aging disoder and orthopedics disorders
DESCRIPTION
ECED118 - Adaptive teachingTRANSCRIPT
Aging Disorder
Many persons believe that they
lived an unhappy childhood.
Our childhood was stolen.
We’ve grown up before
our times.
We've been deprived of
our childhood.
What is Progeria?• Progeria is an extremely rare, fatal genetic condition
that affects children and gives them an appearance of accelerated aging.
• The word Progeria comes from the Greek rogeros meaning 'prematurely old'.
• It was first described in an academic journal by Dr. Jonathan Hutchinson in 1886, and Dr. Hastings Gilford in 1897 - both in England.
• The condition was later named Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS).
• It is currently hypothesized to result from a gene mutation arising around the time of conception or shortly thereafter.
• Although the term progeria applies to all diseases characterized by premature aging symptoms, it is often applied specifically in reference to Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome.
• Progeria disease provides medical researchers a window to better understand how the body works and to explain some of the mysteries of the aging process.
What is Progeria?
Prevalence• Progeria is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of Rare
Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
• HGPS prevalence is reported to be 1 in 8 million births.
• The true prevalence, however, has been suggested to be
closer to 1 in 4 million births because many cases likely go
undiagnosed or are misdiagnosed.
• Progeria affects all races with about 97% of the
children affected being Caucasian.
• Also, it affects both sexes almost equally with
slight male predilection; the male-to-female ratio
is 1.5:1.
• In the past 15 years, children with Progeria have
been reported all over the world.
Prevalence
Fig : Distribution of children with progeria around the world
Fertility• In general, people with progeria have such severe failure to
thrive (poor growth from the time of childhood) that it
prevents fertility.
• The absence of complete sexual maturation has been
considered characteristic of the syndrome.
• However sexual maturity is rare in these patients.
Prognosis• As there is no known cure, the average life expectancy for a
patient with HGPS is 13 years, with an age range of 7-27
years.
• At least 90% of patients die from complications of
atherosclerosis, such as heart attack or stroke.
• Mental development is not adversely affected; in fact,
intelligence tends to be above average.
• With respect to the features of aging that progeria appears
to manifest, the development of symptoms is comparable to
aging at a rate eight to ten times faster than normal.
• With respect to features of aging that progeria does not
exhibit, patients show no neurodegeneration or cancer
predisposition.
• They also do not develop the so-called "wear and tear"
conditions commonly associated with aging, such as
cataracts (caused by UV exposure) and osteoarthritis
(caused by mechanical wear).
Prognosis
Symptoms• Although they are born looking healthy, children with
Progeria begin to display many characteristics of
accelerated aging at around 18-24 months of age.
• The children have a remarkably similar appearance,
despite differing ethnic backgrounds.
• Most of the following features are manifested after the age
of three years in children with Hutchinson-Gilford
progeria syndrome:
• Baldness
• Pinched nose
• Small, wrinkled face
• Head large for the size of the face
• Loss of eyebrows and eyelashes
• Prominent scalp veins
• Delayed tooth formation
• Loss of muscles and body fat
• Bulging eyes
• Wrinkled, scaly, dry skin
• High pitched voice
• Short stature
• Stiffness in joints
• Progressive cardiovascular diseases
• Progressive atherosclerosis
Symptoms
Fig: Dutch Patient at the age of 1 year, 1 year, 2 years, 6 years, 7 years, 8
years, 10 years, and 12 years.
Treatments• There's no cure for progeria.
• Regular monitoring for cardiovascular disease may help
with managing the child's condition.
• Some children undergo coronary artery bypass surgery or
dilation of cardiac arteries (angioplasty) to slow the
progression of cardiovascular disease.
• Certain therapies may ease or delay some of the signs and
symptoms. They include:
• Low-dose aspirin. A daily dose may help prevent
heart attacks and stroke.
• Other medications. Depending on the child's
condition, doctor may prescribe other medications,
anticoagulants to help prevent blood clots. The use of
growth hormone may help increase height and
weight.
Treatments
• Physical and occupational therapy. These may help with
joint stiffness and hip problems and may allow the child to
remain active.
• Extraction of primary teeth. Extraction may help prevent
problems associated with the delayed loss of baby teeth.
Treatments
Lifestyle and Home Remedies• Some steps you can take at home that may help progeria
child include:
• Make sure the child stays well hydrated. Dehydration can be more serious in children with progeria. Be sure the child gets enough to drink, especially during an illness or in hot weather.
• Provide frequent, small meals. Because nutrition and growth can be an issue for children with progeria, giving the child smaller meals more often may help to increase his or her caloric intake.
• Provide opportunities for regular physical activity. Check
with the child's doctor to learn which activities are right
for the child.
• Get cushioned shoes or shoe inserts for the child. The loss of
body fat in the feet can cause discomfort.
Lifestyle and Home Remedies
• Make sure the child is up to date on childhood
immunizations. A child with progeria isn't at increased risk
of infection, but like all children is at risk if exposed to
infectious diseases.
• Provide learning opportunities. Progeria won't affect the
child's intellect, so he or she can attend school at an age-
appropriate level.
Lifestyle and Home Remedies
ORTHOPEDICS
• Specialty of medicine that deals with
diseases and injuries of the locomotor
system
• Literally means “straight children”
ORTHOPEDICS DISORDERS
CLUB FOOT
DEFINITION
Club Foot is a complex deformity of foot, result of
complicated inter- relationships between bone
ligaments and muscles.
CAUSES
Defective gene – Hereditary
Excessive pressure of amniotic fluid
Uterine compression
Arrested fetal development
Circulatory failure
Irradiation (maternal)
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
1. CORRECTION
a) Stretching and casting (PONSETI METHOD)
b) Stretching and Taping ( French Method)
c) Dennis - Brown Brace
SURGERY
DEFINITION
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis ( JRA) is a chronic
systemic inflammatory disease involving connective
tissue of one or more joints.
SIGNS
1. Involvement of both small and large joints
2. Joints are tender, swollen and warm
3. Reduced mobility
4. Prolonged fever
5. Muscle aches
SIGNS
6. Weight loss
7. Subcutaneous nodules
8. Hepatosplenomegaly
9.Pericarditis, myocarditis
10. Pneumonia
HIP DISPLACEMENT
DEFINITION
Hip displacement is referred to a condition in which
the femoral head and the acetabulum are improperly
aligned in which the ball of the femur is outside the
hip socket.
SIGNS
Laxity of ligaments
Asymmetry of gluteal fold
Limited ROM
Apparent shorter femur on affected side
SIGNS
Variation in gait
Extra fold at thighs and groins
Difference in length of limbs
Wading gait
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Pavlik harness
2. SKIN TRACTION
3. SURGERY AND CAST
FRACTURES
DEFINITION
A fracture is defined as a break in the continuity of a
bone. This can occur either in the long bones as is
most common or in flat bones such as skulls or pelvis.
SIGNS
Pain
Pallor
Paralysis
Generalized Swelling
Bruising
Tenderness
Deformity
Severe muscle rigidity
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
1. CLOSED REDUCTION
2. OPEN REDUCTION
3. TRACTION
KYPHOSIS
DEFINITION
It is the deformity of the spine.
The term kyphosis refers to an enhanced angulations
in the thoracic or thoraco-lumbar spine in the sagittal
plane or a round back deformity.
CAUSES
It can develop due to defective posture.
Rickets
May be congenital or secondary to
compression fracture.
Malignancy
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Orthotic devices
Orthopedic surgery
Pre and post operative care
Psychological support
SCOLIOSIS
DEFINITION
It is a lateral or side curvature of spine due to
abnormality in alignment of spine.
Scoliosis develops two curves – one is original
abnormal curve and second a compensatory curve in
the opposite direction.
CAUSES
Idiopathic
Defective embryonic development of the spine.
Neuromuscular paralysis
Cerebral palsy
Post polio
Rickets
Fractures
Disease of hip and spine.
SIGNS
Leg length discrepancy
Shoulder asymmetry in breast size
Uneven waist line
Scapular prominence
Bone pain
Poor posture
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Orthotic devices
Surgery
Pre and post op casting
Psychological support
Health education
Exercise
Counseling of parents
BOW LEG (Genu Varum)
the term bow leg refers lateral angulation of knee
joints because of inward deviation of longitudinal
axis of tibia and femur.
CAUSES
Rickets
Traumatic
Developmental anomalies
Physiological
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Early detection of condition.
Orthopedic intervention
Surgical corrections
KNOCK KNEE ( Genu Valgum)
Knock knee is abnormal convergent of knee with
divergent ankles.
This occurs due to outward deviation of longitudinal
axis of both tibia and femur
CAUSES
Pathological : rickets, JRA.
Cerebral palsy
Fractures
Neoplastic disease
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Early detection
Orthopedic intervention
Correction using orthopedic devices.
POLYDACTYLIt is defined as an extra finger or toe.
Usually occurs at metatarsophalangeal joints of little
finger or thumb.
CAUSES
Carpenter syndrome
Trisomy 13
Mekhel gruber syndrome
Isolated trait
SYNDACTYLIt is fusion of digits and toes.
CAUSES
Isolated trait
Compound of certain syndrome
a) carpenter syndrome
b) trisomy 21, 13 & 18