Agenda

Review

• How did the impact of European imperialism on China differ from its impact on Russia and the Ottoman Empire?

Unit 5: Industrialization and Global Integration (1750 – 1900)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: AFRICA, INDIA, AND THE NEW BRITISH EMPIRE (1750-1870)

Objectives

• Describe how different African leaders and peoples interacted with each other and how European nations’ relationship to African peoples changed during this period.

Essential Questions

• How did different African leaders and peoples interact with each other and how did European nations’ relationship to Africa? peoples change during this period.

Map 26-1, p. 689

Target: Changes and Exchanges in Africa

• Before 1870 – changed politically and expanded foreign trade.

• New African States– Clusters in sub-Sahara 1750-1870.

– Shaka Zulu (r. 1818-1828) • Zulu kingdom expanded by aggression.• Lesotho and Swaziland states created to resist.

p. 686

– Islamic reform movement created another cluster in West African savannas.• Hausa states.

– Sokoto Caliphate (1809-1906)

• Modernization in Egypt and Ethiopia– Egypt• Ismail (r. 1863-1879)

– European advisers, revenues, and exports.– Railroad and canal system.– Debts led to partial occupation by France and Britain.

– Ethiopia• 1840s –purchased modern weapons, created strong

armies.• Emperor Tewodros II (r. 1833-1868) – local weapons

manufacturing.• Yohannes IV (r. 1872-1889) – most highland regions

under imperial rule.

• Europeans in Africa– France’s conquest of Algeria.• French failure to repay grain debt for Napoleon’s 1798

invasion of Egypt led to disputes.• French attacked Algeria in 1830 and won.

– Adventurous explorers traveled to Inner Africa.• Assess mineral wealth, convert Africans to Christianity.• Traced course of rivers.

• Abolition and Legitimate Trade– Increased trade between West Africa and Europe.– Great Britain and the US made importing slaves

from Africa illegal.• Transatlantic slave trade ended in 1867.

– Cloth, metals, etc. in exchange for slaves.• Expanded “legitimate” trade.

– Altered social structure of coastal trading communities.

– Spread of Western cultural influences in West Africa.• Sierra Leone – Christian missionaries.• 1821 – free black Americans founded Republic of

Liberia.• Free blacks from Brazil and Cuba brought Roman

Catholicism, architecture, clothing.

• Secondary Empires in Eastern Africa– Slavers moved to eastern Africa.– Ivory caravans under direction of African and Arab

merchants.– Europeans supplied weapons, major consumers of

ivory and cloves.• “Secondary empires.”

Essential Questions

• How did different African leaders and peoples interact with each other and how did European nations’ relationship to Africa? peoples change during this period.

Agenda

Review

• How did different African leaders and peoples interact with each other and how did European nations’ relationship to Africa? peoples change during this period.

Unit 5: Industrialization and Global Integration (1750 – 1900)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: AFRICA, INDIA, AND THE NEW BRITISH EMPIRE (1750-1870)

Objectives

• Describe how Britain secured its hold on India, and the colonial policies that led to the beginnings of Indian nationalism.

Essential Questions

• How did Britain secure its hold on India, and what colonial policies led to the beginnings of Indian nationalism?

Map 26-2, p. 693

Target: India Under British Rule

• 1750-1870 – nearly all of India under British rule.

• Company Men– Mid 1700s – Maratha Confederation.– Nawabs.

– British, Dutch, and French companies eager to expand trade into India in the 18th century.• “Company men” established trading posts.

– Trained sepoys (Indian troops) to protect warehouses.

• 1691 – British East India Company (EIC) established fortified outpost at Calcutta.– “Black Hole of Calcutta” (1756)

• Raj and Rebellion (1818-1857)– India on a British model.– EIC’s main goal – powerful gov’t backed by

military.• Christian missionaries.

– Private property.– Bolstered “traditions.”– Economic reform created new jobs, but drove

many Indians out of handicraft textile industry.

• Sepoy Rebellion (1857)– 1856 law required new recruits to serve overseas.• High caste Hindus objected

– 1857 – Cartridges of Enfield rifles greased with animal fat.• Rebellion in May 1857.

– Muslim sepoys, peasants, discontented elites.

– Not yet a nationalist revolution.• Little sense of a common national identity.

• Political Reform and Industrial Impact– 1857-1858 – New centralized gov’t, rapid

economic growth, new national consciousness.– 1858 – end of Mughal and Company rule.• 1858 – equal protection of law and freedom of religion

and social customs.

– Powerful and efficient bureaucracy controlled India.• Members of the elite Indian Civil Service (ICS) held

senior administrative and judicial posts.

p. 698

– Harbors, cities, irrigation canals, tea plantations.– Exported cotton fiber, tea, silk, sugar.• Imported manufactured goods from Britain.• Women struggled.

– New technologies• Steamboats, canals.• Beginning in the 1840s – railroad boom.

Fig. 26-CO, p. 684

• Indian nationalism– Many intellectuals turned to Western secular

values and nationalism.– Educated middle class angered by the obstacles to

advancement.

• Indian National Congress in 1885.– Wanted larger role for Indians in the Civil Service

and reductions in military spending.– Most were upper-caste, Western-educated.• Needed mass support.

Essential Questions

• How did Britain secure its hold on India, and what colonial policies led to the beginnings of Indian nationalism?

Agenda

Review

• How did Britain secure its hold on India, and what colonial policies led to the beginnings of Indian nationalism?

Unit 5: Industrialization and Global Integration (1750 – 1900)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: LAND EMPIRES IN THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM (1800-1870)

Objectives

• Evaluate the role the abolition of slavery and the continued growth of British overseas trade played in the immigration to the Caribbean and elsewhere of peoples from Africa, India, and Asia.

Essential Questions

• What role did the abolition of slavery and the continued growth of British overseas trade play in the immigration to the Caribbean and elsewhere of peoples from Africa, India, and Asia?

Map 26-3, p. 702

Target: Britain’s Eastern Empire

• Colonies and Commerce– Britain took over Dutch possessions overseas in

1795.– 1795-1796 – Cape Colony, Malacca, and Ceylon.– Dutch Guiana and Trinidad.

– Cape Colony – supply station for voyages between Britain and India.• Descendants of Dutch and French settlers on farms and

ranches in the hinterland.– “Afrikaners”

» Alienated by British decision to prohibit their expansion.» Great Trek (1836-1839)

– Singapore – center of trade and shipping between the Indian Ocean and China.

– Burma

• Imperial Policies and Shipping– Goal of most British imperial expansion – trade.– Most of the new colonies – ports or centers of

production and distribution.

– Lands provided raw materials in return for manufactured goods.

– Clipper ships.

• Colonization of Australia and New Zealand– British settlers displaced the indigenous

populations.– Australia• Portuguese mariners had sighted (early 1600s).• James Cook explored (1769-1778).• Expanding shipping networks brought visitors and

settlers.

• Hunting-and-gathering people.• Isolation – vulnerable to diseases.• First permanent British settlers – convicts (1788).

– Slight contact with the indigenous (“Aborigines”)– 1851 discovery of gold brought hastened their end.

– New Zealand• Maori hunted, fished, practiced simple forms of

agriculture.• Seal pelts, whaling.• Brief gold rush attracted more British immigrants after

1860.

– Britain encouraged the settlers in Australia and New Zealand to become self-governing.

• New Labor Migrations– 1834-1870 – thousands of Indians, Chinese, and

Africans went overseas to work, especially on sugar plantations.• Asians and Pacific islanders after 1870.• In part, linked to abolition.• Recruitment of laborers.• Larger, faster ships.• Spread of disease.

– Indentured labor trade reflected unequal commercial and industrial power of the West• But those who signed contracts were trying to improve

their lives by emigrating.

Essential Questions

• What role did the abolition of slavery and the continued growth of British overseas trade play in the immigration to the Caribbean and elsewhere of peoples from Africa, India, and Asia?