agir-model-welding techn influence-buckling t beams

8/2/2019 AGIR-Model-Welding Techn Influence-Buckling T Beams

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ZDA UAGJCME ZA@DMNGNES CMKGQAM@A NM ZDA JNQOGA Z EC_JA_ OAFLP OQ@IGCME (Xfpar Zctga)

Ougatcmug FEC_ mr. 6/?86? ◎ cfmufrca-lfrtca 6

ZDA UAGJCME ZA@DMNGNZDA UAGJCME ZA@DMNGNZDA UAGJCME ZA@DMNGNZDA UAGJCME ZA@DMNGNES CMKGQAM@AES CMKGQAM@AES CMKGQAM@AES CMKGQAM@ANM ZDA JNQOGA Z EC_JNM ZDA JNQOGA Z EC_JNM ZDA JNQOGA Z EC_JNM ZDA JNQOGA Z EC_JA_ OAFLP OQ@IGCMEA_ OAFLP OQ@IGCMEA_ OAFLP OQ@IGCMEA_ OAFLP OQ@IGCME

Ga`turar Ame. Cnfm-Pnrcm GAN[AFMQ, XdJ6, Fssn`. Xrnk. Ame. Avf IN_LFMÌIN[Æ XdJ

?,

Ga`turar Ame. Iflcgf Intrfsnvæ XdJ?, Ame. Jfmcag ZFQP6

6Qmcvarscty ”Zrfmscgvfmcf“ krnl OrfŞnv

?Za`dmc`fg Qmcvarscty nk InŦcà, @cvcg Amecmaarcme Kfùgty,

Cmstctuta nk Ptru`turfg Amecmaarcme, Japfrtlamt nk Ptru`turfg La`dfmc`s, InŦcà, Pgnvficf.

_ARQLFZ._ARQLFZ._ARQLFZ._ARQLFZ. Cm jnlamcug Cmecmarcac @cvcga stru`turcga ja razcstamtĀ latfgcà fu n jansaoctĀ clpnrtfmŠĀ ím rajuCm jnlamcug Cmecmarcac @cvcga stru`turcga ja razcstamtĀ latfgcà fu n jansaoctĀ clpnrtfmŠĀ ím rajuCm jnlamcug Cmecmarcac @cvcga stru`turcga ja razcstamtĀ latfgcà fu n jansaoctĀ clpnrtfmŠĀ ím rajuCm jnlamcug Cmecmarcac @cvcga stru`turcga ja razcstamtĀ latfgcà fu n jansaoctĀ clpnrtfmŠĀ ím rajuàraf erautàraf erautàraf erautàraf erautĀŠĀŠĀŠĀŠcccccccc`nmstru`Šcac ù jansaocra ím `fzug `nmstru`Šccgnr ímfgta, f pnjurcgnr Şc f `nmstru`Šccgnr ù s`np cmjustrcfg. Xamtru f putaf`nmstru`Šcac ù jansaocra ím `fzug `nmstru`Šccgnr ímfgta, f pnjurcgnr Şc f `nmstru`Šccgnr ù s`np cmjustrcfg. Xamtru f putaf`nmstru`Šcac ù jansaocra ím `fzug `nmstru`Šccgnr ímfgta, f pnjurcgnr Şc f `nmstru`Šccgnr ù s`np cmjustrcfg. Xamtru f putaf`nmstru`Šcac ù jansaocra ím `fzug `nmstru`Šccgnr ímfgta, f pnjurcgnr Şc f `nmstru`Šccgnr ù s`np cmjustrcfg. Xamtru f putaf

lc`Şnrf `ït lfc lugt erautftaf stru`turcgnr latfgcà fàstaf sumt prnca`tfta ím jnlamcug agfstnlc`Şnrf `ït lfc lugt erautftaf stru`turcgnr latfgcà fàstaf sumt prnca`tfta ím jnlamcug agfstnlc`Şnrf `ït lfc lugt erautftaf stru`turcgnr latfgcà fàstaf sumt prnca`tfta ím jnlamcug agfstnlc`Şnrf `ït lfc lugt erautftaf stru`turcgnr latfgcà fàstaf sumt prnca`tfta ím jnlamcug agfstn- -- -pgfstc` àaf à kf`pgfstc` àaf à kf`pgfstc` àaf à kf`pgfstc` àaf à kfà `fa `fa `fa `fcmstfocgctĀŠcga gn`fga Şc àga egnofga sĀ javcmĀ ja n clpnrtfmŠĀ `nvïrŞctnfra. Ja lfra f`tufgctfta ím prazamt, jfr ù pra`ĀjacmstfocgctĀŠcga gn`fga Şc àga egnofga sĀ javcmĀ ja n clpnrtfmŠĀ `nvïrŞctnfra. Ja lfra f`tufgctfta ím prazamt, jfr ù pra`ĀjacmstfocgctĀŠcga gn`fga Şc àga egnofga sĀ javcmĀ ja n clpnrtfmŠĀ `nvïrŞctnfra. Ja lfra f`tufgctfta ím prazamt, jfr ù pra`ĀjacmstfocgctĀŠcga gn`fga Şc àga egnofga sĀ javcmĀ ja n clpnrtfmŠĀ `nvïrŞctnfra. Ja lfra f`tufgctfta ím prazamt, jfr ù pra`Ājararararapamtru stru`turcga vcctnfra, tadmngnecf ja sujurĀ prcm lfraf sf kgxcocgctfta `nmstctupamtru stru`turcga vcctnfra, tadmngnecf ja sujurĀ prcm lfraf sf kgxcocgctfta `nmstctupamtru stru`turcga vcctnfra, tadmngnecf ja sujurĀ prcm lfraf sf kgxcocgctfta `nmstctupamtru stru`turcga vcctnfra, tadmngnecf ja sujurĀ prcm lfraf sf kgxcocgctfta `nmstctucccca umf jcmtra na umf jcmtra na umf jcmtra na umf jcmtra n (Lfxclul 1 rïmjurc)

@uvcmta `daca2@uvcmta `daca2@uvcmta `daca2@uvcmta `daca2 erautftaf stru`turcgnr latfgcà fàstaf sumt prnca`tfta. (Lfxclul 6 rïmj)

[email protected][email protected][email protected]_F@Z. Cm @cvcg Amecmaarcme Jascem, tda staag–s stru`turas dfj f eraft clpnrtfmà nm tda gcedt stru`turas rafgczaj usaj tnCm @cvcg Amecmaarcme Jascem, tda staag–s stru`turas dfj f eraft clpnrtfmà nm tda gcedt stru`turas rafgczaj usaj tnCm @cvcg Amecmaarcme Jascem, tda staag–s stru`turas dfj f eraft clpnrtfmà nm tda gcedt stru`turas rafgczaj usaj tnCm @cvcg Amecmaarcme Jascem, tda staag–s stru`turas dfj f eraft clpnrtfmà nm tda gcedt stru`turas rafgczaj usaj tntfgg oucgjcmes, orcjeas pcgas fmjtfgg oucgjcmes, orcjeas pcgas fmjtfgg oucgjcmes, orcjeas pcgas fmjtfgg oucgjcmes, orcjeas pcgas fmj ecrjars. Zn rafgcza f slfggast gnfjcme oy tda nwm waced nk tda stru`turas `nlpnmamts tdaraecrjars. Zn rafgcza f slfggast gnfjcme oy tda nwm waced nk tda stru`turas `nlpnmamts tdaraecrjars. Zn rafgcza f slfggast gnfjcme oy tda nwm waced nk tda stru`turas `nlpnmamts tdaraecrjars. Zn rafgcza f slfggast gnfjcme oy tda nwm waced nk tda stru`turas `nlpnmamts tdarajascem cs lfja cm agfstc`jascem cs lfja cm agfstc`jascem cs lfja cm agfstc`jascem cs lfja cm agfstc`- -- -pgfstc` stfta fmj tda egnofg fmj gn`fg cmstfocgcty oa nla lnra clpnrtfmt. Zda f tufg tramjs cm tdapgfstc` stfta fmj tda egnofg fmj gn`fg cmstfocgcty oa`nla lnra clpnrtfmt. Zda f`tufg tramjs cm tdapgfstc` stfta fmj tda egnofg fmj gn`fg cmstfocgcty oa`nla lnra clpnrtfmt. Zda f`tufg tramjs cm tdapgfstc` stfta fmj tda egnofg fmj gn`fg cmstfocgcty oa`nla lnra clpnrtfmt. Zda f`tufg tramjs cm tdaoucgjcme jascem `nmscst cm uscme tda kgaoucgjcme jascem `nmscst cm uscme tda kgaoucgjcme jascem `nmscst cm uscme tda kgaoucgjcme jascem `nmscst cm uscme tda kgaxcocgcty nk tda wagjcme bncmts ta`dmngney cm fglnst fgg tda staag–s oucgjcmes stru`turasxcocgcty nk tda wagjcme bncmts ta`dmngney cm fglnst fgg tda staag–s oucgjcmes stru`turasxcocgcty nk tda wagjcme bncmts ta`dmngney cm fglnst fgg tda staag–s oucgjcmes stru`turasxcocgcty nk tda wagjcme bncmts ta`dmngney cm fglnst fgg tda staag–s oucgjcmes stru`turasfmj tdasa wnri try tn ecva f wfy knr astfogcsd fm `nrragftcnm oatwaam wagjcme ta`fmj tdasa wnri try tn ecva f wfy knr astfogcsd fm `nrragftcnm oatwaam wagjcme ta`fmj tdasa wnri try tn ecva f wfy knr astfogcsd fm `nrragftcnm oatwaam wagjcme ta`fmj tdasa wnri try tn ecva f wfy knr astfogcsd fm `nrragftcnm oatwaam wagjcme ta`dmngney fmj jcdmngney fmj jcdmngney fmj jcdmngney fmj jc (Lfxclul 1 rïmjurc)

Iaywnrjs2Iaywnrjs2Iaywnrjs2Iaywnrjs2 oucgjcme, jascem, kgaxcocgcty, stru`turas `nlpnmamts (Lfxclul 6 rïmj)

6. CMZ_NJQ@ZCNM

Zda astclftcnm nk ouìgcme gnfj fmj jakga`tcnm cmamecmaarcme wfs lfja tda kcrst tcla oy Augar oy uscmetda aqucgcorcul oatwaam tda cmtarmfg fmj axtarmfglnlamt fmj tda eamarfg jckkaramtcfg nrjcmfry aquftcnmtdft dfj dcs mfla. Zda fpprnxclftcnm ofsaj nm Augaraquftcnm raprasamt fm cjafg ouìgcme oadfvcnr fmj cmprf`tcà tda cmkguamà nk tda ycagj strass, `rnss sa`tcnmfmj rascjufg strassas pgfy f `ru`cfg rnga fmj eamarfggytday cmkguamà f raju`tcnm kf`tnr vfgua Y;\,Y:\,Y5\. Zda

Zda rafg ugtclfta strass cs gnwar tdft Augar ouìgcme

strass fmj tda aquftcnm (6) wfs eat wctdnut `nmscjar tdasdfpa fmj jclamscnms nk tda sa`tcnm fmj tda wfy nk`nmstru`tcnm.

Zda astclftcnm nk ouìgcme gnfj fmj jakga`tcnm cmamecmaarcme wfs lfja tda kcrst tcla oy Augar oy uscmetda aqucgcorcul oatwaam tda cmtarmfg fmj axtarmfglnlamt fmj tda eamarfg jckkaramtcfg nrjcmfry aquftcnmtdft dfj dcs mfla. Zda fpprnxclftcnm ofsaj nm Augaraquftcnm raprasamt fm cjafg ouìgcme oadfvcnr fmj cmprf`tcà tda cmkguamà nk tda ycagj strass, `rnss sa`tcnmfmj rascjufg strassas pgfy f `ru`cfg rnga fmj eamarfggytday cmkguamà f raju`tcnm kf`tnr vfgua Y;\,Y:\,Y5\. Zda

Zda rafg ugtclfta strass cs gnwar tdft Augar ouìgcmestrass fmj tda aquftcnm (6) wfs eat wctdnut `nmscjar tda

sdfpa fmj jclamscnms nk tda sa`tcnm fmj tda wfy nk`nmstru`tcnm.

raju`tcnm kf`tnr (ϑ) cs jatarlcmfta ofsaj nk tda

ragftcva sgamjarmass (ι).

?

6ϑ <

ι rag

(6)

wdara A cs tda agfstc`cty lnjugus9 ι <⋁

ψ ⋁π ⋁

kg

rag

@

G

A C

F

‐

tda ragftcva sgamjarmass9 G kg ‐ tda ouìgcme gametd9 π@ ‐ tda

ycagj strass9 C ‐ tda cmartcf lnlamtul9 F ‐ sa`tcnm frafZda rafg ugtclfta strass cs gnwar tdft Augar ouìgcme

strass fmj tda aquftcnm (6) wfs eat wctdnut `nmscjar tdasdfpa fmj jclamscnms nk tda sa`tcnm fmj tda wfy nk`nmstru`tcnm.

Zda astclftcnm nk ouìgcme gnfj fmj jakga`tcnm cmamecmaarcme wfs lfja tda kcrst tcla oy Augar oy uscmetda aqucgcorcul oatwaam tda cmtarmfg fmj axtarmfglnlamt fmj tda eamarfg jckkaramtcfg nrjcmfry aquftcnmtdft dfj dcs mfla. Zda fpprnxclftcnm ofsaj nm Augaraquftcnm raprasamt fm cjafg ouìgcme oadfvcnr fmj cmprf`tcà tda cmkguamà nk tda ycagj strass, `rnss sa`tcnm

fmj rascjufg strassas pgfy f `ru`cfg rnga fmj eamarfggytday cmkguamà f raju`tcnm kf`tnr vfgua Y;\,Y:\,Y5\. Zda



UN_GJ AMA_ES PSPZAL @NMKA_AM@A ‐ UAP@ ?86? (Mfla nk @nmkaramà)

Ougatcmug FEC_ mr. 0/?86? ◎ cumca-fueust ?

f) _aju`tcnm kf`tnr kum`tcnm nk sgamjarmass o) Pa`tcnmfg sdfpas fmj ycagj lftarcfg jcferfl knr raju`tcnmkf`tnr kum`tcnm nk sgamjarmass

Kce. 6. _aju`tcnm kf`tnr/sgamjarmass jcferfls knr ugtclfta gnfj astfogcsdcme.

Zda rafg ugtclfta strass cs gnwar tdft Augar ouìgcmestrass fmj tda aquftcnm (6) wfs eat wctdnut `nmscjar tdasdfpa fmj jclamscnms nk tda sa`tcnm fmj tda wfy nk`nmstru`tcnm.

Ofsaj nm ouìgcme fmfgyscs eat oy wagg imnwm Augaraquftcnm, tda prf`tc`fg axparcamàs lfja knr jckkaramtsa`tcnmfg sdfpas ernups fmj jckkaramt staags prnprcatyknur sgamjarmass erfpdc`s rasugts fmj fra usaj cm fgg tda

stfmjfrjs cm @cvcg Amecmaarcme. (Kce. 6f). Zda ugtclftagnfj cs `nlputa wctd tda ragftcnm2

< ϑ ⋁ ⋁ π`fp @ K F (?)

Fm a`àmtrc` lnlamt tn `dfmea tda gn`ftcnm nk tdagnfj fmj tda gnfj cs gn`ftaj cm tda àmtra nk erfvcty nkmaw akka`tcva sa`tcnm.

?. FMFGSZC@FG LNJAG KN_ _APCJQFGPZ_APPAP @NMPCJA_FZCNM

Eamarfg nmscjarftcnms2n Zda gnfj cs mnt cm tda eanlatrc`fg àmtar nk tda

sa`tcnm fmj dfs vfrcftcnm kum`tcnm nk cmctcfg jakga`tcnmfmj `nlprassaj gnfj vfgua.

n Zda lfxclul gnfjs fra cm tda lcjjga sa`tcnm nktda ecrjar fmj fra fppgcaj nvar tda wdnga ecrjar.

n Knr gnw vfgua gnfjs tda lftarcfg fra cm agfstc` stftacm fgg tda sa`tcnm fmj tda `gfssc`fg ragftcnms `fm oa usaj.

n Udam tda gnfjs cm`rafsas fmj f pfrt nk tda sa`tcnmstfrts tn ycagj tda jakga`tcnm cm`rafsa mnmgcmafr fmj walust eat f maw fpprnxclftcnm knr tda pdamnlamnmlust oa lfja.

n

Zda `nlprasscnm strass cm tda fraf tdft oa`nlaspgfstc` wcgg mnt cm`rafsa nvar tda `nlprasscnm ycagj strass.

n Zda pfrts nk sa`tcnm wdara tda strass fra gcttga tdft`nlprasscnm ycagjs wcgg oa `nmscjaraj rajuàj `rnss-sa`tcnm nr akka`tcva `rnss-sa`tcnm.

n Zda akka`tcva `rnss-sa`tcnm cs fsyllatrc` fmj tdaerfvcty àmtar sdckt wctd avary gnfj vfgua.

n Jn tn `nmscjarftcnm tdft tda strass ft lcj-sa`tcnmcs axtamjaj nvar wdnga ecrjar, tda erfvcty àmtar `dfmeatda pnsctcnm cm fgg tda sa`tcnms.

n

Knr `fgùgftcnm, tda knrà cs gn`ftaj cm tda erfvctyàmtra fmj tda sdckt nk erfvcty àmtar cs fpprnxclftauscme fm fjjaj oamjcme lnlamt. Zdft oamjcme lnlamteamarfta fm axtrf jakga`tcnm fmj tda sdckt fefcmst tdaerfvcty àmtar nk tda sa`tcnm.

n Zda cmctcfg jakga`tcnm cs `nmscjarfta.Ck tda pfrtcfg ycagjcme gnfj nm tda stru`tura cs `fggaj

K 6 tdam tda tntfg jakga`tcnm nk tda lcjjga sa`tcnm nk foafl `ngulm wcgg oa2

8

6

6

⋁<

∟ A

A

K j a

K K (0)

wdara2?

?ψ ⋁ ⋁< A

ak

A C K G

cs tda Augar ouìgcme gnfj9 j 6 ‐

tda tntfg jakga`tcnm ft knrà K 69 j 8 ‐ tda cmctcfg jakga`tcnm(wdam K < 8 M)9 K 6 ‐ tda pfrtcfg ycagjcme gnfj.

Oa`fusa tda scma sdfpas nk tda jakga`tcnm, tda lnst`rctc`fg `rnss-sa`tcnm cs tda lcjjga sa`tcnm nk tda oaflfmj tda strass sdfpa cm tdft sa`tcnm cs `nmscjarfta tn oatda safl cm fgg tda oafl `rnss sa`tcnms. Cm rafgcty tdaamjs znma nk tda oafl stfrt tn ycagj ft gfrear gnfjs tdfttda lcjjga znma nk tda oafl. Zdft fssulptcnm cs lfjaknr lftdalftc`fg lnjagcme sclpgckc`ftcnm. P`dalftc`fg-gy, tda ctarftcva lnjckc`ftcnm nk tda gnfjs fmj strass cm

tda lcjjga sa`tcnm nk tda oafl usaj cm lftdalftc`fglatdnj cs prasamtaj cm Kceura ?.





Zda ùrramt fmfgyza gnfj `fsa ‗c“ jftas fra tda gnfjsnk tda pravcnus gnfj `fsa fmj tda jakga`tcnm `fgùgftajcm tdcs pravcnus gnfj `fsa, ‗c ‐ 6“. Zda nrcecmfg

jakga`tcnm, j 8 fppafr cm tda kcrst gnfj `fsa c < 6. Zdarascjufg strass cs `nmscjarfta uscme tda sclpgckcaj sdfparapfrtctcnm, ecvam cm Kceura 0.

Zda oafl jakga`tcnm lnjag`nmscjarftcnm Oafl gnfj fmj a`àmtrc`cty Mntftcnms

Knrà cm tda erfvcty sa`tcnmfg pncmt

K (c) < K (tnt)-K (c-6)

K (c) ‐ tda axtrf gnfj nk tda

`nlprassaj oafj

j (tnt,c) ‐ tda tntfg jakga`tcnm ft

K (c-6)

j (m,c) ‐ tda jakga`tcnm juaa`àmtrc` knrà

j (c) ‐ tda jakga`tcnm jua tn K 6

z(c) ‐ tda sdckt oatwaam tda

akka`tcva sa`tcnm erfvcty

pncmt fmj nrcecmfg

erfvcty sa`tcnm pncmt

Ptckkmass jm nk pncmt fppgc`ftcnm

Gnfjcme knrà systal knr jakga`tcnm `fgùgftcnm

Kce. ?. Zda `nlputcme s`dala nk tda jakga`tcnm nk `nlprassaj oafl.

_ascjufg strass sdfpa @nmscjaraj sa`tcnms avngutcnm umjar gnfjs

_ajuàj rascjufg strass jcferfl

Xrnkcga wctdnut raju`tcnms (C6,F6)

Xrnkcga wctd raju`tcnm nm gakt kgfmea (C?,F?)

Kce. 0. Pclpgckcaj rascjufg strass sdfpa rapfrtctcnm.




Ougatcmug FEC_ mr. 0/?86? ◎ cumca-fueust :

_ascjufg strass sdfpa @nmscjaraj sa`tcnms avngutcnm umjar gnfjs

Xrnkcga wctd raju`tcnm nm wao fmj kgfmeas (C0,F0)

Xrnkcga wctd raju`tcnm nm wao fmj kgfmea (C:, F:)

Kce. 0 (`nmtcmuaj).

Fmfgyscs lnjag. Zda aqucgcorcul oatwaam tda cmtarmfg

fmj axtarmfg oamjcme lnlamts raprasamts tda `nmjctcnm nk

lftdalftc`fg axprasscnm nk ugtclfta gnfj fmj jakga`tcnm.

Zda axtarmfg gnfj oamjcme lnlamts fra tda gnfjs

lugtcpgcaj oy tda jakga`tcnm. Zda cmtarmfg lnlamt cs tda

ùrvftura lugtcpgcas oy stckkmass fmj tda ùrvftura ra-prasamts tda sa`nmj jarcvftcva nk tda jakga`tcnm. Pngvcme

tdcs `nmjctcnm fm ctarftcva axprasscnm knr ùrramt ja-

kga`tcnm, j (tnt,c), cs tda knrl2

( )

, , 6 ,

?

6 , , 6 6 , 6

, 6

4 4

∟

∟ ∟ ∟ ∟

∟

< + + <

⋁ ⋁ ⋁+ + + ∟ ⋁ ⋁ ⋁ ⋁ ⋁

∟ ∟

tnt c tnt c m c c

c c c cc c A c tnt c c tnt c

c c

A c c c

j j j j

K z G K zK K K j K j

A C A C

K K K

(:)

, , 6

6 ,

, , 6

, , 6

∟

∟

∟

∟

< ∟

< ⋁ + ⋁

π < π + ∟

π < π ∟ ∟

c tnt c tnt c

c c c tnt c

c c

st c st c

c c

c c

jr c jr c

c c

j j j

L K j K j L K

d F

L K

d F

(1.6..1.:)

wdara2 j tnt,c cs tda tntfg jakga`tcnm ft gnfj `fsa c (ll)9

j tnt,c-6 ‐ tda tntfg jakga`tcnm ft gnfj K c-6 (ll)9 j l,c ‐ tda

jakga`tcnm jua tn oamjcme lnlamt cm gnfj `fsa c (ll)9

j c ‐ tda axtrf jakga`tcnm jua tn tda jckkaramà cm mnrlfg

knrà (ll)9 K c ‐ tda vfgua nk gnfj cm `fsa c (M)9 K c-6 ‐

tda gnfj cm tda cm tda `fsa c-6 (M)9 C c ‐ tda lnlamt nkcmartcf cm `fsa c (ll:)9 Fc ‐ tda fraf nk sa`tcnm cm tda

`fsa c (ll?)9 K A,c ‐ tda Augar ouìgcme gnfj cm `fsa c

(M)9 dc ‐ tda jckkaramà oatwaam tda nrcecmfg erfvcty

pncmt fmj tda akka`tcva pncmt nk erfvcty cm `fsa c.

Zda cmctcfg dypntdasas nk tda fmfgyscs fra2

• Zdara cs fm cmctcfg jakga`tcnm9

• Zdara cs f knrà cm tda sa`tcnm tdft eamarfta pfrtcfg

ycagjcme9

• Fm jakga`tcnm jua tn nrcecmfg gnfj axcst9

• Zdara cs fm fjjctcnmfg knrà9

• Zdara cs f jckkaramà oatwaam tda nrcecmfg àmtra

nk erfvcty fmj tda akka`tcva pncmt nk erfvcty9

0. ZA@DMNGNEC@FG CMKGQAM@ANM _APCJQFG PZ_APP PDFXA

Zda jnuoga Z oafls fra lfja oy rnggcme nr wagjcmeprnàssas fmj spa`ckc`fggy rascjufg strass vfguas fmj

jcstrcoutcnms fra notfcmaj. Cm tda `fsa nk rnggcme prnàsstda rascjufg sclpgckcaj strass jcstrcoutcnm `nmscjarftcnmcs ofsaj nm o pg < O /?, d pg < D /: fmj tda vfgua nk rascjufgstrass cs aqufg wctd 08% nk ycagj strass.

Knr bncmcme Y6-0\ oy wagjcme oafl rafgcza tdaprnàss wfs stujcaj uscme jcvarsa ta`dmngney vfrcfmt.Kum`tcnm nk wagjcme ta`dmngney, tda o pg, d pg, F pg fmjstrass sdfpa oa`nla jckkaramt. Zda ta`dmngnec`fgfmfgyzaj `fgùgus vfrcfmt cs ecvam cm kceura :.

Zda ta`dmngnec`fg fmfgyzaj vfrcfmts fra ecvam cm tdaZfoga 6.

Xdysc`fg lftarcfg prnpartcas fra prasamtaj cm tfoga ?.

@nrra`tcnm wctd tda muloar nk gfyars fmj lnja nk gf-yars japnscts wfs lfja dagpaj oy tda stftcstc`fg ragftcnms2◎ Pyllatrc` wagjaj japnsctFsyllatrc` wagj japnsct2

60 ?,60

*

0 ?,60

60 ?,60

*

0 ?,60

( ? )6,88,86

ck

6;8

( ? )

fmj

6,;

ck

6;8( ? )

+< +

≪ <+

<

= <+

P w w oo

P

P

w w

w o

P

o

P w w

w o

t t t i

Fm

Ft t

t t m

i m

Ft t t t m

(;.6)

60 ?,60

*

0 ?,60

60 ?,60

*

0 ?,60

( ? )6,;8,861

ck

6;8

( ? )

fmj

?,1

ck

6

;8 ( ? )

+< +

≪ <+

<

= < +

F w w o

o

P

P w w

w o

F

o

P

w w

w o

t t t i

Fm

Ft t

t t m

i m

F

t t t t m

(;.?)





Kce. :. Zda s`dalftc`s fraf pgfstc`cty astfogcsdcme.

Zfoga 6

Zda ta`dmngnec`fg fmfgyzaj vfrcfmts

Fsyllatrc`fg wagjs vfrcfmts

[6 [? [0

Pyllatrc`fg wagjcme vfrcfmts

[6 [? [0




Ougatcmug FEC_ mr. 0/?86? ◎ cumca-fueust ;

Zfoga ?

Xdysc`fg prnpartcas nk nmscjarftaj staags

Pylong MflaGnw fggnyaj

staagLasura umct usaj

ι Zdarlfg

`nmju`tcocgcty

8,8?1 U/(llµn@)

fZdarlfg

jckuzcocgcty

1,8 ll? /s

φµ` 8,881 B/(ll0µn@)

Z t Kuscnm

talparftura

61?8 n@

D l ‐ D 8 Pngcj pdfsa

amtdfgpy

5,1 B/ll0

∋ D l Lagtcme daft ?,8 B/ll0

◎ Astfogcsdcme tda rascjufg strass knr wagjaj vfrcfmts

?<

+ ⋁

F

pg

pg

w o

Fd

t t (5)

?

?

⋁<

+ ⋁

F

pg

pg

w o

Fo

t t (4)

6

6 6

α<

⋁±+ ∟

a `

gP

R pg

A z z

F C F

(3)

ι± <⋁φ

ì `

(68)

wdara2 A ga cs tda gcmafr amarey nk wagjcme9 t w ‐ jclams.

nk wao pgfta9 t o ‐ jclams. nk kgfea pgfta9 F pg F

‐ pgfstc`fg

fraf `nrra`taj9 F ‐ sa`tcnmfg fraf9 z ‐ bncmaj pfrts

(fssaloga) wacedt àmtar pnsctcnm9 zP ‐ jcstfmà

oatwaam wagjaj fraf wacedt àmtar pncmt fmj tda

fssaloga sa`tcnm wacedt àmtar9 α` ‐ strfcms nk tda ycagj

strass9 ± ‐ lftarcfg `nakkc`camt9 ζ ‐ tdarlc`fg vngulc`fg

`nmtrf`tcnm9 ` ‐ spa`ckkc`fg dfat nk lftarcfg9 φ ‐ lftarcfg

jamscty9 i ‐ `nrra`tcnm `nakkc`camt

Zda pgfstc`fggy fraf cs avfgufta cm tdcs pfpar wctd tda

knrluga2

? ?

11 11

6? <

ψ< τ + τ ⋁

∖

mt

pg l r l t f

c

F i (66)

wdara2 F pg cs tda tda lftdarcfgs fraf cm`gnsaj cm cmscja

tda csntdarlf Z<118 n

@ knr tda ofss lftdarcfg9 τ l11r ‐tda wcjtd nk tda csntdarlf Z < 118

n@ `fgùgfta knr rutd

gfyars9 τ l11t ‐ tda wcjtd nk tda csntdarlfgs Z < 118n@

`fgùgfta knr tda japnscts gfyars9 mt ‐ tda muloar nk

gfyars9 i f ‐ tda `nrra`tcnm `nakkc`camt kum`tcnm nk

wagjcme ta`dmngney.

Knr tda wagjaj ecrjars jnuoga Z wagjaj cm tda oast

`nmjctcnms nk fssalogy wctd fgg tda pfrts `gflpaj fmj

uscme tda sfla ta`dmngney knr tda kgfmeas fmj wao

wagjcme, tda latdnjs knr strass jcferfl astclftcnm cs

ofsaj nm tda aquftcnms2

' '' 6 6 6 ?

6 ?

6 6 ⋁ ⋁π < ⋁± + + ∟ +

a a

z g g

R R

y y y y A A A

C F C F (6?)

' '" ? 6 ? ?

6 ?

6 6 ⋁ ⋁π < ⋁± ∟ + + +

a a

z g g

R R

y y y y A A A

C F C F (60)

Cm tda `nmscjaraj `fsa2

6 ?

6 ?' '

6 ?

< <

<

<

a a a

g g g A A A

y y

y y

(6:)

Fmj kcmfg axprasscnm knr tda wagjcme prnàss

oa`nlas2

' " ?π < π < ⋁ ± a

z z g A A

F (61)

Uagjcme prnàss wfs Efs F`tcva Latfg Fr` Uagjcme

(EFLFU) wctd sdnrt fr` vfrcfmt fmj aga`trnja wcra

jcflatar 6.? ll. Zda eanlatrc`fg pfrflatars astfogcsdaj

wara ecvam cm tfoga 0.

Zda csntdarlfgs eanlatrc`fg `dfrf`tarcstc`s fmj

um`nrra`taj pgfstc`fggy fraf rasugtaj fra ecva cm Zfoga 1.Zda `nlprasscnm strass rasugts cm tda lcjjga sa`tcnm

nk tda jnuoga Z ecrjar fra prasamtaj cm Zfoga 5.

Zfoga 0

Za`dmngnec`fg `dfrf`tarcstc`s nk gfyar

Eanlatrc`fgpfrflatars

_nnt Fraf, F r Yll?\

Kcggaj gfyarsfraf,

F t Yll?\

Muloar nkgfyar, m

Uagjcme fraf, F s Yll?\

[frcfmt 6 64 08 r +?t 54

[frcfmt ? ?1 :1 r+t 58

[frcfmt 0 64 ?8 r +0t 54





Zfoga :

Zda wagjcme prcm`cpfg–s pfrflatars knr `nmscjarfta ta`dmngney

C s

YF\

Q f

Y[\

[ a

Y`l/lcm\

[ s

Y`l/lcm\ Ag

YiB/`l\κκκκ`r

Yll\

r t r t

[frcfmt 6 6?,0?0 5,03: 4,8?4 60,04 65,1

[frcfmt ? 664 6: 63;,00 4,450 :,3?3 66,1 ?8,;3 ??,1:

[frcfmt 0 6?,0?0 66,836 4,8?4 4,3? 64,:0

Zfoga 1

Zda csntdarlfg dfrf`tarcstc`s nmscjarfta knr nma bncmt

Csntdarlfg prcm`cpfg `frf`tarcstc`s

F p

Yll?\Z t < 61?8 n@ Z F@0 < 368 n@ Z pg < 118 n@

o l

Yll\

F l

Yll?\

o l36

Yll\

F l36

Yll?\

o l11

Yll\

F l11

Yll?\

[6r 0,?31 65,8; :,;36 0:,1; ;,1 ;;,16;

?:5,;3;t :,83; ?;,01 1,5:; 16.410 5,13: 38,;:

[?r :,15 0?,385 ;,161 ;;.5 3,804 6?4,06

0;4,3;;t ;,1:0 ;5,;: 3,830 6?3,3 6?,054 ?:8,;1;

[0r 0,?31 65,8; :,;36 0:,1; ;,1 ;;,16;

?5;,30t :,;80 00,?53 :,4?: 0;,11; ;,;4? 58,603

Zfoga ;

Zda rasugtcme pfrflatars knr pgfstc`cty fraf knr kgfmea-wao wagjcme

F C < ?* FP Yll

?

\ @nmjctcnm tw* Yll\ i l I o6

P

I o6

F

F pg11 Yll

?

\ F pg

P

Yll

?

\ F pg

F

Yll

?

\[6 61; 48,63 8,:14 8,:34 8,530 :31,03? ?:;,;?1 03?,;:;

[? 6:8 31,340 8,;66 8,;11 8,354 505,30? :40,1:? 558,:?1

[0 61; ;1.4 8,0505 8,:60 8,134 110,4; ??4,4?4 0;0,3:

Zfoga 5

Zda rascjufg astclftcnm strass fmj strfcms

Za`dmngnec`fg varscnms F pg Yll?\ o pg Yll\ d pg Yll\ Aga YiB/`l\ ππππ R

F YjfM/`l?\ j 8 Yll\

Fsyllatrc`

[6 03?,;:; 6:,;54 5,003 1,050 -68;,3 G/6888

[? 558,:?1 ?4,484 6;,: 66,85 -??8,? G/6888

[0 0;0,3: 60,;81 ;,480 :,3;0 -34,5?1 G/6888

Pyllatrc`

[6 ?:;,;?1 3,?? :,;6 0,06: -;1,31: G/6888

[? :40,1:? 64,84 3,8: ;,;3: -600,630 G/6888

[0 ??4,4?4 4,11 :,?4 0,8;3 -;6,8;6 G/6888

:. LNJAG _APQGZP

Zda ugtclfta wagj ta`dmngney `nmscst cm tda astclftcnmnk pgfstc`cty fraf axtamjaj nvar fgg tda sa`tcnm nk kgfmeasfmj wao fmj ecva fm axtralagy axtamjaj pgfstc`fggy fraf.Cm rafgcty tda `nrra`tcnmgass `nakkc`camts wctd ta`dmngnec`fg

pfrflatar ecva lnra axtamjaj jakga`tcnms tdft waraastfogcsdaj cm rafgcty. Zdasa `fsas fra usaj knr lnst ofjgy

rascjufg strass rajuàj jcferfl. Zda rasugts cm tdcs `fsafra jnma cm tda Zfoga 4.

Zda prnerfl knr wagjaj ta`dmngney, f``nrjcmegy

wctd Kceura : knr Efs F`tcva Fr` Uagjcme knr j a <

< 6.? ll jcflatar wctd wagjcme pfrflatars f``nrjcmegy

wctd tfogas ?,; fmj tda ouìgcme astclftcnm nk tda ecrjar

`ngulm f``nrjcmegy wctd Kceura ? fmj 0 wfs lfja cm

[csufg @/@++. Zda jcferfls knr @rctc`fg Ouìgcme Knrà

fmj @ngulm Gametd fmj tda Ouìgcme @urvas knr tda fgg

tda wagjcme ta`dmngney `nmscjarfta fra ecva cm tda kceura 1

fmj Kceura ; raspa`tcvagy knr jcvarsa `ngulm gametd Y3\.Ua try tn eat ennj prajc`tcnms knr @ngulms gametd




Ougatcmug FEC_ mr. 0/?86? ◎ cumca-fueust 4

oatwaam 6 fmj 18 l fmj tn varcky tda rasugts uscme tda

jcvarsa usufg mftcnmfg fmj cmtarmftcnmfg jascem ùrvas

stfmjfrjs. Zda rasugts wara varckcaj uscme tda KAL

latdnj tnn knr jcvarsa @ngulms gametd fmj cm vnm Lcsas

Y4\,Y1\ csntrnpc` pgfstc`cty lnjag uscme tda @NPLNP

snktwfra. Knr tda `fsa nk f @ngulm wctd 68 l gametd fmj

cm tda dypntdascs nk 68 ll cmctcfg jcspgfàlamt tda rasugts

fra ecva cm Zfoga 68 kceuras.

Zfoga 4

Zda ta`dmngnec`fg vfrcfmts fmj tda `nrra`tajpgfstc`cty fraf (a`. 66)

FC<?*FP Yll?\

@nmjctcnmtw* Yll\

i l Io6P Io6

F Fpg

Yll?\Fpg

P Yll?\

FpgF

Yll?\[6 61; 48,63 8,:14 8,:34 8,530 3:1 :0;,1 5:3,03

[? 6:8 31,340 8,;66 8,;11 8,354 66?;,; 503,3? 6686,:4

[0 61; ;1.4 8,0505 8,:60 8,134 4:1,0? 0;:,00 181,1

Zfoga 3. Zda `nlprasscnm vfguas nk strass fmj jakga`tcnm, j 8.

Za`dmngnec`fg vfrcfmts F pg Yll?\ o pg Yll\

d pg

Yll\

ππππ R F

YjfM/`l?\

Fsyllatrc`

[6 03?,;:; ::,310 ?5,003 -08;,3

[? 558,:?1 1:,31 ?;,: -1?8,?

[0 0;0,3: :6,?0 ?;,480 -?45,5?1

Pyllatrc`

[6 03?,;:; 0:,310 65,003 -?0;,0

[? 558,:?1 ::,31 ?;,: -:6?,?

[0 0;0,3: 0?,0 ?0,480 -?:4,?0

Kce. 1. @rctc`fg Ouìgcme Knrà rasugtaj knr jcvarsa gametdfmj wagjcme ta`dmngnecas.

Kce. ;. Zda Ouìgcme @urva Kf`tnr kum`tcnm nk tda ragftcva

sgamjarmass knr jcvarsa wagjcme ta`dmngnecas.





Zfoga 68

_asugts nk f `ngulm wctd 68888 ll gametd knr strass fmj scstnrtcnms.Zda fmfgysa wfs lfja uscme syllatry gnfjcme fmj sa`tcnmfg eanlatry

Zcla knr`a fmfgysa lnjaggcme Zcla jaknrlftcnm vfrcftcnm




Ougatcmug FEC_ mr. 0/?86? ◎ cumca-fueust 68

Zfoga 68 (`nmtcmuaj)

Zcla knrà fmfgysa lnjaggcme Zcla jaknrlftcnm vfrcftcnm

1. @NM@GQPCNMP

Zda nwm lnjag, ofsaj nm fmfgytc`fg lnjaggcme nk

@ngulms cmstfocgcty ecva f ennj fpprnxclftcnms knr

`rctc`fg gnfjs fmj ouìgcme ùrvas knr dced gametd nk

jnuoga Z frtcùgftaj ecrjar.

Zda prnpnsaj lnjag rasugts, knr fgg tda fraf nk

gametd fmfgyzaj fmj knr tda rascjufg wagjcme strass

astclftcnm fra cm tda fraf nk vcfocgcty `nmknrlcme tda

Aurnpafm @njas nk jascem knr fgg tda pnsscoga wagjcme

ta`dmngnecas. Avam wctdnut tda `nrra`tcnms astclftcnms

knr pgfstc`fggy fraf cmjuàj oy wagjcme.

Zda rasarvas nk `rctc`fg gnfjs cm tda `fsa nk tdaoast wagjcme ta`dmngney oa`nla tnn gfrea avam ck tda

rascjufg jakga`tcnm (j 8) cs G/6888 f``nrjcmegy wctd tda

lfxcl f`àptaj jakga`tcnm cm tda jascem `njas. Zda JCM, Jut`d, _nlfmcfm fmj ntdar mftcnmfg

Jascem `njas ecva dcedast `rctc`fg gnfjs tdft Aurn `njasfmj tdacr vfgua fra cm f``nrjcme wctd tda rascjufgstrassas fmj jakga`tcnms tdft fra notfcmaj cm tda `fsawdam tda wagjcme ta`dmngney cs usaj cm f``nrj wctd tdamftcnmfg wagjcme ta`dmngnec`fg prnàss stfmjfrjs. Zda wagjcme rascjufg strass fmj jcstnrtcnms

astclftcnms `nmjuà tn astfogcsd f ta`dmngney tdft `fmja`rafsa tda wacedt nk tda stru`tura. Cm tda `fsa nk tfggoucgjcmes, tda latdnj `fm ecva fppra`cfoga a`nmnly cm

staag fmj wagjcme lftarcfgs.

Zda `nlputcme tcla cm tda `fsa nk prnpnsajlatdnj cs gass tdft tda KAL latdnj fmj tda prnerfl





lfja cm Lc`rnsnkt [csufg @/@++ eat nutput knr Za`pgnt

pnstprnàssnr prnju`t. Cm tdcs `fsa tda erfpdc`fg pnssc-

ocgctcas nk nur prnerfl cm`rafsa fmj tda rasugts `fm oa afsy

cmtaerftaj cm tda jascem prnàssas nk tda stru`tura.

OCOGCNE_FXDS

Y6\ Ernme, N., Latfggurec`fg Lnjaggcme nk Uagjcme. Pa`nmj

Ajctcnm. Zda Qmcvarscty Xrass @florcjea, 6331.

Y?\ Lftsujf, K., Gcu U., Pd., @nngcme tcla pfrflatar fmj

dfrjamfocgcty astclftcnm nk dfz cm wagjcme nk lajcul, dced

`fronm lf`dcma stru`turfg staags. Lftdalftc`fg Lnjaggcme

nk Uagjcme Xdamnlamf. [ng CC. Zda Cmstctuta nk Lftarcfgs,

6331.Y0\

Engjfi, B., Eu, L., @nlputftcnmfg Uagj la`dfmc`s nk tda

Ptafjy Ptfta. Lftdalftc`fg Lnjaggcme nk Uagjcme Xdamnlamf.[ng CC. Zda Cmstctuta nk Lftarcfgs, 6331

Y:\

Ecnmù, [., Cvfm, L., Zanrcf `nlpnrtfrcc `rctcà sc pnst `rctcàf stru`turcgnr . Aj. F`fjalcac, 635: Ouùrastc.Y1\

Guogcmar, B., Zanry nk Xgfstc`cty, Qmcvarscty nk @fgcknrmcf ftOariagay, ?88;

Y;\ Ofzfmt, R., X., @ajngcm, G., Zdanry nk stfocgcty. JnvarXuogc`ftcnms Cm`. ?880

Y5\ Lfrlurafmu, Ed., _azcstamtf Xnst rctc f. Aj. F`fjalcac, 6341.

Y4\ Rcamicawc`z, N.,@., Zfygnr, _., G., Zda Kcmcta agalamt latdnj knrsngcj fmj stru`turfg La`dfmc`s. dttp2//www.à.oariagay.aju/~rtg

Y3\

*** P_ ‐ AM ‐ 6330 ** ?885. Latfg jascem Aurn @njas.

Fonut tda futdnrs

Ga`turar . Ame. Cnfm-Pnrcm GAN[AFMQ, XdJ Qmcvarscty ‗Zrfmscgvfmcf“ krnl OrfŞnv

alfcg2ùùsHorfvt.`nl

La`dfmc`fg Amecmaar nk tda Qmcvarscty Zrfmscgvfmcf krnl Orfsnv, tda Lfmfearcfg Cmjustrcfg Xrnerfl wctd Uagjcme

Aspa`cfgcty fmj XdJ cm rascjufg strassas fmj strfcms lnjaggcme fmj ta`dmngney nptclcsftcnm. Da wnriaj ft tda Cmjustrcfg

Zrf`tnrs Jascem fmj _asafr`d Cmstctuta ft C@XFZZ Orfsnv tn dfvy fmj lajcum Ouggjnzars prntntcps jascem fmj ntdar

Afrtd Lnvcme Lf`dcmarcas prntntcpas fmj sarcas prnju`ts. Krnl 6344 da wnri ft Zrfmscgvfmcf Qmcvarscty ft Lftarcfgs

P`camà fmj Amecmaarcme Kfùgty fmj krnl ?868 da wnri cm tda fraf nk @cvcga Amecmaarcme ft Zrfmscgvfmcf Qmcvarscty. Da

puogcsd lnmnerfpdcs cm tda fraf nk Nptclczftcnm Za`dmngney fmj Zrfmspnrt. ( Lfxclul ; rïmjurc)

Fssn`. Xrnk. Ame. Avf IN_LFMÌIN[Æ, XdJ.

Za`dmc`fg Qmcvarscty nk InŦcà, @cvcg Amecmaarcme Kfùgty, Cmstctuta nk Ptru`turfg Amecmaarcme, Japfrtlamt nk Ptru`turfg

La`dfmc`s, [ysninŦingsiæ :, 8:8 86 InŦcà, Pgnvficf.alfcg2ùùsHorfvt.`nl

Erfjuftaj ft tda Za`dmc`fg Qmcvarscty nk InŦcà, @cvcg Amecmaarcme Kfùgty, stujy prnerfl - Oucgjcme @nmstru`tcnm. Fktar

kcmcsdcme nk tda umcvarscty sda stfrtaj tn wnri ft tda Za`dmc`fg Qmcvarscty nk InŦcà, @cvcg Amecmaarcme Kfùgty,

Japfrtlamt nk Ptru`turfg La`dfmc`s fs fsscstfmt. XdJ. erfjuftaj ft tda Za`dmc`fg Qmcvarscty nk InŦcà, Kfùgty nkLa`dfmc`fg Amecmaarcme, stujy prnerfl ‐ Fppgcaj La`dfmc`s. Pcmà ?883 sda dfs wnriaj ft @cvcg Amecmaarcme Kfùgty

ZQIA, stujy prnerfl ‐ Zdanry fmj Jascem nk Amecmaarcme Ptru`turas, fs fssn`cfta prnkassnr. Dar rasafr`d tnpc` cs

jascem fmj nptclczftcnm nk stru`turfg agalamts fmj stru`turas lfja. ( Lfxclul ; rïmjurc)

Fsscs. Ame. Iflcgf INZ_FPN[Æ, XdJ. ,

Za`dmc`fg Qmcvarscty nk InŦcà, @cvcg Amecmaarcme Kfùgty, Cmstctuta nk Ptru`turfg Amecmaarcme, Japfrtlamt nk Ptru`turfgLa`dfmc`s, [ysninŦingsiæ :, 8:8 86 InŦcà, Pgnvficf.

alfcg2ùùsHorfvt.`nlErfjuftaj ft tda Za`dmc`fg Qmcvarscty nk InŦcà, @cvcg Amecmaarcme Kfùgty, stujy prnerfl - Oucgjcme @nmstru`tcnm. Fktar

kcmcsdcme nk tda umcvarscty sda stfrtaj tn wnri ft _@O cm PpcŦsiæ Mnvæ [as fs jascemar fmj tdam ft tda Za`dmc`fg

Qmcvarscty nk InŦcà, @cvcg Amecmaarcme Kfùgty, Japfrtlamt nk Ptru`turfg La`dfmc`s fs fsscstfmt. XdJ. erfjuftaj ft tdaZa`dmc`fg Qmcvarscty nk InŦcà, Kfùgty nk La`dfmc`fg Amecmaarcme, stujy prnerfl ‐ Fppgcaj La`dfmc`s. Zda rasafr`d

tnpc`s2 sacslc` jascem nk gcqucj stnrfea ernumj-suppnrtaj tfmis, cmtarf`tcnm prnogals nk kgucj fmj sngcj.

( Lfxclul ; rïmjurc)

Fsscs. Ame. Jfmcag ZFQP,Qmcvarscty ‗Zrfmscgvfmcf“ krnl OrfŞnvalfcg2ùùsHorfvt.`nl

Erfjufta nk tda @cvcg Amecmaarcme Kfùgty nk ‗Zrfmscgvfmcf‗ Qmcvarscty. Fktar kcmcsdcme Qmcvarscty da stfrtaj tn wnri cm

tda latfg stru`tura jascem ft @C-Ov Kfùgty. Zda rasafr`d tnpc`s cm staag jascem nk cmjustrcfg stru`turas fmj wagjcme.( Lfxclul ; rïmjurc)

agir-model-welding techn influence-buckling t beams

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