aj 50 – introduction to administration of justice
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AJ 50 – Introduction to Administration of Justice. Chapter 2 - The Crime Picture. The Collection of Crime Data. Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) FBI annual publication, since 1930 Some 16,000 participating LE agencies provide crime information to FBI based on reported crimes - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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AJ 50 – Introduction to Administration of Justice
Chapter 2 -
The Crime Picture
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The Collection of Crime Data
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)– FBI annual publication, since 1930– Some 16,000 participating LE agencies provide crime
information to FBI based on reported crimes– Used to develop national Crime Index
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)– Bureau of Justice Statistics annual survey– Measures reported and unreported crime
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NIBRS
National Incident-Based Reporting System Incident-based system gathers data on every
single crime occurrence From city, county, state, federal agencies Replaces Part I & II Offenses with
information on 22 general offenses
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Crime Index
Violent and property crimes reported Used for geographical and historical comparisons Used to calculate Crime Rate
– Number of crimes per unit of population Historical trends in crime rate
– 1940’s = decrease– 1960’s–1990’s = increase– 1990’s–2007 = decrease– Current trends?
Crime Index data in transition to new NIBRS
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Part I Offenses Violent crimes
– Murder– Rape– Robbery– Aggravated Assault
Property crimes– Burglary– Larceny/Theft– Motor Vehicle Theft– Arson
FBI crime clock (p. 38)– Frequency of crime occurrence
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Murder Definition?
– Unlawful killing of another human being– 187 PC
Degrees?– 1st, 2nd
– Voluntary/involuntary/vehicular manslaughter Weapon most commonly used?
– Firearm By whom?
– Most suspects/victims acquainted Comparison to other Part I Offenses?
– Least likely to occur/most likely to be cleared– Why?
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Rape
Definition?– Unlawful/forceful sexual intercourse without consent– 261 PC
Against whom?– Female, male, same-gender
“Statutory” Rape?– Victim is minor– 261.5 PC = Unlawful Sexual Intercourse
Sexual Battery?– Unlawful physical contact of some sexual nature without consent
Date Rape?– Acquaintance Rape during “dating” relationship/situation
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Robbery
Definition?– Unlawful taking of another’s property by force or violence
and placing the victim in fear– 211 PC
How?– Armed with weapon– Unarmed = “strong-arm” robbery
“Highway” Robbery?– Robbery that occurs outdoors in public
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Aggravated Assault
Definition?– Unlawful attack or attempt to inflict injury on
another person Types?
– Simple = misdemeanor (240 PC)– Aggravated = felony (243 PC, 245 PC)
Weapon, serious injury, etc. Same as Battery?
– No! Battery is a completed assault (242 PC)
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Burglary
Definition?– Unlawful entry with intent to commit theft or any felony– 459 PC
Types?– Residential, Commercial, Institutional, Auto
Breaking and Entering?– Not necessarily, structure may be unlocked
Annual loss?– Over $4 billion in losses (2007)– Average loss per offense ~ $1,900
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Larceny/Theft
Definition?– Unlawful taking of property of another– 484 PC
Grand Theft vs. Petty Theft?– 487 PC (F) or 488 PC (M) – Depends on value of stolen property ($400)
Common but often under-reported… why? Identity Theft?
– Increasing problem, huge losses
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Motor-Vehicle Theft
Definition?– Theft/attempted theft of motor vehicle– 10851 VC
Motor Vehicle?– Self-propelled road vehicle (car, truck, motorcycle, etc.)– Tractors, airplanes, trains, etc. fall under Theft category
Connection to violent crimes? Losses?
– Over 1 million vehicles stolen in 2007– $7.4 billion
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Arson
Definition?– Burning of property with or without intent to defraud– 451 PC
Why?– Malicious mischief, insurance fraud, destroy evidence or
hide other crimes Most common targets?
– #1 structures, #2 vehicles Annual Loss?
– ~ $1 billion– Average loss per offense ~ $17,000
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Part II Offenses
Less-serious violations as compared to Part I Statistics based on number of arrests as
opposed to number reported– Many would be unreported
Numbers reflect number of arrests, not necessarily number of arrestees
Refer to Table, page 49
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NCVS
National Crime Victimization Survey Information based on victims’ self-reporting
rather than police reports Intended to show the “Dark Figure of Crime”
– Crimes that occurred but unreported– Rape, robbery, burglary, assault, larceny
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Crime Typology
Crimes classified along particular dimensions– Property crimes– Violent crimes– Specific victim type
Many have overlapping characteristics Crime Classification = seriousness of offense
– Infraction– Misdemeanor– Felony
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Crimes Against Women
Women less likely to be victims of all personal crimes except for rape
Higher rate of injury to female victims Violence against women primarily from
partner Other associated crimes
– Domestic Violence– Rape/Date Rape– Stalking/Cyberstalking
Refer to statistics on p. 52-53
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Crimes Against the Elderly
In general, victimization declines with age
Elderly more likely to be…– Victims of property crimes– Victimized by strangers– Victimized in or near home during daytime– Injured (less likely to protect themselves)
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Hate Crimes
Crimes with a motive of…– Hatred, bias, or prejudice based on the actual or
perceived race, ethnicity, religion, national origin, disability, gender, or sexual orientation of an individual or group of individuals
422.55 PC & 422.6 PC Connection to “regular” PC sections? Examples?
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White-Collar Crime
Usually nonviolent crime for financial gain committed by…
– Person of high professional/business status– Person of high professional/technical knowledge
or skill Corporate Crime
– Criminal actions committed by a corporate entity or its executives or agents
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Organized Crime
Criminal activity by a highly-organized group or association, often supplying illegal goods or services
– Drug trafficking– Gambling– Prostitution– Loan-Sharking/Racketeering
Transnational Organized Crime– Occurs across national borders– International drug/weapons trade
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Gun Crime
Large number of crimes committed with firearms, especially handguns
Gun-control legislation aimed at reducing firearms-related crime
– Second Amendment protections?
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Drug Crime
Continuing to increase Connection to other crimes? Huge $$$
– $65 billion in illicit drug sales annually in US
– $142 billion in US, Mexico, Canada Costs of drug enforcement?
– Investigation, arrest, prosecution, incarceration
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High-Technology Crime
Computer Crime (Cyber-crime)– Criminal activity through the use of computer
technology– Malware – malicious computer programs such as
viruses, worms, etc. Invasion of operating systems to alter, damage, destroy
stored information Computer Piracy
– Unauthorized duplication/transfer of software, music, movies, etc.
– Who does this harm?
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Terrorism Committing a violent or dangerous act against
human life in order to…– Coerce or intimidate government or civilians– In furtherance of political/social objectives
Domestic Terrorism– Terrorist individual or group based within US without
foreign direction– Acts directed at US government or populace
International Terrorism– Terrorist individuals/groups with links to foreign
power– Acts directed across national boundaries to further
group’s political/social goals