agriculture chapter 11 notes. bellringer what are 2 possible reasons why americans today eat...
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AGRICULTUREChapter 11 Notes
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Bellringer
• What are 2 possible reasons why Americans today eat significantly more fast food & processed (factory-made) foods today than 50 years ago?
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What Is Agriculture?
The purposeful tending of crops and raising of livestock in order to produce food and fiber
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Economic Activities• Primary economic activities: Products closest
to the ground
• Secondary economic activities: Manufacturing of primary products into new products
• Tertiary economic activities: Services, connecting producers to consumers to facilitate trade
• Quaternary economic activities: Information or the exchange of goods
• Quinary economic activities: Tied into research or higher education
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Arable Land
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Bellringer
• Look at yesterday’s notes on the levels of economic activities.
• How are quaternary and quinary activities related to tertiary economic activities?
• Turn in Ch 11 homework!
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Subsistence Agriculture
• Strict meaning: Farmers produce enough for themselves and their families and do not enter the cash economy at all
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Subsistence Agriculture
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• -
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Shifting Cultivation• Shifting fields to find better land• Practiced primarily in tropical/subtropical regions• The Cycle:
1. Clear plot of existing vegetation2. Plant crops3. Gradual loss of fertility
•Loss of decaying vegetation•Leaching of nutrients
4. Abandon plot and begin again in a new location
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• Variation in products by distance from the town, with livestock raising farthest away
• Use of land governed by cost of transportation
• First effort to analyze the spatial character of economic activity
Von Thünen Model (Late 1800s)
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Third Agriculture Revolution(Green Revolution)
• Began in U.S. Midwest, then applied to less wealthy countries
• Increased technology in agriculture (fertilizer, pesticides, etc.)
• Invention of high-yield grains, especially rice, wheat, corn
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Average Daily Calorie Consumption per Capita
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Critics of the Green Revolution
• They say new technology has caused:
1.Soil erosion 2.Dependency on chemicals for
production3.Loss of control over seeds to
agribusiness4.More genetically modified (GM) crops
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World Climates(Köppen Classification System)
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World Agriculture
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AgribusinessCommercial agriculture: • Large-scale farming and ranching
operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology
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Example of “Fair Trade” Agriculture
• Fair trade Coffee: – produced by certified fair-trade farmers, who
then sell the coffee directly to foreign importers
• Guarantees a “fair trade price”• Purchase commitment by Starbucks and
other chains