air quality in asia

8/12/2019 Air Quality in Asia

1/25

2010

Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia) Center


2/25

A 2010

C A I A C (CAIA) C

3510, 35

F, RE

ADB, A, P C, M M, P

.


3/25

2010 C A I A C C. A .

C A I A C (CAIA) C, 2010. A Q A: S 2010

E. P C, P.

, .

CAIA C CAIA C

. N

, CAIA C.

D

CAIA , ,

B CAIA C. CAIA C

.

A

C A P (..)

A D B (ADB) J S F

CAIA P .

C

CAIA C

3510, RE , ADB A,

P C, 1605, M M, P

+63 2 395 2843

F +63 2 395 2846

@.

..


4/25

I 1

A 210C A 2008 2

2C A 2008 4

2C A 2008 6

A 8

A 9

D A A 9

A 9 H A A G 10

E AA A 11

C AA H AG, EA AA E A 13


5/25

CAIA

A, .

, CAIA

A. S 20 2003, CAIA

200 A .1

A A: , 2010

S A Q, 2008 1993 2008.

S A Q S, A .A A ,

, PM10 SO2 H O (HO) (AQG).

PM2.5 . M A N A A Q S (NAAQS)

( PM2.5).

A HO AQG S EPA (EP A) NAAQS.

B , CAIA

NAAQS, NAAQS F A

HO

F , :

C A I A C (CAIA) C

3510 R E , ADB A,

O C, P C, 1605 P

: (632) 3952843/(632) 3952845

F: (632) 3952846

E: @.

1 A

P M M A 2003, NEP HO. A A 2010, CAI

A 234 A .


6/25

10 200

I 2008, CAIA PM10 230 A .

10

A .

F 230 , PM10 HO AQG (20 /3)

58% PM10 HO I 1 (I1)

70 /3.

PM10 230 89.5 /34.5

H AG.

F 1 A (10) 230 A.

:A PM10 11 () 375 ()

(/3). PM10= P 10 .

S: CAIA C, 2010.

Each dot represents annualaverage PM10 concentrations

for 2008.

11 g/m3

375 g/m3


7/25

F 2 D A C 2008 10.

HO = H O; AQG = ; I = ; /3=

; PM10= P 10 .

S: CAIA C, 2010.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

A

250

250

200

150

100

70

50

30

20

C (: 230 )

10C(/3)

2 (1%)

6 (3%)

13 (6%)

55 (24%)

59 (26%)

49 (21%)

38 (17%)

2 (1%)

6

(3%)

H AG, 20/3

H I2, 50/3

H I1, 70/3

H I3, 30/3


8/25

2 200

SO2 213 A 2 A ,

.

A SO2 213 A 18.7 /3. HO

SO2, , 24 AQG 20 /3. B 2005 G

AQG HO, AQG SO2 24 AQG

24 AQG SO2 .

A 40% SO2 10 /3. H, 24%

2 24 H AG.

F 3 A (2) 213 A.

N: A SO2 1.3 () 105 ()

(/3). S: CAIA C, 2010.

Each dot represents annualaverage SO2 concentrations

for 2008.

1.3 g/m3

105 g/m3


9/25

F 4 D A C 2008 2.

HO = H O; AQG = ; /3= ; SO2= S

S: CAIA C, 2010.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

A 50

50

40

30

20

10

C (: 213 )

2C(/3)

18 (8%)

8

(4%)

6 (3%)

19 (9%)

85 (40%)

H AG (24) 20/3

77 (36%)


10/25

2 200

I 2008, NO2 234 A 2

H AG (40 /3) . 73% 234 NO

2

HO AQG.

NO2 234 A 30.7 /3 HO AQG.

F 5 A (2) 234 A.

N: A NO2 1.9 () 77 ()

(/3).

S: CAIA C, 2010.

Each dot represents annualaverage NO2 concentrations

for 2008.

1.9 g/m3

77 g/m3


11/25

F 6 D A C 2008 2.

HO = H O; AQG = ; /3= ; NO2=

N

S: CAIA C, 2010.

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

A 80

80

70

60

50

40

C (: 234 )

2

C(

/3)

H AG, 40/3

5 (2%)

9 (4%)

171 (73%)

30 (13%)


12/25

/ A A . N,

CAIA C 200 A

A . , CAIA

10 A PM10 HO 1993.

S 1995, A 2, HO AQG.

R 2, 1993 2000, A SO2 24 HO AQG.

F 7 A A A A A A A C (19932008).

AQ = ; /3= ; S EPA = S E P A;

NAAQS = N A A Q S; E = E ; HO = H O; AQG =

; PM10= P 10 ; NO2=

N ; SO2= S .

S: CAIA, 2010. N: A CAIA C (,

) 243 A A 2010.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

PM10 NO2 SO2

C(/3)

S EPA NAAQS ()

E AQ S ()

HO AQG ()


13/25

. I 2009, CAIA C

N A Q S A.

I A, , , ,

, HO AQG S EPA NAAQS,

. I,

, , ,

, , .

A

. . S

.

, , ,

. I , .

A . M

. H, A

. S .

S .

P

C

AIAC

PHOO BELOM M M.

E M B N

C R (EMBNCR).

PHOO LEFA C C.

EMB R 7.


14/25

HO

NAAQS HO A AQG. HO AQG, 1987,

.

I 2005, HO AQG PM10 PM2.5. 2005 G

PM10 15%

. I . I

HO AQG.

2005 , O3 SO2,

.

A H G EA AA

PM2.5A 10

15

24 25 35

PM10A 20

24 50 150

O (O3)8 100

147

1 235

N

(NO2)

A 40 100

1 200

S

(SO2)

A 78

24 20 365

10 500

L (P)A 0.5

3 1.5

C (CO)1 30,000

40,000

8 10,000 10,000

PM2.5= 2.5 ; PM10= 10

; HO= H O; EPA=E P A;

NAAQS=N A A Q S

HO, 2006. HO A Q G , , N S . G

2005. S R A.

://..//2006/HOSDEPHEOEH06.02.HO, 2000. G A Q. ://..//2000/HOSDEOEH00.021104.

N A A Q S ://..//.

C /

3: 1.962

C /

3: 2.616


15/25

Most Asian countries have NAAQS, but there are still few without standards

M A NAAQS ( 1),

.

, ,

1981. I

PM2.5 O3.

R

N. E 2010, N NAAQS

(CN)

(QCN),

. H K S A

R (SAR)

A Q O (AQO).

N, A

NAAQSA,

B, L P D R (PDR)

P ( 1).

NAAQS .

Asian countries slowly establishing PM2.5standards

C .

PM2.5, HO , S E

PM2.5 ( HO) ( S E E).

A PM2.5 , . O 19

A ; PM2.5

( 1). F, ,

PM2.5 .

P

...


16/25

1 A A A C (/3)

C

2.5 10 2 2 3 C (000)

24H

A

24H

A

24H

A

24H

A

1H

8H

1H

8H

A

A

B 65 15 150 50 365 80 100 235 157 40 10 0.5

B

C 300 100 100 200 40 20

C: G I 50 40 50 20 80 40 160 10 1

C: G II 150 100 150 60 120 80 200 10 1

C: G III 250 150 250 100 120 80 200 20 1

H K SAR 180 55 350 80 150 80 240 30 10 I* 60 40 100 60 80 50 80 40 180 100 4 2 0.5

I** 60 40 100 60 80 20 80 30 180 100 4 2 0.5

I 150 365 60 150 100 235 30 1

L PDR

M 150 50 105 10 200 120 35 10

M 30 40 120 0

N 120 70 50 80 40 10 0.5

P

P 150 60 180 80 150 140 60 35 10 1R K 100 50 131 52 113 56 196 118 28.6 10.3 0.5

S 35 15 150 365 80 100 147 40 10

S L 50 25 100 50 80 100 200 30 10

120 50 300 100 200 140 34.2 10.3

N 150 50 125 50 40 120 30 10 0.5

C: G I = , , ,

; C: G II = , / , ,

, ; C: G III= ; I*= NAAQS I, R,

R O A; I**= NAAQS E S A ( C G); A=

S A R; D = P D R; = ; 10= P 10 ; 2.5 = P 2.5

O (3) C /3: 1.962

S (2) C /3: 2.616

C (C) C /3: 1.145

N (2) C /3: 1.880

S: CAIA C, 2010. C


17/25

, ( )

PM2.5

O A PM2.5, ,

HO AQG. S, PM2.5 HO . A PM2.5

S B, , HO I3 (15 /3).

PM10

A A , S EPA PM10 24

HO HO I1. A

HO I1 24 .

SO2

A A , S EPA E, 24 SO2

HO AQG. A 64% HO I1. M

SO2 HO .

NO2

O 18 NO2 HO AQG. M

24 NO2 HO .

O3

O 19 A , 8 O3 HO AQG. R

8H O3 HO I1. S, 59% 8

O3.

CO

M A , S EPA E, CO 1 8

HO HO AQG.

Pb

A P

HO AQG (0.5/3),

P .


18/25

F 8 24H 2.5 A . H AG EA AA.

F 9 A 2.5 A . H AG, EA E AA.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

A

B

C

C: G I

C: G II

C: G III

H K A

I

D

K

B

I*

I**

24H 2.5 (/3)

C

H AG

25 /3H I2

50 /3H I1

70 /3H I3

37.5 /3

EA

35 /3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

A

B

C

C: G I

C: G II

C: G III

H K A

I

D

K

I*

I**

B

A 2.5 (/3)

C

H AG

10 /3H I2

25 /3H I1

35 /3H I3

15 /3

EA

15 /3E

25 /3


19/25

F 10 24H 10 A . H AG, EA E AA.

F 11 A 10 A . H AG E AA.

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

A

B

C

D

C: G III

H K A

B

C: G II

I

I*

I**

K

C: G I

24H 10 (/3)

C

H AG

50 /3

H I2

100 /3

H I1

150 /3H I3

75 /3

EA

150 /3E

50 /3

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

A

B

C

I

D

C: G III

C: G II

I*

I**

H K A

B

K

C: G I

A 10 (/3)

C

H AG

20 /3

H I2

50 /3

H I1

70 /3

H I3

30 /3

E

40 /3


20/25

F 12 24H 2 A . H AG, EA E AA.

F 13 A 2 A . EA AA.

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

A

B

D

B

I

H K A

C

C: G III

C: G II

K

I*

I**

C: G I

24 2 (/3)

C

H AG

20 /3

H I2

50 /3

H I1

125 /3 EA

365/3E

125 /3

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

A

B

D

C

C: G III

B

H K A

C: G II

I

K

I*

C: G I

I**

A 2 (/3)

C

EA78/3


21/25

F 14 24H 2 A .

F 15 A 2 A . H AG, EA E AA.

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

A

B

B

D

H K A

I

C: G II

C: G III

K

C

C: G I

I*

I**

24H 2 (/3)

C

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

A

B

C

D

B

I

C: G II

C: G III

H K A

K

C: G I

I*

I**

A 2 (/3)

C

H AG

40 /3

EA

100/3

E

40 /3


22/25

F 16 1H 3 A . EA AA.

F 17 8H 3 A . H AG, EA E AA.

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

A

B

D

H K A

B

I

C

C: G II

C: G III

K

I*

I**

C: G I

1H 3 (/3)

C

EA

235/3

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

A

B

C

C: G I

C: G II

C: G IIIH K A

I

D

B

K

I*

I**

8H 3 (/3)

C

H AG

100 /3

H I1

160 /3

EA

147/3

E

120 /3


23/25

F 18 1H C A . H AG EA AA.

F 19 8H C A . H AG, EA E AA.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

A

B

D

B

C

H K A

I

K

C: G III

C: G I

C: G II

I*

I**

1H C (000) (/3)

C

H AG

30 /3 EA

40/3

0 5 10 15 20 25

A

B

C: G I

C: G II

C: G III

I

D

C

K

B

H K A

I*

I**

8H C (000) (/3)

C

H AG

10 /3

EA

10/3

E

10 /3


24/25

F 20 A A . H AG E AA.

F 8 F 20.

C: G I = , , ,

; C: G II = , / , ,

, ; C: G III= ; I*= NAAQS I, R,

R O A; I**= NAAQS E S A ( C G); A=

S A R; D = P D R; = ; 10= P

10 ; 2.5 = P 2.5

; /3= ; H= H O; I= ;

AG= ; EA= S E P A; E= E .

O (3) C /3: 1.962

S (2) C /3: 2.616

C (C) C /3: 1.145

N (2) C /

3: 1.880

S: CAIA C, 2010. C

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

A

B

C

H K A

D

C: G I

C: G II

C: G III

I

B

I*

I**

K

A (/3)

C

H AG

0.5 /3

E

0.5 /3


25/25

CAIA C,2010.

3510 R E , ADB A,O C, P C, 1605 P

: (632) 3952843/(632) 3952845

F: (632) 3952846

E: @.

: ..

air quality in asia

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