aircraft electrical systems - suranaree university of...
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Aircraft Electrical Systems
By Jake Heindselman
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Electricity• A form of energy associated with stationary or
moving electrons, ions, or other charged particles
Electricity provides electrical
power throughout the aircraft
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Sources, Switches, and Wiring Circuits
• Battery
• Alternator/Generator
•Circuit breakers/Fuses
• Voltage regulator
• Ammeter
• Master switch
Electrical System
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Battery•Stores electrical energy
• Provides electrical power to
start the engine
• Stores a limited supply of
backup power if alternator or
generator fails
• Recharges when engine is
running (turning Alt/Gen)
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Alternator•Produces alternating current
(AC) which is converted to
direct current (DC)
•Belt driven (engine-driven)
Recharges battery while
engine is running
• Creates sufficient current to
operate entire electrical
system, even at low Engine
R.P.M.
•Electrical current is more
constant throughout different
engine speeds than a
generator
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Generator•Produces direct current
electrical charge (DC)
• Belt driven by the
engine
• Doesn’t produce
enough current at low
R.P.M. to operate entire
electrical system
• Aircraft with generators
use battery power at low
engine R.P.M.
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Magneto• Self contained ignition
unit that provides pulses
of electricity to the two
spark plugs
• Used in internal
combustion ignition
engines
• Doesn’t require a
battery to function
• Each spark plug has a
separate magneto system
• Converts mechanical
energy to electrical
energy
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Spark Plugs
• Receives ‘spark’
electricity from magneto
• Ignites compressed
fuel/air mixture inside
engine cylinder
• Aircraft engines have two
spark plugs (two magneto
systems) per cylinder
• Electricity travels from
magneto to magneto spark
plug in heavily insulated
wires – HIGH VOLTAGE
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Circuit Breaker/Fuses
•Protects the electrical system from electrical overload
• Overload can cause damage to components in the electrical system
• Fuses have an internal metal wire or strip that melts when too much electrical current flows through it
• Circuit breakers have a switch that trips if too much electrical current flows through it
• The switch can be manually reset instead of replacing it
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Voltage Regulator
• Controls the rate of
charge to the battery
• Stabilizes the generator
or alternator electrical
output
• Compares the
generator/alternator
voltage output to the
battery voltage
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Ammeter• Monitors the performance of
the electrical system
• Shows if the
alternator/generator is
producing an adequate supply
of electrical power
• Indicates whether or not the
battery receives an electrical
charge
• Not all airplanes are equipped
with an ammeter
• Some airplanes have a
warning light to alert the pilot of
an electrical system problem
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Master Switch•Turns Electric system on or off
• Controls entire electrical system
except for Magneto Ignition
system, including
•interior/exterior lights,
•radios, fuel gauges, pumps,
• - and – engine starter motor
• Some airplanes equipped with
battery switch and alternator
switch (split switch)
• Alternator switch (ALT)
disconnects alternator from
electrical system in case of
alternator failure (ALT=OFF)
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Ground Power Unit (GPU)
• Provides aircraft
with power from
external power supply
• Very useful for
starting engine in cold
weather
• Some GPU’s built
into airport jet-ways to
reduce wear on a/c
systems and to
provide immediate
power for ground ops
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SummaryComponents
• Battery
• Alternator/Generator
• Magneto
• Spark Plugs
• Fuses/Circuit Breaker
• Voltage Regulator
Controls/ Tools
• Master Switch
• Alternator Switch
• Ammeter
• Ground Power Unit (GPU)
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References
• Wikipedia, (2009), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity, 2-1-2009
• Aeronautical Knowledge Handbook, (2009),
http://ma3naido.blogspot.com/2007/11/aircraft-electrical-system.html , 2-1-2009
• Wikipedia, (2009), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(electrical), 2-1-2009
• Aircraft Technical, (2009),
http://www.pilotfriend.com/training/flight_training/tech/elec.htm , 2-2-2009
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The End