ahmedabad region अध्ययनसामग्री · ahmedabad region अध्ययन ......
TRANSCRIPT
1
केन्द्रीय विद्यालय संगठन KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
अहमदाबाद संभाग AHMEDABAD REGION
अध्ययन-सामग्री STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS: XI
HISTORY
सत्र-2015-16
SESSION-2015-16
2
Theme-1 From the Beginning of Time
EvolutionoftheEarlyHumans
Phasesof Evolution
Placesof Social Evolution Aspects
Economic Aspects
Cultural Aspects
Phasesof StoneAge
(i) Food Shelter
Paintings (ii)
Stone Tools
A PE
A USTRALOPI
THECUS
H OMOERECTUS
H OMOSAPIENS
M ODERN
H UMANS
H UNTERGATHERER
Farming Domes- Tradetication
Ofanimals
Sources
Fossiles StoneTools Bones
PresentDayHunter Gather..ers
Both-men&women inpresentsociety
3
PhasesofEvolution Ape – Primates–Subgroupofalargergroupofmammals–include–
monkeysandhumans[240Millionyrs.ago]
Australopithecus–Huminidsarefurthersubdividedintobranches,knownas'genus'ofwhichAustralopithecusand'Homo'areimportant.[56Millionyrs.ago]
Homo-erectus–'Up-rightman'-Uprightwalkingwasalsorestricted,overtime,astoolmakingandlongdistancewalkingincreased,manyhumancharacteristicsalsodeveloped,[56myrs.ago]
Homo-Sapiens – Literally–'Thinkingman'or'Wise-man'
The remainsof earlyhumans havebeenclassified intodifferent species.Theseareoftendistinguishedfromoneanotheronthebasisofdifferencesinbonestructure.Forinstancespeciesofearlyhumansaredifferentiatedintermsoftheirskullsizeanddistinctivejaws.
Tool–Making–Example–Pg.-13
Comparison:Modern
Human:
Thescholarswhofeelthatethnographicdatacannotbeusedforunderstandingpastsocieties.
Theyhavenotapplieddirectlythespecificdatafrompresentdayhunter-gathersocietiestointerpretthearchaeologicalremainsofthepost.
Theyhavetheideas:
* Presentdayhunter-gatherersocietiespursuesseveralothereconomicaactivitiesalongwithhhuntingandgathering.
* Theseincludeengaginginexchangeandtradeinminorforestproduceorworkingaspaidlaborersinthefieldsofneighboringfarmers.
* Moreover,thesesocietiesaretotally-marginalizedtoallsensesgeographically,politicallyandsocially.
* Theconditionsinwhichtheyliveareverydifferentfromthoseofearlyhumans.
* Therearetremendousvariationamongstlivinghunter-gatherersocieties.
* Thereareconflictingdataonmanyissuessuchasthe'relative,importanceofhuntingand
Gathering,groupsizesfrom place to p lace.
Bothwomenandmenarecontributingtothefoodsupply.
TheHunterHuman
Somearchaeologistssuggestthat-
HominidsSites-] Theydirectlyapplied datedto2mya specificdatafrom
PresentdaySocietiestointerpretthe
archaeologicalremainsofthepast
4
RegionalContinuityModel
ReplacementModel
Food- Example-Huntingbeganinabout500,000yrs.ago 'TheHadya'(pg.Textrep.24
Shelter- Datebetween700,000Toolsaccumulated inoneplaceExample- (Map-2TextreferenceEuropePg.18) TreeshapefigurePg.-19
Domesticationofanimals
AgricultureandPastoralism -beganaround10,000yearsago
HuntingGatheringForaging
PlacesofEvolution
Europe
AsiaAf
rica
SocialFactors
EconomicFactors
-Started-between-10,000and4,500yearsago
CulturalFactors
Art-CavePainting
StoneTools
PHASESOFSTONEAGE
Commu-nicationSkill &Language
Paleolithic Mesolithic Neolithic
Neolithic
Revolution
-developedbetween-30,000and12,000yearsago
5
DirectlyappliedSpecificdatafromPresentdayhunter-gatherer Societiestointerpret thearchaeologicalremainsofthepast.
Pastsocietiesaretotallydifferent fromthepresentsociety
0,000yrs.ago
StoneTools
Fossils Bones
Sources
-and50
Present-HuntersandGatherers
Two-pointsofview
KeyWords:Fossils,Species,Primates,HominoidsArtefacts,Anthropology,Ethnograph `
MODELQUESTIONS
10MarksQuestions:
1. Howdotheanthropologistsfeelthattheinformationaboutlivinghuntersandgathererscanbeusedtounders tandpastsociety?Discuss.
2. Bygivinggtheappropriateexampleexplainthesimilaritiesanddis-similaritiesbetweentheEarlyhumanandModernhuman.
Posi
itveF
ee
db
ack
Me
cha
nis
m
6
Passage-basedquestions:
b) Whydotheydependonthewildfoods?Howistheirlivelihooddifferfromthedryseason?
c) Whatarethecamps?Wherearethecampsinvariablysited? [3]
MapQs.(5marks)
1. OnthegivenoutlinemapofAfrica,Locateandnamethefollowingplaces:
2. OnthegivenoutlinemapofEurope,Locateandnamethefollowingplaces:
TimeLine:referencetotheTextBook.PageNO.27
2MarkQuestions:
1. Explainthemeaningofthefossilandgivetheproperexample.
2. Namethevariousplacesfromwherethefossilsofspeciescanbedateddirectlyorindirectly.
3. Differentiatethetermhominidandhominoid
4. Define'Australopithecus'and'Homoerectus'
5. Differentiate'HomoheidelbergensisfromHomo-neanderthalensis.
5Marksquestions:
1. Discussthewaysofobtainingfoodofearly-human.
2. Howdidthetoolsaccumulateinoneplace?Explain.
3. Whenandhowdidspokenlanguagedevelop?
4. Discussthedevelopmentoftheskullsizeanddistinctivejawswhereassociatedwiththetool-makingofearlyhuman.
5. 'Thedevelopmentofspokenlanguagehasbeenseenascloselyconnectedwithart,Sincebotharemediaforcommunication'Evaluate.
----
1. Cave-PaintingsatAltamira(Page-22-referencetotheText-book)
2. TheHadza(Referencetothepage-24-fromTextbook)
1. a) WhereisAltamira?Whatisitsimportance?
b) WhodiscoveredthecavePaintingsofAltamira
c) WhydidtheEuropeanarchaeologistsdismisshistidingsfortwodecades? [2]
d) Whatdoyoumeanbyarchaeology? [2]
2. a) WhowereHadzas?Wheredotheylivein? [2]
a) Sudan b) Somalia
c) Morocco d) Ethiopia
e) LakeVictoria
a) Box grove b) TerraAmata
c) LazaretCave d) DolniVestonice
e) Sczoningen
7
8
Theme-2 Writing and city
life(Ancient Mesopotamia)
Political
factor Socialfactor
Economicfactor
Cultural
factor
Source
Citylife Condition
ofWomen Elite
Class
CityStates Kings Urbanization Trade
Recordsoftransactions
SupportingConditions
ComparisionSystemofWri
tingScript
Literacy Usesof Writing
IntermixtrueofCulture
Geography Urbanism Movt.
ofgoods
DevelopmentofWritiy
Tablets Bible
(OldTestament)
British
Museum
Texts
Mesopotamian
Writing
Modern
Writing
GreatestLegacy
ofWriting
Scholarlytraditionoftimereckoning
Mathematics
Calendar
* Divisionofyearsinto12months
* DivisionofMonthsintoweeks
* DivisionofWeeksintoday
* DivisionofDaysintohours
* DivisionofHoursinto60minutes
PhenomenonRecorderofthePa
st
Ta
bl
9
ets Square SquareRootTables
TablesofCompoundin
terest
Problemsregarding
* afieldofarea
* volumeofwater
Writingandcitylife
I.Geography
7000-6000BCE /beganagriculture
RiverEuphrates andTigris
SteppeGrassLand
LandofDiverse Water-resource Causedtherural Prosperity
Urbanisation
Citiesand Towns
Socialorganisation inplace
Anadvantage forpeopletoclu
sterintowns.
Helpfulforthecity Manufacturers
MovementofGoods
Abundanceoffood resources
Lackoftoolsscales Jewels
Tobeexported Tobeimported
ImportanceoftheEuphratesasa 'Worldroute'
DevelopmentofWriting
Tablets(Writtenaround3200BCE)
Playedanimportantrole-tokeeprecordsoftransactions.
[Writingnamed-(cuneiform-writing]
8
II. Comparison
MesopotamianWriting: AstheworldphenomenonR
ecorderofthePast
Modern-Writing Greatest-LegacyofWriting
*Calendar *Mathematics
III. PoliticalFactor
(5000BCE-SettlementsbeganinMesopotamia)
Religions Factor
Gods Temples
CityStates Kings(intheimperial cities)
IV. SocialFactor
Lifeinthe City- - Arulingelitehademerged - Redamajorshareofwealth - Followednuclearfamilysystem&Patriarchalsystem
- ConditionofWomen - SystemofMarriages
Ur-wasatown,oneofthe earliestcities. *ComparedwithMohenjo-Daro
9
3.M
ari
2.B
abyl
one
1.A
ssyr
ia
1. A
ssur
bani
pal
2. H
amm
urab
i
3. Z
imrilin
V. Economic Factors
Urbanism
* CitiesandTownsweretheplacesforeconomicdevelopment
* Placesforcitymanufacturers
Trade
* Traded-Textilesandagriculturalproductfor
* Wood,Copper,tinSilver,gold,s...andvariousstonesfrom-turkeyandIron
* Canalsandnaturalchannels were infactroulesforgoodtransports.
* Euphratesbecameasaworldroute
RecordofTransaction
* WritingbeganinMesopotamiain3200BCE.
* Writingbecameasarecordsoftransactions
* 2600BCEthelettersbecamecuneiformandlanguagewasSumerian
VI. Cultural Factors
SystemofWriting
* Writingwasskilledcraft
* Visualformofsystemofsoundsof aparticularlanguage
*CuneiformScript
Literacy
* Writingreflectedthemodeofspeaking
* Kingandveryfewcouldread
* Officialletterfromakingcouldberead
UsesofWriting
* Connectionsbetweencitylifetradeandwritingisbroughtout.
* IfhasbroughtoutinalongsumerianepicpoemaboutEnmerkar(king)
* Kingshipwasabletoorganizetradeandwriting.
InterMixtureculture
* Mesopotamiansocietyand culturewereopentodifferentpeopleandcultures.
* Thusthevitalityofthecivilizationwas-of course-anintermixtureculture
Meaning Uses
VII.
Sources
Tables(Writtenaround
32000BCE)
Bible (oldTestament)
10
BritishMuseum
Texts
VIII. GreatestLegacyofWriting
Scholarlytraditionoftimereckoning
Mathematicalcontribution
Calendar
* Divisionofyears
* DivisionofMonths
* DivisionofWeeks
* DivisionofDays
* DivisionofHours
* DivisionofMinutes
* DivisionofSeconds
RecorderofModernworldPhenomenonpast
Tabletswith
multiplicationanddivision
Square
Squareroutetables
TablesofCompoundinterest
Problemregarding
* afieldofarea
* Volumeofwater
11
ix) Timeline-refertothetextbookPageNo.48
x) KeyWords
Mesopotamia,Cuneiform,Syllable, Steles,NuclearFamily.
ModelQuestions [2marksQuestions]
1. WritethemeaningofMesopotamiaanditsimportanceinworldhistory.
2. Whydidthewritingbeginwithitsvisiblesign.&inMesopotamia?
3. Writethetwomajornecessitiesforurbanization,
4. NamethetourmajorcitiesofMesopotamia.
5. MentionthetwomajorMesopotamianlegacy.
5MarksQs.
1. 'Iraqisalandofdiverseenvironments'Illustrate.
2. MentionthesignificanceofUrbanisminMesopotamia.
3. Comparetheoneoftheearliestcities'Ur'withIndian-townMohenjo-Daro.
4. MentiontheimportanceofthepalaceatMariofkingZimrilim(1810-1760BCE)
5. Whywouldtheearlytemplehavebeenmuchlikeahouse?
10MarksQs.
1. 'After2000BCEtheroyalcapitalofMariflourished'Justify'
2. DiscussthegreatestlegacyofMesopotamiatotheworldinscholarly t r a d i t i o n oftimereckoningandmathematics.
Passage-basedquestions:
1. ThewarkaHead-refertothetextbookPage-32
2. ThePlaceatMariofKingZimrilim(1810-1760ACE)refertothetextbook-page-43
1. a) WhenwasWarkaHeadsculptedandwithwhatmaterial? [2]
b) Writeanythreespecialfeaturesofthissculpture. [2]
c) Doyouthinkthatcitylifeispossiblewithoutuseofmetals? [1]
d) 'Thedivisionoflabourisamarkofurbanlife'Comment.
2. a) WhenwastheroyalcitycapitalofMariflourished? [1]
b) Whywas'theroyalcapitalofMaritoomuchfamousinitstime? [2]
c) Howwerethelarge,opencourtyardssobeautifullypaved? [1]
d) MentiontheplanofthepalacemaintainedbytheKingZimrilim. [1]
12
MapWork:
1. Locateonthegivenoutlinemapofworldthefollowing: [4]
a) Ur
b) Uruk
c) Babylon
d) PersianGulf
2. Locateonthegivenoutlinemapoftheworldthefollowingplaces:
a) Nineveh
b) Assur
c) Mari
d) Baghdad
e) Babylon
ModelQuestionswithanswer
1.
WritethemeaningofMesopotamiaanditsimportanceinworldhistory.An
s.
* Meaning-LandbetweentworiversEuphratesTigris
* CitylifebeganisMesopotamia.
* ThatisnowpartoftheRepublicofIraq.
* Mesopotamiacivilisationisknownforitsprosperity, city life,voluminousandrichliterature,Mathematicsandastronomy.
* It'sWritingsystemandliteraturespreadtotheeasternMediterranean,northernSyriaandTurkeyafter2000BCE.
4MarksQuestion:
Q 'Iraqisalandofdiverseenvironments'Illustrate.
* Northeastlie-greenundulatingplains,graduallyrisingtotreecoveredmountainrangeswithcleanstreamsandwildflowers,withenoughrainfalltogrowcrops.
* InNorth - Thereis a stretch of upland called a steppe- where animals' herding offerspeopleabetterlivelihoodthanagriculture.
* Intheeast-tributariesoftheTigris provideroutesofcommunication intomountainsofIran.
* TheSouthisadesert-theplacewiththefirstcitiesandwritingemerged.[fiverelevantpointsmust]
08MarksQuestion
1. DiscussthegreatestlegacyofMesopotamiatothe w o r l d i n scholarlytraditionoftimereckoningandmathematics.
* Traditionoftime
13
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
2.
–
–
II.
Divisionofyears
DivisionofMonthsD
ivisionofWeeksDivi
sionofDaysDivision
ofHoursDivisionof
MinutesDivisionof
Seconds
RecorderofModernworldPhenomenonpast
Writinguseofwriting,systemofwritingWritinga
ndcitiesandtrade.
Mathematics:
* Tabletswithmultiplicationanddivision
* Square
* Square-routestables
* Tableofcompoundinterest
* Problemsregarding
– afieldofarea
– Volumeofwater
[10relevantpointstobegiven]
-----
14
Theme-3
AnEmpireAcrossThreeContinents
ItwastheAncientRomanempirewhichwasspreadacrossthethreecontinentsnamely- Europe,AsiaandAfrica.
MainSocialFeaturesoftheRomanEmpire
Food Dressand SocialClasses CostumeStyle
Condition ofWomen
Standardof Sourcesof living Entertainment
* Wheat * Wine * OliveOil * barley * beans * lentils
Presbyterian Plebian Fightingof gladiator
withbeast
Evidence
Thelower Slaves
TheAristocratic class
Second Class
Class Coliseum
Amphitheatre
Positive aspect
Negative aspect
Righttoinheritance Iltreatmentby inFather'sProperly thehusband
15
MainEconomicFeatures
AGRICULTURE CRAFT& INDUSTRY
DOMESTICATION OFANIMALS
TRADE
Transhumance
Minting Mining Amphorae Making Papyrusscrolls
Conditionsin NorthAfrica,EgyptandItalybestforgrowingcropslikewheatwine& OliveOil
Slaves Deployed inAgriculture
Empireincluded regionsthathadareputation forexceptionalfertility
Silkroute Sea Land
16
Routes
Markets Goods
Places
Deployment
External
Internal
ofFreeSlaves Trade Trade
R ELIGIOUSFEATURES
MainCulturalFeatures
Art& Architecture
Statues
Knowledge& Science
PluralityofLanguages
Coliseum
Water MillingTe
chnology
Dressels20 Latin Greek Coptic Punic Aramaic Berber
Calendar
Buildings DraconianLaw LawCodes
Hydraulic MiningTech
nology
Aqueducts Writers
Amphitheatre Strabo Pliny Tacitus Olympiodorus
NaturalHistory
CorrectionwiththeSocio-Economic,Religious,Cultural&PoliticalFeaturesofAncientMesopotamia(Theme-2)
17
Diocletian'sAchievement
Main PoliticalFeatures
The Early
Empire
JewishWar Downfall
oftheEmpire
Emperors
Administration
ThirdCentury Crisis
Late Antiquity
Dukes
Nero
Juliuscaesar
TheArmy
TheSenate
OctavianAugustus
TheAristocracy
Military Comma-
nders
Tiberius
TheEmperor Trajan
Republic
ProvincialTerritory
Taxation
OverExpansion oftheEmpire
CapitalatConst
antinople
Constantine's Achievement
Emperors andtheirAc
hievements
Justinian's Achieve-
ments
Christianity wasmadeofficialr
eligion
Monetary Sphere
Political
AbandonedTerritoriesoflittle Economic&StrategicI
mportance
Justinian Code
Expansion ofEmpire
Glassfactories Established
18
Introductionof Solidus
Urban Prosperity
Sources
Archaeological (Literary)Written
AerialPhotographs
Texts Documents
HistorieswrittenbyContemporaryHistorians
Amphitheater
Amphorae
Coliseum Statues Aqueducts
TimeLine:RefertoPageNo.75ofthechapter/Themeofthe Textbook
KeyWords
CivilWar : Armedstrugglesforpowerwithinthesamecountry.
Republic : Thenameforaregimeinwhichrealpowerlaywiththesenate.Senate :
AbodydominatedbyasmallgroupofWealthyfamilies.
Transhumance:Herdsman'sregularannualmovementbetweenhighermountainregionsandlowlyinggroundinsearchofPasture.
Dressel20/Amphorae:Oilcontainersespeciallyoliveoil.
Draconian : Meaning'Harsh'UsedforlawsSocalledbecauseofanearly6thcenturyBCEGreeklawmakerwhoPrescribeddeathasthepenaltyformostcrimes.
QuestionswithModelAnswers:
2MarksQuestions:
1. GivetwofeaturesofRomanPolity
i) Politicallythewholespanisdividedintotwosegments-EarlyRomanEmpireandLateAntiquity.
ii) TheempirewasspreadacrossEuropesomepartofAsiaandNorthAfrica.
4MarksQuestions:
2. DescribetheconditionsofwomeninAncientRomansociety
Ans. Ppositive aspectstoshowthatwomenowedhonourablepositioninfamilyandsociety.
i) Womenremainedaprimaryheirtofather'spropertyaftermarriage.
ii) Theycouldbecomeindependentpropertyownersaftertheirfather'sdeath.
19
iii) Onetypicalformofmarriagedidnotallowthewifetotransferherauthoritytoherhusbandbutretainedfullrightsinthepropertyofhernatalfamily.
iv) Womenenjoyedconsiderablelegalrightsinowningandmanagingproperty.
v) Divorcewaseasyforbothmenaswellaswomen.
Negativeaspects:
i) Marriagesweregenerallyarranged.
ii) Therewasconsiderableagegapbetweenhusbandandwifeasmalesmarriedintheirlate20sorearly30swhereaswomenweremarriedoffinthelateteensorearly20s.
iii) Womenweresubjecttodominancebytheirhusbands.
iv) Wiveswereevenbeatenupbyhusbands.
v) Fatherhadlegalcontroloverthechildren.
08Marksquestion:
3. DiscusstheeconomicactivitiesoftheAncientRomans.Whatmeasurewereadoptedforcontrollingworkers?
Ans. Agriculture-
i) TheRomanempireincludedregionsthathadareputationforexceptionalfertilitye.g.CampaniainItaly,Sicily,FayuminEgyptGalibe,Byzacium(Tunisia)southernGaul,Bactria.
ii) Theseareashadbestconditionsforcrops.
iii) Wheat,barley,beansandlentilswereproducedinabundanceandevenstored.Slaveswereusedinagriculturaltradeworks:
i) Goodsfortradecomprisedmainlywheat,wireandoliveoil.
ii) TherewascompetitionamongmerchantsforcontrolofMarkets..
iii) TradeoccurredthroughlandrouteandsearouteacrossMediterranean.
Craft&Industry:
i) Industrieslikeminingminting,amphoramakingwerepopular.
ii) Industrieslikeoilpressesandglassfactorieswereinstalledduringthelateantiquity.
iii) TheRomansalsomadescrollsofPapyrus.
Domesticationofanimals
i) TranshumancewaswidespreadinthecountrysideofNumidia(modernAlgeria)
- Thecountryside/Criticism:
- ThelargeexpansesofRomanempirewereinamuchlessadvancedstateforexampletranshumancewaswidespread,inthecountrysideofNumidia.AsRomanestatesexpandedinNorthAfrica,thepasturesofthosecommunitiesweredrasticallyreducedandtheirmovementsmoretightlyregulated.EveninSpaintheNorthwaseconomicallymuchlessdeveloped. IntheseareaspeasantrywhowereCeltic-speaking,livedinhilltopvillagesknownasCastillea.WhenwethinkoftheRomanEconomyweshouldneverforgetthesedifference.
20
Conclusion:
TheRomanempirehad,however,asubstantialeconomicinfrastructureofharbors,minesquarries,brickyards,oliveoilfactoriesetc.ThewealthandeconomicprosperityoftheempireisextolledbythecontemporarywriterslikeOlympiodorusthatthearistocracybasedinthecity ofRomedrewannual incomesofupto 4,000poundsofgold fromtheirestates,notcountingtheproduce,theyconsumeddirectly.'
Source:
Archaeologicalviz-archaeologicalremainse.g.amphora,aqueductsetc.
Written:
Contemporarytextsanddocuments
Reference:
Themesinworldhistory,Theme-3,Page62pictureofaqueduct;Page-
58-PictureofPapyrusscrolls
Page-61-pictureofshops
Page-71-Excerpt''IncomesoftheRomanaristocracy,Early5thcentury'',OlympiodorusofThebes
ModelQuestions
2MarksQuestions:
1. GivetwofeaturesofAncientRomanReligion.
2. MentionfourarchaeologicalsourcesofAncientRomanEmpire.
3. WhatdoyoumeanbyRepublic?
4. NametwohistoriansofAncientRomancivilization.
5. NamethethreemainplayersofthepoliticalhistoryofancientRomanEmpire.
5MarksQuestions:
1. Nametheancientempirewhichwasexpandedacrossthreecontinents.Whyistheempireknownso?
2. NamethefamousemperorsoftheearlyEmpireinRome.Whatweretheircontributionsinthemakingoftheempire?
3. Whatismeantbytheearlyempire?DiscussitssignificanceinthehistoryoftheAncientRomanCivilization.
4. ExplaintheimpactofthecrisisofthethirdCenturyontheEarlyRomanEmpire.
5. WhowasSaintAugustine?WhyishefamousinthehistoryoftheRomancivilization?
10marksQuestions:
1. ExplainthemainfeaturesofAncientRomansociety.HowindependentwerewomenintheRomansociety?ComparethesituationofRomanfamilywiththefamilyinIndia.
21
2. 'SlaverywasaninstitutiondeeplyrootedinAncientRomanworld'Explain.Doyouthinkthatcont
rollingworkerswasthefactorbehindtheeconomicprosperityoftheempire.
3. WhatismeantbyLateAntiquity?Describethemainpoliticalandeconomicdevelopmentoftheperiod.
4. DiscussthecausesofdownfalloftheRomanempire.HowdidthedownfallleadtothemodernizationofEurope?Explain.
5. DiscussthecontributionsoftheRomanstotheModernWorld.
2MarksQuestions
HotQuestions
1. Namefourlanguages,spokenintheRomanEmpire.
2. Definethetermcivilwar.
3. WhatdoyoumeanbyDracnian?AnswerinthecontextofRomanLaws.
4. GivetwocontributionsofDiocletian.
5. WhowasOlympiodorus?
4MarksQuestions:
1. HowwasthelargeRomanEmpireadministered.DiscusstheroleoftheProvincial......
2. ''Theemperor,thearistocracyandtheawaywerethethreemainplayersinthepoliticalhistoryoftheempire.''DiscusswasRomanRepublicatruerepublicintherealsenseoftheterm?
3. HowcanwefindgenderdifferencesinRomansociety?Giveexamples.
4. HowcanwefindculturaldiversityintheRomanempire?Discusswithexamples.
5. HowwereslavestreatedinancientRomansociety?Discuss.
8 MarksQuestions:
1. HowdidfertilityofRomanempirewasthecauseoftheprosperityoftheempire?ExplaininthecontextofancientMesopotamiancivilization.
2. GiveyourviewsonthereligiousfeaturesofAncientRomanEmpire.HowdidriseofIslamaffecttheempire.Explain.
3. WhatdotheSocialHereditiestellusaboutAncientRomansociety?DiscusstheroleoftheKnightsintheempire.Doyoufindanysimilaritybetweenthefeudalknightsandtheseknights?
4. WhowasConstantine?DiscusshisachievementsinthefinalcenturiesofRomanworld.
5. ''Ifromeplundered,itcivilizedtheworldaswell''.DiscussthestatementinthecontextofcontributionsoftheancientRomancivilization.
-----
22
TheRomanEmpire ThisvaststretchofterritorywastheRomanEmpire.IrancontrolledthewholeareasouthoftheCaspianSeadowntoeasternArabia,andsometimeslargepartsofAfghanistanaswell.ThesetwosuperpowershaddividedupmostoftheworldthattheChinesecalledTaCh'in('greaterCh'in,roughlythewest).
RiseoftheArabsaffectedtheRomanEmpire.
23
Theme-4
TheCentralIslamicLands
RiseofIslamComparisons Social Religious inArabia Factors Factors
Political Factors
Economic Factors
Cultural Factors
Sources
Crusade
Faith Community Politics Agriculture Urbani- Commerce sation
Ist IInd IIIrd
Modern Islam
Early Islam
The The TheAbbasid
Caliphates UmayyadsRevolution
Polity
Breakupof the caliphate
andtheriseof
sultanates
Expansion CivilWar Sects
Before Prophate
After Prophet
Religion CommunityArt&Architecture
Sharia Sufism Bayat-al-Hikma Arabss
TheQuran
Mutazila
Khabar Chronicles
Thelegendof Learning&Culture
Quran TheCatalogue ArabExpandedand aknlaq+tari
khdeveloped
(9thCentury)
10thCentury DesertPalaces Rihla
developed
developed
ArtForms Threeimportant aspectsofhumanc
ivilisation
Kitab- al-
Fihrist
Bookson morallessions &Amusement
NewPersian
Calligraphy (Beautifulhandwriting)
Arabesque (buildingdesign)
Religion Community Politics
24
I. RiseofIslam
ThreePhases
Faith Community Polity
* TheArabsdividedintoqabilas
* PolytheisticArabs
* BeforeProphetsMuhammad
* Before-612AD
* AfterMuhammada
communitywasfounded-named-umma-boundbyareligiousbelief 612AD
* AfterMuhammad'sdeathin632AD
* PoliticalauthoritywastransferredtotheUmmaCaliphatebecamethedeputyofprophet
II. Comparison
ModernIslam
* By21stcenturythereareover1billionMuslimslivinginallpartsoftheworld
* Theyarethecitizensofdifferentnationswith differentlanguagesanddresses.
EarlyIslam
* Unitedinitsobservanceofthesharia in ritualandpersonalmatters
* Itwasdefiningitsreligiousidentity.
III.
SocialFactor
BeforeProphetMuhammad(Be
fore612AD)
AfterProphetMuhammad(A
fter612AD)
Jahiliaageofthetribes
LifeofProphetHizratMuhammad
25
IV. ReligiousFactors
Crusades-ThreePhases
1st:1098-99AD 2nd:1145-49AD 3rd:In1189AD
V. PoliticalFactors
TheCaliphates TheUmayyadsand Polity
TheAbbasid Revolution
* Afterdeath Muhammad632AD.
of in
* First caliph MuawiyasRetainedpowerfor90years
* Movement Dawa
- *
* * The biggest
innovationcreationoftheinsti tutionofcaliphate
Break-upofthe CaliphateandtheRiseofSultanate
In810-acivilwarbrokeout-betweenAminandMamun
*From11thto12thCenturyaseriesofconflictbetweenChris tiansandArabstatestookplace.
Leaderofthe Arabworld
VI. EconomicFactors
* *
Agriculture
Wastheprincipaloccup
ation.
ofthesettledpopulationsi
nthenewlyconqueredte
rritories
Easytolevythetax
Wentwith
pol i t ica lstability
*
* *
*
Urbanization
Islamiccivilizationflourishedin
anumberofcities.
Garrison-cities-
misrUrbannetworkdevelo
ped
Cotton,SugarManufacturersd
eveloped
Linkingonetowntotheother-
formedacircuit
*
*
* *
Commerce
Politicalunificationandurband
emandforfoodstuffLuxuries
-
enlargedthecircuitofexchang
e.
10thcenturyRedsearouteg
ainedgreaterimportance. *
26
VII. ReligiousFactor
Islamiclandsbroughtthreeaspectsofhumancivilization
*
Religion
appearedin7thcentury Islam
*
Community
Seenoneseparatecircle
*
*
Politics
InfluenceofIslamoverstateandgovernment
*Involvedinmanythings-withoutsanction
e.g.-Kingshipcivilwar
VIII. Sources
TheHolyQuran Chronicles-Historical
(asasourceof earlyIslam)
* Khabar * Paper-Commercial * Geniyzrecords * History
27
IX TheLegendofLearningandCulture
I
II
TheCatalogue
* Kitab-al-Fihrist * Bookofmoral-
lessonsandamusement
III
Arab-expanded
*AkhlaqandTarikhdevelopedin9thcentury
28
Qu
ran
Sh
ari
a
Su
fis
Mu
tazila
Ba
yt-
al-
Hik
ma
Ara
b
IV
In10thCentury
* 'Rihla'developed
V
Desert-Palaces developed
VI
ArtForms
* Calligraphy(beautifulhandwriting)
* Arabesque(buildingdesigndeveloped)
VII
Threeaspectsofhuman civilizationdevelop
* Religion * Community * Politics
29
TimeLine:Refertothe TextBook
KeyWords
AllQahir,Mirikh,Qahira,Maqamat,Haji(Refertothetextbook)
ModelQuestion
2MarksQuestions:
1. WhoweretheBedouins? Mentiontheirtwo-characteristicfeatures.
2. Muhammaddeclaredhimselftobethemessengerwhy?
3. WhywasthecivilwarbrokeoutafterMuhammad'sdeath?
4. WhatdidtheUmayyadsdotoconsolidatetheirleadershipwithintheUmma?
5. MentiontworeasonsresponsiblefortheAbbasid'sRevolutions.
4MarksQuestions:
1. Mentionthereasonbehindthebreak-upoftheCaliphateandtheriseofsultanate.
2. DiscussthemessagesanddoctrinesofprophetMuhammad.
3. WhatwerethereasonsbehindtheAbbasids'Revolution?
4. Discussthemajorcausesresponsibleforthecrusade.
5. MentionfivemajorcontributionsoftheArabstotheworld.
8MarksQuestions:
1. Whatwastheconflictnamedcrusade?Explainthereasons,eventsandconsequencesoftheseriesofthecrusade.
2. 'TheMuslimsdeepenedthroughcontactwithotherpeopleasthereligiousandsocialexperiences'Examine.
Passage-basedQuestions
MapWork
4MarksQuestions:
1. Onthegivenoutlinemapofworld,locatethefollowingplaces:
1. TheQuran-ReferthebookText-page-96
2. IslamicCalendarRefertheText-book-Page-80
1. a) WhatdoyouUnderstandbyQuran? [1]
b) AccordingtoMuslimtradition,whatdoyoumeanbymessages? [1]
c) WhatkindofproblemwasposedinthehistoryofearlyIslam? [2]
d) Whatdothetheologiansgenerallybelieve? [1]
2. Islamiccalendar a) Mentiontheimportanceof622ADinIslamiccalendar. [1]
b) WhatisthetotalnumberofdaysinHijariyear? [1]
c) WhydoIslamicreligiousfestivalsnotcorrespondinanywaytotheseasons? [1]
d) WhatisthemeaningofHaj? [2]
a) Palestine b) Mecca
c) Medina d) Syria
e) Constantinople 30
2. Onthegivenoutlinemapofworld.Locatethefollowingplaces:
a) Arabsea b) Caspiansea
c) Blacksea d) Transoxiana
e) BukharaandSamarkand. QuestionswithModelAnswer
1. WhoweretheBedouins?M
entiontheirtwofeatures.
Ans.
* BeforetheProphetMuhammadtheArabsweredividedintotribes(Qabila)
* AChiefwaschosenonthebasisoffamilyaswellashisowncouragewisdomandgenerosity.
* ManytribeswereNomadicorbedouins,movingfromdrytogreen(oases)ofthedesertinsearchoffood.
* SomeSettledinthecitiesandpracticedtradeoragriculture.
4MarksQuestions:
MentiontheprinciplesandmessagesofProphet-Muhammad.
Ans. ProphetMuhammaddeclared:
* Himselftobethemessenger(rasul)ofGod-whohadbeencommandedtopreachthat
* AllahaloneShouldbeworshiped.
* Theworshipinvolvedsimplerituals,
Suchas-
a) Salat-dailyprayer
b) Alms-distributionamongthehelpless.
* Muhammadwastofoundacommunityofbelievers-Umma-boundbyacommonsetofreligiousbeliefs.
* Thecommunitywouldbearwitness(shahada)totheexistenceofthereligionbeforeGodaswellasbeforemembersofotherreligiouscommunities.
* Muhammad'smessageparticularlyappealedtothoseMacanesewhofeltdeprivedofthegainsfromtradeandreligionandwerelookingforthenewcommunityidentity.Thosewhoacceptedthedoctrinewerecalled'Muslims'.
* DayofJudgment
* JourneyfromMeccatoMedina
* BeginningoftheMuslimcalendar(5relevantpointsmust-P-10)
8 MarksQuestions:
1. 'TheMuslimsdeepenedsocialandreligiouscontactwithotherpeopleasthereligiousandsocialexperiences'Examine.
Ans.
* TheMuslimcommunitywasobligedtoreflectonitsandconfrontissuespertainingtoGodandtheworld.
* TheidealconductofaMuslimbecamealegendoflearningandculture.
31
Theywerethefollowing:
* Quran
* Sharia
* Sufis
* Mutayila
* Bayt-al-Hikma
* Adab
* NewPersiangroup
* Thecatalogue
* AkhlaqandTarikh(theCentury)
* Rihla-10thCentury
* Desertpalacesdeveloped
* Artformsas-Calligraphy,andArabesque
* Religion-community-Politydeveloped(10relevantpoints)
- Map-workdonealltogather.
-----
Islamic-World
INDEX
1. AralSea
2. CaspianSea
3. BlackSea
4. Transoxian
5. Bukharaand
Samarkand
32
Theme-5
Nomadic Empires
Meaning
Imperial formationsconstructed by nomadic groups. The Mongols, under theleadershipofGenghisKhanestablishedatranscontinentalempirestraddlingEurope
FounderGe
nghishKhan
BackgroundPastoralists,Hunter-
gatherers SocietydividedintoPatrilineallineages
Contribution 1. Formationofatranscontinentale
mpire 2. Socialorganization 3. Politicalorganization 4. MilitaryOrganization 5. EncouragedLongdistancetradea
ttractedtravelerslikeMarcoPolo.
Career: - bornaround1162AD - Fatherwasmurderedatanearlyage - ConquestofChina,Transoxiana,
Khwarazm, Samarqand, Herat,AzerbaijanRussia
- Deathin1227
Achievements: - Organised
thearmy
Sources:ChroniclesofRashidal-Din,theGreatwallofChina,Thesilkroute.
FamilytreeofGenghisKhan–referpageNo.-116
Timeline: referpageNo.–112and113
AfterdecadesofSovietcontrol,thecountryofMongoliaisrecreatingitsidentityasanindependentnation.GenghisKhanappearedasaniconicfigurefortheMongolPeople,mobilizingmemoriesofagreatpastintheforgingofnationalidentitythatcancarrythenationintothefuture.
BritishEmpire,MauryanEmpire,MughalEmpire
– ComparisonwiththeMongolEmpire.
– MongolsProvidedideologicalmodelsfortheMughalsofIndia.
33
– Timur,anothermonarchwhoaspiredtouniversaldomination,hesitatedtodeclarehimselfmonarchbecauseofGenghisKhan.
SocialOrganization:
Alltheable-bodied,adultmalesofthetribeborearms.ThesocietyincludedgroupsliketheTurkicUighurs,thedefeatedpeoplelike-theKereyits.Itwasabodyofheterogeneousmassofpeople.
PoliticalOrganization:
Genghiskhanassignedtheresponsibilityofgoverningthenewlyconqueredpeopletohisfoursons.GenghisKhanenvisagedthathissonswouldruletheempirecollectively.Thenumbersofthefamilywasunderlinedattheassemblyofchieftains,quriltais,wherealldecisionsrelatingtothefamilyorthestatefortheforthcomingseason-Campaigns,distributionofplunder,Pasturelandsandsuccessionwerecollectivelytaken.
MilitaryOrganization:
Hisarmywasorganizedaccordingtotheoldsteppesystemofdecimalunits:indivisionsof10s,100s,1000sand10,000soldiers.Hedividedtheoldtribalgroupingsanddistributedtheirmembersintonewmilitaryunits.Anyindividualwhotriedtomovefromhis/herallottedgroupwithoutpermissionreceivedharshpunishment.Thelargestunitofsoldiers,approximating10,000soldiers.Thenewmilitarycontingentswererequired.toserveunderhisfoursonsandspeciallychosencaptainsofhisarmyunitscallednoyan.
KeyWords/Terms
Barbarian:Theterm'barbarian'isderivedfromthegreekbarbarouswhichmeantanongreek,whoselanguagesoundedlikearandomnoise:'bar-bar'.Cruel,greedandpoliticallyunabletogovern.
Yasa: GenghisKhan'scodeofLaw.
Tama: Themilitarycontingentsoftheindividualprinces.
Quriltais:Theassemblyofchieftainswherealldecisionsrelatingtothefamilyorthestate-campaings,distributionofplunder,pasturelandsandsuccession-werecollectivelytaken.
Anda: bloodbrothersofGenghisKhan.
Naukar: Specialrankingashisbondsmen,atitlethatmarkedtheircloserelationshipwiththeirmaster.
Qantas: Undergroundcanals.
Yam: ACouriersystemintroducedbyGenghisKhan
Qubcurtax:Alevythatthenomadspaidwillinglyforthemultiplebenefitsthatitbrought.
2MarksQuestion:
ModelQuestion
1. Whatdoyouunderstandbytheterm'barbarian'?
2. WritetwomilitaryskillsofGenghisKhan?
34
3. WhatwasYasa?
4. WritetwoachievementsofGenghisKhan?
5. Whythe'GreatwallofChina'wasconstructed?
4 MarksQuestions:
1. Describeaboutthenomadicsocieties?
2. MentiontheestimatedextentofMongoldestruction?
3. WhywastradesosignificanttotheMongols?
4. Describeabout'theGreatWallofChine'?
5. WriteaboutthemilitarysystemofGenghisKhan?
8MarksQuestion:
1. MentiontheimportanteventsafterthedeathofGenghisKhan?
2. WriteabouttheadministrativesystemofGenghisKhan?
3. DescribeaboutthecodeoflawofGenghisKhan?
2MarksQuestion:
ModelAnswers
1. WritetwoachievementsofGenghisKhanA
ns.
i) UnitedtheMongolPeopleandfreedthemfrominterminabletribalwars.
ii) Fashionedagrandtranscontinentalempire.
4 MarksQuestion:
1. WriteaboutthemilitarysystemofGenghisKhan?A
ns.
i) Armywasorganizedaccordingtotheoldsteppesystemofdecimalunits.
ii) Dividedtheoldtribalgroupingsanddistributedtheirmembersintonewmilitaryunits.
iii) Anyindividualwhotriedtomovefromhisallottedgroupwithoutpermissionreceivedharshpunishment.
iv) Thelargestunitofsoldiers,approximating10,000.
v) Thenewmilitarycontingentswererequiredtoserveunderhisfoursonsandspeciallychosencaptains.
8 Marksquestion:
1. WriteabouttheadministrativesystemofGenghisKhan?A
ns.
i) GenghisKhanassignedtheresponsibilityofgoverningthenewlyconqueredpeopletohisfoursons.
ii) Thesecomprisedthefourulus,atermthatdidnotoriginallymeanfixedterritories.
35
37
Theme-6
The Three order
Socio-economicandPoliticalchangeswhichoccurredinwesternEuropebetweenthe9thand16thCenturies.AfterthefalloftheRomanEmpire,ManygroupsofGermanicPeopleoccupiedregionsofItaly,SpainandFrance.
Thethreeordersarethreesocialcategories:Christianpriests,landowningnoblesandpeasants.
Theterm'feudalism'hasbeenusedbyhistorianstodescribetheeconomic,legal,politalandsocialrelationshipsthatexistedinEuropeinthemedievalera.
TheThreeorder
FirstOrder Priests(TheClergy)
- TheCatholicChurch
- Europeguidedbybishopsandclerics.
- PopelivedinRome
- Womencouldnotbebecomepriests
- Monks
- ThechurchandSociety
SecondOrder Nobles
- Vassalsoftheking
- enjoyeda privilegedstatus
- Absolutecontroloverproperty
- Couldraisetroops
- evencoinhisownmoney
ThirdOrder - Peasants
- Freepeasantsandserfs
- Serfscultivatedplotsofland,butthesebelongedtothelord.
AManorialEstate:refertopageNo.136.ofthetextbook
FactorsaffectingSocialandEconomicRelations.
TheEnvironment Landuse NewAgriculturalTechnology Urbanization
Cathedral-Towns:
Fromthetwelfthcentury,largechurches-calledcathedrals-werebeingbuiltinFrance.ThesebelongedtothemonasteriesCathedralswerebuiltofstone.Theareaaroundthecathedralsbecamemorepopulatedandtheybecamecentersofpilgrimage.Smalltownsdevelopedaroundthem.StainedglasswasusedforwindowsoftheCathedrals.DuringthedaythesunlightwouldmaketheradiantandafterSunset,thelightofcandleswouldmakethemvisibletopeopleoutside.ThestainedglassnarratedthestoriesintheBiblethroughPictures.
38
TheCrisisoftheFourteenthCentury
InEuropeeconomicexpansionsloweddown.Thiswasduetothreefactors.
1. InNorthernEurope,bytheendofthethirteenthcenturythewarmsummersoftheprevious300yearshadgivenwaytobitterlycoldsummers.Seasonsforgrowingcropswerereducedbyamonth.
2. TradewashitbyasevereshortageofmetalmoneybecauseofashortfallintheoutputofsilverminesinAustriaandSerbia.Thisforcedgovernmentstoreducethesilvercontentofthecurrencyandtomixitwithcheapermetals.
3. ShipscarryinggoodsfromdistantcountrieshadstartedarrivinginEuropeanports.Theshipscamewithratscarryingdeadlybubonicplagueinfection(theBlackDeath).
PoliticalChanges:
Inthe15thand16thCenturies,Europeankingsstrengthened theirmilitaryandfinancialpower.Thenewmonarchs,LouisXIinFrance,MaximilianinAustria,HenryVIIinEnglandandIsabelleandFerdinandinspainwereabsolutistrulers.
Sources:
HeverCastleinEngland,SalisburyCathedralinEngland,Nemours CastleinFrance,CanterburyTaleswrittenbyChaucer.
TimeLine:
EarlyHistoryofFrance:refertoPageNo.134ofthetextbookEleventhtoFourt
eenthCenturies-
refertoPageNo.149ofthetextbookTheNewMonarchy:refertoPageNo.15
0
Feudalism:
KeyWords
DerivedfromtheGermanword'feud',whichmeansapieceofLand',itreferstothekindofsocietythatdevelopedinmedievalFranceandlaterinEnglandandItaly.
Abbey:
ItisderivedfromtheSyricaabba,meaningfather.Anabbeywasgovernedbyanabbotoranabbess.
DoondeMayence:
A thirteenthcenturyFrenchpoemtobesungrecountingtheadventuresofKnights.
Monastery:
Theword'monastery'isderivedfromthe greekword'monos',meaningsomeone who
39
livesalone
TheBlackDeath:
Ships with ratscarrying the deadlybubonic plague infectionin WesternEurope between1347and1350.
FourthOrder:
Thebiggertownshadpopulationsofabout30,000.Theycouldbesaidtohaveformeda'fourth'order.
2MarksQuestions:
ModelQuestions
1. Whatisthemeaningoftheterm'Feudalism'?
2. Whoconstitutedthefirstorder?
3. Whatdoyouunderstandby'monastery'?
4. WhatarecalledtheCathedrals?
5. Whatdoyouunderstandby'TheBlackDeath'?
4 MarksQuestions:
1. Whatwasthefunctionofmedievalmonasteries?
2. WhydidKnightsbecomeadistinctgroup?
3. WhatwastherelationbetweentheChurchandSociety?
4. Describeaboutthe ManorialEstate?
5. WriteabouttheCathedral-towns?
8 MarksQuestions:
1. WriteabouttheCrisisoftheFourteenthCentury?
2. Whatwerethefactorsaffectingsocialandeconomicrelations?
3. DescribeaboutthethreeordersofFrenchSociety?
2MarksQuestions:
ModelAnswers
1. Whatisthemeaningoftheterm'Feudalism'?
Ans. ItisderivedformtheGermanword'Feud'whichmeans'apieceofland',itreferstothekindofsocietythatdevelopedinMedievalFranceandlaterinEnglandandItaly.
4 MarksQuestions:
1. WriteabouttheCathedral-
towns?Ans.
i) Fromthetwelfthcentury,largechurches-calledcathedralswerebeingbuiltinFrance.
ii) Thesebelongedtothemonasteries
iii) Cathedralswerebuiltofstone.
iv) Theareaaround theCathedralsbecamemorepopulatedand theybecamecentersofPilgrimage.
40
v) Smalltownsdevelopedaroundthem.
10MarksQuestion:
1. WriteaboutthecrisisoftheFourteenthCentury?An
s.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
ix)
x)
Bytheearlyfourteenthcentury,Europe'seconomicexpansionsloweddown.
In13thCenturythewarmsummersofthePrevious300yearshadgivenwaytobitterlycoldsummers.
Seasonsforgrowingcropswerereducedbyamonth.Storm
sandOceanicfloodingdestroyedmanyfarmsteadsShorta
geofpasturagereducedthenumberofcattle.
Populationgrowthwasoutstrippingresourcesandtheimmediateresultwasfamine.
TradewashitbyasevereshortageofmetalmoneybecauseoftheshortfallintheoutputofsilverminesinAustriaandSerbia.
Theshipscamewithratscarryingthedeadlybubonicplagueinfection(theBlackDeath).ThisC
atastrophe,combinedwiththeeconomiccrisis,causedimmensesocialdislocation.Seriousim
balanceswerecreatedbetweenagricultureandmanufacture.
Passage-basedquestion
AFourthOrder
-----
41
Expansioninagriculture.................ofthenobility.(PageNo.-144&145)
1. Whydidthepeoplepaytaxtothelordsinthetown?
Ans. Peoplepaidataxtothelordswhoownedthelandonwhichthetownestablished. [1]
2. Whatwasthepopulationofbiggertowns? [1]
Ans. about30,000 3. Whatwasthe'guild-hall'?
Ans. Itwasabuildingforceremonialfunctions. [2]
4. WhattheScandinavianmerchantswereexchanging? [1]
Ans. Exchangedfursandhunting-hawksforcloth.
Theme-7
Changing Cultural Traditions
ThephenomenonthatmarkthechangeofculturalTraditionsinEuropeis
Renaissance
Meaning Causes Effects
Rebirth/RevivaloftheancientGreekandLatinCult
ure
Contactoftheeastandthewest
Riseofthenewmiddleclass
Downfalloffeudalism
Riseofnationalstates
Riseofnewtowns&trade
FallofConstantinopletotheOtto
manTurks
Crusades
Beginningofmodernage
Reformation
movement
Humanism Rationalism
Scientificviewpoint
Meaning Causes Results
Humanistic
Rationalistart
Humanistic
RationalistLiterature
DevelopmentofScience
Autocracy ofthe
Church
ProtestantMovementbyMartin
Luther art literatureH
umanitiesstream
Copernicus
Kepler
Newton
42
AcademyofScience
Galileo
Harvey
FromthefourteenthtotheendoftheseventeenthcenturytownsweregrowinginmanycountriesofEurope.A distinct'UrbanCulture'alsodeveloped.
Florence,VeniceandRomebecamecentersofartandlearning.Theinventionofprintingatthesametimemadebooksandprintsavailabletomanypeople.AsenseofhistoryalsodevelopedinEurope.
Religioncametobeseenassomethingwhicheachindividualshouldchooseforhimself.Thechurch'sbeliefwasoverturnedbyScientists.
TherevivalofItaliancities
WesternEuropewasbeingreshapedbyfeudalbondsandunifiedundertheLatinChurchandeasternEuropeundertheByzantineEmpire,andIslamwasCreatingacommoncivilizationfurtherwest,Italywasweakandfragmented.TheportsontheItaliancoastrevived.
IndependentCityStates-FlorenceandVenice
- Richmerchantsandbankersactivelyparticipatedingoverningthecity.
UniversitiesandHumanism
TheuniversitiesofPaduaandBolognahadbeencentersoflegalstudies.Increas
eddemandforlawyersandnotaries
Bytheearlyfifteenthcentury,theterm'humanist'wasusedformasterswhotaughtgrammar,rhetoric,poetry,historyandmoralphilosophy.TheLatinwordhumanities,fromwhich'humanities'wasderived,hadbeenusedmanycenturiesagobytheRomanlawyerandessayistCicero.Theterm'RenaissanceMan'isoftenusedtodescribeapersonwithmanyinterestsandskills.
Periodizationusedbyhumanists
5th-14thCentury -
TheMiddleAges5th-
9thCentury - TheDarkAges
9th-11thCentury -
TheEarlyMiddleAges11th
-14thCentury -
TheLateMiddleAges15th
Centuryonwards - TheModernAge
ScienceandPhilosophy:
TheArab'sContribution.Inthefourteenthcentury,manyscholarsbegantoreadtranslatedworksofgreekwritersPlatoandAristotle.
-ThesewereworksonNaturalscience,Mathematics,astronomy,medicineandchemistry.MuslimwriterswereregardedasmenofwisdomintheItalianworld,wereIbnSinaandal-Razi.HumanistSubjectsbegantobeintroducedinSchools.
ArtistsandRealism
Knowledgeofgeometryhelpedthemunderstandperspectiveandthatbynotingthechangingqualityoflight,theirpicturesacquiredathree-dimensionalquality.
43
Anatomy,Geometry,physics,aswellasastrongsenseofwhatwasbeautiful,gaveanewqualitytoItalianart,whichwastobecalledrealism'
Aspirationsofwomen-
Thefirstprintedbook-AnewconceptofhumanbeingstheCopernicanRevolution.
Sources:
CathedralofFlorence,Ptolemy'sAlmagest,ThePieta'byMichelangelo,ThePrincebyMachiavell;TheCourtierbyBathasarCastiglione
TimeLine
TheFourteenthandFifteenthCenturies-
RefertopageNo.155ofTextBookTheSixteenthandSeventeenthCenturies-
refertopageNo.-165ofTextBook
Humanism-
KeyWords
TheLatinwordhumanistsfromwhich'humanities'wasderived,hadbeenusedmanycenturiesagobytheRomanlawyerandessayistCicero.Itisnotdrawnfromorconnectedwithreligion.
TheNewTestament-
TheNewTestamentisthesectionoftheBibledealingwiththelifeandteachingsofChristandhisearlyfollowers.
TheRenaissanceMan-
Theterm'RenaissanceMan'isoftenusedtodescribeapersonwithmanyinterestsandskills. Theywerescholar-diplomat-theologian-artistcombinedinone.
2Marksquestions:
1. Whatis'humanism'?
ModelQuestions
2. WhatdoyoumeanbytheRenaissanceMan?
3. Writethenamesoftwomuslimwritersofthisperiod?
4. Whatdoyouunderstandby'realism'?
5. WhoisMartinLuther?
4 MarksQuestion
1. Writeaboutthenewconceptofhumanbeings?
2. Describeaboutthearchitecturaldevelopmentsinthisperiod.
3. WhatwerethecontributionofArabstowardsScienceandPhilosophy?
4. HowtheItaliancitieswererevived?
5. WriteabouttheCity-States
8 MarksQuestion
1. DescribeaboutthechangeswithinChristianityduringthisperiod?
2. WriteabouttheCopernicanRevolution?
3. WasthereaEuropean'Renaissance'intheFourteenthCentury'?
44
2MarksQuestions:
ModelAnswer
Q. WhatdoyoumeanbytheRenaissanceMan?
Ans. The term 'Renaissance Man'is often used todescribe a personwith many interests andskills.Theywerescholar-diplomat-theologian-artistcombinedinone.
4 MarksQuestions:
1 WhatwerethecontributionofArabstowardsscienceandPhilosophy?
Ans.i) Inthefourteenthcentury,manyscholarsbegantoreadtranslatedworksofgreekwriterslikePlatoandAristotle
ii) Translatedworksof ArabicandPersianScholarsforfurthertransmissiontootherEuropeans.
iii) Thesewereworksonnaturalscience,mathematics,astronomy,medicineandchemistry.
iv) MuslimwritersregardedasmenofwisdomintheItalianworldwereIbnSinaandal-Razi.
v) Humanistsubjectbegantobeintroducedinschools.
8 MarksQuestions:
1. DescribeaboutthechangeswithinChristianityduringtheirperiod?
Ans.i)Tradeandtravel,MilitaryConquestanddiplomaticcontactslinkedItaliantownswiththeworldbeyond.
ii) ChristianhumanistslikeThomasMoreandErasmusfeltthatthechurchhadbecomeaninstitutionmarkedbygreed.
iii) Sellof'indulgence'
iv) PeasantsbegantorebelagainstthetaxesimposedbytheChurch.
v) MartinLutherlaunchedacampaignagainsttheCatholicChurch.
vi) A persondidnotneedprieststoestablishcontactwithGod.
vii) TheProtestantReformationledtotheChurchesbreaking theirconnectionwiththePopeandtheCatholicChurch.
viii) Luther'sideaswerepopularizedbyUlrichZwingliandJeanCalvin.
ix) Germanreformer Anabaptistsblendedtheideaofsalvationwiththeendofallformsofsocialoppression.
x) Lutherdidnotsupportradicalism.
Passage basedQuestion
TheCity-State
CardinalGasparoContarini...........rightofgovernment.(Page-154)oftextbook
1. WritethenameofthebookwrittenbyCardinalGasparoContarini?
Ans. 'ThecommonwealthandgovernmentofVenice'. [1]
2. ContarinihaswrittenthebookaboutwhichaspectoftheCity-State? Ans. Aboutthedemocraticgovernmentofhiscity-state. [1]
45
HARVEYLINKSHEARTWITHBLOODCIRCULATION
THOMASMORE'SUTOPIAPUBLISED
MARTINLUTHERWRITESTHENINETYFIVETHESES
LUTHERTRANSLATESTHEBIBLEINTOGERMAN
PEASANTUPRISINGINGERMANY
ANDREASVESALIUSWRITESONANATOMY
ANGLICANCLTUREESTABLISHEDINENGLANDWITHKINGSANDQUEENSASHEAD
GERHARDUSPREPARESSYLINDRALMAPOFTHEEARTH
GREGARIANCALENDARINTRODUCEDBYPOPE-GREGORY-XII
ACADEMYOFSCIENCESSETUPINPARIS
ISAACNEWTON'SPRINCIPIAMATHEMATICSPUBLISHED
3.
An
s.
4.
An
s.
Wh
oa
rea
dm
itted
into
the
Co
un
cil?
Allth
eg
en
tlem
en
ofth
ecity
be
ing
on
ce
pa
stth
ea
ge
of2
5ye
ars
are
ad
mitte
d
Wh
ove
ryo
ften
fellto
po
ve
rty?
Th
eh
on
estc
itize
nsa
nd
tho
se
tha
tare
libe
rally
bro
ug
htu
p,o
ften
fallto
po
ve
rty
----
[1]
[2]
Ro
ad
Ma
po
fCu
ltura
lCh
an
ge
15
16
15
17
15
22
15
25
15
43
15
59
15
69
15
82
16
28
16
73
16
87
46
Theme-8
Confrontation of Cultures
ItreflectstheencountersbetweenEuropeanandthepeopleoftheAmericabetween15thand17thCenturies.
Native AmericanCulture
SmallSubsistence Economies
Developed Culture
Arawaks (Bhamas)
Agtecs (Mexico)
Mays (CentralAmerica)
Incas (WestCoat+ofSouthAm
erica)
Economic activities
Religious&sociallife
1. Polygamy 2. animist 3. shamans 4. superstitions
Cultural&Features
1.averseto conflict
2.
3.
Preferred negotiationgeneroushost
Political
1. Oligarchy 2. Noarmy 3. Noreligiou
sinstitution
Sociallife
1.
EconomicActivities
landreclamation chinampas UseofcanalsFoodProductCorns,beans,PumpkinpotatoesAgrarianeconomy
CulturalActivities PoliticalActivity
1.
2. 3.
2.
3.
Schoolingof childrenCalmecac,theinstitutiontepochcalli,thecenterofharming
4.
TheMayas(11to16theCentury)
Sociallife EconomicActivities CulturalActivities PoliticalActivity
47
INCAS(Peru)
Sociallife EconomicActivities CulturalActivities PoliticalActivity
1. Hierarchicalsociety
2. Noprivateownershipofresources
Sources
1. Wagelabour 2. Agricultureterr
acefarming 3. meansofi
rrigation 4. foodproduct-
1. Quenchua,thelanguage
2. GreatbuildersMasonrywork
3. Quipu,usedformathematicalcalculation
1. Cuzco,thecapital
2. Centralizedadministration
3. Tribalantonym
1. Literarysources a) Manuscripts b) logbooksanddia
riesofthetravellersofficialrecords
2. Archaeologicalsources
a)Monumentsand
MotivesofVoagesofExplorationbyEuropeans
TechnologicalFactor Economic Factor Religious Factor Political Factor
1. InventionofMagneticcompass
2. LargerShips 3. Equipmentforthedefenseo
ftheship 4. Circulationoftravellit
erature
1. decliningeconomy 2. Shortageofmetallic
money 3. DownfallofConstantinople
indecliningtrade 4. Highertaxesontrade
1. tospreadChristianity 2. Adventurous
devoutdivotChristian 3. JesuitMissionariesro
le
1. Henrythenavigator 2. colonializationtoincreas
etheresources 3. Rightsofsovereignty
overnewconqueredterritory
4. leadersofexpeditionsawardedwithtitlesandconqueredlands
ProcessoftheColonializationofAmericabySpain
i) Militarystrengthofspain
ii) UseofgunpowderandHorses
iii) Localpeopleforcedtopaytributeortoworkingoldandsilvermines.
iv) Localchieftainswereforcedtoexplorenewlandsandsourcesofgold.
v) ByMilitaryrepression,forcedlabouranddiseaseslikesmallpox.
CortezandAztecs
i) CortezbefriendedTotonacs,adissentgroupofAztecs
ii) Montezuma,theAzteckingafraidofgunpowderandhorsesthoughtCortestobethe
48
incarnationofexilegodtotaketherevenge.
iii) Tenochtitlan,thecapitalsubduedon8Nov.1519
iv) CortesinstalledChristianimagesinthetemple
v) IncessantdemandsforgoldbySpanishprovokeduprising.
vi) MysteriousdeathofMontezuma,ledtosuspicionanddeadlysmallpox,Electedkingcuatemocchosetogiveuphislife.
vii) CortesbecameCaptainGeneralofNew SpaininMexico.
CabralandBrazil
i) BrazilwasdiscoveredbyCabaralin1500
ii) ThekingofPortugaldividedthecoastofBrazilin14hereditarycaptaincies.
iii) Portugueseweregiventherighttolandownershipandrighttoenslavelocalpeople
iv) Productionofsugarandsugarcaneplantationwiththeuseofslavelabour.
v) JesuitsworkledtoacceptanceofChristianityandstrongdenialofslavery.
ModelQuestionswithAnswer
2MarkQuestions:
Q. WhySouthAmericaisalsocalled'LatinAmerica'? [2]
i) SpanishandPortugueselanguagearethemainlanguageofthecontinent.
ii) TheselanguagesarepartoftheLatinfamilyofLanguages.
iii) TheinhabitantsaremostlynativeEuropeanandAfricanbyorigin.
iv) PeopleareCatholicsanditsculturehasmanyelementsofnativetraditionsmixedwithEuropeanones.(Writeanytwopoints)
4markquestions:
Q. WhatweretheeffortsmadetoabolishslaveryinSouthAmerica?
i) Itaccompaniedemergingcapitalistsystemofproduction.
ii) Exploitationwasessentialtoeconomicgain
iii) PhilipIIofspainbannedforcedlabourin1601
iv) Lawof1609abolishedslavery,butsettlerscompelledkingtowithdrawthelaw.
v) NowAfricanslaveswereimported.
vi) SlaveryexistedinAfricapriortotheentryoftheEuropeans.
vii) EvenAfricanshelpedinthecaptureofslaveinlienofcropsimportedfromSouthAmerica.
viii) reassessmentofthesufferingexperiencedbyAfricanslavesisstillgoingon(Writeanyfivepoints)
8 marksquestions:
Q. WhathadbegunasuncertainvoyagescametohavelastingconsequencesforEurope,theAmericasandAfrica?Explain.
i) In15thCenturymaritimeprojectsproducedknowledgeofSearoutes.
ii) Influxofgoldandsilver
49
iii) Expansionofinternationaltradeandindustrialization.
iv) SpainandPortugaldidnotcapitalizetheprofit.
v) EnglandandFrancetookadvancesof'discoveries'.
vi) Hugeincomeinvestedintradeorbuildingupamerchantnavy.
vii) Formedjointstockcompanies,senttradingexpeditionestablishedcolonies.
viii) IntroducedEuropeanswiththeproductofthenewworldlike-tobacco,potatoes,canesugarCacaorubberandchiliestoothercountries.
ix) Physicaldecimationoflocalpopulation
x) Destructionofnative'slivelihoodandthereenslavementinmines,plantationandmills.
Twomarksquestion:
i) WhatareChinampas?
ii) WhatdoyoumeanbyTepochalli?
iii) Whatiscalmecac?
iv) WhatdoyouunderstandbyQuipu?
v) WhowasChristopherColumbus?Howdidhebecomefamous?
4 markquestion:
i) WhatarethespecialfeatureofMayaculture?
ii) WhatarethespecialfeaturesoftheAztecs?
iii) WhatarethesimilaritiesbetweentheAztecsandtheIncas?
iv) HowdidSpainestablishanEmpireinAmerica?
v) HowdidPizarrocapturetheIncasofPeru?
8 MarksQuestion:
i) WhowasCortes? HowdidheColonializetheAztecs?
ii) WhatwastheprocessthroughwhichCabralledtocolonizationofBrazil?
iii) Howdidthe'discovery'ofSouthAmericaleadtothedevelopmentofEuropeancolonialism?
iv) WhatwerethefactorsforSpainandPortugalbeing thefirstinthe15thCenturytoventureacrosstheAtlantic?
DonaMarina-Page-178
Passage based question
Q.i) WhowasDonaMarina [1]
ii) WhyDonaMarinawascalled'Matinche' [1]
iii) Writetheauthor'snameofthe'TrueHistoryoftheConquestofMexico'. [1]
iv) WritetheroleofDonaMarinainthedefeatoftheAztecs. [2]
MAPSkill
MapofSouthAmerica:Page-172
Q.
LocatethefollowingscityontheoutlinemapoftheSouthAmeri
ca.SantaFe,Qnito,Lima,Santiago,Buenos,Aires,RiodeJaneiro
50
50
Theme-9
TheIndustrialRevolution
Meaning Causes Consequences
GreatChangeinthefieldofindustriesby whichproductionofgoodsbyhandinhouseswerereplacedbythoseofwiththehelpofmachinesinfactories
Economic Political Geographical
WhyBritain
Towns Finance Coal&Iron Population Agricultural Revolution
Negative
Positive
Condition ofworkers
invention Increasein ofMachines Production
Introductionof Railways&Canals
Changedlife
Employmentof WomenandChildrenin
industries
ProtestMovement
Meaning LuddismResult
Flying shuttleloom
Spinningjenny WaterFrame Mule Powerloom Reform
laws
1819 1833 1847 Merits&Demeritsof
Railways Merits&Demeritsof Relativeadvantages
Canal ofRailway&canals
51
RoadMapofIndustrialRevolution
1733
Sources:
1765 1769 1779 1787
1. WorksofArnoldToynbee
LecturesontheIndustrialRevolution
InEngland:PopularAddresses,NotesandotherFragments.
2. WorksofT.S.Ashton,
3. WorksofPaulMantouxandEricHobsbawm
4. ContemporaryPaintings
Correlation:
RefertoclassXSocialScienceTextBook
i) PageNo. - 105,
Fig.No. - 03
ii) PageNo. - 106
Fig.No. - 04
iii) PageNo. - 107
Fig.No. - 05
iv) PageNo. - 108
Fig.No. - 06&07
v) PageNo. - 109
Fig.No. - 08
vi) PageNo. - 110
Fig.No. - 09&10
vii) PageNo. - 115
Fig.No. - 11
viii) PageNo. - 112
Fig.No. - 12
52
FL
YIN
GS
HU
TT
LE
LO
OM
DE
SIG
NE
D
SP
INN
ING
JE
NN
YM
AD
E
WA
TE
RF
RA
ME
INV
EN
TE
D
ST
EA
ME
NG
INE
DE
VE
LO
PE
D
MU
LE
INV
EN
TE
D
PO
WE
RL
OO
MIN
VE
NT
ED
TimeLine
1733 -TheFlyingshuttleloomdesignedbyJohnKay1765
-SpinningJennymadebyJamesHargreaves1769
-WaterFrameinventedbyArkWright
JameswattdevelopedSteamengine.
1779 -
ThemuleinventedbySamuelCrompton1787 -
ThePowerloominventedbyCartWright
QuestionswithModelAnswers
2MarksQuestions:
1. WhatismeantbyIndustrialRevolution?
Ans. AmajorchargeinindustriesbywhichgoodsproducedinhousesbyhandswerereplacedbythoseofinFactorieswiththehelpofmachines.
4 MarksQuestions:
2. Whoweretheinventors?
- Theinventersweremainlyworkers.
- Fewofthemweretrainedscientistsbecauseeducationinbasicsciencewasextremelylimited.
- JohnKayandJamesHargreaveswerefamiliarwithskillsofweavingandcarpentry.
- Richard.ArkWrightwasabarberandaWigmaker.
- SamuelCromptonwasnottechnicallyskilled
- EdmundCartWrightstudiedliterature.
- ThomasSaverywasanArmyofficer
- ThomanNewComenwasablacksmith
8 MarksQuestion:
3. WhatwerethecausesofIndustrialRevolution? WhywasBritainthefirstcountrytoexperienceit?
ThecausesofIndustrialRevolutionmaybedividedunderfollowingheadspoli
tical
Economic,socialandGeographical
BritainwasthefirstcountryinEuropetohavealltheabovefactorstocreatesituationsfavoringtheRevolutionforexample.
- Politicalstability
- Unifiedunderamonarchy
- Commonlaws
53
- Singlecurrency
- Market
- Taxesongoods
- Useofmoneyasthemediumofexchange
- Wagesandsalaries
- AgriculturalRevolution
- BankofEnglandfoundedin1964.
- GlobalsignificanceofLondon
- AbundanceofCoalandIron
- Indiaascolony
- InventionofMachines
- IntroductionofRailwaysandcanals.
- InventionofSteamPower.(Pointstobeexplained)
2MarksQuestions:
1. WhatdoyoumeanbyFirstandSecondIndustrialRevolution?
2. WhatwasAgriculturalRevolution?
3. WhatdoyoumeanbyLuddism?
4. NametheinventorsofthefollowingF
lyingshuttleloom
SpinningJennyWat
erFramePowerLoo
m
5. DescribetwoadvantagesofintroductionofRailways
4 MarksQuestions:
1. HowdidironlubricatedthepowerofIndustrialization?Giveexamples.
2. DiscusstheimportanceofcoalinIndustrialRevolution.
3. WhydidcottonindustrySymbolizeBritishIndustrialization?
4. Whoinventedsteampower?Howwasitdevelopedlater?
5. Howdidindustrializationchangethelivesofwomenincities?
8 MarksQuestions:
1. ExplaintherelativesignificanceofRailwaysandcanals.
2. Discussinbrieftheresultsofindustrialization.
3. WhatdoyoumeanbyProtestMovements?Whatwereitsresults?
4. WhatwastheimpactofBritain'sinvolvementinwarsonindustrialization?
5. WhataretheReformLaws.Explainwithexample.
54
55
HotQuestions
2MarksQuestions:
1. Whytheword 'industrial'usedwiththe word 'revolution'istoo limited?Givetworeasons.
2. Whywerewomenandchildrenemployedinfactories?Givetworeasons.
3. Howcoalminesweredangerousplacestoworkin?
4. HowdidcharlsDickensdescribepollutioninthenewindustrialtowns.
5. Howwasrevolutionbroughtaboutinmetallurgicalindustry?
4 marksQuestions:
1. Howwaschildlabourprevalentinthenewindustriesandfactories?
2. 'ThemachinesinthefactoriesofLane shineandBirmingham'wereruninIndia'Explain
3. 'TheFactoryworkerswerelivingindeath?Doyouagree?Givereasonsforyouranswer.
4. Whatstepsweretakentoimprovetheconditionofthefactoryworkers?
5. HowdidFrenchRevolutionandNapoleonicwarsaffectFrenchindustriesandfactories?Why?
8 MarksQuestions:
1.
2.
Howtheterm'IndustrialRevolutionhasbeenchallenged?Explainwithexample.
HowwouldyouexplainthevariousconsequencesofIndustrial analysis.
revolution.Giveacritical
-----
Theme-10
Displacing Indigenous peoples
Sources
OralHistoryofnatives
Historicalandfictionworkwrittenbynatives
GalleriesandMuseumsofnativeart
Whyweren'twetoldbyHenryRey
nolds
ThisthemetellsthestoryofwhatEuropeansettlersdidtothenativepeoplesofAustraliaandAmerica.ThenativesandtheEuropeansrepresentedcompeting.notionsofCivilization.
EuropeanImpartation
1. SpainandPortugaldidnotexpandthinempireafterthe17thCentury
2. ReplacedbyFrance,HollandandBritainextendingtradingactivitiesandestablishedcoloniesinAmerica,AfricaandAsia.
3. IrelandwasalsoacolonyofEngland.
4. ProspectofProfitdrovepeopletoestablishcolony
5. Natureofthecontroloncolonywasvaried
6. TradingcompanybecamepoliticalpowerinSouthAsia,defeatedrulers, retainedadministrativesystem.
7. Collectedtaxesandbuiltrailwaytomaketradeeasier,excavatedminesandestablishedbigplantation.
8. AfricawasdividedascoloniesamongEuropeans.
ThenativePeoples
NorthAmerica
1. MighthavecomefromAsiathroughalandbridgeacrosstheBeringstraits,30000yearsbefore.
2. Livedingroupsalongrivervalley
3. Goodswereobtainednotbybuying,butbygifts
4. Numerouslanguagebutnotwrittendown
5. FriendlyandwelcomingtoEuropeans
6. NativesaddictedofAlcoholandtobaccoandsoEuropeandictatedthetermsoftrade
56
Comparative StudybetweenAmericannativesandEuropeans.
TheGoldRushand thegrowthofIndustries
1. Tracesofgoldledto'GoldRush'in1840'sinCalifornia.
2. Ledtobuildingofrailwaylinesacrossthecontinent.
3. IndustriesdevelopedtomanufactureRailwayequipment.
4. TomakelargescaleFarmingpossiblemachineryProduced
5. Employmentgenerationledtogrowthoftownsandfactories.
6. Within30yearsin1890USAwastheleadingindustrialpower.
Natives ConstitutionalRightsinNorthAmerica
Democratic Rights
aboriginaland Treatyrights(rig
httobuylandor) takeloan
Rightto Property
Rightto Vote
Declarationof Indianrights1954
Indianreorganization actof1934
57
1.
Natives
Uncivilized'noblesavage'
i)
European
Civilized
2. ThegoodstheyexchangedwithEuropeanswhengift
ii) Gift,werecommoditieswhichtheywouldsellforaprofit
3. We’renotawareofthemarket iii) Everythingwasassessedwiththevalueinthemarket.
4. TheywerenothappywiththegreedoftheEuropeans
iv) SlaughteringthingofweaverwasthePrimemotiveto maximizeprofit
5. Nativeswereafraidthattheanimalswouldtakerevengeforthisdestruction
v) Theykilledwildanimalstoprotectfarms.
6. NativesidentifiedForesttracks vi) EuropeanimaginedtheForesttobe
invisibletotheEuropeans convertedintogreencornfields.
Australia
1. EarlysettlerswereconvictsdeportedfromEnglandonConditionnottoreturnagain.
2. Ejectednativesfromlandandtookoverforcultivationwithoutremorse.
3. NativeswereEmployedinfarms,LaterChineseimmigrantsprovidedcheaplabour
4. Australia'snon-whitepolicy.
5. 'ThegreatAustralianSilence'-thesilenceofhistoriansabouttheaborigines.
6. Multiculturalism,anofficialinAustraliafrom1974,anequalrespecttoallculture.
7. WhiteAustraliapolicyendsin1974andAsianimmigrantsallowed
8. 'Terranullins'legallyinvalidandrecognizenativeclaimstolandfrombefare1770.
9. 'A Nationalsorryday'asapologyforthechildrenlostfromthe1820'stothe1970's
2MarksQuestions
ModelQuestion
1. HowdidexpansionofUSAtakePlace?
A.i) LargeareaswereacquiredbyPurchaseLikeLouisiana(1803)andAlaska(1867)
ii) Bywar-muchofSouthernUSAwaswonFromMexico.
iii) AssignedbytreatywithgreatBritainin1846.
4MarksQuestions:
1. HowdidUSAsolvetheproblemofSlavery?Ans.
i) ThenorthernstatesarguedforendingslaverywhichtheycondemnedasaninhumanPractice.
ii) SouthernStatesPlantationOwnerboughtslavesinAfricatobringUSA.
iii) Protestsbyanti- slaverygroupledtoabanonslavetrade.
iv) AfricanswhowereintheUSAremainedslaves,asdidtheirchildren.
v) In1861-65acivilwartookplaceinwhichnorthernstateswontoabolishslavery.
vi) In1968AfricanAmericanwonthebattleofcivilliberties.
8MarksQuestions:
1. HowdidNativesofaNorthAmericalosetheirland?Whatweretheirsufferings?Ans.
i) Nativesforcedtomovebysigningtreatiesorsellinglands.
ii) Cheatedbytakingmorelandorpayingless.
iii) Deprivingthenativepeoplesoftheirlandwasseenwrong.
iv) Cherokeetribegovernedbythestatebutcouldnotenjoytherightsofcitizens
v) AjudgmentofChiefCourtthatCherokeewereadistinctcommunityoccupyingitsownterritoryinwhichlawofGeorgiahadnoforce.
vi) AndrewJackson-'TrailofTears'
vii) Nativeswerecalledlazy,notskilled,notlearningEnglishordressingProperly
58
viii) Deservetodieout.
ix) Concentratedinto'reservation'
x) Aseriesofrebellionswerecrushed.
2MarksQuestions
1. WhatwasthewhiteAustraliaPolicy?
2. WritetwoeffectsoftheAmericancivilwar.
3. WhatdoyoumeanbyReservation?
4. Whatdoyoumeanby'TrailsofTears'?
5. Whatisthemeaningof'terranullins'?
4MarksQuestion
1. WhywasthehistoryoftheAustraliannativepeoplesleftoutofhistorybooks?
2. CommentonanypointsofdifferencebetweenthenativepeoplesofsouthandNorthAmerica.
3. WhytheUSandCanadianGovernmentsendedallspecialProvisionsforthenatives?Explain
4. WhywhiteAmericanfeltsympathyforthenativeswhosimultaneouslydeniedthebenefitsofcitizenship?
5. WhatdidthefrontiermeantotheAmerica?
8MarksQuestion
1. HowcanyousaythattheeconomicdevelopmentofAustraliaunderEuropeansettlementwasnotasvariedasinAmerican?
2. WhyalotofEuropeanshurriedtoAmericainthehopeofmakingaquickfortune?
Passage based question
MapSkill
OntheoutlinemapofAustraliaplacethefollowingcity.Perth
,Darwin,Adilaide,Melbourne,Canberra,Sydney
----
59
AdescriptionoftheSydneyAreain1790-Page227ofthetextbook 1. Whatdoyoumeanbyaboriginalproduction? [2]
2. WhoistheNewcomers? [1]
3. Whatweretheactivitiesofthenatives? [1]
4. Whatisthenameofbookfromwhichthispassagehasbeentaken? [1]
60
Theme-11
Paths to Modernization SourcesorInformation
Official Records
Dynastichistory Scholarlywritings PopularLiterature Religiousliterature
Introduction
China Japan
Japan PoliticalSystem
1. CentreofPowerKyoto-PowertoShoguns-atEdo
2. Dividedcountryinto250domainsunderdaimyo-stayedatEdotoavertanyrebel
3. Samuraiservedtheshogunanddaimyo
4. 16thCentury-ThreeChanges-
(a) PeasantrydisarmedtoendFrequentWar
(b) Anatomytodaimyo
(c) landmeasurementforproductivityandrevenue
5. Growthofacommercialeconomyandavibrantculture
6. Increaseduseofmoneyandcreationofstockmarketledtheeconomyinnewways.
7. Socialandintellectualchanges-ChineseinfluencewasquestionedandstudyofancientJapaneseliteraturepromoted.
TheMeijiRestoration
1. TradeanddiplomaticrelationwithUSA.
2. IN1868,amovementremovedShogunandbroughtEmperortoEdo(TOKYO).
3. Learnnew ideasfromEuropeorExcludeEuropean.Somefavouredgradualandlimitedopeningtotheouterworld.
61
1.
2.
ContinentalCountry
ThreemajorriversystemstheYellowthe
i)
ii)
GroupofIslands-
Honshu,Kyushu,Shikoku,Hokkaid
o
Nomajorriversystem Yangtse,thepearl 3. Mountainousregion iii) 50%areainMountainousactiveearthquakeZone
4. Divergentethnicgroup-HanVighur,Hui,Manchu,Tibitan
iv) Homogenousethnicgroup
5. Majorlanguages-Chinese,Cantonese vi) Japaneselanguage
6. Foodhabit-Wheat,Pastries,dumplings, vi) Rice,Wheat,Fish(Rawfish)or(Sashimiorsushi)
dim sum,rice
4. Richcountry&strongarmy-Asenseofnationhoodandtotransformsubjectsintocitizens
5. Emperor System-King,bureaucracyandmilitarydescendantofsun,birthday-nationalholidaywesternstylemilitaryuniforms.
MeijiReforms
Administrative Reforms
Economic Reforms
Constitutional reforms
Educational Reforms(Nationalism,WesternizationMode
rnity)
Industrial Reforms
Agricultural Reforms
Re-emergenceofJapanasa
GlobalEconomicPower
Politicalreforms Civilsocietymovement
Economic Reforms
NoWarclause statepolicy
righttovote forwomenin1946
dismantleof Monopolyhouses
Agrarian Reforms
Industrialreform closeworkingofs
tateandindustry
Koreanand Vietnamese
War
Bullet Traini
n1964 TOKYOOlympics
Pressuregroupagainst IndustrialPollution
62
China ModernHistoryofChinarevolvedaroundtheirissues
a) HowtoregainSovereignty
b) EndthehumiliationofForeignOccupation
c) Bringoutequalityanddevelopment
ThreeGroups
LiangQichao UsetraditionaldiasinNewanddifferentwaytomeetwest
ernchallenges
RepublicanrevolutionariesSunYatSeninspiredbytheideasfromtheJapanandthe
west
Establishing theRepublic
CCPwantedtoendageoldinequalitiesanddispelf
oreigners
1. Manchudynastyoverthrownandarepublicestablishedin1911underSun-Yat-Sen.
2. ThreePrinciples-nationalism,democracyandsocialism
3. revolutionariesaskedfor-drivingouttheforeignerstocontrolnaturalresources,toremoveinequalities,reducepoverty.
4. advocated reforms - use of simple language, abolish foot binding and Femalesubordination,equalityinmarriageandeconomicdevelopment.
5. Fourgreatneeds-clothingfood,housingandtransportation.
6. Chiang-Kai-Shek(1887-1975)militarycampaigntocontrolthewarlordsandeliminatethecommunists.
7. Womentocultivatefourvirtue-Chastity,appearance,speechandworkandconfinedtothehousehold.
8. Sun-Yat-Sen'sProgramme-regulatingcapitalandequalizinglandnevercarriedout.ImposedmilitaryorderratherthanaddresstheproblemofPeasantry.
TheRiseoftheCommunistPartyofChina
Factors
EcologicalFactors Socio-EconomicFactors
SoilExhaustion Deforestation Floods
ExploitativelandT
enureSystem Indebtedness
PrimitiveTechnology
63
PoorCommunication
EstablishingtheNewDemocracy1949-65
1. Economyundergovt.control.
2. PrivateenterpriseandPrivateownershipoflandabolished.
3. Thegreatleapforwardmovementin1958
4. Creatingasocialistmanandfivelove-fatherland,People,labour,scienceandPublicproperty.
5. Communesystemmodifiedandbackyardfurnacewasunusableindustrially.
Great Proletarian culturalRevolution
1. Conflictbetweentheconceptof'socialistman'andexpertise.
2. Redguards(studentsandarmy)usedagainstoldculture,oldcustomsandoldhabits
3. Studentsandprofessionalsweresenttovillagetolearnfrommasses
4. Ideologyandsloganreplacedrationaldebate
5. Theculturalrevolutionweakenedthepartydisruptedeconomyandeducationalsystem
6. In1975thepartyonceagainlaidemphasisongreatersocialdisciplineandbuildanindustrialeconomy.
Reformsof1978DengXiaoping
1. DengXiaopingkeptpartycontrolstrongwhileintroducingasocialistmarketeconomy
2. Fourmodernization-Science,industry,agricultureanddefense.
3. TheFifthmodernization-Democracy.
4. MayFourthmovement-Tiananmensquare
5. Emergenceofdebatesonwaystodevelopchina
6. growingrevivaloftraditionalideasofConfucianism.
TheStoryofTaiwan
1. TaiwanaJapanesecolonysince1894-95warwithJapan.TheCairo(1943)andPotsdamProclamation(1949)restoredtoChina.
2. GMDunderChiangkai-Shekestablishedarepressivegovt.Freedomofspeech,Politicaloppositionbanned.
3. Excludedlocalpeoplefrompositionofpower
4. Landreformstoincreaseagriculturalproductivityandmodernizetheeconomy.
5. Transformationof Taiwan intoademocracyafterthedeathofChiangin1975.Martiallawliftedin1987.
6. Freeelections-localTaiwanesetopower.
7. Re-unificationwithChina-aContentiousissueChina-asemi-autonomousTaiwanmaybeacceptabletoChina.
2MarksQuestions
ModelQuestionswithanswer
Q. Whatwas'onehundredflowermovement'Whydiditfail?Ans.i)
ItstartedwithasloganofMao.'MakeahundredflowerBloom'
ii) Hewantedtobeseenasaleaderwhowasopentonewideasandaliberalthoughts
64
4MarksQuestions
Q. WhatdoyoumeanbyMao'sgreatleapforward?
Ans.i) launchedin1958
ii) apolicytogalvanizethecountrytoindustrializerapidly
iii) Peopletosetupsteelfurnacesinbackyards
iv) People'scommuneswerestarted
v) MaowasabletomobilizethemassestoattainthegoalssetbytheParty
8 MarksQuestions Q. ExplaintheriseofthecommunistpartyinChina.
Ans.i) CCPfoundedin1921-influenceofRussianSuccess
ii) AppealofThirdinternational
iii) MaoZedong's(1893-1976)roleinJiangxi.
iv) A strongPeasantcouncil(Soviet)wasorganized
v) Emergenceofruralwomen'sassociations
vi) Anewmarriagelaw-forebodearrangedmarriage,stoppedpurchaseorsaleofmarriagecontractsandsimplifieddivorce.
vii) GuomindangblockadeforcedtoLongMarchtoShanxi
viii) Developedthreeprogrammetoendwordlordismcarryoutlandreformsandfightimperialism.
ix) DuringwarthecommunistandtheGuomindangworkedtogether.
x) AttheendofthewarthecommunistdefeatedGuomindangandcapturedpower.
2MarksQuestions
1. MentiontwoaimsofNationalMovementinChinaledyDr.SunYatSen.
2. WhatwastheimportanceofJapan'sriseasgreatpowerfortheAsianContinent?
3. DescribethegrowthofnationalistmovementinChinaupto1914.
4. HowJapanwasweakenedafterthewar?
5. HowdidDengraiseChinesepeople'sexpectations?
4MarksQuestions
1. AccordingtoMao,mentionfiveloves.Massorganizationswerecreatedforwhom?
2. HowtheChinesepathtomodernizationwasverydifferent?
3. WhytheGuomindangdespiteitsattemptstounitethecountryfailed?
4. HowwasthebeginningofmodernChinastarted?
5. HowwasthemodernizingofeconomystartedinJapan?
8 MarksQuestions
1. HowJapanreemergedasaglobaleconomicPowerafteritsdefeat?
2. ExplainthepoliticalsystemofJapanfrom1603to1867
65
3. ExaminetheroleofMaoZedongintheChinesecommunistrevolutionandhisstrategyof Revolution.
4. ExaminethedevelopmentinChinabetween1911and1924.
5. WhatisMeijirestoration?Writethereformsundertakenbythegovt.
Passagebasedquestion-Page:237
MapSkill
OntheoutlinemapofAsiaplacethefollowingcity.
a) Shanghai
b) Nagasaki
c) Hiroshima
d) Kyoto
e) Tokyo
----
a) FromWhomdidtheJapaneseborrowtheirscript? [1]
b) WhodevelopedtwoPhoneticalphabetsandNamethem? [2]
c) WhichPhoneticisConsideredtobeFeminineandwhy? [1]
d) HowdoPhoneticsyllabaryhelpus? [1]
66
67
ModelQuestionPaper
Part-A
1. Nametwodiscoveriesthathelpustounderstandearlyhumanhistory. [2]
2. MentiontwofeaturesofAncientMesopotamiancities. [2]
3. ExaminetwoevidencesofthecontributionsofAncientRomanCivilizationto theworldcivilization. [2]
Part-B(Section-I)
4. Howdidthefarmingandpastoralisminfluencethepeoplearound10,000yearsago?Describe. [4]
5. DiscussthereligiousbeliefsandpracticesofAncientMesopotamia.Whywouldtheearlytempleshavebeenmuchlikehouses? [2+2]
6. WhowasConstantine?ExplainhiscontributionsinAncientRomanCivilization. [2+2]
7. 'Ifhistoryreliesuponwrittenrecordsnomadicsocietieswillalwaysbereceivedashostilerepresentation.'Discuss. [4]
Section-II
8. WhatweretheconsequencesofthecrusadesonAsiaandEurope? [4]
9. WhatdoyoumeanbyFeudalism?Discussthedistinctivefeaturesofthethreeclassesoffeudalsociety. [2+2]
10. ComparethesalientfeaturesoftheAztecswiththoseoftheMayas. [4]
Section-III
11. HowdidIndustrialRevolutionchangethelivesofthepeopleinindustrialcities? [4]
12. DescribetheeventsleadingtotheformationoftheUSA.WhatwasitsimpactonthenativesofAmerica? [2+2]
13. WhichelementsofGreekandRomanculturewererevivedinthe14thand15thcenturies?ExplaininthecontextoftheconsequenceofRenaissance. [8]
14. DiscussthecausesofriseofJapanasinimperialistcountryinthe19thCentury.
[4]
Part-C
15. WhatwereSunyat-Sen'sthreeprinciples?Explaininthecontextoftheeventof1911.[8]or
Do you thinkthat Mao-Tse-Tung andthe CommunistParty ofChina were successfulinliberatingChinaandlayingthebasisforitscurrentsuccess?Giveexamplesinsupportofyourviews.
16. WhywasthehistoryoftheAustraliannativepeopleleftoutofhistorybooks?Howwerethewindsofchangefeltbythemafter1970s? [8]
or
Whatismeantbytheindustrialrevolution?discussitscauses.
Part-D
Readthefollowingpassagescarefullyandanswerthequestionsthatfollow:
AnEarly Library
17. 'I,Assurbanipal,kingoftheuniverse,king ofAssyria,onwhomthegodsbestowedvastintelligence,whocouldacquirethereconditedetailsofscholarlyerudition.IwrotedownontabletsthewisdomofthegodsandIcheckedandcollectedthetablets.Iplacedthemforthefutureinthelibrary....ofthetempleofmygod,Nabu,atNineveh,formylifeandthewellbeingofmysoul,andtosustainthefoundationofmyroyalthrone......'
Moreimportant,therewascataloguing:abasketoftabletswouldhaveaclaylabelthatread
68
: 'anumberoftabletsaboutexorcism,writtenby'X'-Assurbanopal'slibraryhadatotalofsome1,000texts,amountingtoabout30,000tablets,groupedaccordingtosubject.
a) WhowasAssurbanipal? [2]
b) Whydidhecollectthetablets? [1]
c) Wheredidheestablishalibrary? [1]
d) Howweretheoriginaltextsandtabletsclassified? [1]
orYASA
In1221,aftertheconquestofBukhara,GenghisKhanhadassembledtherichMuslimresidentsatthefestivalgroundandhadadmonishedthem.Hecalledthemsinnersandwarmedthemtocompensatefortheirsinsbypartingwiththeirhiddenwealth.Theepisodewasdramaticenoughtobepaintedandforalongtimeafterwardspeoplestillrememberedtheincident.Inthelatesixteenthcentury,'AbdullahKhan,adistantdescendantof'Jochi,AbdullahKhan'seldestson,wenttoperformhisholidayprayersthere.Hischronicler.Hafiz-iTanishreportedthisperformanceofMuslimpietybyhismasterandincludedthesurprisingcomments:'thiswasaccordingtotheyasaofGenghisKhan.'
a) WhomandwheredidGenghisKhanassembletherichMuslimresidents? [2]
b) WhydidGenghisKhancallthemsinners? [1]
c) WhowasAbdullahKhan? [1]
d) Whatdoyoumeanbyyasa? [1]
18. 'Becauseoftheinadequacywhichoftenfellonfeastdays,forthenarrownessofthepeopleforcedthewomentoruntowardsthealtarupontheheadsofthemenwithmuchanguishandnoisyconfusion,toenlargeandamplifythenoblechurch.......
Wealsocausedtobepainted,bytheexquisitehandsofmanymastersfromdifferentregions,asplendidvarietyofthenewwindows.......Becausethesewindowsareveryvaluableonaccountoftheirwonderfulexecutionandtheprofuseexpenditureofpaintedglassandsapphireglassweappointedanofficialmastercraftsmanfortheirprotection,andalsoagoldsmithwhowouldreceivetheirallowancesnamely,coinsfromthealtarandflourfromthecommonstore houseof the brethrenand whowould never neglecttheir duty,to look afterthese.
-AbbotSuger
a) WhatwasAbbey [2]
b) Whohaddescribedaboutthis? [1]
c) Whywasitdecidedtoconstructabigchurch? [1]
d) Mentionthefeaturesofitswindows? [1]
or
WilliamTyndale,anEnglishLutheranwhotranslatedtheBibleintoEnglishin1506,defendedProtestantismthus:'Inthistheybeallagreed,todriveyoufromtheknowledgeofthescripture,andthatyeshallnothavethetextthereofinthemother tongue,andtokeeptheworldstillindarkness,totheintenttheymightsitintheconsciences ofthepeople,throughvainsuperstitionandfalsedoctrine,tosatisfytheirproudambition,andinsatiablecovetousnessandtoexalttheirownhonourabovekingand emperor, Yet,andaboveGodhimself....whichthingonlymovedmetotranslatethe NewTestament.BecauseIhadperceivedbyexperience,howthatitwasimpossibletoestablishthelay-peopleinanytruth,exceptthescripturewereplainlylaidbeforetheireyesintheirmothertongue,thattheymightseetheprocess,orderandmeaningofthetext.'
a) WhoisWilliamTyndale? [2]
b) WhydidprotestantscriticizetheCatholicChurch? [1]
c) WhatdidTyndalefeelwithhisexperience? [1]
69
d) Whatisthe'NewTestament'? [1]
19. TheJapanesehadborrowedtheirwrittenscriptfromtheChineseinthesixthcentury.However,sincetheirlanguageisverydifferentfromChinesetheydevelopedtwophoneticalphabets-hiraganaandkatakana.HiraganaisconsideredfemininebecauseitwasusedbymanywomenWritersintheHerianperiod(suchasMurasaki).ItiswrittenusingamixtureofChinesecharactersandphoneticssothatthemainpartofthewordiswrittenwithacharacter-forinstance,in'going','go'wouldbewrittenwithacharacterandthe'ing'inphonetics.
Theexistenceofaphoneticsyllabarymeantthatknowledgespreadformtheelitestothewidersocietyrelativelyquickly.Inthe1880sitwassuggestedthatJapanesedevelopacompletelyphoneticscript,oradoptaEuropeanlanguage.
Neitherwasdone.
a) FromwhomdidtheJapaneseborrowtheirscript? [1]
b) Whodevelopedtwophoneticalphabetsandnamethem? [2]
c) Whichphoneticisconsideredtobefeminineandwhy? [1]
d) HowdoPhoneticsyllabaryhelpus? [1]
or
A DescriptionofTheSydneyAreain1790
'AboriginalproductionhadbeendramaticallydisturbedbytheBritishpresence.Thearrivalofathousandhungrymouths.followedbyhundredsmore,putunprecedentedpressureonlocalfoodresources.
SowhatwouldtheDarukpeoplehavethoughtofallthis?Tothemsuchlarge scaledestruction of sacred placesand strange, violentbehavior towards theirland wasinexplicable.Thenewcomersseemedtoknockdowntreeswithoutanyreason,fortheywerenotmakingcanoes,gatheringbushhoneyorcatchinganimals.Stonesweremovedandstackedtogether,claydugup,shapedandcooked,holesweremadeintheground,largeunwiselystructuresbuilt.Atfirsttheymayhaveequatedtheclearingwiththecreationofasacredceremonialground.....Perhapstheythoughtahugeritualgatheringwastobeheld,dangerousbusinessfromwhichtheyshouldsteerclear.ThereisnodoubttheDarukssubsequentlyavoidedthesettlement,fortheonlywaytobringthembackwasbyanofficialkidnapping.
-(P.Grimshaw,M.Lake,A McGrath,M.Quartly,creatingaNation)
a) Whoareaborigines? [2]
b) HowwasaboriginalProductiondramaticallydisturbedbytheBritishPresence? [1]
c) WhatdidtheNewcomersdo? [1]
d) Whoavoidedthesettlement? [1]
Part-E
20. Onthegiven outlinemapofEuropenameandlocateBoxgrove,Rome,Lazaretcave,neanderValleyandSchoningen.
or
Onthe given outlinemapofAustralianameandlocateDarwin,Tasmania,Adelaide,MelbourneandPerth.
21. Onthe givenoutlinemapofSouthAmericafiveplacesaremarkedasA.B,C.DandEIdentifythoseplaces. [4]
70
71
KendriyaVidyalayaSangathanAhmedabad Region
CommonSessionEndingExamination2015-16
BluePrint
Class-XI
Subject -History
MM-100 TimeAllowed-3Hrs
72
Theme VSA 2Marks
SA 4Marks
LA 8Marks
PassageBasedAnswer
5Marks
Skill 5Marks
1 1 1
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
4
2
1
5
6
1
1
7
1
1
8&9
2
1
1
10&11
2
2
2
1
iii) GenghisKhanenvisagedthathissonswouldruletheempirecollectively.
iv) Militarycontingents(tama)oftheindividualprinceswereplacedineachulus.
v) Thesenseofadominionsharedbythemembersofthefamilywasunderlinedattheassemblyofchieftains(quriltais)
vi) Quriltais,wherealldecisionsrelatingtothefamilyorthestatefortheforthcomingseason-Campaigns,distributionofplunder,Pasturelandsandsuccession-werecollectivelytaken.
vii) Arapidcouriersystemconnectedthedistantareas.
viii) ForthemaintenanceofthiscommunicationsystemtheMongolnomadscontributedatenthoftheirherd.
ix) Thiswascalledqubcurtax,alevythatnomadspaidwillinglyforthemultiplebenefitsthatitbrought.
x) Thecouriersystem(yam)wasfurtherrefinedafterGenghisKhan'sdeath.
Passage-basedquestion
Yasa
In1221,after......................theyasaofGenghisKhan'.(PageNo.120)ofthetextbookQ.W
hendidGenghisKhanintroduceYasa?
Ans.In1221AD.
Q.Whowereassembledatthefestivalground?A
ns.TherichMuslimresidents.
Q.WhowasAbdullahKhan?
Ans.A distantdescendantofJochi,GenghisKhan'seldestSon.
[1]
[1]
Q. WhowashisChronicler
Hafiz-iTanish
[1]
[2]
-----