al andalus
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AL-ANDALUS
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THE CONQUESTHow was the political situation in the Iberian Peninsula
at the beginning of the VIII century?
There was a civil war in the Visigothic kingdom between the king Rodrigo and the family of Witiza, who had been the king before
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Why did the Muslim come to the Peninsula?
Because the army of the Witiza’s family hired them as a mercenaries. As a result, the Muslim army of Musa and Tariq defeated the Rodrigo’s army at the battle of Guadalete
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Why did the Muslim stay in the Peninsula?
The Visigothic nobles were to weak and the Muslim decided to conquer the Visigothic kingdom. A large number of nobles did not fight against the Muslims so they could occupy most of the Iberian Peninsula in few years
Some Visigoths found a shelter in the northern mountains
and they created small kingdoms with the local population
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The dependent Emirate of Cordoba
• Al-Alandalus was an Emirate of the Caliphate of Damascus. It was like a province in the Caliphate.
• Its capital was in Córdoba and the main authority was the Emir who was a governor
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The independent Emirate of Cordoba
• In 750, Abd-al-Rahman could escape from Damascus when his family was assassinated by the Abbasid family which took the power of Islam and set the capital of the Caliphate in Baghdad.
• In 756, Abd-al-Rahman set an independent emirate in Al-Andalus. That meant that they obeyed the Caliph of Baghdad from a religious point of view but they were independent from a political point of view
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The Caliphate of Córdoba
• The Emir Abd-al-Rahman III was very successful defeating the Christians and keeping the peace in Al-Andalus
• In 926, when there was a crisis in Baghdad, he decided to be a Caliph. Thus, he was not only the main political authority in Al-Andalus but also the religious leader.
• In 976, the new Caliph Hisham II was only 11 years old. As a result, the general Al-Mansur ruled Al-Andalus. When the Caliph became an adult, he was not interested in politics and he left the power to Al-Mansur, who set a military dictatorship.
• The attacks against the Christians were very common under Al-Mansur. He only wanted treasure and money from the Christians in order to reduce taxes in Al-Andalus
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The Taifas
• When Al-Mansur died, there were internal fights in Al-Andalus and Caliphate declined.
• In 1031, Al-Andalus was divided into small kingdoms called Taifas. They fought in order to expand their lands against other taifas.
• They also suffered attacks from the Christians and they became weaker. As a result, some taifas paid taxes to the Christians in order to have them as mercenaries or avoid their attacks
• However, Christian Kingdoms were stronger and they started to conquer some taifas and expand their lands to the River Tajo
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Almoravids and Almohads
• The small and weak taifas asked for help to the Almoravids, who were warriors from the North of Africa.
• Almoravids did not only stop the Christians but they also unified Al-Andalus
• However, other power from the North of Africa –the Almohads-fought against Almoravids and defeated them taking the power in Al-Andalus
• In 1212, the Christians decided to fight together against the Almohads and they defeated them in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
• Christians only left the Kingdom of Granada for the Muslims
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MAPS OF THE EMIRATE AND THE CALIPHATE OF CÓRDOBA
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EVOLUTION AFTER THE FALL OF THE CALIPHATE OF CÓRDOBA
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The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada
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• The Kingdom of Granada was the last Muslim territory in the Iberian Peninsula
• It was in the south-east of Andalucía and its capital was Granada
• It could survive for more than two centuries because they paid taxes to the kings of Castile.
• However, the Catholic Monarchs decided to conquer the Kingdom of Granada in 1492 because they wanted to have good relations with the Pope and give the Muslim lands to their nobles