akela.mendelu.czxcepl/inobio/nove/wood_anatomy/waef-07... · supported by the european social fund...
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Microscopic structure of hardwoodspresentation
Wood Anatomy
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Wood Anatomy 2
Wood microstructure
Hardwoods
Hardwoods differ from softwoods:
1) vessels occurrence2) the lack of radial arrangement of the longitudinal cells (X section)3) much more complex in structure4) rays are more variable in width
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Wood Anatomy 3
Structure of hardwoodsTypes of anatomical elements:● vessel elements● fibres● parenchyma cells● tracheids
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Wood Anatomy 4
Structure of hardwood
3D structure of hardwood
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Wood Anatomy 5
Anatomické elementy dřeva listnáčů
3D structure of hardwood -- drawing
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Wood Anatomy 6
Vessel elements
shapeVessel element is a cell with perforated endnings.
volume: 10-20 %- increasing along the stem height
function- water transporting
dimensionslemgth: 150-1200 μm
typesearlywood vessel elements diameter > 100 μmlatewood vessel elements diameter < 100 μm,
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Wood Anatomy 7
Vessel elements
types of vessel elements
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Wood Anatomy 8
Vessel elements
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Wood Anatomy 9
Vessel elements
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Wood Anatomy 10
Vessel elements
Types after length:
a) short (< 350 μm): Robinia, Fraxinus, Ulmus, Salixb) middle (350–800 μm): Betula, Acer, Platanus, Carpinu, Juglansc) long (> 800 μm): Alnus
Types after diameters:
a) very narrow (< 50 μm): Acer, Pyrus, Fagus, Fraxinus, Ulmusb) narrow (50–100 μm): Betula, Alnus, Populus, Carpinus, Cerasus, Robinia, Quercus, Castaneac) middle wide(100–200 μm): Juglans, Robinia, Ulmusd) very wide (> 200 μm): Quercus, Castanea, Fraxinus, Ailanthus
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Wood Anatomy 11
Vessels
Rozdělení dřev listnatých dřevin na skupiny podle uspořádání a typu cév na P řezu
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Wood Anatomy 12
Vessels
Oak groups in the Northern America
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Wood Anatomy 13
Vessel elements
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Wood Anatomy 14
Vessel elements
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Wood Anatomy 15
Vessel elements
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Wood Anatomy 16
Vessel elements
Types of vessel perforations
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Wood Anatomy 17
Vessel elements
3D structure of vessels in wood of Populus
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Wood Anatomy 18
Vessel elements
Nepropojené (vlevo) a propojené (vpravo) cévy na hranici letokruhu u dřeva BK a JV
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Wood Anatomy 19
Vessel elements
Pitting of the cell wall of vessels● type of pits: bordered pit without torus● size:
– very small (< 4 μm): birch– small (4–7 μm): alder– medium (7–10 μm): hornbeam– big (> 10 μm): chestnut
● number of pits per 1 mm2 of vessel cell wall:– non-numerous (n < 10): exotic woods– numerous (n = 10–20): exotic woods– very numerous (n > 20): the most of European species
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Wood Anatomy 20
Vessel elements
Types of pitting
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Wood Anatomy 21
Vessel elements
Thyloses – parenchyma cells that grew into lumina of vessels● types:
– thin-walled, i. e. living– thick-walled, i. e. dead
● presence: in ring-porous hardwoods and in walnut, beech, ...
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Wood Anatomy 22
Vessel elements
Thyloses in vessels (Robinia pseudoaccacia)
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Wood Anatomy 23
Vessel elements
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Wood Anatomy 24
Libriform fibresshape and orientation● Long cells with closed endings● Parallel to the stem axis ● 50-60 % of wood volumefunction: mechanical supporttypes● length and thickness increase from e.w. to l.w.dimensionslength: 0.2–2.2 mmwidth: 15–50 μmthickness of the cell-wall: 3–7 μm
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Wood Anatomy 25
Tracheidstypes:● vascular● vasicentric● fibrousfunction:● water transport● mechanical supportlength: up to 0.5 mm
vascular tracheids
vasicentric tracheids
fibrous tracheids
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Wood Anatomy 26
Tracheids
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Wood Anatomy 27
Parenchyma cellsShape● rectangular or square-shaped or circle-like shapeamount: 8–35 % of wood volume
Parenchyma cells form:● rays● longitudinal parenchyma● epithelial cells of resin canals● thyloses and pith flecks
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Wood Anatomy 28
Parenchyma cells
longitudinal parenchyma (up to: 20 % of wood volume)
orientationParallel to the stem axis
function- food storageí
typesa) apotrachealb) paratrachealc) bounded
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Wood Anatomy 29
Parenchyma cells
Longitudinal parenchyma in transversal view
V – vessel
P – long. parenchyma
F – fibre
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Wood Anatomy 30
Parenchyma cells
Longitudinal parenchyma in tangential view
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Wood Anatomy 31
Parenchyma cells
Axiální parenchym apotracheální difuzní (a) a rozptýleně nakupený (b)
JV, HB, HR LP, HB, BK, OR
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Wood Anatomy 32
Axiální parenchym paratracheální skupinový (a), vazicentrický (b), vazicentrický křídlovitý (c), křídlovitě splývavý (f), jednostranně vazicentrický (g1) a jednostranně vazicentrický křídlovitý (g2)
PJ, TR, OR JS AK tropická dřeva
Parenchyma cells
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Wood Anatomy 33
Axiální parenchym svazkový hraniční (h), tangenciálně síťovitý (j) a žebříčkovitý (i), koncentrický (k, l)
JS, JM, MO DB, LPOR
tropická dřeva
Parenchyma cells
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Wood Anatomy 34
Parenchyma cells
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Wood Anatomy 35
Parenchyma cells
rays- strands of parenchyma cells in radial direction- often living cells in sapwood● orientation: perpendicular to the stem axis● function: food storage, (water transport)● amount: 10–20 % of wood volume● types:
– homogeneous – parenchyma cells of the same shape– heterogeneous – parenchyma cells of the differentshape
● seriation:– uniseriate, biseriate, ..., multiseriate
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Wood Anatomy 36
Rays in transversal view
maple and birch
Parenchyma cells
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Wood Anatomy 37
Rays in radial view
- valuable for identification of ray type: homogeneous × heterogeneous
Parenchyma cells
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Wood Anatomy 38
Rays in tangential view
- valuable for identification of ray type: homogeneous × heterogeneous
- valuable for identification of seriation
Parenchyma cells
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Supported by the European Social Fund and the state budget of the Czech Republic, project InoBio – CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018
Wood Anatomy 39
3D structure of hardwoods
l.w. vessels e.w. vessels fibres
ray