AAir pollutionir pollution

Kravchuk OksanaKravchuk Oksana

AtmosphereAtmosphere

The is the gaseous envelope of The is the gaseous envelope of the Earth, which rotates the Earth, which rotates together with it. Here is ozone together with it. Here is ozone protection the life of the Earth protection the life of the Earth from hard to just live Solar from hard to just live Solar radiation. The radiation energy radiation. The radiation energy that is absorbed, converted that is absorbed, converted into thermal energy of the gas into thermal energy of the gas molecules. Solar radiation, molecules. Solar radiation, which passes to the earth's which passes to the earth's surface, has a very secure surface, has a very secure borders, and all UV rays with borders, and all UV rays with shorter wavelength stall in the shorter wavelength stall in the invisible light but impervious invisible light but impervious layer of the ocean air.layer of the ocean air.

The air is polluted The air is polluted with various gases, with various gases, small slices and liquid small slices and liquid substances that substances that negatively affect living negatively affect living beings, worsening the beings, worsening the conditions of their conditions of their existence. Sources of existence. Sources of pollution can be pollution can be natural and artificial natural and artificial (anthropogenic)(anthropogenic)

The world economy The world economy annually emits more than annually emits more than 15 billion tons of carbon 15 billion tons of carbon dioxide, 200 million tons dioxide, 200 million tons of carbon monoxide, of carbon monoxide, more than 500 million more than 500 million tons of hydrocarbons, tons of hydrocarbons, 120 million tons of ash 120 million tons of ash and other Total emissions and other Total emissions of pollutants into the of pollutants into the atmosphere is more than atmosphere is more than 19 billion tons.19 billion tons.

Principal pollutantsPrincipal pollutants The main pollutants emitted to the atmosphere from fuel The main pollutants emitted to the atmosphere from fuel

combustion, are solid particles (ash, soot), sulphur combustion, are solid particles (ash, soot), sulphur oxides (SO2 and SO3), nitrogen oxides (N0 and N02) by oxides (SO2 and SO3), nitrogen oxides (N0 and N02) by incomplete combustion of fuel in the gaseous emissions incomplete combustion of fuel in the gaseous emissions can accumulate carbon oxide (CO), hydrocarbon type can accumulate carbon oxide (CO), hydrocarbon type CH4, SN, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, CH4, SN, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzopyrene (C20 H12) and vanadium pentoxide benzopyrene (C20 H12) and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). The last two compounds belong to the class of (V2O5). The last two compounds belong to the class of extremely dangerous. Dioxide (SO2) and tungsten extremely dangerous. Dioxide (SO2) and tungsten trioxide (SO3) sulphur are the main components of trioxide (SO3) sulphur are the main components of environmental pollution from fuel combustion.environmental pollution from fuel combustion.

The main global environmental The main global environmental consequences of air pollution are:consequences of air pollution are:

The greenhouse The greenhouse effecteffect

The ozone hole

AAcid raincid rain

Acid rain - all kinds of Acid rain - all kinds of meteorological meteorological precipitation: rain, precipitation: rain, snow, hail, fog, rain snow, hail, fog, rain and snow, the acidity and snow, the acidity of which is higher of which is higher than normal. A than normal. A measure of the acidity measure of the acidity is pH (hydrogen ion is pH (hydrogen ion exponent). Normal pH exponent). Normal pH in pure rain is 5.6.in pure rain is 5.6.

The greenhouse effectThe greenhouse effect The greenhouse effect is a The greenhouse effect is a

phenomenon in the atmosphere of phenomenon in the atmosphere of Earth and other planets, in which Earth and other planets, in which the energy of sunlight, reflected the energy of sunlight, reflected from the surface, may not return to from the surface, may not return to space, as delayed by the space, as delayed by the molecules of different gases, molecules of different gases, which leads to increased surface which leads to increased surface temperatures. Without the temperatures. Without the greenhouse effect the Earth's greenhouse effect the Earth's surface temperature is estimated surface temperature is estimated would be about 33° lower than it would be about 33° lower than it actually is, and would be -18 °C. actually is, and would be -18 °C. The greenhouse effect is The greenhouse effect is significant also on Mars and, significant also on Mars and, especially, on Venus.especially, on Venus.

The greenhouse effect was The greenhouse effect was discovered in discovered in 1829 Joseph 1829 Joseph Fourier.Fourier.

Ozone hole The ozone hole is a local drop in the The ozone hole is a local drop in the

concentration of ozone in the stratosphere concentration of ozone in the stratosphere by 10-40%by 10-40%

The ozone hole with a diameter of more than The ozone hole with a diameter of more than 1000 km was first opened in 1985 in the 1000 km was first opened in 1985 in the southern hemisphere over Antarctica by a southern hemisphere over Antarctica by a group of British The Antarctic "ozone hole" group of British The Antarctic "ozone hole" there is not constant. She appears at the there is not constant. She appears at the end of the local winter - early spring. The end of the local winter - early spring. The reasons why the ozone hole is formed in the reasons why the ozone hole is formed in the Antarctic associated with the peculiarities of Antarctic associated with the peculiarities of local climate. Low temperatures of the local climate. Low temperatures of the Antarctic winter lead to the formation of the Antarctic winter lead to the formation of the polar vortex. The air inside this vortex polar vortex. The air inside this vortex moves mostly closed trajectories around the moves mostly closed trajectories around the South pole. At this time the polar region not South pole. At this time the polar region not illuminated by the Sun, and therefore the illuminated by the Sun, and therefore the ozone there is not formed. With the onset of ozone there is not formed. With the onset of summer, the amount of ozone increases and summer, the amount of ozone increases and comes back to normal. That is, the seasonal comes back to normal. That is, the seasonal variations of ozone concentration over variations of ozone concentration over Antarctica are natural. However, if track Antarctica are natural. However, if track changes averaged over a year ozone changes averaged over a year ozone concentration and size of the ozone hole in concentration and size of the ozone hole in recent decades, there is a definite recent decades, there is a definite downward trend in ozone concentration and downward trend in ozone concentration and the increase in the area, which covers this the increase in the area, which covers this process in the winter. Over the Northern process in the winter. Over the Northern hemisphere in the Arctic is formed a hole hemisphere in the Arctic is formed a hole much smaller.much smaller.