aipd subcourse av0662 edition 7: aviation survival part ii - protection from the environment

8/16/2019 AIPD Subcourse AV0662 Edition 7: Aviation Survival Part II - Protection From the Environment

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AVIATION SUBCOURSE 0662

AVIATION SURVIVAL

PART II. PROTECTION FROM THE ENVIRONMENT

3 Credit Hours

UNITED STATES ARMY AVIATION CENTER

FORT RUCKER, ALABAMA


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AVIATION SUBCOURSE 0662

AVIATION SURVIVAL

PART II. PROTECTION FROM THE ENVIRONMENT

CONTENTS

P!e

INSTRUCTIONS TO STU"ENTS................................................. iii

INTRO"UCTION............................................................. i#

LESSON TE$T%

&e'er(........................................................... )

Se*tio' I. CLOTHIN&

Mteri(s................................................. 2I'su(tio'................................................ 3Hot C(i+tes.............................................. ,Ar*ti* C(i+tes........................................... ,At Se.................................................... )3Foot!er.................................................. )-

II. SHELTER

Co'sidertio's............................................ 2)Co'stru*tio'.............................................. 2-Mi'te''*e 'd I+ro#e+e'ts.............................. 3)/r+ C(i+te Se(ters..................................... 3)Hot C(i+te Se(ters...................................... 33Ar*ti* C(i+te Se(ters .................................. 10

Oe' Se Se(ters......................................... 16Se(ter Li#i'!............................................ 1-

III. FIRECRAFT

Fire E(e+e'ts............................................. 1Fire Co'ti'ers........................................... 60Fire Lo*tio'............................................. 6)Fire Ls................................................. 62Use4u( Hi'ts.............................................. 6

REVIE/ E$ERCISE........................................... 6-REVIE/ E$ERCISE SOLUTIONS................................. -0

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INSTRUCTIONS TO STU"ENTS

ATTENTION

Tis su5*ourse is te se*o'd rt o4 4ourrt series. PrtI7 Sur#i#( E(e+e'ts7 Ps*o(o!i*( Ase*ts7 'd Sur#i#(Medi*i'e7 8AV 066)97 +ust 5e t:e' 5e4ore tte+ti'! Prts II7

Prote*tio' Fro+ te E'#iro'+e't 8AV 06629; III7 Suste''*e 8AV06639; 'd IV7 "ire*tio' Fi'di'!7 Si!'(i'!7 'd Re*o#er 8AV06619. T:e Prts II trou! IV i' ' seer*ise 'd re#ie= e>er*iseso(utio's7 'd ' e>+i'tio'. A stude't i'er*ise 'd te' *o+reour 's=ers =it tose o' te so(utio's !e. Rered te (esso' 4or 'ortio' ou +iss.

/e' ou #e studied te e'tire su5*ourse7 so(#ed te re#ie= e>er*ise7 'd*e*:ed our 's=ers !i'st te re#ie= e>er*ise so(utio's7 ou =i(( 5e redto t:e te e>+i'tio'. ?ou + use te (esso' te>t 'd re4ere'*es =e'so(#i'! te e>+i'tio'. Fo((o= te se*i4i* i'stru*tio's tt re*ede tee>+i'tio'.

Tis su5*ourse7 t ti+e o4 ri'ti'!7 *o'4or+s s *(ose( s ossi5(e to USAr+ A#itio' Ce'ter 'd "ert+e't o4 te Ar+ do*tri'e. Tere4ore7 ousou(d 5se our so(utio's o' te su5*ourse te>t 'd 'ot o' u'it ori'di#idu( e>erie'*e.

U'(ess oter=ise stted7 =e'e#er te +s*u(i'e !e'der is used75ot +e' 'd =o+e' re i'*(uded.

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INTRO"UCTION

Te i'4or+tio' i' tis su5*ourse *o#ers te +teri(s used 'd te 'eed 4or*(oti'! i' #rious sur#i#( situtio's. It (so des*ri5es o= tee'#iro'+e't i'4(ue'*es se(ter site se(e*tio' 'd te 4*tors tt sur#i#ors+ust *o'sider 5e4ore *o'stru*ti'! ' de+i'tio'


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LESSON

TASS% ,)03.0)000)7 A( Te*'it 'd re4ere'*es to *o+(ete tere#ie= e>er*ise.

STAN"AR"% ?ou sou(d 's=er *orre*t( t (est )2 o4 )6 re#ie=e>er*ise


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+ore *o+4ort5(e t' soes. To rote*t te ed 'd 'e*:7 eo(e =er tss su'sdes.

5. C(oti'! + 5e te sur#i#ors o'( i++edite 4or+ o4 rote*tio' 4ro+te e'#iro'+e't. Tis is ese*i(( true duri'! te 4irst st!es o4 sur#i#(eisodes i' *o(d *(i+tes. I4 sur#i#ors re 'ot roer( *(oted7 te +'ot sur#i#e (o'! e'ou! to 5ui(d se(ter or 4ire.

*. Te 'eed 4or 4ire sou(d 5e (*ed i! o' te (ist o4 riorities.

Fire is used 4or =r+i'!7 (i!ti'!7 dri'! *(otes7 si!'(i'!7 +:i'! too(s7*oo:i'!7 'd uri4i'! =ter. /e' usi'! 4ire 4or =r+t7 te 5od uses (ess*(ories 4or et 'd *o'sei5(e 'd to re#e't it 4ro+rotti'!.

829 Cotto' is *o++o' ('t 4i5er =ide( used to +'u4*ture*(oti'!. It 5sor5s +oisture


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te st(:s 4or+s dedir s*es 'd +:es !ood do='(i:e i'su(tio' =e'(*ed 5et=ee' t=o ie*es o4 +teri(.

839 Le#es 4ro+ de*iduous trees 8tose tt (ose teir (e#es e*utu+'9 (so +:e !ood i'su(tio'. To *rete dedir s*e7 (*e (e#es5et=ee' t=o (ers o4 +teri(. &rsses7 +osses7 'd oter 'tur( +teri(s*' (so 5e used s i'su(tio' =e' (*ed 5et=ee' t=o ie*es o4 +teri(.

5. S'teti*.

8)9 S'teti* 4i(+e'ts7 su* s o(esters 'd *r(i*s7 5sor5#er (itt(e =ter 'd dr *e((e't re(*e+e't 4or do=' i' *(oti'!.

829 Te '(o' +teri( i' r*ute i'su(tes =e(( i4 used i'(ers 5e*use o4 te dedir s*e *reted. Ho=e#er7 sur#i#ors +ust use*utio' =e' usi'! te r*ute i' *o(d *(i+tes. N(o' + 5e*o+e *o(dso:ed; tt is7 te '(o' t:es o' te te+erture o4 te surrou'di'! ir.Peo(e #e 5ee' :'o=' to re*ei#e 4rost5ite =e' (*i'! *o(d '(o' !i'st5re s:i'.

*. Mesure+e't. Te 'e>t re to 5e *o'sidered is o= =e(( tese 4i5ers

i'su(te 4ro+ te et or *o(d. Te +ost s*ie'ti4i* = to *o'sider tei'su(ti'! #(ue o4 tese 4i5ers is to use ' est5(ised *riterio'. Te*o++o'( **eted +esure+e't used is *o+4ort (e#e( o4 *(oti'! *((ed CLo 4*tor. Te CLo 4*tor is de4i'ed s te +ou't o4 i'su(tio' tt+i'ti's 'or+( s:i' te+erture =e' te outside +5ie't ir te+erture is-0 de!rees Fre'eit 8GF9 =it (i!t 5ree@e. Ho=e#er7 te CLo 4*tor(o'e is 'ot su44i*ie't to deter+i'e te +ou't o4 *(oti'! re


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829 A erso's si*( 5ui(d (so 44e*ts te +ou't o4 et 'd*o(d tt *' 5e e'dured. A #er ti' erso' =i(( 'ot 5e 5(e to e'dure s(o= te+erture s o'e =o s (er o4 4t 5e(o= te s:i'. Co'#erse(7 e# erso' =i(( 'ot 5e 5(e to e'dure e>tre+e et s e44e*ti#e( s ti' erso'.

T5(e ). /i'd*i(( *rt.


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839 I' te Ar+ *(oti'! i'#e'tor7 tere re +' ite+s tt4u(4i(( te 'eed 4or i'su(ti'! te 5od. Te re +de o4 te di44ere't4i5ers re#ious( +e'tio'ed 'd7 =e' =or' i' (ers7 ro#ide #ri'! de!reeso4 i'su(ti#e CLo #(ue. Te #er!e @o'e te+erture *rt 8T5(e 29 is !uide i' deter+i'i'! te 5est *o+5i'tio' o4 *(oti'! to =er. Te +ou't o4CLo #(ue er (er o4 45ri* is deter+i'ed 5 te (o4t 8dist'*e 5et=ee' tei''er 'd outer sur4*es9 'd te +ou't o4 ded ir e(d =iti' te 45ri*.So+e e>+(es o4 *(oti'! 'd teir rese*ti#e CLo 4*tors re so=' i' T5(e3. Tis tot( +ou't o4 i'su(tio' sou(d :ee te #er!e erso' =r+ t

(o= te+erture. /e' *o+ri'! te Ar+id u'der=er i' T5(e 37 it so=s=e' dou5(i'! te (ers7 te CLo #(ue +ore t' dou5(es. Tis is true5et=ee' (( (ers o4 ' *(oti'! sste+. Tere4ore7 ou !i' ddedrote*tio' 5 usi'! se#er( #er ti' (ers o4 i'su(tio' rter t' t=oti*: (ers. Te ir e(d 5et=ee' tese ti' (ers i'*reses tei'su(tio' #(ue.

T5(e 2. A#er!e te+erture @o'e *rt.

T5(e 3. CLo 4*tors 4or so+e ite+s o4 *(oti'!.

819 Usi'! +' ti' (ers (so ro#ides 8trou! re+o#( o4 desired'u+5er o4 (ers9 te 5i(it to *(ose( re!u(te te +ou't o4 et reti'edi'side te *(oti'!. Te 5i(it to re!u(te 5od

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te+erture e(s ((e#ite te ro5(e+ o4 o#ereti'! 'd s=eti'! 'dreser#es te e44e*ti#e'ess o4 te i'su(tio'.

89 Te ri'*i(e o4 usi'! +' ti' (ers o4 *(oti'! *' (so 5e(ied to te s(eei'! sste+ 8s(eei'! 5!7 (i'er7 'd 5ed9. Tis sste+uses +' (ers o4 s'teti* +teri(7 o'e i'side te oter7 to 4or+ te+ou't o4 ded ir 'eeded to :ee =r+. To i+ro#e tis sste+7 =er *(e'7dr *(oti'! i' (ers 8te (er sste+9 i' *o(d *(i+tes. /i(e dis*ussi'!te (er sste+7 it is i+ort't to de4i'e te COL"ER ri'*i(e 8Fi!ure

)9. Tis *ro'+ is used to id i' re+e+5eri'! o= to use 'd t:e *re o4*(oti'!.

Fi!ure ). Te COL"ER ri'*i(e.

89 C(e'. "irt 'd oter +teri(s i'side 45ri*s *use tei'su(tio' to 5e i'e44e*ti#e7 5rde 'd *ut te 4i5ers tt +:e u te45ri*7 'd *use o(es. /si'! *(oti'! i' te 4ie(d + 5e i+r*ti*(;tere4ore7 *o'*e'trte o' usi'! roer te*'i


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*(oti'!. C(oti'! *' 5e dried i' +' =s. Fires re o4te' used;o=e#er7 t:e *re to #oid 5ur'i'! te ite+s. Te 5re 'd test is #ere44e*ti#e. P(*e o'e 'd 'er te 4ire i' te ro>i+te (*e te =etite+s =i(( 5e 'd *ou't s(o=( to tree. I4 tis *' 5e do'e =itout 4ee(i'!e>*essi#e et7 it sou(d 5e s4e to dr ite+s tere. Ne#er (e#e ' ite+u'tte'ded =i(e it is dri'!. Leter 5oots7 !(o#es7 'd +itte' se((sretre+e *re to re#e't sri':i'!7 sti44e'i'!7 'd *r*:i'!. Te5est = to dr 5oots is uri!t 5eside te 4ire or si+( =(: te+ dr i'+i(der *(i+tes. /e' 5oots re dried uside do=' o' sti*:s7 te +oisture

does 'ot es*e te 5oot. Su' 'd =i'd *' 5e used to dr *(oti'! =it(itt(e suer#isio' e>*et 4or *e*:i'! o**sio'(( o' i'*o+i'! =eter 'de'suri'! te rti*(e is se*ure. Free@edri'! is used i' su5@erote+ertures =it !ret su**ess. Let =ter 4ree@e o' or i'side te ite+ 'dte' s:e7 5e'd7 or 5et it to *use te i*e rti*(es to 4(( 4ree 4ro+ te+teri(. Ti!t( =o#e' 4i5ers =or: 5etter =it tis +etod t' do oe'4i5ers.

8e9 E>+i'e 'd Reir. A(( *(oti'! ite+s sou(d 5e i'se*tedre!u(r( 4or si!'s o4 d+!e or soi(. Es:i+os set ' e>*e((e't e>+(e i'te +eti*u(ous *re te ro#ide 4or teir *(oti'!. /e' d+!e isdete*ted7 i++edite( reir it.

869 Te ed7 'e*:7 'ds7 r+its7 !roi'7 'd 4eet (ose +ore et

t' oter rts o4 te 5od 'd ret (er o4 *(oti'! 8Ar+id (o'! u'der=er9 re#e'tset (oss e>*et =ere it is ti!t !i'st te 5od. As +ore (ers re

dded7 it is es to see te res o4 !retest *o'*er' re te ed7 'ds7'd 4eet. Tese res re di44i*u(t 4or *re= +e+5ers to roer( i'su(te=i(e 4(i'! ' ir*r4t. Mitte's re i'e44e*ti#e 5e*use o4 de!rded +'u(de>terit. Li:e=ise7 it is di44i*u(t to 4ee( te ru55er ed( *tio' =i(e=eri'! 5u(: =r+ 5oots. Tese ro5(e+s reosed to (o= te+ertures 8)0GF9 *o+4ort5( 4or reso'5(e eriod o4 ti+e 830 to 10 +i'utes9. /e' te +ou't o4 CLo #(ue(*ed o' te i'di#idu( is re#ersed7 te +ou't o4 ti+e sur#i#or *' se'di' *o(d =eter is !ret( redu*ed 5e*use o4 et (oss 4ro+ is


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e>tre+ities. Tis s+e ri'*i(e =or:s i' re#erse i' ot *(i+tes. I4 erso' su5+er!es te ed7 'ds7 or 4eet i' *o(d =ter7 it (ets te +ost#s*u(r rts o4 te 5od (ose et


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4ire. Bet te 4rost out o4 our !r+e'ts 5e4ore =r+i'! te+7 'd te' drte+ o' r*: 'er 4ire. Torou!( dr so*:s.

8)9 /e' e>erti'! te 5od7 re#e't ersirtio' 5 oe'i'! *(oti'!t te 'e*: 'd =rists 'd (oose'i'! it t te =ist. I4 te 5od is sti((=r+7 t:e o44 outer (ers o4 *(oti'!7 o'e (er t ti+e7 4or *o+4ort./e' =or: stos7 ut te *(oti'! o' !i' to re#e't *i((i'!.

829 I' stro'! =i'd or e>tre+e *o(d7 s (st resort7 =r u i'

=te#er 45ri* is #i(5(e7 'd !et i'to so+e te o4 se(ter or 5ei'd =i'd5re:. T:e e>tre+e *re=it rd +teri(s7 su* ss'teti*s7 s te + 5e*o+e*o(d so:ed 'd ret to te4*e 'd 'e*:7 re+e+5er tt+oisture 4ro+ te 5ret*o'de'ses o' te sur4*e 'd

Fi!ure 2. Prote*ti#e desert *(oti'!.

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*uses te i'su(ti'! #(ue to de*rese. Usi'! =oo( s*r4 =red rou'dte +out 'd 'ose is ' e>*e((e't = to re#e't *o(d i'Dur7 5ut it 'eedsto 5e dei*ed o' re!u(r 5sis to re#e't 4ree@i'! te 4(es dD*e't to it.A' e>tr se(( is !e'er(( =or' o#er te =r+i'! (ers to rote*t te+ 'dto *t s =i'd5re:.

Fi!ure 3. I+ro#ised !o!!(es.

Fi!ure 1. Ler sste+ 4or 'ds.

869 Oter ed!er i'*(udes te i(e * 'd ood. Tese ite+s re+ost e44e*ti#e i' e>tre+e *o(d =e' used =it *o#eri'! 4or te 4*e. Tei(e * is e>tre+e( =r+ =ere it is i'su(ted7 5ut it o44ers (itt(erote*tio' 4or te 4*e 'd 5*: o4 te 'e*:. Te ood is desi!'ed to 4u''e(te rdi't et risi'! 4ro+ te rest o4 te 5od 'd to re**(e it to :eete 'e*:7 ed7 'd 4*e =r+ 8Fi!ure 9. ?our 5i(it to to(erte *o(dsou(d di*tte te si@e o4 te 4ro't oe'i'! o4 te ood. Te tu''e( o4 r: ood is usu(( (i'ed =it 4ur o4 so+e :i'd to *t s rote*ti'!de#i*e 4or te 4*e. Tis s+e 4ur (so e(s rote*t te ood 4ro+ te+oisture e>e((ed duri'! 5reti'!. Te *(osed tu''e( o(ds et *(ose tote 4*e (o'!er; te oe' tu''e( ((o=s te et to es*e +ore

))


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4ree(. As te 4rost sett(es o' te ir o4 te 4ur7 s:e it 4ro+ ti+e toti+e to :ee it 4ree o4 i*e 5ui(du.

Fi!ure . Proer =er o4 r:.

8-9 I4 ou 4(( i'to =ter7 4irst ro(( i' dr s'o= to 5(ot u te+oisture. Ne>t7 5rus o44 te s'o= 'd ro(( !i' u'ti( +ost o4 te =ter is5sor5ed. "o 'ot re+o#e 4oot=er u'ti( ou re i' se(ter or 5eside 4ire.

89 S(eei'! sste+s 8s(eei'! 5!7 (i'er7 'd 5ed9 re tetr'sitio' *(oti'! used 5et=ee' 'or+( dti+e *ti#ities 'd s(ee8Fi!ure 69. At 'i!t7 rr'!e dr sre *(oti'! (oose( rou'd 'd u'derte sou(ders 'd is to e( :ee te 5od =r+. /et *(otes sou(d 'e#er5e =or' i'to te s(eei'! 5!. Te +oisture destros te i'su(tio' #(ue o4te 5!. Te i'su(ti'! +teri( i' te s(eei'! 5! + 5e s'teti* ordo=' 'd 4eters. 8Feters 'd do=' (i'i'! retr rote*tio' 4ro++oisture.9 Ho=e#er7 te *o#eri'! is '(o'. ?ou +ust re(i@e tt s(eei'!5!s re *o+ressed =e' *:ed 'd +ust 5e 4(u44ed 5e4ore use to restore tei'su(tio' #(ue. C(e' 'd dr so*:s7 +itte's7 'd oter *(oti'! *' 5e

used to ro#ide dditio'( i'su(tio'.

5. Su++er. I' te su++er r*ti*7 tere re *(ouds o4 +os


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i+ro#ised7 it *' 5e se=' to te 5ri+ o4 te t or tt*ed =it ' e(sti*5'd tt 4its rou'd te *ro='.. B(*: is te 5est *o(or7 s it *' 5e see'trou! +ore esi( t' !ree' or =ite. Att* to te 5otto+ o4 te ed'et e# te e'*si'! dr=stri'! 4or ti'! s'u!( t te *o((r. Hooso4 =ire 4ste'ed o' te i'side +:e te 'et st'd out 4ro+ te 4*e 'd7 tte s+e ti+e7 ((o= it to 5e *:ed 4(t. Te (r!er te re7 te 5etterte #e'ti(tio'. Ho=e#er7 #er (r!e 'ets =i(( 'ot 5e s e44e*ti#e i' =ooded*ou'tr =ere te + 5e*o+e s'!!ed o' 5rus. I4 te ed 'et is (ost or'o'e is #i(5(e7 +:e te 5est o4 5d situtio' 5 =eri'! su'!(sses

=it i+ro#ised s*ree'ed sides7 (u!!i'! ers (i!t( =it *otto'7 'd ti'! 'd:er*ie4 rou'd te 'e*:. Tret *(oti'! =it i'se*t ree((e't t'i!t.

Fi!ure 6. S(eei'! sste+.

829 &(o#es re ot 5ut re 'e*essit =ere 4(ies re 4ou'd i's=+s. id !(o#es =it 6i'* !u't(et *(osi'! te ! t te =rist 'd

e'di'! =it ' e(sti* 5'd (4= to te e(5o= re 5est. For 4i'e =or:7:id !(o#es =it te 4i'!ers *ut o44 re !ood. Cotto' or No+e> =or: !(o#esre 5etter t' 'o rote*tio' t ((7 5ut +ostr *(oti'!#i(5(e. I4 'o 'tie>osure suits re ro#ided7 dre e>tr *(oti'!rou'd our sou(ders 'd o#er our eds. Atte+t to :ee te 4(oor. o4te r4t dr. For i'su(tio'7 *o#eri'! te 4(oor =it ' #i(5(e +teri(e(s. Sur#i#ors sou(d udd(e to!eter o' te 4(oor o4 te r4t 'd sred

e>tr si(7 tru(i'7 or r*ute +teri( o#er te !rou. I4 i' 20 or2+' r4t7 *'o sides *' 5e (o=ered.

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8)9 I4 sur#i#ors re =et7 !i#e te+ te +ost se(tered ositio's i'te r4t. Te sou(d use =i'ds*ree' to de*rese te *oo(i'! e44e*ts o4te =i'd 'd sou(d (so re+o#e7 =ri'! out7 'd re(*e outer !r+e'ts or*'!e i'to dr *(oti'!. "r ts7 so*:s7 'd !(o#es. I4 ' sur#i#ors redr7 te sou(d sre e>tr *(otes =it tose =o re =et. /et erso''e(sou(d =r+ teir 'ds 'd 4eet !i'st tose =o re dr.

829 Per4or+i'! +i(d e>er*ises to restore *ir*u(tio' + 5e e(4u(.E>er*ise 4i'!ers7 toes7 sou(ders7 'd 5utto*: +us*(es. Mi(d e>er*ise e(s

:ee te 5od =r+7 st#e o44+us*(e ss+s7 'd ossi5(re#e't +edi*( ro5(e+s. /r+'ds u'der r+its 'deriodi*(( rise 4eet s(i!t('d o(d te+ u 4or +i'ute ort=o. A(so +o#e 4*e +us*(es4reosure i'*reses tirst7=stes re*ious =ter7 redu*este 5ods =ter *o'te't7 'd*uses serious 5ur's. Ro(( d='our s(ee#es7 u(( u ourso*:s7 *(ose our *o((rs7 =er t or i+ro#ised ed!er7use ie*e o4 *(ot s

Fi!ure -. I'se*t rote*tio'.

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sie(d 4or te 5*: o4 te 'e*:7 'd =er su'!(sses or i+ro#ise ee *o#ers.ee te 5od *o#ered s +u* s ossi5(e to #oid su'5ur'. I+ro#ise su'sde out o4 ' +teri( #i(5(e or use te *'o ro#ided =it ter4t. I4 te et 5e*o+es too i'te'se7 d+e' *(oti'! =it se =ter toro+ote e#ortio' 'd *oo(i'!. Usi'! su'5ur' re#e'ti#e *re+ or Csti*: is d#is5(e.

*. A'tie>osure &r+e'ts.

8)9 Asse+5(ies. Te 'tie>osure sse+5(ies7 osure i' te =ter is i((ustrted i' Fi!ures 'd ,. E>osure ti+e #ries dee'di'! o' te rti*u(r 'tie>osuresse+5( =or'7 te *o(d se'siti#e'ess o4 te erso'7 'd sur#i#( ro*eduresused.

Fi!ure . Li4e e>e*t'* 4o((o=i'! *o(d=ter i++ersio'.

829 ui*:"o''i'! A'tie>osure F(i!t Co#er((. So+e 'tie>osure

*o#er((s re desi!'ed 4or


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+i'ute9 5e4ore e+er!e'* dit*i'!. A4ter dit*i'! te ir*r4t7 te *o#er((rote*ts te =erer 4ro+ e>osure =i(e s=i++i'! i' *o(d =ter 'd 4ro+e>osure to =i'd7 sr7 'd ri' =e' dri4t i' (i4er4t.

89 Te *o#er(( is o'e si@e +de 4ro+ *(orore'e*oted '(o'*(ot. It s t=o e>'d5(e t* o*:ets7 ' dDust5(e =ist 5e(t7 'dtt*ed 5oots =it dDust5(e ':(e strs. A(so ro#ided is o'e ir o4i'su(ted7 dDust5(e =rist s' +itte's7 e* =it str tt*ed to o*:et. A ood7 tt*ed =it str7 is i' te (e4t o*:et. A *rri'!

*se =it i'stru*tio's 'd s' 4ste'er *(osure is 4ur'ised 4or sto=i'!i' te ir*r4t.

Fi!ure ,. Li4e e>e*t'* 4o((o=i'! *o(d=ter i++ersio'8e>osure suit9.

859 Perso''e( sou(d =er te *o#er(( o#er re!u(r 4(i!t*(oti'!. It is (r!e e'ou! to =er o#er te usu( 4(i!t !er. Te !(o#es'd ood re sto=ed i' te o*:ets o4 te *o#er(( 'd re 'or+(( =or'4ter 5ordi'! te (i4er4t.

8*9 Be e>tre+e( *re4u( =e' do''i'! te *o#er(( to re#e'td+!e 5 s'!!i'!7 teri'!7 or u'*turi'! it o' roDe*ti'! o5De*ts. A4terdo''i'! te *o#er((7 dDust te =ist5'd 'd 5oot ':(e strs to t:e u4u(('ess. I4 ossi5(e7 stoo =i(e u((i'! te 'e*: se( to e>e( irtred i' te suit. /e' Du+i'! i'to te =ter7 (e 4eet 4irst =it 'ds'd r+s *(ose to our sides or 5rou!t to!eter 5o#e our ed 8Fi!ure )09.

NOTE% Tere is *o'st't =er e>osure suit desi!'ed to 5e =or'*o'ti'uous( duri'! o#er=ter 4(i!ts =ere te =ter te+erture is 60GF or5e(o=.

)6


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Fi!ure )0. "o''i'! te 'tie>osure suit.

-. FOOT&EAR

Foot!er is *riti*( i' sur#i#( situtio' 5e*use =(:i'! is te o'(+e's o4 +o5i(it. Tere4ore7 *re o4 4oot!er is esse'ti( 5e4ore 'dduri'! sur#i#( situtio'. Re*o++e'dtio's 4or *re i'*(ude e'suri'!4oot!er is roer( 5ro:e'i' 5e4ore 4(i'! 'd :eei'! (eter 5oots s drs ossi5(e. Be sure to tret 4oot!er to e'sure =terree((e'*e 84o((o=+'u4*turers re*o++e'dtio's9. /e' =eri'! +ore t' o'e ir o4 so*:s7e'sure tt e* su**eedi'! ir is (r!e e'ou! to 4it *o+4ort5( o#er teoter. "o't =er tree or 4our irs o4 so*:s i' soe 4itted 4or o'( o'eor t=o irs.

. &rss I'so(es. Norter' 'ti#es used !rss e>te'si#e( to *o'stru*ti''er so(es. &rss is !ood i'su(tor 'd *o((e*ts +oisture 4ro+ te 4eet.To rere !rss 4or use s i''er so(es7 !rs o'e(4 i'* di+eter se4o4 t(( !rss =it 5ot 'ds 'd rotte te 'ds i' oosite dire*tio's.Te !rss 5re:s u or 4(u44s i'to so4t +ss.

)-


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For+ tis 4(u44 i'to o5(o'! ses 'd sred it e#e'( trou!out te soes5out ' i'* ti*:. Re+o#e tese i''er so(es t 'i!t 'd +:e 'e= o'es te4o((o=i'! d.

5. "ou5(e So*:s. Te esse'*e o4 tis te*'i+(e o4 tis is te Russi' So*:. Pr*ute

+teri( *' 5e used to i+ro#ise tese so*:s. Cut +teri( i'to

)


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stris ro>i+te( 2 4eet (o'! 'd 1 i'*es =ide. /r tese stris i'5'd!e 4sio' rou'd te 4eet 'd ':(es. So*:s +de tis = ro#ide*o+4ort 'd rote*tio' 4or te 4eet.

Fi!ure )2. &iters.

e. Hudso' B "u44e(. A tri'!u(r ie*e o4 +teri( used s 4oot*o#eri'! is :'o=' s te Hudso' B du44e(. To i+ro#ise tis 4oot *o#eri'!7*ut t=o to 4our (ers o4 *(ot i'to 30i'* s


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4. Boots.

8)9 I4 5oots re (r!e e'ou!7 dditio'( i'su(tio' +teri(7 su*s dr !rss or +oss7 *' 5e (*ed 5et=ee' te 4eet 'd 5oots. A' (ter'teto (*i'! i'su(tio' +teri( i'side e* 5oot is to =r e* 4oot =it dur5(e ie*e o4 *(ot +teri( (i'ed =it i'su(tio'.

829 Fe(t 5ooties 'd +u:(u:s =it roer so*:s 'd i'so(es re 5est4or dr7 *o(d =eter. Ru55er5otto+ed 5oot soe*s =it (eter tos re

5est 4or =et =eter. Vor 5rrier ru55er 5oots *' 5e =or' u'der 5ot*o'ditio's 'd re 5est t e>tre+e( (o= te+ertures. C(ose te ir re(ese#(#e t !rou'd (e#e(. Tese #(#es re desi!'ed to re(ese ressure =e'ir5or'e. Air sou(d 'ot 5e 5(o=' i'to te #(#es s +oisture *ou(d de*resei'su(tio'.

!. Mu:(u:s #e 5ee' rou'd 4or tous'ds o4 ers 'd #e ro#e' teir=ort i' e>tre+e( *o(d =eter. Ho=e#er7 te sou(d 'ot 5e =or' i' =et=eter. Ar+ +u:(u:s 8Fi!ure )19 re +de o4 *otto' du*: =it ru55er*(eted so(es 'd ee(s. Te #e s(ide 4ste'ers 4ro+ i'ste to *o((r7(*es t te i'ste 'd *o((r7 'd re ) i'*es i!. F(i!t 'd !rou'derso''e( use te+ =e' oerti'! u'der dr7 *o(d *o'ditio's i' te+ertures5e(o= J )GF. Sur#i#ors sou(d *'!e (i'ers di( =e' ossi5(e.

Fi!ure )1. Issued +u:(u:s.

20


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. Moose Ho*: Soe. Te o*: s:i' o4 +oose or *ri5ou ro#ides suit5(e ir o4 soes s so=' i' Fi!ure ). Cut te s:i' rou'd te (e! tA 'd C. Serte te s:i' 4ro+ te (e! 'd u(( it o#er te oo4. Se'd se= u te s+(( e'd C. S(it te s:i' 4ro+ A to B; 5ore o(es o' e*side o4 te *ut 4or (*i'!. Tur' it i'side out 'd (*e it =it r=ide7suse'sio' (i'e7 or oter suit5(e +teri(.

Fi!ure ). Moose o*: soes.

Se*tio' II. SHELTER

. CONSI"ERATIONS

Be4ore setti'! u se(ter7 *o'sider te ti+e o4 d7 =eter*o'ditio's7 (i4e 4or+s7 terri'7 (o*tio'7 'd te. M:e e#er e44ort touse s (itt(e e'er! s ossi5(e 'd et tti' +>i+u+ rote*tio' 4ro+ tee'#iro'+e't. A(( o4 tese 4*tors #r =it e* sur#i#( situtio'.

. Ti+e o4 ". Lte 4ter'oo' is 'ot te 5est ti+e to (oo: 4or sitett +eets tt ds se(ter re


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8)9 /i'd. /i'd *' 5e eiter ' d#'t!e or disd#'t!edee'di'! o' te re te+erture 'd =i'd #e(o*it. "uri'! te su++er or o'=r+ ds7 t:e d#'t!e o4 te *oo( 5ree@es 'd te rote*tio' te =i'dro#ides 4ro+ i'se*ts 5 (o*ti'! our *+ o' :'o((s or sits o4 ('d.Co'#erse(7 =i'd 5e*o+es ''oi'! or e#e' @rd =e' 5(o=i'! s'd7 dust7or s'o= *uses s:i' 'd ee irrittio' 'd d+!e to *(oti'! 'd eose sur#i#ors to (o= 'i!t te+ertures 'd =i'd*i(( 4*tors. Co(derte+ertures re 4ou'd (o'! #((e 4(oors so+eti+es re4erred to s *o(d irsu+s. It + 5e d#'t!eous to situte *+si!ts to t:e d#'t!e o4te su'. ?ou *ou(d (*e our se(ter i' ' oe' re duri'! te *o(der+o'ts 4or dded =r+t 'd i' sded re 4or rote*tio' 4ro+ te su'duri'! otter =eter. I' so+e res ou + #e to *o+ro+ise. Fori'st'*e7 i' +' deserts dti+e te+ertures *' 5e #er i! =i(e t'i!t (o= te+ertures *' tur' =ter to i*e. Prote*tio' 4ro+ et 'd *o(dre 'eeded i' tese res. Coose te se(ter te 'd (o*tio' ttrote*ts ou 4ro+ e>isti'! te+erture *o'ditio's.

839 Pre*iittio'. M' 4or+s o4 re*iittio' 8ri'7 s(eet7 i(7

or s'o=9 *' (so rese't ro5(e+s 4or sur#i#ors. Se(ter sites sou(d 5eout o4 +Dor dri'!es 'd oter (o= res to ro#ide rote*tio' 4ro+ te4(s 4(oods or +ud s(ides *used 5 e# ri's. S'o= *' (so 5e !retd'!er i4 se(ters re (*ed i' ote'ti( #('*e res.

*. Li4e For+s. Co'sider (( (i4e 4or+s 8('t7 u+'7 'd 'i+(9 /e'se(e*ti'! te *+site 'd se(ter te tt =i(( 5e used. Te u+' 4*tor+ +e' te e'e+ or oter !rous 4ro+ =o+ ou =is to re+i' u'dete*ted.For se(ter to 5e dete'ded sur#i#( is e>e*ted7*erti' 4*tors +ust 5e *o'sidered.

8)9 I'se*t (i4e *' *use disese7 i'Dur7 'd erso'( dis*o+4ort.B (o*ti'! se(ters o' :'o((s7 rid!es7 or ' oter re tt s 5ree@eor sted =i'd7 ou *' redu*e te 'u+5er o4 4(i'! i'se*ts i' our re.Sti'! = 4ro+ st'di'! =ter sour*es e(s #oid 5ees7 =ss7 or'ets7

'd +os


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i'*resi'! te i'su(tio' o4 te se(ter 5 usi'! #e!ettio' or r*ute+teri(7 or 5ui(di'! re4(e*tor 4ire i' 4ro't o4 ro*: o#er'! or *#e.?ou +ust *o'sider te +ou't o4 e'er! re


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5e #e'ted. Fi!ure ) so=s (*e+e't o4 #e'ti(tio' o(es i' s'o= *#e.I4 4ire is to 5e (*ed outside te se(ter7 te oe'i'! o4 te se(tersou(d 5e (*ed ,0 de!rees to te re#i(i'! =i'd. Tis redu*es te *'*eso4 sr:s 'd s+o:e 5ei'! 5(o=' i'to te se(ter i4 te =i'd sou(d re#ersedire*tio' i' te +or'i'! 'd e#e'i'!. Tis 4re*t se(ter di+e'sio's. Re!rd(esso4 te7 te se(ter +ust ro#ide =te#er rote*tio' is 'eeded 'd7 =it (itt(e i'!e'uit7 it sou(d 5e ossi5(e 4or ou to rote*t ourse(4 'd do so


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Fi!ure ),. I++edite *tio' se(ters.

859 I' +' i'st'*es7 i++edite *tio' se(ters + #e toser#e s er+'e't se(ters 4or ir*re= +e+5ers. For i'st'*e7 +ost ir*re=+e+5ers 4( =itout r*utes7 (r!e *utti'! i+(e+e'ts 8>es97 'de'tre'*i'! too(s; tere4ore7 +u(tierso' (i4e r4t + 5e te o'(

i++edite or (o'!ter+ se(ter #i(5(e. I' tis situtio'7 de(o te+u(tierso' (i4er4t i' te


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,. CONSTRUCTION

. A4r+e. Te A4r+e desi!' is dt5(e to (( e'#iro'+e'ts 'd isesi( +odi4ied 8Fi!ure 209. Tere re s +' #ritio's o4 tis se(ter stere re 5ui(ders. Tes i'*(ude te troi*( r++o*:7 te+erte reA4r+e7 r*ti* ter+( A4r+e7 'd 4i!ter tre'*. O'e = to 5ui(d 'A4r+e se(ter i' =r+ te+erture e'#iro'+e't is to use 45ri* +teri(4or te *o#eri'!. Te ro*edures i' Fi!ure 2)7 i4 4o((o=ed *re4u((7 resu(ti' *o+(eti'! s4e se(ter tt +eets our 'eeds.

Fi!ure 20. A4r+e se(ters.

5. Le'To. Te (e'to is se(ter te tt is use4u( i' rote*ti'!o**u'ts 4ro+ te e44e*ts o4 dire*t su'(i!t7 +oisture7 'd =i'd 8Fi!ure229. P(*e+e't o4 te oe'i'! oosite to te re#i(i'! =i'd is *riti*( to

te e44e*ti#e'ess o4 tis se(ter desi!'. Fi!ure 23 ro#ides ste5stei'stru*tio's 4or *o'stru*ti'! (e'to.

2-


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Fi!ure 2). A4r+e *o'stru*tio'.

2


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Fi!ure 23. Le'to *o'stru*tio'.

30


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*. Sod Se(ter. A sod ouse is stro'! 'd 4ireroo4. A 4r+e=or:*o#ered =it sod ro#ides se(ter tt is =r+ i' *o(d =eter 'd isesi( +de =terroo4 'd i'se*troo4 i' te su++er. Te 4r+e=or: +ust 5estro'!. It *' 5e +de 4ro+ o(es7 =i((o=7 or dri4t=ood 8so+e 'ti#es use=(e 5o'es9. Te roots o4 sod =it e# !rss or =eed !ro=t te'd to o(dte soi( to!eter. Cutti'! 5out 2 i'*es o4 soi( (o'! =it te !rss issu44i*ie't. Te si@e o4 te 5(o*:s re deter+i'ed 5 te stre'!t o4 tei'di#idu(.

d. Ter+(.

8)9 A(( ter+( se(ters use (eri'! sste+ *o'sisti'! o4 te4r+e7 45ri* 8i4 #i(5(e97 5ou!s or sru5s7 'd s'o=. Te 4r+e=or: +ust5e sturd e'ou! to suort te *o#er 'd i'su(tio'. Use door 5(o*: to+i'i+i@e et (oss. Add i'su(tio' o' s(eei'! res.

829 I4 5rre' ('dte se(ter is 5ei'! 5ui(t =it o'( s'o=7 (o'! :'i4e or di!!i'! too( is 'e*essit. It 'or+(( t:es t=o to treeours o4 rd =or: to di! s'o= *#e 'd +u* (o'!er 4or te 'o#i*e to 5ui(d' i!(oo. No +tter =i* se(ter is used7 t:e di!!i'! too( i'to tese(ter t 'i!t to *oe =it te !ret +ou't o4 s'o= tt + 5(o*: tedoor duri'! te 'i!t.

839 "ress (i!t( =i(e di!!i'! 'd =or:i'!. ?ou *' esi( 5e*o+eo#ereted 'd d+e' our *(oti'! =it ersirtio' =i* rid( tur's toi*e.

819 I4 ossi5(e7 ositio' ter+( se(ter oe'i'!s ,0 de!rees to tere#i(i'! =i'd. Te e'tr'*e to te se(ter sou(d (so 5e s*ree'ed =its'o= 5(o*:s st*:ed i' ' Lse.

89 S'o= o' se i*e7 suit5(e 4or *utti'! i'to 5(o*:s7 is usu((4ou'd o' te (ee side o4 i*e i((s or rid!es. P*:ed s'o= is o4te' sos((o= tt s'o= 5(o*:s #e to 5e *ut out ori@o't((.

)0. MAINTENANCE AN" IMPROVEMENTS

O'*e se(ter is *o'stru*ted7 it +ust 5e +i'ti'ed. Additio'(

+odi4i*tio's + +:e te se(ter +ore e44e*ti#e 'd *o+4ort5(e. I'di'(*i'! 8(*i'! te 4ro't o4 te se(ter to te 5iod9 ti!te's te se(ter.A door + e( 5(o*: te =i'd 'd :ee i'se*ts out. Oter +odi4i*tio's +i'*(ude 4ire re4(e*tor7 or* or =or: re7 or 'oter dditio' su* s 'oosi'! (e'to.

)). /ARM CLIMATE SHELTERS

. Te 4irst ste is de*idi'! te se(ter te re


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5. Te se*o'd ste is to se(e*t7 *o((e*t7 'd rere (( +teri(s'eeded 5e4ore *tu( *o'stru*tio'; tis i'*(udes 4r+e=or:7 *o#eri'!7 5eddi'!or i'su(tio'7 'd i+(e+e'ts to se*ure te se(ter7 su* s (i'es7 st:es7'd =ei!ted '*ors.

8)9 Te o(es or =ood se(e*ted 4or se(ters tt use =oode'4r+e=or: sou(d #e (( te rou! ed!es 'd stu5s re+o#ed. Not o'( doestis redu*e te *'*es o4 te 45ri* 5ei'! ried7 5ut it e(i+i'tes te*'*es o4 erso'( i'Dur.

829 O' te outer side o4 tree se(e*ted s 'tur( se(ter7 so+eor (( o4 te 5r'*es + 5e (e4t i' (*e. Tese +:e !ood suortstru*tures 4or te rest o4 te se(ter rts.

839 M' +teri(s *' 5e used s 4r+e=or: *o#eri'!s. Tese+teri(s i'*(ude o'*os7 tru(i's7 or ' oter 45ri*. So+e ite+s useds 4r+e=or: 'd *o#eri'! re te 5r: ee(ed o44 ded trees; 5ou!s *ut o44trees; 'd (+7 5+5oo7 !rsses7 'd oter #e!ettio' *ut or =o#e' i'todesired tter's.

819 I4 r*ute +teri( is to 5e used (o'e or i' *o+5i'tio' =it'tur( +teri(s7 it +ust 5e *'!ed s(i!t(. Re+o#e (( o4 te (i'es 4ro+te r*ute 'd te' *ut it to si@e. Tis e(i+i'tes 5u'*i'! 'd

=ri':(i'! 'd redu*es (e:!e.

*. Te tird ste is site rertio'. Tis i'*(udes 5rusi'! =ro*:s 'd t=i!s 4ro+ te s(eei'! re 'd *utti'! 5*: o#er'!i'!#e!ettio'.

d. Te 4ourt ste is to *tu(( *o'stru*t te se(ter7 5e!i''i'! =itte 4r+e=or:. Fr+e=or: is #er i+ort't; it +ust 5e stro'! e'ou! tosuort te =ei!t o4 te *o#eri'! 'd ' re*iittio' 5ui(du o4 s'o=. It+ust (so 5e sturd e'ou! to resist stro'! =i'd !usts.

8)9 Co'stru*t te 4r+e=or: i' o'e o4 t=o =s. For 'tur(se(ters7 5r'*es + 5e se*ure( (*ed !i'st trees or oter 'tur(o5De*ts. For r*ute se(ters7 o(es + 5e (sed to trees or otero(es. Te suort o(es or 5r'*es *' te' 5e (ed or tt*ed dee'di'!

o' teir 4u'*tio'. Te 4r+e=or: deter+i'es te se(ter it* 'd *o'tro(sits si@e. A 60de!ree it* is oti+u+ 4or seddi'! re*iittio' 'dro#idi'! se(ter roo+. Te si@e o4 te se(ter is *o'tro((ed 5 te4r+e=or:. Te se(ter sou(d 5e (r!e e'ou! 4or sur#i#ors to sit u =itde


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su44i*ie't it* 810 to 60 de!rees9 to e'*our!e ru'o44 i'sted o4e'etrtio'. /e' usi'! r*ute +teri( o' se(ters7 re+o#e ((suse'sio' (i'e 4ro+ te +teri(. E>*ess (i'e *' 5e used 4or (si'! 'dse=i'!. Ne>t7 stret* te *e'ter se+ ti!t(7 te' =or: 4ro+ te 5*: o4te se(ter to te 4ro't7 (ter'ti'! sides 'd se*uri'! te +teri( tost:es or 4r+e=or: 5 usi'! 5utto's 'd (i'es. /e' stret*i'! te +teri(ti!t(7 u(( te +teri( ,0 de!rees to re+o#e =ri':(es. I4 te +teri( is'ot stret*ed ti!t(7 ' +oisture oo(s i' te =ri':(es 'd (e:s i'to tese(ter. "o 'ot tou* te +teri( =e' =ter is ru''i'! o#er it s tis

5re:s te sur4*e te'sio' t tt oi't 'd ((o=s =ter to dri i'to tese(ter. T=o (ers o4 r*ute +teri(7 1 to 6 i'*es rt7 *rete +ore e44e*ti#e =ter ree((e't *o#eri'!. E#e' duri'! rd ri'7 te outer(er o'( (ets +ist e'etrte i4 it is u((ed ti!t(. Te i''er (erte' *''e(s o44 ' +oisture tt + e'etrte. Tis (eri'! o4r*ute +teri( (so *retes dedir s*e tt *o#ers te se(ter.Tis is ese*i(( 5e'e4i*i( i' *o(d res =e' te se(ter is e'*(osed.Ade


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829 Se(ter.

89 Te esiest i+ro#ised se(ter is +de 5 dri'! o'*o7r*ute7 or tru(i' o#er roe or #i'e stret*ed 5et=ee' t=o trees.ee o'e e'd o4 te *'o i!er t' te oter; i'se*ts re dis*our!ed 5s+ud!e 4ires =e' tere re 4e= oe'i'!s i' se(ters. A ++o*: +de 4ro+r*ute +teri( :ees ou o44 te !rou'd 'd dis*our!es 'ts7 siders7(ee*es7 s*orio's7 'd oter ests.

859 I' te =et Du'!(e7 ou 'eed se(ter 4ro+ d+'ess. I4 oust =it te ir*r4t7 it sou(d 5e used 4or se(ter. Tr to +:e it+os+(e is 4our trees or #erti*( o(es i' re*t'!u(r tter' (itt(e(o'!er 'd (itt(e =ider t' te sur#i#or 'd *' rote*t ' e


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Fi!ure 2. Rised (t4or+ se(ter.

3


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Fi!ure 2-. Ho5o se(ter.

859 Ve!ettio'7 i4 ' e>ists7 is usu(( stu'ted 'd r+ed=it tor's. It + 5e ossi5(e to st i' te sde 5 +o#i'! rou'd te#e!ettio' s te su' +o#es. Te ottest rt o4 te d + o44er 4e=sdo=s 5e*use te su' is dire*t( o#ered. Pr*ute +teri( dred o#er5uses or ro*:s ro#ides so+e sde.

829 Co'stru*ted.

89 Mteri(s tt *' 5e used i' *o'stru*ti'! desert se(tersi'*(ude s'd7 ro*:7 (i4e r4ts7 ir*r4t 7rts7 #e!ettio'7 'd r*utesuse'sio' (i'es. S'd7 tou! di44i*u(t to =or: =it =e' (oose7 + 5e+de i'to i((rs 5 usi'! s'd5!s +de 4ro+ r*ute or ' #i(5(e*(ot. Ro*: 'd #e!ettio' 8s!e 5rus7 *reosote 5uses7 u'ier trees7 'ddesert !ourd #i'es9 re #(u5(e 5ui(di'! +teri(s. Pr*ute *'o 'dsuse'sio' (i'es re ers te +ost #ersti(e 5ui(di'! +teri(s #i(5(e.

/e' used i' (ers7 r*ute +teri( rote*ts sur#i#ors 4ro+ te su'srs. Air*r4t rts 'd (i4e r4ts *' 5e used 4or sde se(ters.Sur#i#ors + use se*tio's o4 te =i'!7 ti(7 or 4use(!e to ro#ide sde.Ho=e#er7 te i'terior o4 te ir*r4t


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5e*o+es suereted 'd sou(d 5e #oided s se(ter. A' i'4(t5(e r4tti(ted !i'st r4t dd(e or 'tur( o5De*t7 su* s 5us or ro*:7ro#ides re(ie4 4ro+ te su' 8Fi!ure 2,9.

Fi!ure 2. Ho5o se(ter *o'stru*tio'.

859 I' ot desert7 5ui(d se(ters = 4ro+ (r!e ro*:s ttstore et duri'! te d. ?ou + 'eed to +o#e to ro*: res duri'! tee#e'i'! to t:e d#'t!e o4 te =r+t tt eted ro*:s rdite. I' =r+erdeserts7 use (i!ter*o(ored +teri(s s ' outer (er 'd dr:er*o(ored+teri( s ' i''er (er 4or rote*tio' 4ro+ u(tr#io(et rs. I' *oo(erres7 use +u(ti(e (ers o4 +teri( =it dr:er *o(ored +teri( s teouter (er to 5sor5 et.

8*9 M:e te se(ter 4ro+ de'se +teri( or =it 'u+erous(ers to redu*e or sto d'!erous u(tr#io(et rs 'd to redu*e te i'sidete+erture. Te *o(ors o4 te r*ute +teri(s +:e

3


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di44ere'*e s to o= +u* rote*tio' is ro#ided 4ro+ u(tr#io(et rditio'.As !e'er( ru(e7 te order o4 re4ere'*e sou(d 5e to use s +' (ers sr*ti*( i' te order o4 or'!e7 !ree'7 t'7 'd =ite. Te (ers sou(d5e :et ro>i+te( )2 to ) i'*es rt or 5o#e te i'di#idu( 8Fi!ure309. Tis ((o=s te ir to *oo( te u'derside o4 te +teri(. P(*e tese(ter 4(oor 5out ) i'*es 5o#e or 5e(o= te desert sur4*e to i'*resete *oo(i'! e44e*t. Te side o4 se(ters sou(d 5e +o#5(e i' order torote*t sur#i#ors duri'! *o(d 'dKor =i'd eriods 'd to ((o= 4or#e'ti(tio' duri'! ot eriods.

Fi!ure 2,. I+ro#ised 'tur( sde se(ters.

3,


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8)9 I' tree*o#eredres7 su44i*ie't 'tur(se(ter 5ui(di'! +teri(s re'or+(( #i(5(e. Cutio'7o=e#er7 is reist 'd *use te i*e to si4t7 4or+i'! ressure rid!es. A#oid tese reso4 u'st5(e i*e 'd s'o= t (( ti+es. Se(ters suit5(e 4or 5rre'teres i'*(ude te s'o= *#e 8Fi!ure 3-97 +o(ded do+e 8Fi!ure 397 4i!tertre'* 8Fi!ure 3,97 'd i!(oo 8Fi!ure 109. Tose tt re


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Fi!ure 32. Ter+( A4r+e.

Fi!ure 33. Le'to or =ed!e.

12


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Fi!ure 31. "ou5(e (e'to.

Fi!ure 3. /i((o= 4r+e se(ter.

13


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Fi!ure 36. Tree =e(( se(ter.

Fi!ure 3-. S'o= *#e.

11


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Fi!ure 3. Mo(ded do+e se(ter.

Fi!ure 3,. Fi!ter tre'*.

1


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d. A(tou! te outsideir 5e e>tre+e( *o(d7tete+erture i'side s+((=e((*o'stru*ted s'o= *#e isro55( 'ot (o=er t' )0GF.Bod et (o'e *' rise tete+erture o4 s'o= *#e 1de!rees 5o#e te outside ir. A5ur'i'! *'d(e rises te

te+erture 1 de!rees.Bur'i'! Ster'o 8s+(( si@e7 2K ou'*es9 rises te *#ete+erture 5out 2 de!rees.Ho=e#er7 s'o= se(ters ro#ide rter ru!!ed (i4e si'*e te*''ot 5e eted +' de!rees5o#e 4ree@i'!. O'*e tei'side o4 te se(ter !(@eso#er =it i*e7 it redu*es tei'su(ti'!


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Fi!ure 1). S*ri'! s'o= to te 5re ert.

). SHELTER LIVIN&

. ?ou sou(d (i+it te 'u+5er o4 se(ter e'tr'*es to *o'ser#e et.Fue( is !e'er(( s*re i' te r*ti*. To *o'ser#e 4ue(7 it is i+ort't to

:ee te se(ter e'tr'*e se(ed s +u* s ossi5(e 8Fi!ure 129.A*ti#ities7 su* s !teri'! 4ue( 'd s'o= or i*e 4or +e(ti'!7 sou(d 5e**o+(ised o'( =e' it is 'e*essr to !o outside te se(ter. Toe>edite +tters7 trs re*et*(e + 5e :et i'side te door. E


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5. A st'drd r*ti*e i' s'o= se(ter (i#i'! is 4or eo(e to re(ie#ete+se(#es i'doors =e' ossi5(e. Tis r*ti*e *o'ser#es 5od et. I4 tes'o=dri4t is (r!e e'ou! to di! *o''e*ti'! s'o= *#es7 o'e + 5e used s toi(et roo+. I4 'ot7 ti' *'s + 5e used 4or uri'(s 'd s'o= 5(o*:s 4orso(id =ste 84e*( +tter9.

*. ?ou sou(d use ti*: i'su(tio' u'der ourse(4 =e' s(eei'! orresti'! e#e' i4 ou #e s(eei'! 5!. Use ti*: 5ou! 5ed *o'stru*tedi' si'!(e4sio'7 set *usio's7 r*ute7 or ' i'#erted 'd i'4(ted

ru55er r4t. Outer *(oti'! (so +:es !ood +ttress +teri(. A r:+:es !ood 4oot5!. Te sirt 'd i''er trousers + 5e ro((ed u 4or i((o=. So*:s 'd i'so(es *' 5e serted 'd ired i' te se(ter. "ri'!+ 5e *o+(eted i' te s(eei'! 5! 5 sto=i'! te+ rou'd te is. O'(use tis dri'! +etod s (st resort.

d. eei'! te s(eei'! 5! *(e'7 dr7 'd 4(u44ed !i#es +>i+u+=r+t. To dr te 5!7 tur' it i'side out7 5et out te 4rost7 'd =r+ it5e4ore te 4iret:i'! *re tt it does't 5ur'. To :ee +oisture 84ro+5ret9 4ro+ =etti'! te s(eei'! 5!7 i+ro#ise +oisture *(ot 4ro+ to=e(7 ie*e o4 *(oti'!7 or r*ute 45ri*. It *' te' 5e (i!t(=red rou'd te ed i' su* = tt te 5ret is tred i'side te*(ot. Re+e+5er tt ie*e o4 45ri* dries esier t' s(eei'! 5!. I4*o(d is e>erie'*ed duri'! te 'i!t7 e>er*ise 5 4(utteri'! our 4eet u 'd

do=' or 5 5eti'! te i'side o4 te 5! =it our 'ds. Food or ot(i


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rodu*e te (est +ou't o4 s+o:e. Tere re tree esse'ti( e(e+e'ts 4orsu**ess4u( 4ire 5ui(di'!% 4ue(7 et7 'd o>!e'. Tese *o+5i'ed e(e+e'tsre re4erred to s te 4ire tri'!(e. B (i+iti'! 4ue(7 o'( s+(( 4ireis rodu*ed. I4 te 4ire is 'ot 4ed roer(7 tere is too +u* or too(itt(e 4ire. &ree' 4ue( is di44i*u(t to i!'ite; tere4ore7 te 4ire +ust 5e5ur'i'! =e(( 5e4ore it is used 4or 4ue(. Het 'd o>!e' +ust 5e **essi5(eto i!'ite ' 4ue(. E#e' tou! tese e(e+e'ts re 'e*essr7 ou +ust t:eour ti+e 'd rere =e((. Preri'! (( o4 te st!es o4 4ue( 'd (( o4te rts o4 te 4irestrti'! rtus is te :e. To 5e su**ess4u( t

4ire*r4t7 ou 'eed to r*ti*e 'd 5e tie't

. Fue(. Fue(s used i' 5ui(di'! 4ire 'or+(( 4(( i'to tree*te!ories 8Fi!ure 139 tt re(te to teir si@e 'd 4(s oi't% ti'der7:i'd(i'!7 'd 4ue(.

Fi!ure 13. St!es o4 4ire.

8)9 Ti'der is ' te o4 s+(( +teri( #i'! (o= 4(s oi't.It is esi( i!'ited =it +i'i+u+ et7 e#e' sr:. Ti'der +ust 5err'!ed to ((o= ir 8o>!e'9 5et=ee' te ir(i:e7 5o'edr 4i5ers. O'eo4 te +ost i+ort't rts o4 4ire*r4t is reri'! te ti'der 4or 4ire."r ti'der is so *riti*( tt io'eers used e>tre+e *re to #e so+e i' =terroo4 ti'der 5o> t (( ti+es. It + 5e 'e*essr to #e t=o or

tree st!es o4 ti'der to !et te 4(+e to use4u( si@e. Ti'ders i'*(udetose (isted i' Fi!ure 11.

829 i'd(i'! is te 'e>t (r!er st!e o4 4ue( +teri( 'd sou(d(so #e i! *o+5usti5(e oi't. It is dded to7 or rr'!ed o#er7 teti'der i' su* = tt it i!'ites =e' te 4(+e 4ro+ te ti'der re*esit. i'd(i'! is used to 5ri'! te 5ur'i'! te+erture u to oi't =ere(r!er 'd (ess *o+5usti5(e 4ue( +teri( *' 5e used. i'd(i'! i'*(udestose ite+s (isted i' Fi!ure 1.

839 Fue(7 u'(i:e ti'der 'd :i'd(i'!7 does 'ot #e to 5e :et*o+(ete( dr s (o'! s tere is e'ou! :i'd(i'! to rise te 4ue( to *o+5usti5(e te+erture. Te 4ue( te used deter+i'es te +ou't o4 et'd (i!t te 4ire rodu*es. Te 5est +etod to deter+i'e =i* 4ue( is

1,


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te ro5(e+s sso*ited =it te use o4 ri+iti#e et sour*es. I4 teu+idit is i! i' te i++edite re7 4ire + 5e di44i*u(t to i!'itee#e' i4 (( oter *o'ditio's re 4#or5(e. A'oter :e oi't to re+e+5er i'(( ri+iti#e +etods is to e'sure tt te ti'der is 'ot distur5ed.

Fi!ure 16. Het t5(et 'd se( 5(u55er.

8)9 Mt*es 8or (i!ter9.

89 Arr'!e s+(( +ou't o4 :i'd(i'! i' (o= r+id *(osee'ou! to!eter so 4(+es *' Du+ 4ro+ o'e ie*e to 'oter. Le#e s+((oe'i'! 4or (i!ti'! 'd ir *ir*u(tio'.

859 Co'ser#e +t*es 5 usi'! s#e sti*: or (oose( tied5u'd(e o4 ti'7 dr t=i!s. Sie(d te +t* 4ro+ te =i'd =i(e i!'iti'! tes#e sti*:. Te' ( te sti*: to te (o#er =i'd=rd side o4 te :i'd(i'!.

8*9 L s+(( ie*es o4 =ood or oter 4ue( !e't( o' te:i'd(i'! 5e4ore (i!ti'! or dd s te :i'd(i'! 5e!i's to 5ur'. Te' (*es+((er ie*es 4irst7 ddi'! (r!er ie*es o4 4ue( s te 4ire 5e!i's to

5ur'. A#oid s+oteri'! te 4ire .5 *rusi'! te :i'd(i'! =it e# =ood.

829 F(i't 'd stee(. F(i't 'd stee( is o'e = to rodu*e 4ire=itout +t*es. To use tis +etod7 o(d ie*e o4 4(i't i' o'e 'd 5o#ete ti'der. Te' !rs te stee( i' te oter 'd 'd stri:e te 4(i't =itte ed!e o4 te stee( i' do='=rd !('*i'! 5(o= 8Fi!ure 1-9. Te sr:s+ust 4(( o' te ti'der 'd te' 5e 5(o=' or 4''ed to rodu*e *o( 'dsu5se


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89 True 4(i'tis 'ot 'e*essr to rodu*esr:s. Iro' rite 'dti'!uisi'! te

4ire.

839 Btteries.A'oter +etod o4 rodu*i'!4ire is to use te 5tter o4te ir*r4t or #ei*(e7stor!e 5tteries7 'd so4ort. Use t=o i'su(ted=ires 5 *o''e*ti'! o'e e'd o4 =ire to te ositi#e osto4 te 5tter 'd te e'd o4te oter =ire to te 'e!ti#eost. Tou* te t=o

Fi!ure 1-. Fire strti'! =it4(i't 'd stee(.

3


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re+i'i'! e'ds to te e'ds o4 ie*e o4 'o'i'su(ted =ire. Tis *uses sort i' te e(e*tri*( *ir*uit 'd te 'o'i'su(ted =ire 5e!i's to !(o= 'd!et ot. Mteri( *o+i'! i' *o't*t =it tis ot =ire i!'ites. Use *utio'=e' tte+ti'! to strt 4ire =it 5tter s te 5tter rodu*esdro!e' !s =i* *' i!'ite 4ro+ sr:s or 4(+es *usi'! ' e>(osio' tt*ou(d resu(t i' serious i'Dur 8Fi!ure 19. I4 4i'e !rde stee( =oo( is#i(5(e7 strt 4ire 5 stret*i'! it 5et=ee' te ositi#e 'd 'e!ti#eosts u'ti( te =ire itse(4 +:es red *o(. Tis te*'i


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Fi!ure 1,. Fire strti'! =it 5ur'i'!

!(ss.

Fi!ure 0. Firestrti'! =it

4(s(i!t re4(e*tor.

869 B+5oo 4ire s=.

89 Te 5+5oo 4ire s= is *o'stru*ted 4ro+ se*tio' o4 dr5+5oo =it 5ot e'd Doi'ts *ut o44. Te se*tio' o4 5+5oo7 5out )2 i'*esi' (e'!t7 is s(it i' (4 (e'!t=ise. Te i''er =(( o4 o'e o4 te (#es8ru''i'! 5ord9 is s*red or s#ed ti'. Tis is do'e i' te +idd(e o4 teru''i'! 5ord. A 'ot* to ser#e s !uide is *ut i' te outer setoosite te s*red re o4 te i''er =((. Tis 'ot* ru's *ross teru''i'! 5ord t ,0 de!ree '!(e 8Fi!ure )9.

859 Te oter (4 o4 te 5+5oo Doi't is 4urter s(it i' (4(e'!t=ise. O'e o4 te resu(t't


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Fi!ure ). B+5oo 4ire s=.

8d9 Prere (o'!7 #er ti' s(i#er o4 5+5oo 8te i*:9 4or4uture use. &rs o'e e'd o4 te ru''i'! 5ord i' e* 'd7 +:i'! sure teti' stris o4 5+5oo re e(d se*ure( i' (*e. P(*e te ru''i'! 5ordo#er te 5se5ord t ri!t '!(e7 so tt te *utti'! ed!e o4 te5se5ord 4its i'to te 'ot* i' te outer set o4 te ru''i'! 5ord. Te's(ide te ru''i'! 5ord 5*: 'd 4ort s rid( s ossi5(e o#er te*utti'! ed!e o4 te 5se5ord. Use su44i*ie't do='=rd ressure to e'suree'ou! 4ri*tio' to rodu*e et.

8e9 As soo' s 5i((o=s o4 s+o:e rise 4ro+ te ti'der7 i*:ute ru''i'! 5ord. Use te i*: to us te !(o=i'! e+5ers 4ro+ te 5otto+o4 te ru''i'! 5ord i'to te +ss o4 ti'der. /i(e te e+5ers re 5ei'!used i'to te ti'der7 !e't( 5(o= o' te e+5ers u'ti( te ti'der 5urstsi'to 4(+e.

849 As soo' s te ti'der 5ursts i'to 4(+e7 s(o=( dd:i'd(i'! i' s+(( ie*es to #oid s+oteri'!7 te 4ire. &rdu(( dd 4ue(to rodu*e te desired 4ire si@e. I4 te ti'der is re+o#ed 4ro+ te ru''i'!5ord s soo' s it 4(+es7 te ru''i'! 5ord *' 5e reused 5 *utti'! 'ot* i' te outer set 'e>t to te ori!i'( 'ot* 'd dire*t( u'der tes*red re o4 te i''er =((.

8-9 Bo= 'd dri((. Tis 4ri*tio' +etod s 5ee' used su**ess4u((4or tous'ds o4 ers. To 5e su**ess4u( it re


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rou'd e'd !oes to te to o' =i* te so*:et is (*ed. M:e te so*:et4ro+ ie*e o4 rd=ood (r!e e'ou! to o(d *o+4ort5( i' te (+ o4 te'd =it te *ur#ed rt u 'd te 4(t side do=' to o(d te to o4 tesi'd(e. Cr#e or dri(( o(e i' tis side 'd +:e it s+oot so it =i(('ot *use u'due 4ri*tio' 'd rodu*e et. &rese or so *' 5e (*ed i'tis o(e to re#e't 4ri*tio' 8Fi!ure 29.

Fi!ure 2. Bo= 'd dri((.

859 M:e te 5o= 4ro+ sti44 5r'* 5out 3 4eet (o'! 'd )i'* i' di+eter. Tis ie*e sou(d #e su44i*ie't 4(e>i5i(it to 5e'd7si+i(r to 5o= used to soot rro=s. Tie ie*e o4 suse'sio' (i'e or(eter to'! to 5ot e'ds so tt it s te s+e te'sio' s tt o4 5o=.Tere sou(d 5e e'ou! te'sio' 4or te si'd(e to t=ist *o+4ort5(.

8*9 M:e te 4ire5ord 4ro+ so4t=ood 'd 5out )2 i'*es (o'!73K1 i'* ti*:7 'd 3 to 6 i'*es =ide. Cr#e s+(( o((o= i' te4ire5ord. M:e Vsed *ut i' 4ro+ te ed!e o4 te 5ord e>te'di'! i'to

te *e'ter o4 te o((o= =ere te si'd(e =i(( +:e te o((o= deeer. Teo5De*t o4 tis V *ut is to *rete ' '!(e =i* *uts o44

-


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te ed!e o4 te si'd(e s it !ets ot 'd tur's to *r*o( dust. Tis iste *riti*( rt o4 te 4ire5ord 'd +ust 5e e(d sted =i(e si''i'! tesi'd(e.

8d9 /i(e :'ee(i'! o' o'e :'ee7 (*e te oter 4oot o' te4ire5ord 'd (*e te ti'der u'der te 4ire5ord Dust 5e'et te V*ut.T:e *re to #oid *rusi'! te ti'der u'der te 4ire5ord. Use s+(( 3K1i'* di+eter sti*: to o(d u te 4ire5ord. Tis ((o=s ir i'to teti'der =ere te ot o=der 8si'd(e *r*o( dust9 is *o((e*ted.

8e9 T=ist te 5o= stri'! o'*e rou'd te si'd(e. Te' (*ete si'd(e uri!t i'to te si'd(e o((o= 8so*:et9. ?ou + ress teso*:et do=' o' te si'd(e 'd 4ire5ord. Ho(d te e'tire rtus sted=it te 'd o' te so*:et 5r*ed !i'st te (e! or :'ee. Te si'd(esou(d 5e!i' si''i'! =it (o'!7 e#e'7 s(o= stro:es o4 te 5o= u'ti( e#s+o:e is rodu*ed. Si' 4ster u'ti( te s+o:e is #er ti*:. At tisoi't7 5(o= o' te ot o=der to rodu*e !(o=i'! e+5er. Re+o#e te 5o= 'dsi'd(e 4ro+ te 4ire5ord 'd (*e te ti'der 'e>t to te !(o=i'! e+5er+:i'! sure 'ot to e>ti'!uis it. Te' ro(( te ti'der !e't( rou'd te5ur'i'! e+5er7 'd 5(o= i'to te e+5ers to strt te ti'der 5ur'i'!. Tisrt o4 te 4ire is +ost *riti*( 'd sou(d 5e do'e =it *re 'd (''i'!.

849 P(*e te 5ur'i'! ti'der i'to te =iti'! 4ire (

*o'ti'i'! +ore ti'der 'd s+(( :i'd(i'!. At 'o ti+e i' tis ro*ess sou(dou 5re: *o'*e'trtio' or *'!e se


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Fi!ure 3. Fire to'!.

Fi!ure 1. Fire (o=.

,


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859 So+e e+er!e'* :its *o'ti' s+(( 4ire strters7 *'s o4se*i( 4ue(s7 =i'droo4 +t*es7 'd oter ids. S#e te 4ire strters 4oruse duri'! e>tre+e *o(d 'd d+ 8+oist9 =eter *o'ditio's.

8*9 Te =ite (sti* soo' 8*:ed i' #rious i'4(i!trtio's9 + 5e te te tt 5ur's redi(. Pus te 'd(e dee e'ou!i'to te !rou'd to suort te soo' i' ' uri!t ositio'. Te' (i!t teti o4 te soo'. It =i(( 5ur' 4or 5out )0 +i'utes 8(o'! e'ou! to dr out'd i!'ite s+(( ti'der 'd :i'd(i'!9.

8d9 I4 *'d(e is #i(5(e7 i!'ite it to strt 4ire.

Tis re#e'ts usi'! +ore t' o'e +t*. As soo' s te 4ire is5ur'i'!7 e>ti'!uis te *'d(e 'd s#e it 4or 4uture use.

8e9 Ti'der is +de +ore *o+5usti5(e 5 ddi'! 4e= dros o44(++5(e 4ue( or +teri(. Mi>i'! te o=der 4ro+ ' ++u'itio' *rtrid!e=it te ti'der is ' e>+(e. A4ter reri'! te ti'der i' tis +''er7store it i' =terroo4 *o'ti'er 4or 4uture use. Use *re i' 'd(i'! tis+i>ture 5e*use te 4(s t i!'itio' *ou(d 5ur' te s:i' 'd *(oti'!.

849 For tous'ds o4 ers7 te Es:i+os 'd oter 'orter'eo(e #e re(ied e#i( o' 'i+( oi(s to et teir o+es. Te Es:i+os

use 4t sto#e or ood(i: to 5ur' tis 4ue(. ?ou *' i+ro#ise sto#e4ro+ rtio' *' 'd 5ur' ' 4(++5(e oi(te (ied *rto' 5 *utti'! o44 o'e e'd'd u'*i'! o(e i' e* side 'er te u'oe'ed e'd. St'd te *rto' o'te *(osed e'd 'd (oose( (*e te 4ue( i'side te *rto'. Te' (i!t testo#e usi'! 4ue( +teri( (e4t '!i'! o#er te e'd. Te sto#e =i(( 5ur'4ro+ te to do='. ?ou *' (so i+ro#ise sto#e to 5ur' 4ue(7 (u5ri*ti'!oi(7 or +i>ture o4 5ot 8Fi!ure 9. P(*e ) or 2 i'*es o4 s'd or 4i'e

!r#e( i' te 5otto+ o4 *' or oter *o'ti'er 'd dd 4ue(. Use *re =e'(i!ti'! te 4ue( 5e*use it + e>(ode. Cut s(ots i'to te to o4 te *'to (et 4(+e 'd s+o:e out7 'd u'* o(es Dust 5o#e te (e#e( o4 te s'dto ro#ide dr4t. A +i>ture o4 4ue( 'd oi( +:es te 4ire 5ur' (o'!er.I4 'o *' is #i(5(e7 di! o(e 'd 4i(( it =it s'd. Te' our 4ue( o'te s'd 'd i!'ite it. "o 'ot ((o= te 4ue( to *o((e*t i' udd(es.

5. ?ou o'( #e (i+ited 'u+5er o4 +t*es or oter i'st't 4irestrti'! de#i*es. Tere4ore7 i' (o'!ter+ situtio'7 ou sou(d use tesede#i*es sri'!( or *rr 4ire =it ou =e' ossi5(e. M' ri+iti#e*u(tures *rr 4ire 84ire 5u'd(es9 5 usi'! dr u': or 4i5rous 5r:s 8*edr9e'*sed i' 5r:. Oters use tor*es. Ntur( 4ire 5u'd(es (so =or: =e((4or o(di'! te 4ire. Te 'tur( 4ire 5u'd(e is

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*o'stru*ted i' *ross se*tio' s so=' i' Fi!ure 6. Tere +ust 5e Duste'ou! o>!e' to :ee te *o(s i'side te dr u': 5ur'i'! s(o=(. Tisre


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Fi!ure 6. Fire 5u'd(es.

NOTE% Be=re o4 =et or orous ro*:s; te + e>(ode =e' eted.

5. Tere is 'o 'eed to di! o(e or +:e *ir*(e o4 ro*:s to rere4or 4ire 5ui(di'!. Ho=e#er7 ro*:s + 5e (*ed i' *ir*(e 'd 4i((ed =itdirt7 s'd7 or !r#e( to rise te 4ire 5o#e te +oisture o4 te =et !rou'd.Te urose o4 tese ro*:s is o'( to o(d te (t4or+.

*. To !et te +ost =r+t 4ro+ te 4ire7 5ui(d it !i'st ro*: or (o!re4(e*tor 8Fi!ure -9. Tis dire*ts te et i'to te se(ter. /((i'*oo:i'! 4ires 5 usi'! (o!s or sto'es. Tis ro#ides (t4or+ 4or *oo:i'!ute'si(s 'd ser#es s =i'd5re: to e( :ee te et *o'4i'ed.

d. A4ter reri'! te 4ire7 (*e (( +teri(s to!eter 'd rr'!e 5

si@e 8ti'der7 :i'd(i'!7 'd 4ue(9. As ru(e o4 tu+57 ou sou(d #e treeti+es te +ou't o4 ti'der 'd :i'd(i'! t' is 'e*essr 4or o'e 4ire. Itis to our d#'t!e to #e too +u* t' 'ot e'ou!. H#i'! (e't o4+teri( o' 'd re#e'ts te ossi5i(it o4 te 4ire !oi'! out =i(edditio'( +teri( is !tered.

),. FIRE LA?S

Most 4ires re 5ui(t to +eet se*i4i* 'eeds or useseiter et7 (i!t7or reri'! 4ood 'd =ter. Co'4i!urtio's 5e(o= re te +ost *o++o'( used4or 4ires 'd ser#e o'e or +ore 'eeds 8Fi!ure 9.

. Teee. Te teee 4ire *' 5e used s (i!t sour*e 'd s *o'*e'trted et oi't dire*t( 5o#e te e> o4 te teee. Tis (o*tio'is ide( 4or 5oi(i'! =ter.

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Fi!ure . Fire (s.

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e. T:e *re =e' se(e*ti'! ' re 4or 4ire 5ui(di'!. I4 te re s (r!e **u+u(tio' o4 et7 u+us +teri(7 or 5ot7 ou 'eed (t4or+ to#oid i!'iti'! te +teri( s it te'ds to s+o(der (o'! 4ter te 4(+es ree>ti'!uised. A s+o(deri'! et 4ire is (+ost i+ossi5(e to ut out 'd +5ur' 4or ers. Re+e+5er7 ou (so 'eed (t4or+ to re#e't te 4ire 4ro++e(ti'! do=' trou! te dee s'o= 'd e>ti'!uisi'! it 'd i4 te !rou'd is+oist or s=+. M:e te (t4or+ 4ro+ +et(7 !ree' (o!s7 or ' +teri(tt does 'ot 5ur' trou! #er redi(. I' 4orested res7 *(er te de5riso' te !rou'd 'd te (i*e' +t do=' to +i'er( soi(7 i4 ossi5(e7 to

re#e't te 4ire 4ro+ sredi'!.

66

E$ERCISE

REUIREMENT% So(#e te 4o((o=i'! 5 se(e*ti'! te *orre*t 's=ers%

). Ho= does ersirtio' 44e*t te i'su(tio'


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B. *uses o#ereti'!C. redu*es te e44e*ts". i'*reses te e44e*ts

2. &iters 'd te Hudso' B du44e( re e>+(es o4

A. s(eei'! !er.B. 4oot rote*tio'.C. *o(d =eter i'su(tio' te*'i


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A. (i!t *i!rettes.B. (i!t res*ue 4(res.C. (i!t roer( rered 4ires.". 4i'd i+ort't ite+s i' te dr:.

)6. Te te o4 sur#i#( 4ire tt ((o=s ou to 5(o*: stro'! =i'ds ort:e d#'t!e o4 (i!t 5ree@es is te

A. V 4ire.B. T 4ire.C. (o'! 4ire.". :eo(e 4ire.

6,

REVIE/ E$ERCISE SOLUTIONS

). C. 8r!r 38)99

2. B. 8r!r -* 'd e9

3. C. 8r!r 18)99

1. C. 8r!r 158)99

. ". 8r!r 9

6. ". 8r!r ))d8)99

-. ". 8r!r )29

. A. 8r!r )259

,. A. 8r!r ,d8299


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)0. A. 8r!r )3*9

)). B. 8r!r )9

)2. B. 8r!r )68)99

)3. B. 8r!r ) NOTE9

)1. B. 8r!r )658199

). C. 8r!r 2059

)6. A. 8r!r ),*8299

-0

aipd subcourse av0662 edition 7: aviation survival part ii - protection from the environment

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