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National Ambient Air Quality Standards

POLLUTANT TIME

WEIGHTEDAVERAGE

INDUSTRIAL

RES. RURALOTHER

METHOD

PM10ug/m3

ANNUAL24 HOUR

5080

GRAVIMETRICTEOMBETA-ATTN.

PM2.5ug/m3

ANNUAL24 HOUR

4060

GRAVIMETRICTEOMBETA-ATTN

LEAD

ug/m3

ANNUAL

24 HOUR

05

1.0

ACID

EXTRACTION &AAS

ARSENICng/m3

06

NICKEL

ng/m3

20

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Definitions of PM10 & PM2.5 Inhalable particles enter the

respiratory tract.

Thoracic particles travel pastthe larynx & reach the gasexchange region of the lungs.

PM10Particle size distribution

closely resembles the thoracicdistribution with a D50 at10m.

PM2.5 size distribution withD50 at 2.5m AD

Aerodynamic Diameter is defined as the diameter of a spherical particlewith a settling velocity equal to that of the particle in question, but with a densityof 1g/cm3.

It is important to note that particle sizes referred above are NOT physical particlesizes butAerodynamic Diameters.

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PM10

BIS 5182(Part-23):2006Cyclonic Separation of Coarse Fraction

Flow rate 1m3/minFlow Control with Auto Shut off if flow rate drops below

0.85m3/min.

Gravimetric determination done by finding out mass of

PM10 dust accumulated on filter paper and dividing it byvolume of air passed in sampling period.

So far no BIS method available for Impactor based lowflow rate Instruments

Standard Annual 60 g/m324 Hr. 100 g/m3

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PM10

Trace Metals can be analyzed from the 8x10 GF/A Filter: Lead

Arsenic

Nickel

In new standard sampling flow rate has not been specifiedthus sampling can be done at high flow rate (1.0 m3/min)or at low flow rate 1.0 m3/hr.

LOWER Flow rate instrument implies need for more

accurate Balance.

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Envirotech APM 460NLDX

Main Features:Flow rate automatically controlled tocompensate for Dust loading on thefilter.

Auto Shut-off if flow rate drops below

0.85m3/min.

Only instrument that conforms to BIS

Low Noise and Brushless Blower

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PM2.5

Concern for PM2.5 originated in 1994 95 as a consequence ofScientific studies sponsored by USEPA that correlated healthimpact with Air Pollution.

There is no standard method prescribed so far by BIS or CPCB. USEPA standardized and published a design of PM2.5 Impactor at a

flow rate of 1m3/hr. Most instruments are based on this design.

Since dust sample is collected at low flow rate a sensitive balanceaccurate up to 1g may be needed to weigh collected dust.

Special effort needed to get reliable PM2.5 values: Filter Handling & Conditioning

Weighment

Static Charge

Volatility of PM2.5


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Monitoring Fine Particulates (PM2.5)in Ambient Air

Precautions Minimize exposure of the filters to open air. Keep

them covered in the filter carriers provided.

The membrane is fragile take care to handle the

filter only on its edge using blunt tweezers.

Weigh the filters on a micro-balance with aresolution of at least 0.01mg.

Re-weigh the filters a few times to confirm

repeatability of the weight. Reject the readings ifthey vary by more than 0.1mg.

EPA recommends that a Blank Filter be processedto keep track of drifts and artifacts.

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Monitoring of PM2.5 Procedure &Precautions

Preparation of FILTER

The Membrane is fragile handle the filters onlywith a blunt tweezer and touch ONLY the support

ring. Assign filter identification numbers. Establish a system of filter batch numbers & look-

out for fakes.

Equilibrate each filter for at least 24 hrs. in a

controlled environment having: Temperature 15 - 30 degrees C Humidity 20-45%

Weigh each filter & record its initial weight. Abalance with 0.01mg accuracy is required.

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Preparation of WINS IMPACTOR Remove the WINS IMPACTOR assembly from the

instrument and open its two halves by unscrewingthem.

Open the Impactor Well and clean oil residues using aclean tissue.

Place a fresh 37mm dia. GF/A filter in the well cavity.

Pour a few drops of Silicone Oil to wet the filter surface

about 1ml. Of oil is sufficient. Note: this is a speciallow vapour pressure oil.

Re-assemble the well cover and WINS Impactorassembly.

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Installation of Filter in Cassette The membrane filter is loaded in a Filter Cassette for

ease in handling and protection. This task should beperformed in a clean room or lab.

Open the filter cassette the top half is just press fittedover the bottom part.

Use a blunt tweezer to place a pre-weighed membranefilter over the backing screen of the cassette.

Place the cassette cover over filter and gently press itinto place.

Place the cassette in the carrier box provided with theinstrument.

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Monitoring Particulates in Ambient Air- Procedure & Precautions

Operation Install pre-weighed filter, record Dry Gas-Meter reading

and turn ON the sampler flow.

Allow it to establish normal running temperature and

check flow rate. If sampling rate is outside acceptable limits check for

leaks, filter displacement etc.

Record sample information - site location, Sampledate, Filter ID No.

On completion of sampling period record Dry Gas-Meter reading.

Carefully remove the filter cassette and store in anappropriate carrier.

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Monitoring Particulates in Ambient Air- Procedure & Precautions

Post Operation

Work out the average flow rate.

Record any factors such as meteorological

conditions, construction activity, dust storm etc.that might affect your results.

Transport the filter to the equilibrating environmentas soon as possible.

Equilibrate the filter under the same conditions forat least 24 hours.

Immediately after equilibration weigh and recordthe post sampling filter weight along with filter ID.

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Heavy Metals (Pb, As &Ni)

Extract contents of Filter Paper. Use EPM 2000 Filter to avoid Matrix effects.

Analyze Extract with AAS

Only High Volume Samplers can providesufficient sample for Analysis

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Extraction of Filters for Heavy

Metal Analysis

Take a strip of exposed filter as 2.5 x 17.5cm for urban sample 5.0 x17.5cm for rural sample

This strip need to be ashed in low temperature asher (If not availableleave the filter in oven at 250oC for 1hr at least

Take 125ML Erlenmeyer flask with 24/40 female Joint . Put 8mLconcentrated HCL and 32ML 40% HNO3. Attach this flask to

extraction tube and connect a Allihn condensor and reflux it for 3hrs Extracted liquid is evaporated on hot plate till volume is reduced to2ML

Leave the contents overnight for cooling . Now transfer the contents to 15ML centrifuge (2000 rpm) tube with 3

washing by 5-10 drops by 1:20HCI for 30 minutes

Transfer supernant liquid in the polypropylene tube with cap andsend to AAS for analysis. Dilution of this sample may be done using 1:10 HCI as per

requirements. For analysis of Arsenic, Hydride Converter is required with AAS fitted

with Graphite Furnace..

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Benzo(a)pyrene

Majority of Polcyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (long chainand high molecular weight compounds) found adheredwith particulates. Thus filter dust can be extracted usingSoxhlet Apparatus for 6-8 hrs and extract analyzed on

HPLC for PAH compounds including Benzo(a)pyrene.BIS 5182 (part12) 2004 gives detailed procedure.

Sample should be wrapped in Al-foil and stored in arefrigerator. Exposure to light can cause photo-oxidation.

Usually a Sampler with High Flow rate 1m3/min canprovide a sufficient sample for analysis.

Applicable standard 1 ng/m3

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Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

West & Gaeke Method BIS 5182 (2) 2001 SO2 in ambient air is collected in a solution of

Tetrachloromercurate (TCM). SO2 reacts with TCMwhere Disulfitomercurate Compelx is formed.

The disulfito mercurate is treated with Formaldehydeand Acid bleached Pararosaniline to give a violet colourof Pararosaniline Methyl Sulfonic acid.

The intensity of the colour is measured on aspectrophotometer at 560nm wavelength against blank.

Standard Annual 50 g/m3

24 Hr. - 80 g/m3

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Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

West & Gaeke Method

BIS 5182 (2) 2001 Range: Nominally 25 to 1050ug/m3. Conc. Below 25

can be measured by sampling larger volume of Air.

Lower Limit of detection of SO2 in 10ml absorbing

reagent is 0.75ug. Interferences:

NOx eliminated by 1ml of 0.06% Sulphamic Acid.

Ozone decomposed by allowing the solution to

stand prior to analysis. Trace Metals Add EDTA to absorbing reagent prior

to sampling

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Nitrogen Dioxide(NO2)

BIS 5182 (part 6) 2006 Analysis Range:0.04 to 2.0ug/ml of soln.

Absorption Efficiency: 82%

Interferences: Small interference from NO and CO2

SO2 eliminated by converting to Sulphate by adding

Hydrogen Peroxide during analysis.

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Ozone (O3)

Ambient Air is drawn through a midjet impinger containing20ml 1% Potassium Iodide prepared in a neutral (pH 6.8)buffer composed of Na2HPO4 and KH2 PO4.

The iodine liberated in the absorbing solution is determinedSpectrophotometrically by measuring the tri-iodide ion at352nm.

Analysis must be completed within 30 min to 1hrafter sampling.

Interferences of other oxidants (SO2 & NO2 ) must beremoved before sampling


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Ammonia (NH3)

Ammonia is collected in dilute Sulfuric Acidsolution where ammonia reacts with H2SO4 &gives Ammonium salt. When Nessler Reagent

(K2HgI4) is added to this solution Orgeno Brownproduct in colloidal form is formed which has tobe quickly determined colormetrically at 425nm

wavelength. Indo Phenol Blue method is also used for

measurements of NH3.

Both methods are giving comparable results.

Applicable standard 100 - 400 g/m3

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Carbon Monoxide(CO)

In AAQ Standard measurement method for CO has beenspecified as NDIR. Thus NDIR based analyzer need tobe used for monitoring of CO.

Analyzer need to be accurate up to 0.1 PPM. No othermethod is acceptable and can give reliable satisfactoryresults.

Alternatively an Air sample collected in Tedlar bag at

low flow rates from a field station can be analyzed in labfor CO.

Electrochemical sensor based systems may be used for short

periods.

Applicable standard 2(8hr)- 4(1hr) mg/m3

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Benzene(C6H6)

Benzene from ambient air is collected onActivated Charcoal for specified period at verylow flow rates (50-100ml/min)and later adsorbed

organic compounds are Thermally Desorbed tofind out concentration of Benzene using GasChromatograph fitted with capillary column.

BIS 5182 (Part 11) 2006 gives the details. Ambient Benzene can only be analyzed using a

high resolution GLC coupled with ATD System.

Standard Annual 5 g/m3

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Air Quality Monitoring

Sampling Period:

8 Hr. or 24 Hr as per standard. All parameters must bemonitored simultaneously.

If the sampler has operated for 75% of the time collectedsample can be considered as valid sample.

Monitoring must be done twice a week on non-consecutive days of the week. Total 104 daysmonitoring must be done in a year to work outannual averages.

Values must not be reported if calculatedconcentrations are less than the detection limits ofthe analysis method used.

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Selection of Monitoring Location

Representative Site

The site should be away from major pollutionsources

The site should be away from absorbingsurfaces such as a large water body.

It is expected to remain a representative siteover a long time and no land use changes, re-buildings etc. are foreseen in near future.

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Physical requirements of the monitoring site

OPEN FROM ALL SIDES.

For traffic pollution monitoring the sampleintake should be 3 m above the street level.

Sampling in the vicinity of unpaved roads andstreets results in entrainment of dust into the

samplers from the movement of vehicles. LocateSampler about 200m away from such sources.

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Logistics of the monitoring site

Easy access to the site

Anytime day / night

Throughout the year.

Site sheltering and facilities such as electricityof sufficient rating should be available.

Ground Connection / Earthing

Voltage

It should be vandal proof

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To Ensure Data Reliability

Quality of Equipment

Maintenance & Calibration

Genuine & Good Quality Consumables

Filter Papers

Reagents

Distilled Water

Manpower Training

Sample CollectionAnalysis

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Equipment needed forcomplying with new Standard

Respirable Dust Sampler

PM10

Metals Lead, Arsenic, Nickel

PAH

Fine Particle Sampler

PM2.5

Gaseous Sampling Attachment or APM433SO2

Nox

Ozone , Ammonia

Additional EquipmentBenzene

CO

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Thank youFor more info on Envirotech Products

visit www.envirotechindia.com

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