among Civilizations

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Evidence of what was mentioned manifest in the reactions or the comments made by the media agencies as they provoke each other with claims to the extent of accusations of treason, treachery and lack of conscience. As a result, the Arab audiences get confused when they try to enjoy, watch or read such media outlets since what transmitted are evidently contradictory. This is not the result of a variation in interpretations or analysis; however, it is in the basis of different convictions approaches. Whenever an event occurs in the Arab world, you find they were looked through different lenses, with some consider it as patriotic while others disprove it and condemned it as an act of treason of the nation, Arabism and nationalism. Even the current self defense in the Arab nations was not safe from such conflict over classification under titles not in the Arab Media which should have assumed a unified and unconfused attitude to fight for its side.

Apart from Al-Jazeera and some other professional channels, most satellite channels have many reprehensible points with respect to how they approach the Arab Spring. This certainly indicates a crisis in the Media that extended its conflict outside the domestic arena of the Arab world to regional and international territories. Consequently, the enemies benefited from such conflict and depended upon it to counter the Arab nation. Moreover, this attitude has been distinctly adopted examining the Arab Spring and with respect to defending our religion, values and entity.

All countries depend largely on the Media as one of the means to promulgate their decisions, acquire benefits, maintain security and stability or preserve its national interests. Furthermore, media has an active, recognized and significant role in political dynamism whether in the domestic, regional or international levels. In addition, these countries seek to maintain media in a sound state commensurate with total loyalty of citizens. Therefore, Media crimes are condemned, denied and fought against by the public opinion in the country

and such crimes are designated as crimes of high treason. However, in recent years in the Arab world, we have been oblivious to what we call in our political, intellectual and social literary the fourth authority in the political system; i.e., media of which the most important are satellite channels and the press. Subsequently, we have pursued rough paths and have let our media degenerate to the inferior level of Arab teamwork. In fact, it dedicated itself to pursue its partial self-interests at the expense of the national interest and even the regional interest sometimes. For example, it tackles the issues of the nation from a short-term promotion perspective even if it prejudices the public, cause damage to the country or harms the nation. Indeed, the prime aim of Media has become to transmit reports from newspapers, radio or satellite channels and such aim has grown to be far more superior to the success of the country or the collective entity.

Apart from the methodological and sage, most mass media, have adopted the "grocery business" considerations relinquishing the "organizational" considerations and the country considerations. In other words, they have limited their daily revisions to profits and losses. Thus, they have rendered themselves under the control of foreign entities that were able to use them. Hence, terms like "mercenary press" "suspicious channels" and "trading with Arabism" have become recurrent in the region. Regardless such actions were intentional or unintentional, they constitute a crime against the nation, the country and the citizens. Moreover, these actions are more damaging than cannons or the destruction by soldiers and enemies due to the fact that internal adversities are much more damaging than external transgressions for their adverse consequences unquestionably lead a country to its downfall.

Recently, many of these corrupt Arab Media undergo a state of unconsciousness or blindness due to their inability to approach the issues of their nation in an honest manner. This is due to their inability to recognize the parameters of

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vagueness pursuing excitation and commotion. For example, sometimes they report some news from a source and start putting together pits and pieces around it without realizing the intentions of the source, which may have presented such news in order to create disturbance or as bait to the Arab Media that no longer sort their inputs. An example is the news reported by the Israeli Media particularly and the foreign Media generally. These outlets report the news and then, the Arab Media react considering it an undisputed fact and use it as a basis to interpret other incidents. Hence, this harm the nation with its media incapable of countering the other, while taking part in undermining and frustrating the nation and defeat its values, aspirations and endurance in order to generate unlawful gains at the expense of its existance.

Recently, the state of frustration in the Arab communities has broadened as some media have initiated sub-conflicts forgetting or pretending to forget the main conflict between the nation and its enemies. Triumphs in such sub-conflicts are strokes befalling the Arab identity while losses crush the national structure. In fact, we recurrently hear or watch reports of Arab conflicts caused and deepened by Media conflicts which results in fracturing the Arab entity.

What makes matter more dangerous is that some political systems are driven by such falsification and assume an attitude on its basis. This is an aggravation expanding and worsening the problem since such course is contrary to the general Arab aspirations striving to reinforcement and unity of goals and ends. Ultimately, internal conflicts have grown to be a dominant characteristic of the Arab communities chasing away the notion of unity. Besides, division has prevailed to the extent that it has become a fact while conciliation has been driven away to extent that it has become impossible where contradiction and disagreement prevail. These are the outcomes of ignorance that plagued intellect and the loss of identity.

Indeed, the Arab nation is in a dire need of collaboration to overcome the internal and external challenges it encounters, especially with the national aspiration has become almost

impossible to achieve in this time of desertion to nationalism and Arab decline. Therefore, it is imperative that we resist all trends that counter our national revival and aspiration to unity. The most prominent trend is present in all forms of Zionism, international hostile alliance, in addition to the Arab slackness, which all lead to demolishing intellect and beliefs. For the nation to overcome this state, we have to awaken our determination, revise the facts and develop plans for the future to ensure the safety of the country and citizens.

With all this discussion, it has to be admitted that the Arab Media has a crisis, that the introduction is in fact serious and realistic, that the imminent danger will eradicate the nation and that the battle is one for survival.

However, there is still hope since some Arab Media outlets, particularly Al-Jazeera. This channel still express the Arabs pains, advocate the unity of destiny, committed to national interests and calls for the need to relinquish all doubts, suspicions, aberration and disintegration. It assert to the Arab citizens that damages will afflict them sequentially and that the structural decay originates from internal ruin.

Hence, we call for the Arab Media to abandon self-interests, give precedence to the common national interests and to have as its motto fighting all perils and hindrances that might harm or impede the nation. Furthermore, we all have to collaborate to redeem our unity and to assiduously develop tactics that support the Arab regimens to fulfill the inspirations of Arabs and the Arab Spring to achieve unity, freedom and better lives.

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The Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, H.E. Dr. Khalid bin Mohammed Al-Attiyah, stressed that the State of Qatar was and is very keen to respect international diplomatic law besides its constitution overtly stipulates that it shall respect and abide by international agreements and charters the State Qatar party to it. The decree no. 13, 2009, on the diplomatic and consular corps, obligates its members to maintain the dignity, honor, well-repute of their posts, whether in or outside the workplace, the good appearance in their assigned post, and to avert whatever may damage the State's relations with other states.

This is his excellency introductory remarks to the study titled "The Diplomatic and consular rules and principles and their applications in the State of Qatar", issued by the Diplomatic Institute under its plan for the scientific studies and researches for 2013.


Al-Attiyah: Qatar is very keen to respect the international diplomatic law

A publication of the Diplomatic Institute

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His Excellency made stated there is no sovereign state that does not have diplomatic and consular missions or not delegating diplomats or consuls to other states at present. The state of Qatar, as a part of this international system, has a wide range of diplomatic and consular representation abroad. It assigns diplomatic and consular missions in most countries of the world, acting according to the diplomatic rules and principles, and it is a party to the two Vienna Conventions on the Diplomatic and Consular Relations.

His Excellency said that Qatar foreign ministry is the responsible ministry of matters related to foreign affairs through the diplomatic and consular representation in foreign countries and representatives in the international organizations. The ministry is keen to apply the diplomatic and consular rules and principles in good faith when implementing the foreign policy based on the principle of enhancing international peace and security. This policy pursued through encouraging the settlement of international disputes by peaceful means and supporting the right of self-determination of people; and not interferes in the internal affairs of countries; and cooperates with peace-loving nations.

His Excellency also points out that the 1945 UN Charter has established the legal grounds for the peaceful co-existence of peoples, the settlement of disputes peacefully. Thus, the UN entrusted the international law committee to prepare the draft international agreement on the diplomatic relations. The agreement ratified in the Vienna-based diplomatic conference 1961, followed by the ratification of the International Convention on Consular relations in the Vienna-based international conference as well in 1963. In 1969, these agreements were completed by another agreement on the special missions.

H.E the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs further stated that these conventions and other related agreements are rendered the first and main source for the diplomatic law without underestimating the rules of the customary international law. These laws still serve as a reference for the resolution of diplomatic relations-related issues when these agreements are void of or remain silent in relation to any provision. He indicated the objective of the rules governing the diplomatic and consular organization is making balance and a compromise between the regional sovereignty principle and the international relation requirements. Such rules are currently well-established and codified as part of the international law.

The study is divided into three parts in order to cover of the diplomatic and consular organization and the applications in the State of Qatar in its different aspects and dimensions. The first part tackles "the features of the foreign and diplomatic policy in the State of Qatar". It focuses on the methodology whereby the Qatari foreign policy outlined in consistence with the permanent constitution, as well as a preface to the Qatari diplomacy and the core of the diplomatic and consular law in the permanent constitution of the State of Qatar.

The second part titled "the Qatar's legislations governing the diplomatic and consular post" addressing the references based on which the regulations pertaining to the diplomatic and legislative post are enacted. It also indicates the diplomatic and consular corps posts, the formation of diplomatic and consular missions and their representative places and the presidency and authorities of the diplomatic mission. It provides a review on the appointment conditions with respect to the diplomatic and consular corps.

The third part was assigned to indicate "the rules of the diplomatic organization according to the international law and related international agreements". It approaches the establishment of the diplomatic relations, the diplomatic immunities and privileges. It illustrates the way of terminating the diplomatic envoy's mission and the diplomatic missions and the implications thereof. In addition, it includes the definition, the way of formation, commence and termination and immunities and privileges of the special mission and the government international organizations.

While the last fourth part of the study tackles "the consular relations", indicating the way to establish a consular center and appointment of the heads of the consular missions and their ranks and consular posts, immunities and privileges. It also illustrates the definition of honorary consuls and their granting immunities and privileges. It further dwells on the way the diplomatic missions furnish the consular assignments and the performance of consular staff to the diplomatic works.

The Diplomatic Institute hopes this study would be considered as reference for the concerned persons in the field of diplomacy and international relations and personnel in the diplomatic missions to enrich their diplomatic culture and skills. This, in turn, has a positive effects on the advance of the Qatari diplomacy that the international community have a great interest.

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Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change The Protocol aims at balancing the concentration of

greenhouse gas in the atmosphere to prevent damage to the climate. In 1997, the Protocol was signed by 195 countries. In fact, the Protocol represents the first executive step of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change made in 1990. Moreover, it imposes two types of commitments on the party countries. The first comprises a list that does not differentiate between developed and developing countries and stipulates the reduction of gas emissions causing the greenhouse effect by a different percentage between 2008 and 2012, preserving reservoirs of greenhouse gases such as the forests to absorb the gas emissions causing climate change and producing and developing environment friendly techniques…etc.

On the other hand, there are commitments imposed on developed countries against developing countries to preserve the environment, including the commitment to facilitate and fund the transfer of technology from them to the environment friendly developing countries in the fields of energy, transport and transportation in addition to cooperation with the developing countries with respect to a clean development mechanism.

The enforcement of Kyoto Protocol on the greenhouse gas emissions has been extended until 2020 at the 18th Climate Change Convention held in Doha in November 2012.

The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal

This is one of the most important multilateral environment conventions. In 1989, it was endorsed by 166 countries and has been enforced on 1992. Indeed, it was made as in response to the annual global production of hundred million tons of hazardous wastes compromising the health of humans and the environment in addition to the dire need to enforce the necessary international measures to handle the transport of such wastes across borders and guarantee their management and disposal in an environmentally sound way.

This Convention aims at providing information about wastes and their management to the party countries as well as reducing the quantity of produced hazardous wastes and handling and disposal of such waste where they were produced as far as possible. It also aids developing countries to make decisions regarding approving or denying the transport of wastes across borders. In September 1995, the party countries approved an amendment preventing the exportation of hazardous wastes from developed countries to developing countries to be disposed of terminally or recycled. However, such provision has not been enforced yet.



Montreal Protocol on the Protectionof the Ozone Layer

This international convention was signed in 1987 and was enforced in 1989. In fact, it has been signed by 191 countries so far. The Montreal Protocol mainly aims at protecting the ozone layer by taking measures to monitor the global production and total consumption of substances that deplete the ozone layer. Furthermore, the ultimate goal is the elimination of these substances through the development of scientific and technological alternate knowledge. Needless to say, the ozone layer is the protective shield preventing the ultraviolet sunrays from reaching dangerous levels.

The Montreal Protocol requires controlling almost one hundred chemicals in several categories. Moreover, the Convention sets for each group of substances a schedule for gradual termination of production and consumption in an effort to eliminate them ultimately.

Convention on Biological DiversityThis Convention has been adopted at the Earth

Convention in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil in 1992. Then, it has become effective in 1993 and was endorsed by 175 countries. Besides, it is a legally binding international convention. The Convention has three objectives, which are the conservation of biological diversification, sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. Its general objective is to encourage the activities leading to a sustainable future. The Convention covers all ecological systems and all hereditary types and resources. It also covers biotechnology including through the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.

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