air quality regulations – part 1. o bjectives air quality regulations in u.s. what are air quality...
TRANSCRIPT
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AIR QUALITY REGULATIONS – Part 1
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OBJECTIVES Air Quality Regulations in U.S.
What are Air Quality Standards?
What is a PSD program?
Discuss various Clean Air Act amendments.
How is emission trading used to manage air quality?
What is ISO14000?
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AIR POLLUTIONo A threat to the ecosystem in recent years.
o Global problem affecting human beings, trees, lakes, crops, and animals.
o Damages ozone layer.
o Creates acid rain.
o The effects are diverse and numerous.
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WATER POLLUTION Contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers,
oceans, and ground water.
Problems are more noticeable and immediate in their effect.
Often recognized before it reaches crisis proportions.
Public complaints are immediate.
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Why Air Pollution Laws Were Not Developed?
Serious health related problems take a long time to show up as a result of exposure to air pollutants. Therefore, public may not appreciate the importance of air pollution laws.
Often disregarded as a health and safety issue.
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GOALS OF AIR QUALITY REGULATIONS Protect and enhance air quality.
Protect and promote human health and public welfare.
Air pollution control at state and local level.
Reduce the most significant risks to human health or the environment.
Determine risk-based priorities.
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Essential Items
Human Effort
Money
Technical Knowledge
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HISTORY OF AIR QUALITY REGULATIONS• Prior to 1940: Very little by way of formal regulations. Air Pollution Control
Ordinance (around 1815)
• 1940 - 1955: Initiation of practical efforts in the US as a result of LA type fog
• 1955 -1990: Development, Implementation, and Modification of Regulations
• 2001 onwards: New approaches to apply standards, Review of standards
Note : Before passage of 1970 Clean Air Amendments, Air Pollution Laws were sometimes similar to Water Pollution Laws
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HISTORY OF AIR QUALITY REGULATIONS
• 1955 : Research for scope and sources of air pollution
• 1963: Research for techniques to minimize air pollution
• 1970: Regulated emissions from stationary and mobile sources
• 1977: Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) of air quality for non-attainment areas
• 1990: Control of Acid Deposition
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HISTORY OF AIR QUALITY REGULATIONS
• 2003: Modern pollution-control equipment for power plants built before 1977
• 2004: Reducing pollutants emitted by diesel-powered equipment
• 2005: NOx emission standard for aircraft engines
• 2007: Benzene control technologies for refineries
• 2009: Reporting of GHG emissions from all the sectors
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Role of Business Cycle in Regulations The US is moving from a “manufacturing industry” to a
“service industry” with an emphasis on “recreational” type of activities.
Conventional pollutants during early phase (visible emissions)
Toxic pollutants (invisible pollutants) after Bhopal accident
Small sources, non-point sources (area sources, fugitive emissions)
Global problems (GHGs, Climate change)
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FEDERAL REGULATIONS ON AIR POLLUTION
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TYPES OF LAWS Common:
The body of law that has grown out of common tradition and usage, as stated in court decisions - usually concerns private rights.
Statute:The body of law that has been passed by legislators (e.g: US Congress) and stated in formal documents - usually concerns rights of general public.
Statute laws usually do not take away a citizen's right to sue
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OTHER LEGAL TERMS Tort :
A willful or negligent injury to a person, property, or reputation
Nuisance : Unlawful invasion of a possessor's interest in the reasonable use and enjoyment of property Private Nuisance:
Only the plaintiff or a small, well defined class of plaintiffs are affected Plaintiff(s) could take action
Public Nuisance Many people in the community are affected Only government could take action
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MANAGEMENT OF AIR QUALITY Emission Standards
Air Quality Standards
Pollution Taxes
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Risk Standards Based on Pollution
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EMISSION STANDARDS Emission Standards: limit the amount or concentration of a
contaminant that may be emitted from a source.
Visible emission standards.
Particulate emission standards.
Particulate process weight (or mass) standards.
Gas concentration standards.
Prohibition of emissions.
Regulation of fuel.
Zoning restrictions.
Dispersion based standards.
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EMISSION STANDARDS FOR ON-ROAD DIESEL ENGINES
[Source: Diesel.net (http://www.dieselnet.com)]
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EMISSION STANDARDS FOR ON-ROAD DIESEL ENGINES
YearNMHC(g/bhp-hr)
THC(g/bhp-hr)
CO(g/bhp-hr)
NOx
(g/bhp-hr)PM(g/bhp-hr)
Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Engines
1987 - 1.3 15.5 6.0 0.60
1991 1.2 1.3 15.5 5.0 0.25
1994 1.2 1.3 15.5 5.0 0.10
Urban Bus Engines
1991 1.2 1.3 15.5 5.0 0.10
1994 1.2 1.3 15.5 5.0 0.07
1996 1.2 1.3 15.5 4.0 0.05
California Emission Standards for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines
[Source: Diesel.net (http://www.dieselnet.com)]
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EMISSION STANDARDS FOR NON-ROAD DIESEL ENGINESEngine Power Tier Year
CO (g/bhp-hr)
HC (g/bhp-hr)
NMHC+NOX (g/bhp-hr)
NOX (g/bhp-hr)
PM (g/bhp-hr)
kW < 8 (hp < 11)Tier 1 2000 8.0 (6.0) - 10.5 (7.8) - 1.0 (0.75)Tier 2 2005 8.0 (6.0) - 7.5 (5.6) - 0.8 (0.6)
8 ≤ kW < 19 (11 ≤ hp < 25)
Tier 1 2000 6.6 (4.9) - 9.5 (7.1) - 0.8 (0.6)
Tier 2 2005 6.6 (4.9) - 7.5 (5.6) - 0.8 (0.6)
19≤ kW < 37(25 ≤ hp < 50)
Tier 1 1999 5.5 (4.1) - 9.5 (7.1) - 0.8 (0.6)
Tier 2 2004 5.5 (4.1) - 7.5 (5.6) - 0.6 (0.45)
37 ≤ kW < 75(50 ≤ hp < 100)
Tier 1 1998 - - - 9.2 (6.9) -Tier 2 2004 5.0 (3.7) - 7.5 (5.6) - 0.4 (0.3)Tier 3 2008 5.0 (3.7) - 4.7 (3.5) - -†
75 ≤ kW < 130(100 ≤ hp < 175)
Tier 1 1997 - - - 9.2 (6.9) -Tier 2 2003 5.0 (3.7) - 6.6 (4.9) - 0.3 (0.22)Tier 3 2007 5.0 (3.7) - 4.0 (3.0) - -†
130 ≤ kW < 225(175 ≤ hp < 300)
Tier 1 1996 11.4 (8.5) 1.3 (1.0) - 9.2 (6.9) 0.54 (0.4)Tier 2 2003 3.5 (2.6) - 6.6 (4.9) - 0.2 (0.15)Tier 3 2006 3.5 (2.6) - 4.0 (3.0) - -†
225 ≤ kW < 450(300 ≤ hp < 600)
Tier 1 1996 11.4 (8.5) 1.3 (1.0) - 9.2 (6.9) 0.54 (0.4)Tier 2 2001 3.5 (2.6) - 6.4 (4.8) - 0.2 (0.15)Tier 3 2006 3.5 (2.6) - 4.0 (3.0) - -†
450 ≤ kW < 560(600 ≤ hp < 750)
Tier 1 1996 11.4 (8.5) 1.3 (1.0) - 9.2 (6.9) 0.54 (0.4)Tier 2 2002 3.5 (2.6) - 6.4 (4.8) - 0.2 (0.15)Tier 3 2006 3.5 (2.6) - 4.0 (3.0) - -†
kW ≥ 560(hp ≥ 750)
Tier 1 2000 11.4 (8.5) 1.3 (1.0) - 9.2 (6.9) 0.54 (0.4)Tier 2 2006 3.5 (2.6) - 6.4 (4.8) - 0.2 (0.15)
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STANDARDS FOR STATIONARY SOURCES
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PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR FOSSIL FUELS
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STANDARDS FOR MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
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STANDARDS FOR PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
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EMISSION FACTORS FOR COAL COMBUSTION
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AIR QUALITY STANDARDS Air Quality Standards: Prescribe the pollutant levels
that cannot be legally exceeded during a specific time period in a specific geographic region
1970 : Primary Standards
Protection of public health (to be achieved regardless of cost and within the specified time limit)
Secondary Standards To protect public from known and anticipated adverse effects Time schedule to be determined by state and local governments
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NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
(Source: USEPA)
EPA
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NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
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POLLUTION TAXES Used in the US on a limited scale Home energy efficiency improvement tax credits
Windows and Doors Insulation Roofs Heating and cooling equipments
Residential renewable energy tax credits Solar energy systems (solar water heating and solar electric systems) Small wind systems Geothermal heat pumps Residential fuel cell and Microturbine systems
Automobile tax credits Hybrid Gas-Electric and Alternative Fuel Vehicles Plug-In Electric Vehicles Plug-In Hybrid Conversion Kits Low Speed & 2-3 Wheeled Vehicles
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COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS Economic evaluation of health and environmental
interventions is important
Quantification of impacts for health, crops, materials, social and economic factors
Compare the effectiveness of one intervention against another
Help policy makers allocate limited budget
Demonstrates economic return of investments
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COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS Direct impacts
Tropospheric ozone formation that effects: Public health Crops Materials Ecosystems
Health impacts from primary and secondary pollutants Ecosystem acidification Damage to building and other materials
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COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS Indirect impacts
Changes in GHG emissions with controlled pollutant levels
Social and economic effects from impacts and measures recommended for their control
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COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Source: Lewis J. Perl and Frederick C. Dunbar “Cost Effectiveness and Cost-Benefit Analysis of Air Quality Regulations”, Papers and Proceedings of the Ninety-Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association1982, Vol. 72, No. 2.
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COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Source: Lewis J. Perl and Frederick C. Dunbar “Cost Effectiveness and Cost-Benefit Analysis of Air Quality Regulations”, Papers and Proceedings of the Ninety-Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association1982, Vol. 72, No. 2.
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RISK STANDARDS BASED ON POLLUTION The standards are established based on:
Potential public health impact Health hazard (chronic toxicity) and dose response information
of a chemical
Risk Standards of Chemicals
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RISK STANDARDS BASED ON POLLUTION
Risk Standards of Chemicals
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CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1970
To protect human health and the air environment
To establish a national research and development
program to prevent and to control air pollution
To provide federal assistance and leadership to state
and local governments for air pollution programs
To develop specific standards for hazardous air
pollutants
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CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1970o Important legal event in the US federal air pollution control
field o Creation of Environmental Protection Agency
HEW (prior to 1970) EPA (post 1970)Primary emphasis on
voluntary controlconciliation education persuasion encourage and support state
and local action
Enactment and enforcement of effective pollution standards litigation fines injunctions jail terms
Policy
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PROBLEM
A power plant stack gas (SO2) at 440°C contains 2200 ppm. If the volume rate of gas emitted is 15000 m3/min. What is the SO2 emission rate in kg/sec? The stack pressure is 1.0 bar.
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SOLUTION Step1: Calculate density P = ρRT
ρ = {P/RT}
Sp. Vol. α = {RT/P} = 0.926 m3/kg
Step2: Calculate volume Vol. of SO2 emitted = {15000/60}(m3/sec)*2200*10-6
= 0.55 m3/sec Step3: Mass rate of emission = Density * Volume
=(0.55/α) = (vol. of SO2 /α)
= 0.55/0.926= 0.594 kg/sec
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AIR QUALITY CRITERIA Expressions of the latest scientific knowledge based on
the knowledge of experts.
Describe the effects that can be expected to occur beyond "excedence" pollutant level for a specified time period.
Miscellaneous Exposure Combination of pollutants etc
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CASE FOR NATIONAL STANDARDS Unfair economic advantages (by state) Competition for lower standards. Federal Standards for : automobiles aircraft industries supplying basic needs "New Source " performance standards Initial NSPS issued on December 23, 1971 Steam Generators Portland Cement Plants Incinerators Nitric acid and H2SO4 plants
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Air Quality Control Regions AQCRs were developed in 1967.
Basis: Common meteorology, topography, and climate
Ohio is divided in 14 AQCRs
Toledo: 124 AQCR; Lucas and Wood counties
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Air Quality Control Regions in Ohio
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Air Quality Control Regions in New Mexico
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1973: Sierra Club vs. Ruckelshaus As a result of the Sierra Club case, the USEPA had to
disapprove all implementation plans for not containing provisions for the
Prevention of Significant Deterioration of existing air quality.
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PREVENTION OF SIGNIFICANT DETERIORATION
Applies to new or modified sources constructed after March 19,1979.
Potential emissions of 100 tons/year of any single pollutant, or a combined total of 250 tons/year of all pollutants.
Best available control technology (BACT) applies to all sources covered.
In regions where ambient air quality standards are not being met, a new source is required to provide “Emission Offsets”.
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PREVENTION OF SIGNIFICANT DETERIORATION
Class I: This class covers pristine areas of the country
and no change from current air quality will be allowed
Class II: Almost all other areas where moderate
change in air quality will be allowed
Class III: Industrialized areas where substantial growth
will be allowed, and where the increase in
concentration of pollutants up to the federal
standards will be insignificant
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PSD Increments
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APPLICATION OF THE PSD INCREMENT
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NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS (NESHAPS)
Beryllium
Mercury
Vinyl Chloride
Radio nuclides
Benzene
Asbestos
Others Proposed
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HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATORS Incineration was an economic alternative to solve
hazardous waste crisis.
The NESHAP for hazardous waste combustors was developed in two phases.
Phase I, September 30, 1999, addresses hazardous waste burning incinerators, cement kilns, and lightweight aggregate kilns.
Phase II, September 14, 2005, Hazardous waste burning industrial boilers, process heaters, and hydrochloric acid production furnaces.
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NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS (NESHAPS)
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Number of persons living in counties with air quality levels above the primary national ambient air quality standards in 1985 ( based on 1980 population data)