air quality in paris region 2011 -...

AIR QUALITY IN PARIS REGION 2011

Summary

March 2012

Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region

1

AIR QUALITY IN THE PARIS REGION 2011

Summary

March 2012

This report is an English summary of the annual report on ambient air quality in the Paris region. It gives an overview of the concentrat ions for the European Union regulated pollutants during year 2010. The complete report in French can be downloaded at http://www.airparif.asso.fr/_pdf/publicat ions/bilan-2011.pdf Air quality complete data in the Paris region can be found on AIRPARIF website http://www.airparif.asso.fr/telechargement/telechargement-stat ist ique Annual pollut ion maps are available at http://www.airparif.asso.fr/etat-air/bilan-annuel-cart es All data, reports and studies made by AIRPARIF are publicly available. Full and free access is granted on AIRPARIF website. Any use of part of this report should mention “AIRPARIF Air quality Assessment Network in the Paris Region”. Cover illustrat ion: roadside monitoring site locat ed on Place de l’Opéra – Paris (phot o AIRPARIF)

Contact us

AIRPARIF - Surveillance de la Qualité de l'Air en Ile-de-France 7 rue Crillon 75004 PARIS Phone 01.44.59.47.64 Fax 01.44.59.47.67

www.airparif.asso.fr


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I. Key facts for 2011 2011 confirms the overall stability of chronic pollution levels by particles, nitrogen dioxide and ozone, which remain an issue in Ile-de-France with quality objectives and limit values frequently and substantially exceeded. As in 2010, 2011 weather conditions were predominantly favourable to poor pollution levels. 2011 was the warmest year monitored by Meteo France since 1900. Therefore, the number of pollution episodes due to PM was greater than in 2010, especially because of an extremely dry and sunny spring. Mean levels in 2011 were slightly lower than those in 2010, but were still higher than those recorded in 2008. From one year to another, the variations of meteorological conditions could explain most of the variation of major problematic pollutants levels in the Ile-de-France region. On the other hand, trends over several years reflect the effects of the mitigation measure implementation and the technologic evolutions. Even if the levels were slightly lower than in 2010, due to more dispersive weather conditions, 2011 confirms the overall stability of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels in the greater Paris urban agglomeration for both background and roadside levels, The limit value was exceeded both on background sites, away from the traffic, in the centre of the urban agglomeration, and on traffic sites. Along main roads, the levels were thus in average twice the annual limit value. The limit value was thus largely exceeded over a wide portion of the Ile-de-France road network, as almost 1,600 km of roads are concerned. Levels were overall stable on most of the roadside sites in 2011, like along the Paris ring-road. However, other sites are continuously increasing, especially in the surrounding suburban areas. All in all, around 3.1 million Ile-de-France inhabitants were potentially exposed to NO2 levels exceeding the annual limit value. The decrease of nitrogen dioxide background levels seems to have reached an end . More stringent requirements for low emission vehicles have are certainly been a favourable factor, despite the fact that emission standards are based on NOx and not on NO2. In addition, primary NO2 emissions from diesel-powered vehicles are probably linked to a major issue on the evolution of nitrogen dioxide levels, both at background and at roadside sites. Although the catalyzed particulate filters that now equip most new diesel vehicles contribute to reduce particulate emissions, they also contribute to a significant increase in NO2 emissions. It is now confirmed that the proportion of NO2 in NOx emissions is increasing steadily, as indicated by observations made at roadside sites in Ile-de-France. Similar observations have been made over several years in other European agglomerations such as London. This phenomenon could explain why background NO2 levels are no longer decreasing as they did in the past. Daily and annual limit values for PM10 particles were still greatly exceeded on roadside sites. On background sites, the limit value threshold was reached in one station. In 2011, around 2.7 million inhabitants in the agglomeration living close to main roads were potentially affected by the PM10 particles exceedance of the daily limit value. This is two times more than 2010, but slightly less than in 2009. In 2011, weather conditions have been less favourable for particles, especially because of a very hot and dry spring. Therefore, the number of particles pollution episodes was important, close to the year 2009. However, these episodes didn’t last as long and have been less severe than in 2007 and 2009. For fine particles (PM2.5), in 2011, all the 11.7 million inhabitants of Ile-de-France were potentially affected by air quality objective exceedance. Background levels away from road traffic were, on average, 1.5 to 2 times higher than the objective and up to three times higher on roadside situations. The 2011 limit value was exceeded near major roads, as monitored at the Paris ring-road and A1 motorway stations. Concerning ozone levels, every year, the quality objective, is exceeded in each part of the region, and especially in sub-urban and rural areas. Ozone levels in 2011 were rather stable


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compare to 2010, and much lower than those recorded in 2003 and 2006, years in which there were long hot spells (historical heatwave in August 2003). Benzene levels have, overall, been stable for several years, after a long period of reduction which began at the end of the 1990’s. Although the quality objective for background is met everywhere, this is not the case at roadside sites where the national quality objective is exceeded on nearly 1,000 km of regional roads. Generally speaking, almost 400,000 Ile-de-France inhabitants, in the agglomeration and at roadside situations, are potentially exposed to an exceedance of the annual quality objective for benzene. Concerning pollution episodes, the information and warning procedure was triggered 16 days in 2011. That is three times more than in 2010 (6 days) and more than in 2009 (12 days). Most of these episodes are due to PM10 (13 days of exceedance of the information warning threshold). The alert threshold has not been exceeded in 2011. Only one exceedance of the information threshold has been recorded for ozone in summer, and during two successive days for nitrogen dioxide. At the end of 2011, the regional alert procedure has been modified accordingly to the national Particulate plan. This should imply a higher number of episodes in 2012 (5 times more alerts and 20 to 40 more information warnings)

Trend Standards to be met Non‐binding standards 2000‐2011 Limit value Quality objective Target value

Away from traffic

Roadside Away from traffic



Roadside

PM10 Met Exceeded Met Exceeded

PM2.5 Met Exceeded Exceeded Exceeded Met Exceeded

NO2 Exceeded Exceeded Exceeded Exceeded

O3 Exceeded Met

Benzène Met Met Met Exceeded


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II. Pollutants exceeding air quality standards

Nitrogen dioxide in brief

Nitrogen dioxide remains an important issue in Ile-de-France:

in 2011, around 3,1 million inhabitants living in the centre of the agglomeration were potentially exposed to an exceedance of the annual limit value.

Recurrent limit value exceedances are recorded, especially near road traffic

A slight decrease of background levels is observed between 2010 and 2011 due to weather

conditions more favourable to dispersion in 2011. But after a significant decrease of background levels since the beginning of the 2000’s,

concentrations have been averall stable for several years.

The main source of nitrogen dioxide remains road traffic. Levels along major roads can be twice higher than the air quality standards.

Near road traffic, no improvement is emerging and the increasing proportion of NO2 in NOx

emissions from diesel vehicles equipped with catalyzed particulate filters is leading to a raise of mean NO2 concentrations on some sites.

Summary of air quality standards exceedances for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in Ile‐de‐France

very important > + 50 %important + 30 à + 50 %moderate + 10 à + 30 %

light 0 à + 10 %

exceedance intensity no exceedance

2011 2001-2010Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

Background agglomeration Rural background Roadside

Background agglomeration Rural background

Annual limit value exceedance * 2003, 2007, 2009, 2010

Hourly limit value exceedance ** considering margins of tolerance decreasing from year to year

43

12

111

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Backgroundagglomeration

Backgroundoutside

agglomeration

Raodsideagglomeration

Concentrations (µg/m

3 )

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)Annual limit value

Highest monitoring station in 2011 in Ile‐de‐France

_____ Limit value

1 0

249

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

280

320


Backgroundoutside

agglomeration


Num

ber of hours exceeding

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)Hourly limit value

(number of hours exceeding the 200 µg/m3 threshold)


____ Limit value (18 exceedances)


5

Nitrogen dioxide

Figure 1 : nitrogen dioxide (NO2) annual mean concentration for all monitoring sites in the Paris region in 2011

111102

9695

9289

8378

7675

70696968

656564

6258

535050

4643

41404040393736353535353534343434

31303030302828272626

2423

211817

129

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Boulevard périphérique AuteuilRN20 MontlhéryRD7 Courbevoie

Autoroute A1 Saint‐DenisRue de Rivoli

Place Victor BaschPlace de l'Opéra *Place de la Bastille

Porte de ClignancourtRN20 Montrouge

Avenue des Champs ElyséesQuai des Célestins

RN2 PantinBoulevard HaussmannAutoroute A6a Arcueil

RN13 Saint‐Germain‐en‐LayeRue Bonaparte

Place Vaugirard ‐ ConventionRN4 Champigny‐sur‐Marne

RN302 VillemombleRN6 Melun

RN186 Choisy‐le‐RoiRD910 Sèvres

Paris 7èmeNeuilly‐sur‐Seine

Paris Centre (4ème)Paris 18èmeAubervilliersIvry‐sur‐SeineParis 12èmeSaint‐DenisParis 13èmeGennevilliers

Issy‐les‐MoulineauxLa Défense

Nogent‐sur‐MarneParis 6èmeBagnoletBobigny

VillemombleArgenteuil

CachanChampigny‐sur‐Marne

Vitry‐sur‐SeineEvry

LognesMontgeronVersailles (S)

Tremblay‐en‐France (S)Gonesse (S)

GarchesMantes‐la‐Jolie (S)

Melun (S)Cergy‐Pontoise

Tour Eiffel 3ème étageZone rurale SO ‐ Forêt de Rambouillet

Zone rurale SE ‐ Forêt de Fontainebleau

µg/m3

EU Limit value

40 µg/m3

roadside continuoussites

urban and suburban (S) sbackground sites

rural backgroundsites

specific observationsite

* from 2011/2/19 to 2011/12/31

random sampling roadside sites


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Figure 2 : nitrogen dioxide (NO2) annual mean concentration in the Paris region, background and roadside, focus on Paris and near suburbs, 2011

Figure 3 : kilometres of main road network exceeding the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) EU annual limit value in the Paris region, 2007 to 2011

24502150 2210

19501590

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

5 000

2007 2008 2009 2010* 2011*

kilometres of roads exceeding the

NO2 annual lim

it value

UE limit value : 40 µg/m3

µg/m3


7

Figure 4 : trend in surface area exceeding the annual limit value (40 µg/m3 in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the Paris region, 2007 to 2011

Figure 5 : millions of inhabitants potentially exposed to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) level exceeding EU annual limit value in the Paris region, 2007 to 2011

Figure 6 : trend in the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) tri‐annual mean concentration, sample of the same six urban background sites in the Paris agglomeration, 1992‐1994 to 2009‐ 2011

330280 290 270

220

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2007 2008 2009 2010* 2011*

Surface area (km

2)

4.03.6 3.8 3.5 3.1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

2007 2008 2009 2010* 2011*

Inhabitants (millions)

54 56 57 56 57 56 5552

49 48 46 4542 41 40 40 40 39

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1992

‐1994

1993

‐1995

1994

‐1996

1995

‐1997

1996

‐1998

1997

‐1999

1998

‐2000

1999

‐2001

2000

‐2002

2001

‐2003

2002

‐2004

2003

‐2005

2004

‐2006

2005

‐2007

2006

‐2008

2007

‐2009

2008

‐2010

2009

‐2011

µg/m

3


8

Figure 7 : trend in the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) tri‐annual mean concentration, sample of the same five roadside sites in the Paris agglomeration, 1996‐1998 to 2008‐ 2011

Figure 8 : [NO2]/[NOx] ratio trend, averaged roadside sites in the Paris agglomeration (background level subtracted), 1998 to 2011

Figure 9 : NO2 annual number of hours exceeding 200 µg/m3 for all continuous monitoring sites in the Paris region in 2011

85 85 84 84 83 84 83 84 83 84 84 85 86 87

0

20

40

60

80

100

1996‐1998

1997‐1999

1998‐2000

1999‐2001

2000‐2002

2001‐2003

2002‐2004

2003‐2005

2004‐2006

2005‐2007

2006‐2008

2007‐2009

2008‐2010

2009‐2011

µg/m

3

9.0% 9.6%10.3%11.2%

12.6%14.1%

15.5%16.8%

18.4%20.5%

21.7%22.4%23.4%24.0%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

NO2/Nox (%

)

24962

4941

3119

116411110000000000000000000000000000000

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320

Boulevard périphérique AuteuilPlace Victor Basch

Autoroute A1 Saint‐DenisPlace de l'Opéra *Quai des Célestins

Avenue des Champs ElyséesBoulevard Haussmann

RN2 PantinRue Bonaparte

Paris 7èmeParis 18ème

EvryRN6 Melun

Paris Centre (4ème)Paris 6ème

Paris 12èmeParis 13ème

GarchesGennevilliers

Issy‐les‐MoulineauxLa Défense

Neuilly‐sur‐SeineAubervilliers

BagnoletBobigny

Saint‐DenisTremblay‐en‐France (P)

VillemombleCachan

Champigny‐sur‐MarneIvry‐sur‐Seine

Nogent‐sur‐MarneVitry‐sur‐Seine

LognesMelun (P)

Mantes‐la‐Jolie (P)Versailles (P)MontgeronArgenteuil

Cergy‐PontoiseGonesse (P)

Zone rurale Sud‐Est ‐ Forêt de FontainebleauZone rurale Sud‐Ouest ‐Forêt de Rambouillet

Tour Eiffel 3ème étage

µg/m3

EU limit value18 days of exceedence

roadside sites urban and suburban (S) background sites rural background sites specific observation site

* from 2011/2/19 au 2011/12/31


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Particulate matter in brief

2.7 million Inhabitants are potentially exposed to an exceedance of the PM10 daily limit value.

Recurrent and severe exceedances of PM10 limit value near traffic.

PM2.5 background levels are almost twice the quality objective threshold, and 3 times higher near traffic. All the Ile-de-France inhabitants, that is to say 11,7 million people, are concerned by an

exceedance of this threshold.

Summary of air quality standards exceedances for particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) in Ile‐de‐France

2011 2007-2010Particulate Matter (PM10) Background

agglomerationRural background Roadside Background

agglomerationRural background Roadside

Annual quality objective exceedance 2007, 2009 :

max site = threshold

Annual limit value exceedance

Daily limit value exceedancemax station =

threshold2007

2011 2007-2010Particulate Matter (PM2,5)



Quality objective exceedance no measurement no measurementFrench target value exceedance no measurement 2007, 2009 no measurement

Limit value (2015) exceedance no measurement no measurement every year

Limit value (2011) exceedance no measurement non applicable

29

22

54

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


Backgroundoutside

agglomeration


Concentrations (µg/m

3)

PM10Quality objective and annual limit value


____ Limit value ____ Quality objective

3520

164

0

35

70

105

140

175

210

245

Background

agglomeration

Background

outsideagglomeration

Raodside

agglomeration

Numbe

r of days

PM10Daily limit value (number of days >= 50 µg/m3)Highest monitoring station in 2011 in Ile‐de‐France

____ Limit value (35 days)

19

33

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40



Concen

trations (µ

g/m

3)

PM2,5Annual limit value


____ Limit value 2011 ____ Limit value 2015 ____ French target value ____ Quality objective


light 0 à + 10 %



10

PM10 Particles

Figure 10 : PM10 annual mean concentration for all continuous monitoring sites (TEOM FDMS) in the Paris region in 2011

Figure 11 : PM10 annual number of days exceeding the 50 µg/m3 EU threshold for all continuous monitoring sites (TEOM FDMS) in the Paris region in 2011

5450

434342

3736

2929282727272726

262625

232222

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Autoroute A1 Saint‐Denis

Boulevard périphérique Auteuil

Place Victor Basch

RN2 Pantin

Avenue des Champs Elysées

Boulevard Haussmann

RN6 Melun

Gennevilliers

La Défense

Paris Centre 4ème

Paris 18ème

Bobigny

Vitry‐sur‐Seine

Gonesse (S)

Tremblay‐en‐France (S)

Issy‐les‐Moulineaux

Nogent‐sur‐Marne

Cergy‐Pontoise

Lognes

Zone rurale Sud‐Est ‐ Forêt de Fontainebleau

Zone rurale Ouest ‐ Prunay‐le‐Temple

µg/m3

French annual quality objective30 µg/m3

EU annual limit value40 µg/m3

roadside sites urban & suburban (S) background sites rural background sites

164144

1117877

6253

3531303029282626252321201815

0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245



RN2 Pantin

Avenue des Champs Elysées

Place Victor Basch

Boulevard Haussmann

RN6 Melun

Gennevilliers

Bobigny

Paris Centre 4ème


La Défense

Paris 18ème

Vitry‐sur‐Seine

Gonesse (S)


Lognes

Cergy‐Pontoise

Zone rurale Sud ‐ Bois‐Herpin

Zone rurale Ouest ‐ Prunay‐le‐Temple

Zone rurale Nord‐Ouest ‐ Frémainville

Number of days

EU limit value35 days of exceeding

roadside sites urban & suburban (S) background sites rural background sites


11

Figure 12 : PM10 annual mean concentration in the Paris region, background and roadside, focus on Paris and near suburbs, 2011

Figure 13 : Kilometres of roads exceeding the PM10 daily limit value in the Paris region, 2007 to 2011

5110

2490

4070

1950

3520

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

5 000

2007 2008 2009 2010* 2011*

Km of roads exceeding

the PM10 daiy limite value

(µg/m

3)

EU limit value

French quality objective

2011


12

Figure 14 : number of days exceeding PM10 50 µg/m3 threshold, average and highest background site

Figure 15 : Trend in surface area exceeding daily limit value in PM10 in the Paris region, 2007 to 2011

31

12

25

15

28

39

16

32

22

35

0

10

20

30

40

50

2007 2008 2009 2010* 2011*

Number of days >= 50 µg/m

3Background sites average Highest background site

470

150

320

140

260

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2007 2008 2009 2010* 2011*

Surface area (km

2)


13

Figure 16 : Risk of exceeding the EU daily limit value in PM10 in the Paris region, background and roadside

Figure 17 : millions of inhabitants potentially exposed to PM10 level exceeding the EU daily limit value in the Paris region, 2007 to 2011

4,2

1,5

3,0

1,4

2,7

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

2007 2008 2009 2010* 2011*

inhab

itants (m

illions)

2007 2008

2009 2010

Risk to be over 35 days exceeding 50 µg/m3 PM10

certain exceeding

likely exceeding

improbable exceeding

No risk

2011


14

PM2.5 Particles

Figure 18 : PM2,5 annual mean concentration for all continuous monitoring sites (TEOM FDMS) in the Paris region in 2011

Figure 19 : annual mean concentration of fine particles PM2,5 in the Paris region and focus on Paris and suburbs, background and roadside in 2011

33

31

22

19

17

15

0 10 20 30 40 50



RN6 Melun

Bobigny

Gennevilliers

Vitry‐sur‐Seine

µg/m3

roadsite sites urban background sites

French quality objective : 10 µg/m3

EU limit value 2015 : 25 µg/m3

French target value 2010 : 20 µg/m3EU limit value 2020 : 20 µg/m3

EU limit value 2011 : 28 µg/m3

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

µg/m3

Target value 20 µg/m

3

Quality objective 10 µg/m

3

Limit value 2011 : 28 µg/m

3

Limit value

2015 : 25 µg/m3

2011


15

Ozone in brief

Stabilization of the mean levels increase

Many exceedances of the quality objective. They are less important than in 2010, and close to

2007 and 2009, as summer was not sunny, without heatwave nor persistently hot weather with low wind.

Summary of air quality standards exceedances for ozone (O3) in Ile‐de‐France

2011 2001-2010Ozone (O3)

Background agglomeration

Rural background Roadside Background agglomeration

Rural background Roadside

Quality objective exceedance (health)Long term objective applicable in 2020 (health)

no measurement every year every year no measurement

Target value exceedance applicable in 2011 (health) no measurement every year until 2006

every year until 2006

no measurement

Quality objective exceedance (vegetation)Long term objective applicable in 2020 (vegetation)

no measurement every year every year no measurement

Target value exceedance applicable in 2011 (vegetation) no measurement no measurement

21 21

0

10

20

30

40

50


Backgroundoutside

agglomeration

Number of days

Ozone (O3) healthQuality objective and long‐term objective


____ Quality objective and long‐term objectiveno exceeding day

1618

0

10

20

30

40

50


Backgroundoutside

agglomeration

Number of days

Ozone (O3) health

Target valueHighest monitoring station in 2011 in Ile‐de‐France

____ Target value (25 days)

1193613705

0

6000

12000

18000

24000

30000


Backgroundoutside

agglomeration

AOT40 (µ

g/m

3 .h)

Ozone (O3) vegetationQuality objective and long‐term objective


____ Quality objective

1049711998

0

3000

6000

9000

12000

15000

18000

21000

Background

agglomeration

Background

outsideagglomeration

AOT40 (µ

g/m

3.h)

Ozone (O3) vegetationTarget value


____ Target value


light 0 à + 10 %



16

Ozone Figure 20 : number of days exceeding the French quality objective (=EU long‐term objective), threshold 120 µg/m3 8‐hour mean, objective = no exceeding) for ozone (O3) in the Paris region, 2000 to 2011

Figure 21 : number of days exceeding the threshold of the EU target value for protection of human health (120 µg/m3 8‐hour average, not over 25 days of exceeding on a 3 years period) in the Paris region, for the highest monitoring site in urban and rural parts of the region, 1998‐2000 to 2009‐2011

18

22 21

32 3234

27

2422

14 1516

2829

23

41

38 39

30 29

25

16 17 18

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1998‐2000

1999‐2001

2000‐2002

2001‐2003

2002‐2004

2003‐2005

2004‐2006

2005‐2007

2006‐2008

2007‐2009

2008‐2010

2009‐2011

Number of days

Paris agglomeration Rural part of the Paris regionEU target value

for human

health protection25 days

Number of days Quality objective =

0 day

2008 2007

2001 2002 2003 2004

2005 2006

2009 2010

2011


17

Figure 22 : number of days exceeding the threshold of the EU target value for protection of human health (120 µg/m3 8‐hour average) in the Paris region (3 years average 2009‐2011)

Figure 23 : target value in ozone (O3 for the protection of vegetation (AOT40, threshold of 18000 µg/m3.h) in the Paris region (average 2007‐2011)

18

18

16

16

16

1615

15

14

14

13

13

12

12

12

11

11

11

1110

10

10

10

9

8

8

6

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Zone rurale Nord ‐ Saint‐Martin ‐du‐TertreZone rurale Nord‐Est ‐Montgé‐en‐Goële

Zone rurale Nord ‐Ouest ‐ FrémainvilleTour Eiffel 3ème étage

Les Ulis (S)Villemomble

Zone rurale Sud‐Est ‐ Forêt de FontainebleauZone rurale Sud ‐ Bois‐Herpin

CachanLognes

Cergy‐PontoiseZone rurale Sud‐Ouest ‐Forêt de Rambouillet

Champigny‐sur‐MarneGennevilliers

Tremblay‐en‐France (S)MontgeronParis 6ème

Vitry‐sur‐SeineMantes‐la‐Jolie (S)

Paris 13èmeGarches

Melun (S)Zone rurale Ouest ‐ Prunay‐le‐Temple

Zone rurale Est ‐ SaintsParis 18èmeAubervilliers

Number of days of exceedence

EU target value for protection of human

health :25 days

(average over 3 years)

urban and suburban (S) sites rural background sites specific observation site

1199811630

1098010927

10497102121006610005

960995699490

901190058787875886508604857184898390

7866780076967557

71426473

5507

0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000 18000 21000

Zone rurale Nord ‐ Saint‐Martin ‐du‐TertreZone rurale Sud ‐ Bois‐Herpin

Zone rurale Nord‐Est ‐Montgé‐en‐GoëleZone rurale Sud‐Est ‐ Forêt de Fontainebleau

Les Ulis (S)Villemomble

Zone rurale Sud‐Ouest ‐Forêt de RambouilletLognes

Zone rurale Nord ‐Ouest ‐ FrémainvilleCergy‐Pontoise

CachanGarches

Tremblay‐en‐France (S)GennevilliersParis 6ème

Zone rurale Est ‐ SaintsChampigny‐sur‐Marne

Paris 13èmeMontgeronMelun (S)

Mantes‐la‐Jolie (S)Vitry‐sur‐Seine

Zone rurale Ouest ‐ Prunay‐le‐TempleAubervilliers

Tour Eiffel 3ème étageParis 18ème

Neuilly‐sur‐Seine

µg/m3.h

EU target value for protection of végétation:

18000 µg/m3.h(average

over 5 years)



18

Figure 24 : long‐term objective in ozone (O3) for the protection of vegetation (AOT40, threshold of 18000 µg/m3.h) in the Paris region in 2011

1370513640

1274311936

1158111281

10289951594669413

8842857882928245795376677645757275697551

695867656572

62425847

52084740

0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000 18000 21000

Zone rurale Sud ‐Bois‐HerpinZone rurale Sud‐Est ‐ Forêt de Fontainebleau

Zone rurale Nord ‐ Saint‐Martin‐du‐TertreLes Ulis (S)

LognesVillemomble

Zone rurale Sud‐Ouest ‐ Forêt de RambouilletCachan

Zone rurale Nord‐Ouest ‐ FrémainvilleZone rurale Nord‐Est ‐Montgé‐en‐Goële

Zone rurale Est ‐ SaintsParis 6ème

Cergy‐PontoiseTremblay‐en‐France (S)

Mantes‐la‐Jolie (S)GennevilliersMontgeron

AubervilliersParis 13ème

GarchesVitry‐sur‐Seine

Champigny‐sur‐MarneTour Eiffel 3ème étage

Paris 18èmeMelun (S)

Neuilly‐sur‐SeineZone rurale Ouest ‐Prunay‐le‐Temple

µg/m3.h

Long term objective for protection of vegetation: 6000 µg/m3.h



19

Benzene

Figure 25 : annual mean concentration of benzene in the Paris region in 2011

Figure 26 : trend in the benzene annual mean concentration on Place Victor Basch Paris roadside monitoring site, 1994 to 2011

Figure 27 : trend in the benzene tri‐annual mean concentration, sample of five to ten urban background sites in the Paris agglomeration, 1994‐1996 to 2008‐ 2011

3.83.7

3.53.3

2.82.6

2.42.22.1

1.51.51.51.41.41.41.31.21.21.2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Rue de Rivoli

Place de la Bastille

Place de l'Opéra

Place Victor Basch

RD7 Courbevoie

RN20 Montlhéry

Boulevard Haussmann


RN2 Pantin

Paris 18ème

Saint‐Denis



Gennevilliers


Vitry‐sur‐Seine

Aubervilliers

Paris Centre (4ème)

Gonesse (P)

µg/m3

continuous continuous

EU limit value: 5 µg/m3Quality objective: 2 µg/m3

random sampling sites random sampling sites

urban and suburban (S) sitesroadside sites

3028.5

26.6

23.5

18.7

14

10.18.7

7.56.4 5.4 4.6 4 3.7 3.6 3.5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1994‐

1996

1995‐

1997

1996‐

1998

1997‐

1999

1998‐

2000

1999‐

2001

2000‐

2002

2001‐

2003

2002‐

2004

2003‐

2005

2004‐

2006

2005‐

2007

2006‐

2008

2007‐

2009

2008‐

2010

2009‐

2011

µg/m

3

5.3 5.24.7

4.1

3

2.31.8 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1994

‐1996

1995

‐1997

1996

‐1998

1997

‐1999

1998

‐2000

1999

‐2001

2000

‐2002

2001

‐2003

2002

‐2004

2003

‐2005

2004

‐2006

2005

‐2007

2006

‐2008

2007

‐2009

2008

‐2010

2009

‐2011

µg/m

3


20

Figure 28 : kilometres of main road network exceeding the benzene French quality objective (2 µg/m3) in the Paris region, 2007 to 2011

Figure 29 : benzene annual mean concentration in the Paris region, background and roadside, focus on Paris and near suburbs, 2011

Figure 30 : millions of inhabitants potentially exposed to an exceeding of the benzene French quality objective (2 µg/m3) in the Paris region, 2008 to 2011

11301290

890 800 740

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

2007 2008 2009 2010* 2011*

kilometres of roads exceeding the

benzene quality objective

0.8 0.8 0.7 0.60.4

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

2007 2008 2009 2010* 2011*

inhab

itan

ts (m

illion

s)


µg/m3

2011


21

III. Pollutants meeting air quality standards Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

Figure 31 : sulphur dioxide (SO2) annual mean concentration for all continuous monitoring sites in the Paris region in 2011

Figure 32 : trend in the sulphur dioxide (SO2) tri‐annual mean concentration, changing sample of urban background sites in the Paris agglomeration and roadside site on Paris ring road, 1991‐1993 to 2009‐ 2011

1

2

1

1

1

0 10 20 30 40 50

Vitry‐sur‐Seine


Aubervilliers


Zone rurale Sud‐Est ‐ Forêt de Fontainebleau

µg/m3


50 µg/m3

roadside sites urban background sites rural background sites

2017

15 15 14 13 1210 9 8 8 8 7 6 6

4 3 3 2

32

2422 21

17 1613

118

5 4 3 2 2

0

10

20

30

40

1991‐1993

1992‐1994

1993‐1995

1994‐1996

1995‐1997

1996‐1998

1997‐1999

1998‐2000

1999‐2001

2000‐2002

2001‐2003

2002‐2004

2003‐2005

2004‐2006

2005‐2007

2006‐2008

2007‐2009

2008‐2010

2009‐2011

µg/m

3

Background Paris agglomeration Roadside site Boulevard périphérique Auteuil


22

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Figure 33 : carbon monoxide (CO) annual mean and annual maximum 8‐hour mean concentration for all continuous monitoring sites in the Paris region in 2011

Figure 34 : trend in the carbon monoxide (CO) annual maximum 8‐hour mean concentration, urban background sites and roadside sites in the Paris agglomeration, 1991 to 2011

300800 700 800

1900

2900 2800 2600

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

Aubervilliers Boulevard périphérique

Auteuil

Place Victor Basch Autoroute A1 Saint‐Denis

µg/m

3

Annual mean Maximum 8‐hours mean

EU limit value: 10000 µg/m3 for the maximum 8 hours mean

background sites roadside sites

22400

33600

26300

27000

18200

16600

14700

17700

10900

9900

7900

6700

5900

4900

4200

4500

4800

3000

3300

2300

2900

2400

2500

2800

2900

3500

1800

2700

1500

1900

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

µg/m

3

Roadside sites ‐ Paris agglomeration Urban background sites ‐ Paris agglomeration

EU limit value since 200210000 µg/m3


23

Benzo(a)pyrene

Figure 35 : benzo(a)pyrene annual mean concentration for all monitoring sites in the Paris region in 2011

Figure 36 : trend in the benzo(a)pyrene annual mean concentration, urban background sites mean and roadside site in the Paris agglomeration, 1998 to 2011

0.23

0.33

0.220.28

0.39

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Paris Gennevilliers Neuilly‐sur‐Seine Vitry‐sur‐Seine Bd périphérique Auteuil

ng/m

3

Roadside sites Urban background sites

EU target value : 1 ng/m3

0.64

0.28

0.15 0.22

0.21

0.26

0.26 0.32

0.20 0.28

0.24 0.31

0.26

0.27

1.55

1.28

0.86

0.90

0.68

0.68

0.66

0.67

0.49

0.49

0.43 0.51

0.41

0.39

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

ng/m

3

Urban background mean(changing sample of urban background sites)

Boulevard périphérique Auteuil (roadside site)


24

Metals (Lead, Arsenic, Cadmium and Nickel)

Figure 37 : trends in the lead annual mean concentration, urban background and roadside sites in Paris, 1991 to 2011

Figure 38 : trends in the arsenic annual mean concentration, urban background and roadside sites in the Paris region, 1999 to 2011

0.70

na

0.40

na

0.34

0.26 0.29

0.21

0.15

0.05

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001*

2002

2003

2004

2005**

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

µg/m

3

Place Victor Basch (road side) Paris (urban background)

* available data from 07/27/2001 to 12/31/2001 na : unavailable

** : end of monitoring at road traffic site Place Victor Basch on 12/31/2005

French quality objective : 0.25 µg/m3

EU limit value : 0.5 µg/m3

0.59

0.58

0.61 0.73

0.73

0.80

0.79

0.61

0.63

0.60

0.60

0.66

0.62

0.30

0.38

0.43 0.54

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

1999 2000 2001 * 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

ng/m

3

Place Victor Basch

(roadside)

Paris

(urban background)

* available data from 07/27/2001 to 12/31/2001



25

Figure 39 : trends in the cadmium annual mean concentration, urban background and roadside sites in the Paris region, 1999 to 2011

Figure 40 : nickel annual mean concentration, urban background site in Paris, 2007 to 2011

0.68

0.60

0.60

0.54

0.54

0.43

0.420.51

0.47

0.36

0.37

0.34

0.28

0.19

0.18

0.24

0.24

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

1999 2000 2001 * 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

ng/m

3Place Victor Basch(roadside)

Paris (urban background)

* available data from 07/27/2001 to 12/31/2001


2.57

2.132 2.01

1.66

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

ng/m

3



26

IV. Situation towards air quality standards in 2011

Figure 41 : situation towards air quality standards in the Paris region in 2011


light 0 à + 10 %

2011 2001-2010

Ozone (O3)Background

agglomeration Rural background RoadsideBackground

agglomeration Rural background

Quality objective exceedance (health)Long term objective applicable in 2020 (health)

no measurement every year every year

Target value exceedance applicable in 2011 (health) no measurement every year until 2006

every year unti l 2006

Quality objective exceedance (vegetation)Long term objective applicable in 2020 (vegetation)

no measurement every year every year

Target value exceedance applicable in 2011 (vegetation) no measurement

2011 2001-2010Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

Background agglomeration Rural background Roadside Background


Annual limit value exceedance * 2003, 2007, 2009, 2010

Hourly limit value exceedance ** considering margins of tolerance decreasing from year to year

2011 2007-2010

Particulate Matter (PM10) Background agglomeration Rural background Roadside Background


Annual quality objective exceedance 2007, 2009 :

max site = threshold

Annual limit value exceedance

Daily limit value exceedancemax station =

threshold2007

2011 2007-2010Particulate Matter (PM2,5) Background

agglomeration Rural background Roadside Background agglomeration Rural background

Quality objective exceedance no measurement no measurementFrench target value exceedance no measurement 2007, 2009 no measurement

Limit value (2015) exceedance no measurement no measurement

Limit value (2011) exceedance no measurement non applicable

2011 2001-2010Benzene Background


Quality objective exceedance no measurement except 2001 no measurement

Limit value exceedance no measurement no measurement

2011 2001-2010Carbon monoxide (CO) Background


agglomerationRural background

Quality objective exceedance no measurement no measurementLimit value exceedance no measurement no measurement

2011 2001-2010

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)Background


Quality objective exceedanceHourly limit value exceedanceDaily limit value exceedance

2011 2001-2010Benzo(a)pyrene Background


agglomerationRural background

Target value (2013) exceedance no measurement no measurement

2011 2001-2010Lead Background


Quality objective exceedance no measurement no measurementLimit value exceedance no measurement no measurement

2011 2001-2010

Arsenic, Cadmium, NickelBackground

agglomeration Rural background RoadsideBackground


Target value (2013) exceedance no measurement no measurement no measurement


air quality in paris region 2011 -...

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