AIS Chapter 15perceptual-cognitive and perceptual-motor

contributions to elite performance

Anticipating movement and measurement

• Crucial in ball sports, combat sports• Require predetermined sequence of skill execution• Temporal occlusion measurement approach– Competition situations filmed and selectively edited to

provide different amounts of information– Participants required to predict the opponent’s action– The point of significant change in prediction accuracy – Elite players pick up predictive movement pattern info

from earlier time-windows than sub-elite players

Temporal occlusion measurement

Anticipating movement and measurement

• Visual search measurement– Record eye movements to real/similar competitions–Most informative features of opponent’s action that

may be used for anticipatory purposes– Visual search pattern– Small difference between elite and sub-elite players,

can not alone explain information processing difference

Anticipating movement and measurement

• Reactive agility measurement– Respond to near life-size video image of

competitions– Agility time, decision making time– Slower than planned agility test– Significant difference in decision-making time

between elite and sub-elite players• Elite: -149 ms• Sub-elite 22 ms

Recognizing typical patterns of play

• Sport-specific tests of pattern recognition and recall– View a film of typical competition pattern– Recall attach/defense situation in blank template– Elite players recall better

• More sophisticated domain-specific knowledge structures, chunks (一團 , 一組 )– Stored and retrieved efficiently from long-term memory– Advantage in anticipation and decision-making

• Link between anticipation and pattern recall still unclear

Decision-making skills

• How an athlete elects to use the perceptual information picked up in the environment, to select a response option

• Usually measured by film occlusion techniques, using game-specific videos

• Measure eye movement patterns– Elite athletes more efficient visual search strategy,

few fixations, shorter duration in specific areas– Focus on key defender and ‘free’ space– ↑Eye fixation, ↓duration of each fixation in more

complex situations

Elite athletes have superior generic visual ability?

• Elite athletes may have better dynamic visual acuity, wider visual field, superior recognition of peripheral targets

• Differences are SMALL– NOT contribute to prediction of expertise

• Expert and novice athletes are not characterized by differences in basic visual function

訊息處理理論基礎

反應時間定義

Capacity to dual task

• Capacity to execute primary skills more proficiently– Important, but difficult to measure

• Athletes required to simultaneously process many information WHILE executing the skills

• Dual-task test– Primary task for which attention demand is assessed,

usually core skill of the sport– Secondary task for which the performance changes are

measured– Example: 2 vs 2 decision making (primary) and single-

choice vocal reaction time test (secondary)

Capacity to dual task

• Elite athletes perform better in dual-task test, even though similar performance in single-task– Automated the control of primary skill– Has spare attentional capacity to devote to

secondary task

Conclusions

• Pattern recall, decision-making , reaction time and pass accuracy in dual-task, are strong predictors of elite netball players

• Task representativeness: test protocol closely represent the real competitions– Non-specific tasks reduce or completely remove

elite athletes advantage